Introduction to Information Technology (Chapter 1)

Introduction to Information Technology CHAPTER 1 By Mohd Hatta Bin Mohamed Ali @ Md Hani P. Tech, Msc. IT

TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOME At the end of the topic. Students must be able to : Define Understand the computer and Computers information technology Hardware Differentiate Understand the revolution of Computers computers Software Differentiate Understand Types of Communication computers Devices

WHAT IS A COMPUTER Electronic device that accept data, process the data according to specified rules, produce results and store the results for future use.

INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Information Technology Methods & techniques used in information handling and retrieval by automatic means. Computer Science the study of the principles and use of computers. Information Processed data. Data Collection of unprocessed items

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS 01 04 Abacus 02 03 Boolean Algebra Abacus is first being used for In 1854, George mathematical Boole: Boolean instructions “+,-,x, /” algebra Pascaline Binary Code In 1642, Blaise Pascal: In 1671, Gottfried Wilhelm first practical mechanical Leibniz: advanced calculator, the Pascaline calculating machine and invented binary code

CHARLES BABBAGE (1791-1871) Father of The Analytical Computer Engine The Different Engine

REVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS 01 02 03 04 05 1st Gen. 2nd Gen. 3rd Gen. 4th Gen. 5th Gen. (1943-1958) (1959-1964) (1965-1970) (1971-present) The Future Vacuum tubes Transistors Integrated circuit (IC) Large-scale Artificial Intelligence, integration Expert Systems, Beginning smaller, faster, more Size, powerful, smaller, Natural Language. reliable and consumed cheaper and Very Large Scale multi-tasking Integration (VLSI) End less electricity. Microcomputer Assembler Higher level languages or languages (Fortran and symbolic Cobol). languages.

THE FIRST COMPUTER First First Commercial Programmable Computer Computer The first commercial Konrad Zuse, a computer is Z4, by German Scientist, during 1936 and Konrad Zuse in 1942. 1938 built the Z1. First Invented First Digital Laptop Computer Alan Kay, who worked for Xerox J. Presper Eckert and John PARC, first created the concept Mauchly were the first to invent “the ENIAC” at the University of for the laptop computer. He Pennsylvania in 1946. It referred to it as the Dynabook. weighed almost 50 tons with Xerox PARC did come up with a 18,000 Vacuum Tubes. working model of the Xerox Note Taker in 1976, but it was not available to the public. The current folding clamshell design was first used in 1982.

Supercomputer TYPES OF COMPUTER Mini Computer computer with great speed and 03 Computer that possesses most of memory. They are usually the features and capabilities of a 04 large computer but is smaller in thousands of times faster than 01 physical size. A minicomputer fills ordinary personal computers. the space between the mainframe 02 and microcomputer, and is smaller Mainframe Computer than the former but larger than the latter. Giant computer designed to process bulk data such as a large Micro Computer number of records or Complete computer on a small transactions. scale, designed for use by one person at a time. An antiquated term, a microcomputer is now primarily called a personal computer (PC), or a device based on a single-chip microprocessor. Common microcomputers include laptops and desktops.

SUPERCOMPUTER ● MOST powerful computers in terms of performance and data processing. ● For research and exploration purposes, eg: NASA to launch space shuttles & controls. ● Very expensive and very large in size. ● Eg: Space Exploration, Space Exploration, Weather Forecasting, Nuclear weapons testing

MAINFRAME COMPUTER ● Used by large firms & government. ● Process & store large amount of data. ● Eg: Banks, Institutions, Insurance companies

MINI COMPUTER ● Also known as “Midrange Computers” for small business. ● Not for single use. 4 to about 200 users simultaneously. ● For example, a production department use it for monitoring certain production process.

MICRO COMPUTER ● For general usage like entertainment, education and work purposes. ● Desktop computers, laptops, personal digital assistant (PDA), tablets & smartphones, Gaming consoles, Sound & Navigation system Calculators

COMPUTER HARDWARE vs COMPUTER SOFTWARE

COMPUTER HARDWARE ● Quite simply, computer hardware is the physical components that a computer system requires to function. It encompasses everything with a circuit board that operates within a PC or laptop; including the motherboard, graphics card, CPU (Central Processing Unit), ventilation fans, webcam, power supply, and so on. ● Input devices – any hardware that allows users to enter data & instruction into a computer. ● Output device – hardware components that conveys information to one or more people.

EXAMPLE OF COMPUTER HARDWARE

COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER There are four main computer hardware components: 1. Input Unit 2. Output Unit 3. Memory Unit 4. Control Unit 5. Arithmetical and Logical Unit Collectively, these hardware components make up the computer system.

COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

COMPUTER SOFTWARE ● Set of instructions written in a computer language that solves a computational task ● To carry out instructions, computer must execute a program ● Program can be executed many times ● Two types of Software. System Software and Applications Software

COMPUTER HARDWARE vs COMPUTER SOFTWARE ● Hardware is a physical parts computer that cause ● Software is a set of instruction that tells a processing of data. computer exactly what to do. ● It is manufactured. ● It is developed and engineered. ● Software can not be executed without hardware. ● Hardware can not perform any task without ● We can see and also use the software but can’t software. actually touch them. ● As Hardware are physical electronic devices, we ● It is mainly divided into System software, can see and touch hardware. Programming software and Application software. ● It has four main categories: input device, output ● Software is affected by computer viruses. ● But, it can be transferred. devices, storage, and internal components. ● If software is damaged, its backup copy can be ● Hardware is not affected by computer viruses. reinstalled. ● It can not be transferred from one place to ● Ex: Ms Word, Excel, Power Point, Photoshop, another electrically through network. MySQL etc. ● If hardware is damaged, it is replaced with new one. ● Ex: Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer, CPU, Hard disk, RAM, ROM etc.

STORAGE DEVICE ● Holds data, instructions & information ● Example of storage device: ○ Hard Disk Drive (HDD), Solid State for future use Drive, Random Access Memory ● Capacity – no of bytes a storage (RAM), CD, DVD and Blu-Ray Discs, DVD-RAM, ROM, USB Flash medium can hold Memory. ● Writing – process of transferring data, instructions and information from memory to a storage medium ● Reading – process of transferring items from a storage medium into a memory ● Speed of storage devices and memory – access time measures: ○ Amount of time it takes a storage device to locate an item on a storage medium ○ Time required to deliver an item from memory to the processor

PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES ● Smaller size to hold data for a ● 2 types of memory temporary period. ○ Volatile -> RAM (Random Access Memory), also called main ● Found inside the computer, and memory (temporary) they have the fastest access to ○ Non-volatile -> ROM (Read Only data. Memory), flash memory & CMOS (Complementary ● Examples: Cache memory and metal–oxide–semiconductor - RAM. CMOS chips require less power )

Random Access Memory (RAM) 3 basic types: c. Magnetoresistive (MRAM) Stores data using magnetic a. Dynamic RAM (DRAM) charges. Better in terms storage, consume less power, faster access Must be re-energized time, retain contents after power constantly or they lose their remove. contents. - SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) faster than DRAM chips - DDRSDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM) faster than SDRAM b. Static RAM (SRAM) Static means : DO NOT HAVE to be re-energized as often as DRAM chips. More expensive.

Read Only Memory (ROM) ● Memory chip storing permanent data and instructions. ● Data on most ROM chips cannot be modified ● Other types of nonvolatile memory: ○ Flash Memory ○ CMOS

CACHE ● High-speed access area that can be either a reserved section of main memory or storage device. ● As the microprocessor processes data, it looks first in the cache memory and if it finds the data there.

SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE (Magnetic Storage Devices) ● Larger storage capacity & store ● Common types of storage used data permanently. with computers and is the technology that many computer ● The device can be both external hard drives use. and internal to a computer and ○ Floppy Disk includes; compact disk, USB drive, hard disk, etc ○ Hard Drive ○ Magnetic Strip ○ Tape Cassette ○ External Hard Drive

SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE (Optical Storage Devices) Another common storage is optical storage, which uses lasers and lights as its method of reading and writing data. A. Blu Ray Disc B. CD ROM Disc C. CD-R / CD-RW Disc D. DVD-R, DVD-RW Disc

SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE (Flash Memory Devices) Flash memory has started to replace magnetic media as it becomes cheaper as it is the more efficient and reliable solution. ● USB Flash Drive/Thumb Drive ● Memory Card

SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE (Online and Cloud) Storing data online and in cloud storage is becoming popular as people need to access their data from more than one device. ● Cloud Storage ● Network Media

OPERATING SYSTEM ● Acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs. ● Allow users to communicate with the computer & other software ● Eg: Microsoft Windows 10, Mac OS, Linux, iPhone OS (iOS), Android

FUNCTION OF OPERATING SYSTEM 1. Starting a computer 2. Providing a user interface 3. Managing programs 4. Managing memory 5. Coordinating tasks 6. Configuring devices 7. Establishing an Internet connection 8. Monitoring performance 9. Providing file management & other utilities 10. Controlling network

UTILITY PROGRAM ● Allow user to perform maintenance-type tasks (related to managing a computer, its devices @ programs) ● Some utility program: ○ File manager, Search utility, Image viewer, Personal firewall, Uninstaller, Disk scanner, Disk defragmenter, Diagnostic utility, Backup Utility, Screen saver

COMMUNICATION DEVICES Any hardware capable of transmitting data, instructions & information between sending device & receiving device ● Dial-up modems ● ISDN Modem – ISDN line ● DSL Modem – DSL line ● ISDN & DSL – external device

COMMUNICATION DEVICES ● Cable Modems ● Routers ○ Broadband modem; sends & ○ Connects multiple receives digital data over the computers & transmit data cable television (CATV) to its correct destination ● Wireless Modems ● Network cards ○ To prevent unauthorized ○ Also known as NIC (network users – built-in firewall interface card) ● Wireless Access Point ○ Central communications – allows computers to transfer data wirelessly

IF YOU HAVE ANY DIFFICULTIES PLEASE CONTACT ME eMail Mobile Phone [email protected] 0177270864 ? [email protected] Social Media My Office ❖ Hatta Hani (FB) Block A1, 2nd Floor, hattahani(IG) Room 141 (2A1.2.141) ❖ hatta_hani(TikTok) ❖ HattaHaniLearning Designer (YouTube)

TERIMA KASIH THANK YOU XIE XIE MIKKA NANRI Presented by Mohd Hatta Mohamed Ali P.Tech. MSc. IT Department of Information Technology Centre of Diploma Studies UTHM 2021