ENGLISH BY MYSELF (1)

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LESSON 1: TENSE TENSE USE ADVERBS Always, often, usually, 1)SIMPLE (V): S +V(s/es) sometimes, normally, PRESENT S + do/ does +not+ V frequently, generally, constantly, occasionally, (BE): S + am, is, regularly, seldom, rarely, are+ (not)+... never, hardly ever, once in a while, every d/w/m Once a week ex: The sun rises in the East He usually goes to school in the morning. 2)PRESENT S+ am/ is/ are Now, right now, just now, at CONTINUOUS (not)+Ving the moment, Look! At present, Be quiet! ex: It is raining now/ I am reading a book/ Listen! She is singing/ We are buying a new house next year/ You’re always asking me for help. 3) PRESENT S+ have/has+ (not)+ Just, ever, never, already, PERFECT V3/ed yet, lately (recently), since, Have /has +S + for, before, so far. until V3/ed? now /up to now, This is the first/second time ... ex: She has visited Ha Long Bay several times/ My mother has been sick since yesterday/ Lan has just bought a new shirt. 3

4) PRESENT S+have/has just, recently, lately, ever, PERFECT +been+Ving never, since, for CONTINUOUS ex: I have been studying English for 5 years We have been waiting here for over two hours They have been talking for the last hour. 5) SIMPLE (V) : S+V2/e d Last, ago, yesterday, in 1990 PAST S + did not +V when as, since, ago, last (Be) : S+ was/were (not)+... ex: Mr. Pike stayed here last night/ He went/ used to go fishing with his father when he was a child 6) PAST S+was/ were + At this time yesterday, CONTINUOUS (not) + V-ing At 9 o’clock yesterday last, when, while ex: At this time last night, she was studying lessons at home My mother was cooking while my father was watching TV When he was driving, he saw a serious accident. 7) PAST S+ had+ (not)+ Before, after, when, as soon PERFECT V3/ed as, while, already, ever ex: Before 1975, he had worked in that factory When I come, he had left After he had graduated, he went abroad 4

8) PAST S + had + (not) Before, after, when, as soon PERFECT +been + Ving as, while, already, ever, CONTINUOUS until, by... ex: She had been crying for ten minutes before her mother came home/ I had been working in the office for twelve hours before the phone rang. 9) SIMPLE S+ will/shall tomorrow, the day after FUTURE +(not)+Vo tomorrow, next week, in+time(future) ex: I will go swimming tomorrow/ She will stay at next Monday 10) FUTURE S+ will/shall tomorrow, the day after CONTINUOUS +(not)+ be +Ving tomorrow, next... ex: I will be eating dinner at 8 p.m tomorrow I will be staying with my family for the next 5 days. 11) FUTURE S+will/shall+ by the time PERFECT (not)+have +V3/ed by + past time ex: I will have finished this book before 8 o'clock this evening/ She will have taken an English speaking course by the end of next week 12) FUTURE S+will/shall+not by the time+ menh de thoi PERFECT +have +been +Ving gian o thi hien tai by + ngay gio CONTINUOUS ex: We will have been living in this house for 15 years by next month. They will have been getting married for 2 years by the end of this year 5

~SOME NOTES ON THE USES OF VERB TENSES~ 1. Some verbs are not usually used in continuous (progressive)tenses. ● Verbs of senses or linking verbs: be, feel, hear, look, see, smell, sound, taste, notice,... ● Verbs of feeling or emotion: like, dislike, hate, love, want, prefer, wish, need,... ● Verbs of thinking: believe, know, think, understand, forget, remember, agree,… ● Verbs of possession: have (có), own, possess, contain, belong to,... 6

LESSON 2: PASSIVE VOICE TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE 1)SIMPLE S +V(s/es)+ O S + am/ is/ are + V3/ed PRESENT + by O S+ am/is/ are+ 2)PRESENT S + am/ is/ are + being CONTINUOUS Ving + O + V3/ed + by O 3) PRESENT S+ have/has+ V3/ed+ S + have/ has + been + PERFECT O V3/ed + by O 4) PRESENT S+have/has +been+ S + have/ has + been + PERFECT being + V3/ed + by O Ving +O CONTINUOUS 5) SIMPLE S+V2/ed+ O S + was/ were + V3/ed + PAST by O 6) PAST S+was/were+ S + was/ were + being + CONTINUOUS V-ing+ O V3/ed + by O 7) PAST S+ had+ V3/ed+ O S + had + been + V3/ed + PERFECT by O 8) PAST S +had+been + S + had + been + being + PERFECT Ving+ O V3/ed + by O CONTINUOUS 9) SIMPLE S+ will/shall S + will be + V3/ed + FUTURE by O +Vo+ O 7

10) FUTURE S+ will/shall+ be S + will + be + being + CONTINUOUS +Ving+ O V3/ed + by O 11) FUTURE S+will/shall+have+ S + will have + been PERFECT V3/ed+ O +V3/ed + by O 12) FUTURE S+will/shall S + will + have +been + PERFECT being + V3/ed + by O +have +been +Ving+ O CONTINUOUS 13) NEAR S+ am/is/are+ S + am/is/are + going to FUTURE going to+ V+ O + be + V3/ed + by O 14) MODAL S + must/should S+must/should (modal VERB (modal V)+ Vo+ O V)+be + V3/ed + by O 15) S+ have/has to S+ have/has to+be HAVE/HAS +Vo+ O +V3/ed + by O TO ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Công thức chung: be+V3/ed - Không dùng by+O khi chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động có tính mơ hồ (I, we, you, they, she, somebody, something,...) - Nếu có thời gian thì để sau by, nơi chốn thì trước by => Nơi chốn +by O+ thời gian - Nếu có trạng từ (adv) thì để nó đứng giữa be và V3/ed => Be + (adv) + V3/ed - Nếu có no… đầu câu thì làm như bth rùi đổi sang phủ định 8

LESSON 3: REPORTED SPEECH 1. Từ tường thuật Thì chuyển thành ... - say -> said - tell -> told Quá khứ đơn Quá khứ tiếp diễn 2. Lùi thì Quá khứ hoàn thành Quá khứ hoàn thành Nếu là ... X Hiện tại đơn Hiện tại tiếp diễn could Hiện tại hoàn thành would Quá khứ đơn should Quá khứ tiếp diễn might had to can will shall may must, have/ has to 3. Đổi trạng từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn the night be4 now then last night here there yesterday the previous day/ the day before this that next week the next week these those tomorrow the next/ flowing day today that day 2weeks ago 2weeks be4, earlier tonight that night 9

-QUESTION- . . 1. YES-NO Question . . S+asked + O + if/whether+ (S+V)? . - Do/does bỏ, lấy V -> V2/ed - Did bỏ, lấy V -> had+V3/ed - Còn lại thì chuyển vào trong rùi làm như bình thường 2. WH__ Question S+asked + O + WHQ + S + V2/ed -???- ● S+ asked/told + O + to/not to V ● S+ invite + O + to V ● S+ advised + O + to/not to V ● S+ thanked + for Ving ● S+ promise+ to V ● S+ warned + O + to/not to V ● S+ encouraged + O + to V ● S+ congratulated + O + on Ving ● S +regretted+ (not)+Ving ● S+ insisted + on Ving ● ● ● ● ● 10

LESSON 4: IF Dạng Cách dùng If clause Main clause 0 Tình huống luôn if it rain in the you see a đúng, thói quen sunlight rainbow 1 có thể xảy ra trong if i pass the exam my parents will tương lai be very happy 2 hành độg không xảy if today were I wouldn’t go to ra trong tương lai Sunday school 3 hành đg không có if I had gone to I would have thật trong quá khứ the party met a friend 2-3 điều kiện không thật if I were a good I would have ở hiện tại dẫn đến swimmer won the race tình huống không thật ở quá khứ last week 3-2 điều kiện không thật if I hadn’t missed I would be here ở quá khứ dẫn đến the train now tình huống không thật ở hiện tại 11

LESSON 5: PAST TENSE CHANGE TO PRESENT PERFECT TENSE 1. S + have/has (not)+ V3/ed +...+ since/for + time ex: Mary has learnt English for 6 years I have not visit my uncle since 2006 2. S+ started/stopped + Ving + time (in, on, at) ex: I started writing this letter two hours ago I stopped writing to my old friend 4 weeks ago 3. S + last + V2/ed+ time (in, on, at, ago,when...) ex: I last visited my uncle since 2006 4. S+ began +to V +time (in, on, at, ago, when...) ex: She began to take part in this club last month 5. The last time + S + V2/ed+...+was (time) ex: The last time Linda talked to me was 3 month ago 6. It is/has been + (time) + since + S + last + V2/ed ex: It has been 2 years since we last saw him 7. It is/has been + (time)+ since + S + began to V /Ving+.. ex: It is 4 years since I began to learn English 8. This is the (first/second/…) time +S+have/has+V3/ed ex: This is the first time she have been to HaNoi This is the second time he has been to HaNoi 9. S + have/has + never + V3/ed +...+ before ex: She have never eaten octopus before 10. S + first + V2/ed ex: He first came here 11. Have/has+ S+ ever+ V3/ed+...+ before ex: Have you ever seen him before? 12

12. How long+ have/has+ S+ V3/ed ? ex: How long have you been single? 13. When did + S+ Vo? ex: When did she get married? 14. How long is it since + S+ V2/ed? ex: How long is it since she left the party? 15. How long ago+ did+ S+ Vo? ex: How long ago did they buy it? 16. It’s (high/ about) time + S + V2/ed ex: It’s high time we went to bed 17. At the age of... + S + V2/ed ex: She succeeded at the age of 23 18. S + V2/ed + and + since then + S + have/has+ V3/ed ex: I met her in 1990 and since then we have been good friends 19. S + V2/ed +...and + S + have/has+ V3/ed + ever since ex: We bought this house in 1986 and we’ve lived here ever since 20. S + V2/ed + after + S + had+ V3/ed ex: She went out with me last weekend after she had done all her work/ After he finished his work yesterday, he had phoned me 21. S + had V3/ed + before / by the time + S + V2/ed ex: We had prepared our lessons before we watched TV 22. By the age of + (age) + S + had + V3/ed ex: By the age of 20, she had written 20 works 23. In/ Over/ During/ the last (past)... + S + have/ has +V3/ed ex: Over the last few weeks we have made a lot of progress. 13

LESSON 6: GERUND VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUND admit involve advise keep allow like anticipate loathe avoid mention appreciate mind complete miss (get through) pardon consider postpone (think about) (put off), delay practice deny (practise) detest quit discuss (give up) (talk about) recall dislike recollect enjoy recommend escape resent excuse resist finish risk fancy (=feel) suggest forbid tolerate forgive understand 14

CỤM TỪ ĐI VỚI V_ing ● Have fun / a good time ex: We had fun playing video games. ● Have trouble/difficulty(in)/a hard time/a difficult time ex: I had a hard time looking for a job ● Spend / waste + cách diễn đạt về thời gian/ tiền ex: He spends most of his time studying ● It’s a waste of time/money ex: It’s a waste of time watching this program. ● Sit / stand / lie + cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn ex: Sue is sitting at her desk writing a letter. ● Go + V-ing (diễn tả hoạt động giải trí) ex: How often do you go swimming? ● Find / catch (=discover :phát hiện ra) + danh từ/đại từ ex: I found a penny lying on the sidewalk. ● Be busy + V-ing / Be too busy + to V ex: Mrs. Lee is busy cooking at present. ex: I am too busy coming to the meeting with you. ● It’s no use / no good (chẳng ích lợi gì) ex: It’s no use arguing ● There’s no use (in) ex: There’s no use (in) worrying about it. ● Be worth (đáng để…) ex: This book is really worth reading ● Feel like ex: I don’t feel like going out for a walk tonight. ● Do the / some / one’s + V(tasks) ex: I do my shopping on Saturdays. ● be interested in/ fond of/ tired of…. ex: She is interested in studying maths ● Behind Prepositions: about, at, after, before, by, for, in, of, on, to, when, while, with, without, … 15

LESSON 7: TO INFINITIVE Verb + to infinitive afford need agree neglect (fail) appear (seem) offer arrange plan ask prepare beg pretend care promise claim refuse consent (agree) decide seem demand deserve struggle endeavour (try) swear expect tend fail threaten happen volunteer hesitate wait hope want wish intend be able learn manage would like would love mean would prefer 16

Verb + sb + to infinitive advise intend allow invite ask mean beg need (implore) order bribe pay cause permit challenge promise choose prefer command compel persuade (force, oblige) convince recommend (persuade) remind dare request desire require enable show (how) encourage teach (how) expect tell (how) forbid tempt help train trust force urge want hire warn instruct would like 17

● S + be allowed/permitted/ made/ helped/ seen + to V ex: We are allowed to smoke here. ● S + be + TOO + ADJECTIVE/ ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH + to V ex: He is old enough to drive. ● S + V + WH- (HOW, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, WHY, WHICH) + to V ex: She found out where to buy fruit cheaply !!! S + make/ let/ have + O + Vo ex: Our parents let us go camping CAUTION ! ● Ving/ To V: continue, start, begin, love, like, hate, prefer … Ex: She loves eating/ to eat ice cream. ● try + Ving: thử / to + Vo: cố gắng Ex: You should try wearing any shirt which you want to buy We try to study hard to please our parents. ● stop + Ving: ngừng hẳn/ to + Vo: ngừng để làm 1 việc khác Ex: I really must stop smoking ● remember + Ving: đã làm gì/to + Vo: chưa làm gì Ex: I remember meeting you last month. Remember to post my letter when you go out. ● forget + Ving: đã làm gì/to + Vo: chưa làm gì Ex: I will never forget working with you for a long time I forgot to bring my wallet. Please lend me some money ● regret + Ving (hối tiếc): việc trong quá khứ/ to + Vo: thông báo cho ai tin xấu. Ex: She regretted telling. him a lie. (tell) I regret to say that you failed the driving exam. (say) ● need +Ving: cần được làm (bị động)/ to + Vo: làm gì (chủ động) Ex: The house needs painting 18

I need to paint the house. ● S + V + Ving / O + To – Infinitive: allow, permit, advise, recommend ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. Ex: They allow smoking here. They allow us to smoke. here. We are allowed ………………………. here. (smoke) I am often made (do)……………. the washing. LESSON 8: STRESS 1. Động từ có 2 âm tiết => 2. Danh từ có 2 âm tiết => 3. Tính từ có 2 âm tiết => 4. Động từ ghép => SUFFIXES STRESS ON IT _ine machine, _oo bamboo, _oon balloon, _ade lemonade, _ee _eer 19

_ese Vietnamese, _esque picturesque, _ette _ental _entary _isque _aire _mental _ever _self myself, STRESS IN FRONT OF IT _tion position, _ien _cian _ety _ity extremity, _ic _ical _sion _ically 20

_ious religious _eous _ian _ior _iar _iasm _ience _iency _ient _ier _ic _ial _ible _uous _ium logy_ _sophy _graphul ary _ular _ulum Có 2 nguyên tắc bắt buộc để đánh trọng âm cho một từ: ● Mỗi từ chỉ có một trọng âm duy nhất ● Trọng âm luôn được đánh ở nguyên âm thay vì phụ âm 21

LESSON 9: PRONUNCIATION Âm Cách đọc Ví dụ /ɪ / đọc i như trong tiếng Việt Ví dụ: kit /kɪt/, bid bɪd/ /e / đọc e như trong tiếng Việt Ví dụ: dress /dres/, test /test/ /æ / e (kéo dài, âm hơi pha A) Ví dụ: bad /bæd/, have /hæv/ /ɒ / đọc o như trong tiếng Việt Ví dụ: lot /lɒt/, hot /hɒt/ /ʌ / đọc như chữ ă trong tiếng Việt Ví dụ: love /lʌv/, bus /bʌs/ /ʊ / đọc như u (tròn môi – kéo dài) trong Ví dụ: good /ɡʊd/, put /pʊt/ tiếng Việt /iː/ đọc i (kéo dài) như trong tiếng Việt Ví dụ: key /kiː/, please /pliːz/ 22

/eɪ/ đọc như vần ây trong tiếng Việt Ví dụ: make /meɪk/ hate /heɪt/ /aɪ/ đọc như âm ai trong tiếng Việt Ví dụ: high /haɪ/, try /traɪ/ /ɔɪ/ đọc như âm oi trong tiếng Việt Ví dụ: choice /tʃɔɪs/, boy /bɔɪ/ /uː/ đọc như u (kéo dài) trong tiếng Việt Ví dụ: blue/bluː/, two /tuː/ /əʊ/ đọc như âm âu trong tiếng Việt Ví dụ: show /ʃəʊ/, no /noʊ/ /aʊ/ đọc như âm ao trong tiếng Việt Ví dụ: mouth/maʊθ/, now /naʊ/ /ɪə/ đọc như âm ia trong tiếng Việt Ví dụ: near /nɪə(r)/, here /hɪər/ /eə/ đọc như âm ue trong tiếng Việt Ví dụ square /skweə(r)/, fair /feər/ /ɑː/ đọc như a (kéo dài) trong tiếng Việt Ví dụ: star /stɑːr/, car /kɑːr/ /ɔː/ đọc như âm o trong tiếng Việt Ví dụ: thought /θɔːt/, law /lɔː/ /ʊə/ đọc như âm ua trong tiếng Việt Ví dụ: poor /pʊə(r), jury /ˈdʒʊə.ri/ /ɜː/ đọc như ơ (kéo dài) trong tiếng Việt Ví dụ: nurse /nɜːs/, sir /sɜːr/ /i / đọc như âm i trong tiếng Việt Ví dụ: happy/’hæpi/, we /wiː/ /ə / đọc như ơ trong tiếng Việt Ví dụ: about /ə’baʊt/, butter /ˈbʌt.ər/ /u / đọc như u trong tiếng Việt Ví dụ: flu /fluː/ coop /kuːp/ /ʌl/ đọc như âm âu trong tiếng Việt Ví dụ: result /ri’zʌlt/ culture /ˈkʌl.tʃər/ 23

Âm Cách đọc Ví dụ /p / đọc như chữ p của tiếng Việt Ví dụ: pen /pen/, copy /ˈkɒp.i/ /b / đọc như chữ b của tiếng Việt /t / đọc như chữ t của tiếng Việt Ví dụ: book /bʊk/, back /bæk/ /d / đọc như chữ d của tiếng Việt /k / đọc như chữ c của tiếng Việt Ví dụ: tea /tiː/, set /set/ /g / đọc như chữ g của tiếng Việt /ʧ / đọc như chữ ch của tiếng Việt Ví dụ: date /deɪt/, old /əʊld/ /ʤ / phát thành âm jơ (uốn lưỡi) Ví dụ: keep /kiːp/, school /f / đọc như chữ f của tiếng Việt /sku:l/ /v / đọc như chữ v của tiếng Việt /θ / đọc như chữ th của tiếng Việt Ví dụ: get /ɡet/, go /ɡəʊ/ /ð / đọc như chữ d của tiếng Việt Ví dụ: church /ʧɜːʧ/, match /s / đọc như chữ s của tiếng Việt /mætʃ/ /z / đọc như chữ zờ của tiếng Việt Ví dụ: judge /dʒʌdʒ/, age /eiʤ/, soldier /ˈsəʊl.dʒər/ Ví dụ: fat /fæt/, rough/rʌf/ Ví dụ: van /væn/, heavy /ˈhev.i/ Ví dụ: thing /θɪn/, author /ˈɔː.θər/ Ví dụ: that /ðæt/, smooth /smuːð/ Ví dụ: son /sʌn/, cease, sister Ví dụ: zoo /zuː/, roses /rəʊz/ 24

/ʃ / đọc như s (uốn lưỡi) của tiếng Việt Ví dụ: ship /ʃɪp/, sure /ʃɔː(r)/ /ʒ / đọc như d (uốn lưỡi để bật âm) của Ví dụ: pleasure /’pleʒə(r), tiếng Việt vision /ˈvɪʒ.ən/ /h / đọc như h của tiếng Việt Ví dụ: hot /hɒt/, whole /həʊl/ /m / đọc như m của tiếng Việt Ví dụ: more /mɔːr/, mine /maɪn/ /n / đọc như n của tiếng Việt Ví dụ: nine /naɪn/, sun /sʌn/ /ŋ / Vai trò như vần ng của tiếng Việt Ví dụ: ring /riŋ/, long /lɒŋ/ (chỉ đứng cuối từ) /l / đọc như chữ L của tiếng Việt Ví dụ: live /lɪv/, like /laɪk/ /r / đọc như chữ r của tiếng Việt Ví dụ: rich /rɪtʃ/, rose /rəʊz/ /j / đọc như chữ z (nhấn mạnh) – hoặc Ví dụ: yet /jes/, use /ju:z/ kết hợpvới chữ u → ju – đọc iu /w / đọc như chữ g trong tiếng Việt, one /wʌn/, queen /kwiːn/ 25

LESSON 10: TAG QUESTION POSITIVE NEGATIVE I am a student, aren’t I You aren’t there, are you? You are there, aren’t you? She doesn’t play tennis, does she? She plays tennis, doesn’t she? She isn’t doing her homework, is she? She is doing her homework, isn’t she? He wasn’t at home yesterday, was he? He was at home yesterday, wasn’t he? They didn’t go to school, did they? They went to school, didn’t they? They weren’t working, were they? They were working, weren’t they? We haven’t met her for 2d, have we? We have met her for 2d, haven’t we? He hasn’t been running in this weather, has he You hadn’t been to London before, had you They hadn’t been sleeping, had you It won’t rain tonight, will it It will rain tonight, won’t it He won’t be studying tonight, will he? She won’t have left work before six, will she? He won’t have been traveling all day, will he He can’t swim well, can he He can swim well, can’t he You shouldn’t go alone, should you You should go with him, shouldn’t you She seldom sees him, does she? She always sees him, doesn’t she? 26

Nobody came to the party, did they Nothing can happen, can it? Come and see me tomorrow, will you Don’t be late, will you Let’s sing together, shall we She has a lovely cat, hasn’t she He never came again, did he? I think he won’t come here, will he I don’t believe My can do it, can she I wish to study English well, may I They mustn’t come early, must they? They must study hard, needn’t they He must be an intelligent student, isn’t he You must have stolen my bike, hasn’t you What a beautiful dress isn’t it You’d rather go, wouldn’t you It seem that you are right, aren’t you What you have said is wrong, isn’t it? Neither of them complained, did they Have a cup of cafe with me, won’t you Neither you nor I are children, are we Nếu mệnh đề chính là câu mệnh lệnh, tag question là will you Nếu mệnh đề chính là câu lời mời, tag question là won’t you 27

LESSON 11: WISH 1. Present Wish S + wish + S + V2/ed ex: I wish I were taller 2. Past wish S + wish + S + had + V3/ed ex: I wish you had come to the party 3.Future wish S + wish + S + would/could + Vo ex: I wish I wouldn’t have a test tomorrow 4. Another wish Wish + to V ex: I wish to speak to the headmaster Wish + O + to V ex: I wish you to come to the party Wish + O + somethings ex: I wished him a happy birthday The subject is plural => we use “wish” The subject is singular => we use “wishes” After WOULD is always Vo Always use WERE instead of WAS in all situations 28

LESSON 12: COMPARE 1. So sánh bằng S + V + as + (adj/ adv) + as ex: My dress is as expensive as yours. S + V + the same + (noun) + as ex: Timmy has the same height as Tom. 2. So sánh hơn S + V + (Adj/Adv) + “-er” + than ex: Lindy is shorter than her younger sister. S + V + more + Adj/Adv + than ex: This hat is more expensive than the others. 3. So sánh nhất S + V + the + Adj/Adv + -est ex: Linda is the youngest person in my office S + V + the + most + Adj/Adv ex:Linda is the most intelligent student in my class ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …...…………………………………………………………………………………………...……… …………………………………………………………………………………...…………………… ……………………………………………………………………...………………………………… ………………………………………………………...……………………………………………… …………………………………………...…………………………………………………………… ………………………………...……………………………………………………………………… ……………………...………………………………………………………………………………… …………...…………………………………………………………………………………………... ………………………………………………………………………………………...……………… 29

LESSON 13: RELATIVE CLAUSE 1. Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (Defining relative clause): Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định cung cấp những thông tin quan trọng cần thiết để xác định danh từ hoặc cụm danh từ đứng trước và nếu không có mệnh đề này thì câu sẽ không đủ nghĩa. Nó được sử dụng khi danh từ là danh từ không xác định và không dùng dấu phẩy ngăn cách nó với mệnh đề chính. 2. Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (Non- defining relative clause): Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định cung cấp thêm thông tin về một người, một vật hoặc một sự việc đã được xác định. Nó không nhất thiết phải có trong câu vì không có nó câu vẫn đủ nghĩa. Được sử dụng khi danh từ là danh từ xác định và được ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng một hoặc hai dấu phẩy (,) hay dấu gạch ngang (-). Ex: Hanoi, which is the capital of Vietnam, has been developing rapidly in recent years. Ex: Dalat, which I visited last summer, is very beautiful. Lưu ý: Để biết khi nào dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định, ta lưu ý các điểm sau: ● Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là một danh từ riêng ● Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là một tính từ sở hữu (my, his, her, their) ● Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là một danh từ đi với this, that, these, those,… 3. Có thể dùng which thay cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước. Ex: She can’t come to my birthday party, which makes me sad. 4. Ở vị trí túc từ, whom có thể được thay bằng who Ex: I’d like to talk to the man whom / who I met at your birthday party. 5. Trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định, chúng ta có thể bỏ các đại từ quan hệ làm túc từ: whom, which. Ex: The girl you whom met yesterday is my close friend.→ The girl you met yesterday is my close friend 6. Các cụm từ chỉ số lượng some of, both of, all of, neither of, many of, none of có thể được dùng trước whom, which và whose. Ex: I have two sisters, both of whom are students. 7. Không dùng WHO VÀ THAT sau giới từ. 30

RELATIVE PRONOUN HOW TO USE EXAMPLE Who Dùng để chỉ người (CN), The man who is sitting by theo sau là động từ the fireplace is my father Whom Dùng để chỉ người (TN), The woman whom you theo sau là chủ ngữ saw yesterday is my aunt. Whose Thay thế cho tính từ sở The boy whose pen you hữu của người và vật borrow yesterday is Tom Which Dùng để chỉ vật, bổ sung cho The hat which is red is That cả câu đúng trước nó, mine theo sau là động từ hay CN Chỉ cả người lẫn vật, có thể My father is the person sử dụng để thay thế cho that I admire most. Who, Whom và Which trong I can see the girl and her mệnh đề quan hệ xác định dog that are running in the park Where The hotel where we stayed was very clean & beautiful When That was the day when I met him Why I don’t know the reason why you didn’t go to school. Các trường hợp bắt buộc phải dùng THAT chứ ~ không dùng WHICH ~ 1. Khi cụm từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ vừa là danh từ chỉ người và vật Ex: She told me a lot about the places and people that he had visited in her country. 2. Khi đại từ quan hệ theo sau danh từ có các tính từ so sánh hơn nhất Ex: This is the most interesting book that I’ve ever read. 3. Khi đại từ quan hệ theo sau danh từ đi cùng với all, only và very Ex: That is all that I can say. 4. Khi đại từ quan hệ theo sau các đại từ bất định Ex: He never says anything that pleases people 31

LESSON 14: SUGGESTION 1. Let’s + Vo ( Let us) ex: Let’s go to shopping 2. Shall we + Vo ex: Shall we have some dinner? 3. I think we should + Vo ex: I think we should do our homework 4. Why not/ Why don’t we + Vo ex: Why not call her first? Why don’t we go camping on the weekends? 5. I suggest that (S) should + Vo ex: I suggest that we should use cloth bags instead of plastic bag 6. I suggest + Ving ex: I suggest playing Squid Game 7. How about/ What about + Ving/N ex: How about drinking a coffee? What about buying this hat? 8. Do you mind/ Would you mind + Ving ex: Do you mind opening the window? Would you mind taking a headphone on the table? 9. Do you mind if + clause ( S+ Vs, es + O) ex: Do you mind if I smoke cigarrete here? 10. Would you mind if + clause ( S+ V2/ed+ O) ex: Would you mind if I sat here? 11. . 12. . 13. . 14. . 32

LESSON 15: Irregular Verbs No Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle Note 1 be(am/is/are) was/ were been arisen 2 arise arose born beaten 3 bear bore become begun 4 beat beat bent bet 5 become became bitten bled 6 begin began blown broken 7 bend bent bred brought 8 bet bet built burnt 9 bite bit burst bought 10 bleed bled caught chosen 11 blow blew come cost 12 break broke crept cut 13 breed bred dug done 14 bring brought drawn dreamt 15 build built drunk driven 16 burn* burnt 17 burst burst 18 buy bought 19 catch caught 20 choose chose 21 come came 22 cost cost 23 creep crept 24 cut cut 25 dig dug 26 do did 27 draw drew 28 dream* dreamt 29 drink drank 30 drive drove 33

31 eat ate eaten 32 fall fell fallen 33 feed fed fed 34 feel felt felt 35 fight fought fought 36 find found found 37 fly flew flown 38 forecast forecast forecast 39 forget forgot forgotten 40 forgive forgave forgiven 41 freeze froze frozen 42 get got got(ten) 43 give gave given 44 go went gone 45 grind ground ground 46 grow grew grown 47 hang hung hung 48 have had had 49 hear heard heard 50 hide hid hidden 51 hit hit hit 52 hold held held 53 hurt hurt hurt 54 keep kept kept 55 know knew known 56 lay laid laid 57 lead led led 58 learn* learnt learnt 59 leave left left 60 lend lent lent 61 let let let 62 lose lost lost 63 make made made 64 mean meant meant 34

65 meet met met 66 overcome overcame overcome 67 pay paid paid 68 put put put 69 quit quit quit 70 read read read 71 ride rode ridden 72 ring rang rung 73 rise rose risen 74 run ran run 75 say said said 76 see saw seen 77 seek sought sought 78 sell sold sold 79 send sent sent 80 set set set 81 shake shook shaken 82 shoot shot shot 83 shut shut shut 84 sing sang sung 85 sink sank sunk 86 sit sat sat 87 sleep slept slept 88 slide slid slid 89 smell* smelt smelt 90 speak spoke spoken 91 speed sped sped 92 spell spelt spelt 93 spend spent spent 94 spill spilt spilt 95 spread spread spread 96 steal stole stolen 97 stand stood stood 98 sting stung stung 35

99 strike struck struck 100 swear swore sworn 101 sweep swept swept 102 swim swam swum 103 swing swung swung 104 take took taken 105 teach taught taught 106 tear tore torn 107 tell told told 108 think thought thought 109 throw threw thrown 110 thrust thrust thrust 111 understand understood understood 112 wake woke woken 113 wear wore worn 114 weave wove woven 115 weep wept wept 116 wet wet wet 117 win won won 118 write wrote written 36

LESSON 16: ??? 1. So S+ be+ so + adj+ that+ clause 2. Such S+ be+ such+ a/an + adj+ N+ that+ clause 3. Too S+ be+ too + adj+ (for someone)+ to V 4. Enough S+ be+ adj+ enough+ to V 37

LESSON 17: PREPOSITIONS Unit 1 Unit 2 1. go off 1. Get up 2. get up 2. At …school 3. lead to 3. Work with 4. at + giờ 4. Far from 5. in the afternoon/ morning 5. Go to school 6. go to bed 6. By bike/car/bus 7. chat about 7. Worry about 8. be contented with 8. Get to 9. arrive in Unit 4 Unit 3 1. Different from 1. Impossible for 2. Come from 2. Receive sth from sb 3. Prevent…….from 3. At that time 4. Opposition from sb 4. Live on 5. At first 5. In spite of 6. Open up 6. A degree in ……with flying 7. Stand up colours 8. One by one 7. Go on 9. Be proud of 8. From then on 9. Work on research Unit 6 10. Take up 1. Come to an end 2. Have a day/ some days off Unit 5 3. On the/ this occasion 1. With the help of 4. At first 2. Receive……from 5. Travel to 3. Send……to 6. Go on an excursion 4. On computers 7. Share with 5. Turn on 8. Give…..to… 6. Be capable of 7. Speed up 8. Request for 9. Interact with 10. Listen to 38

Unit 7 Unit 8 1. On the channel/ VTV2 1. Be in need of 2. At + giờ 2. Be made of 3. Be on 3. In spite of 4. Recommend to 4. Send……to 5. Come back from 6. Result in 7. In the evening 8. On the radio 9. On motorbikes 10.Thanks to 39

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