HIST2008_HIST2104 Group Project Outlines (1)

HIST2008/HIST2104 Group Project Outlines 2019-2020 1

Information We have an exciting array of projects on offer for semester 2, covering all periods from the ancient world to the very modern. These topics will challenge you to investigate types of history that you won’t have studied before and will encourage you to be creative in the development of your research skills. It doesn’t matter if you are unfamiliar with the period or approaches indicated in these projects: you have the time to fully explore a new topic across the semester. Supervisors have devised topics that encourage you to immerse yourself in primary source material, much of which will be located in the local area, but some may need you to venture off campus! All projects test the same skills and help you develop in particular ways so don’t fixate too much on particular topics, as a group you will be able to adapt the brief of any project you are allocated, with the help of your supervisor, to take the direction that you all agree on. Be bold in your choices of projects - challenge yourself - this is your chance to prove to us your abilities as a historian. Please read through the project descriptions carefully. We will be asking you to indicate your preferences by listing all the projects in preference order on the ‘Choices’ system. You will need to rank all projects from number 1 - the topic you would most like to be assigned to, to number 21 - the topic you would least like to be assigned to. The computer algorithm will try to allocate everyone as high up their preference list as possible but do bear in mind that there are only 7 spaces per project so you can not be guaranteed that you will get the project that you put at the very top of your list. Information about Choices (for SH History students) NB SH Ancient History students (HIST2104) will receive information via email about how to select their projects and will not need to enter preferences in the Choices system. The Choices system will be open from: Monday 25 November 10.00 am until Friday 6 December 10.00 am you must make your selections during this period otherwise you will be automatically allocated to a project. To access Choices use the following link: https://choices.soton.ac.uk ENJOY! 2

List of Projects Project 1 Medieval Murder Mysteries Project 2 Before the Avenue Campus: The History of Taunton’s School on Highfield Road Project 3 Wounded WWI Indian Soldiers: Their Hospitalization in Hampshire and Sussex Project 4 Boudica: Reimagining Britain’s First Freedom Fighter Project 5 Winchester Castle Project 6 Photographing Graffiti & Political Street Art in the 1930s: Life & Work of O. Crawford Project 7 \"What are You Doing Here, Daddy-O? This is ours\": The Southampton Sit-In of 1970 Project 8 James Parkes in Palestine, 1946 Project 9 The Roman Triumph: Performing Power in the Ancient and Early Modern World Project 10 The End of Empire? The Suez Crisis of 1956 Project 11 Tudor Rebellions Project 12 Russian Revolutionaries in Bournemouth Project 13 The Cato Street Conspiracy Project 14 “The Golden Arrow in the Golden Age”: Rethinking histories of cars and speed Project 15 British Perspective on Refugees Project 16 In Sickness and in Health: The Medical Officer of Health Reports, 1848-1972 Project 17 Queen Elizabeth I: The Challenge of Representation Project 18 Southampton Common Project 19 Florence Nightingale, public health and sanitation reforms in the mid/late 19th century Project 20 The Persian Gulf at the intersection of Oil, Ideology, and Geopolitics Project 21 Cabinet Gov., Whitehall & Parliament: Policy toward Industry in Britain 1919-c.1990 3

Project 1. Medieval Murder Mysteries The Middle Ages have a reputation for being extremely violent. Historical research has largely confirmed this popular image, for example, showing that murder rates in later medieval England were far higher than now. A major source on medieval inter- personal violence is the coroners’ rolls. The English Crown appointed coroners from 1194 to investigate all unexplained sudden deaths, including accidental deaths and suicides as well as murders. They had to inspect the corpse for causes of death and obtain detailed testimony from local jurors on how the death occurred; their inquest reports, recorded on rolls, afford fascinating insights into social and cultural history. A Group Project could use this evidence to address various historical problems and pursue different directions, such as why medieval people resorted so often to inter- personal violence. In what contexts did such violence arise? One well-documented setting is the university town of Oxford, where students often went about armed and attacked each other and local residents. What role did gender, age, status and other aspects of identity play in determining whether one perpetrated or suffered violence? Did most murder victims know their killers and suffer fatal attacks in their own homes as now, and if not, why not? 4

Indicative Primary Sources: Select cases from the Coroners’ Rolls A.D. 1265-1413 with a brief account of the history of the office of coroner, ed. C. Gross, Selden Society vol. 9 (London, 1896). Calendar of Coroners Rolls of the City of London A.D. 1300-1378, ed. R. R. Sharpe (London 1912): https://archive.org/details/calendarofcorone00shariala/page/n10 (also at: https://archive.org/details/calendarcoroner00commgoog/page/n9). Records of Medieval Oxford. Coroners’ Inquests, the Walls of Oxford, etc., ed. H. E. Salter (Oxford, 1912), pp. 1-56 (Coroners’ Inquests: scanned copy to be supplied). Indicative Secondary Sources: J. G. Bellamy, Crime and Public Order in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1973). J. B. Given, Society and Homicide in Thirteenth-Century England (Stanford, 1977). R. F. Hunnisett, The Medieval Coroner (Cambridge, 1961). H. D. Hurnard, The King’s Pardon for Homicide before A.D. 1307 (Oxford, 1969). Carl I. Hammer, Jr., ‘Patterns of Homicide in a Medieval University Town: Fourteenth-Century Oxford’, Past & Present 78 (Feb. 1978), 3-23. Barbara A. Hanawalt, Crime and Conflict in English Communities, 1300-1348 (Cambridge MA, 1979). _________________, ‘Violent Death in Fourteenth- and Early Fifteenth-Century England’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 18/3 (July 1976), 297-320. P. Maddern, Violence and Social Order: East Anglia, 1422-1442 (Oxford, 1992). 5

Project 2. Before the Avenue Campus: the History of Taunton’s School on Highfield Road Before it transferred to the university, the Avenue Campus site was occupied by Taunton’s School, an independent boys’ grammar school and later a co-educational sixth form college. The site was purchased for the school just prior to the First World War, but construction did not begin for another decade, with the school opening to pupils in 1926. The university took over the site in the mid-1990s. Students undertaking this project will have a range of topics open for them to explore. These might include: 1) the local politics of private education in the early 20th century; 2) changes in the Taunton’s School curriculum over time, connected to broader educational currents; 3) the evacuation of the school during the Second World War and its use as an internment/POW site; 4) Taunton’s School/College in the age of comprehensive education; 5) gender and co-education at Taunton’s College; 6) architecture and education; 7) school consolidation in an era of university expansion: why Taunton’s College left the Avenue and why the university bought the site. The School of Humanities is keen to enhance its knowledge of the history of the site that it occupies. This project offers an opportunity to contribute to that enterprise. Indicative Primary Sources: Taunton’s School Journal 1911—1969 (Hartley Library Cope Collection) 6

Journal of Richard Taunton College 1970-1985 (Hartley Library Cope Collection) Records of Taunton’s College, Southampton, Southampton City Archives Indicative Secondary Sources: Thomas Ellis, ‘Research Pack: The History of the Avenue Campus Site’ (University of Southampton, 2019) Tony Kushner and Katharine Knox, Refugees in an Age of Genocide (Frank Cass, 1999). Gary McCulloch, ‘Education and the Middle Classes: The Case of the English Grammar Schools, 1868-1944,’ History of Education (November 2006). David Rubenstein, The Evolution of the Comprehensive School, 1926-1972, (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973) Brian Simon, Education and the Social Order, 1940-1990, (Lawrence and Wishart, 1991). H. Spooner, A History of Taunton’s School Southampton 1760-1967 (The Camelot Press, 1968) 7

Project 3. Wounded First World War Indian Soldiers: Their Hospitalization in Hampshire and Sussex The centenary of the First World War illuminated the role played by Indian troops on the Western Front. There was much less written about how the casualties were treated. The Royal Victoria Hospital at Netley and the Kitchener Hospital in Brighton received numerous wounded Indian soldiers. This project looks not only at the process of hospitalization, but firstly, the impact of the troops’ presence on British racial attitudes and secondly on the ways in which the soldiers’ experiences influenced Indian attitudes towards the British Raj. These themes can be explored through local and national press reports, official documents and the letters which troops sent home that passed through the hands of British censors. The following historical questions can be addressed: 1. What was the political significance of the hospitalisation of Indian soldiers in Hampshire and Sussex, during the First World War? 2. Were sufficient provisions undertaken by the British to cater for the varying ethnic and caste differences among hospitalised Indian soldiers in Hampshire and Sussex, during the First World War? 3. Did the experience of fighting on the Western Front and subsequent hospitalization in southern England influence the soldiers’ attitudes to the British Raj? 4. How did British people interact with the wounded Indian soldiers, what racial attitudes did they display? 8

Indicative Primary Sources: Hampshire Record Office, First World War: Military Personnel Records, ‘Hospital records, including photographs of hospital and patients at Royal Victoria Hospital, Netley (92M91/2) and personal papers’, (92M91/5). Roy Pennington, ‘Royal Pavilion as Indian Military Hospital in World War One’, The Argus (Brighton) 21 April 2010 The British Library, India Office Records, ‘India’s Contributions to the First World War’, (L/Mil/17/5/2383). These documents reveal the true extent of Indian involvement in the imperial war effort and provide figures and records of those hospitalised in Hampshire and Sussex.’ Indicative Secondary Sources: Anderson, Julie, ‘Wounding in World War One’, World War One: Articles (The British Library) < http://www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/wounding-in-world-war-one> . This article is dedicated to theories of self-wounding amongst Indian troops. Das, Satanu, ‘The Indian Sepoy in the First World War’, World War One: Articles (The British Library) http://www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/the-indian-sepoy-in-the- first-world-war Das, Sanatu, ‘Race, Empire and Colonial Troops’, World War One Articles (The British Library) http://www.bl.uk/world-war-one-articles-colonial-troops Hyson, Samuel and Alan Lester, ‘British India on Trial: Brighton Military Hospitals and the politics of empire in World War One,’ Journal of Historical Geography, 38, (2012) pp. 18-34. Omissi, David, ‘Europe Through Indian Eyes: Indian Soldiers Encounter England and France’, English Historical Review 122, 496 (2007), pp. 371-96. Omissi, David, Indian Voices of the Great War: Soldiers’ Letters 1914-18 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999) Woollacott, Angela, ‘'Khaki Fever'’ and Its Control: Gender, Class, Age and Sexual Morality on the British Homefront in the First World War’, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 29, Issue 2, April 1994, pp. 325-347 9

Project 4. Boudica: reimagining Britain’s first freedom fighter Boudica is remembered as the leader of the British tribes during the rebellion against the Romans in 60/61CE. She is described in accounts by Tacitus and Dio, although there are many contradictions between them. There is no direct, contemporary evidence from the province itself, although the archaeological evidence can be used to provide some context for the events. Nevertheless, the slim evidence for her life has not prevented her becoming something of an iconic figure in British history. Consequently, it could be argued that the real Boudica is less significant than the multiple Boudicas and Boadiceas created in histories and fictional accounts. This project allows you to think about how a powerful woman has been invented and reinvented to suit the needs of narratives about both empire and gender. For the Romans, she could be used to think about the character of the Roman empire, whilst from the early modern period onwards, she was recast as a symbol of Britain’s imperial ambitions. As a female leader, she was problematic for the Romans and the British men, yet a model for Elizabeth I and the suffragettes. In popular culture, she arguably has the best Horrible Histories song, and appears in their latest film. Possible research questions 1. What do we know about the life and society of the real Boudica and those who fought alongside and against her? 2. How has Boudica been popularised in literature, art, and/or film? 3. How has her depiction changed over time? 4. To what extent has she been used as a positive female icon? 5. Is there a tension between Boudica as origin figure of the English/British, and the fact she was defeated by the Romans? 10

Indicative primary sources: The ancient texts relating Boudica are: Tacitus Annals 14.29-37 Tacitus Agricola 14.16 Dio Histories 62.1-12 Gildas de Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae 6 Other primary sources will depend on where you decide to take your project, and so which elements and periods of her reception you choose to concentrate on. Further guidance will be given as the project progresses Indicative secondary sources: Adler, Eric. \"Boudica's Speeches in Tacitus and Dio.\"Classical World 101.2 (Winter, 2008): 173-195. Braund, David. Ruling Roman Britain: kings, queens, governors and emperors from Julius Caesar to Agricola. London: Routledge, 1996. Chapter 8 Gillespie, Caitlin. Boudica: warrior woman of Roman Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. Hingley, Richard and Christine Unwin. Boudica: Iron Age warrior queen. London: Hambledon and London, 2005. Vandrei, M. Queen Boudica and historical culture in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018 Webster, Graham. Boudica: the British revolt against Rome AD 60. London: Routledge, 1999. Williams, Carolyn. Boudica and her stories: narrative transformations of a warrior queen. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2009. 11

Project 5. Winchester Castle Once, Winchester had one of England’s premier castles, a mighty fortress and a palatial royal residence. The Norman kings developed it as a new venue for power in the old centre of Anglo-Saxon England, and it was one of their favoured residences and political bases. It was much used in warfare and was seized during the French invasion of 1216. The whole was rebuilt on a yet more extravagant scale by Henry III, starting in the 1220s, and it was much used by his successors; the surviving thirteenth- century Round Table reflects this. You can explore how the castle developed over time, how it was used by kings, and how it fitted into the political and cultural life of the kingdom. Today, apart from the Great Hall, relatively little of it remains. Later kings abandoned it, parts were demolished, and courts and government took over much of the site. You can look at its later governmental and legal functions, how its past was represented over time, and ultimately the Great Hall’s evolving role as a heritage site. This project offers plenty of scope for imaginative engagement with the heritage industry, archives, local communities and visitors to Winchester. Indicative Primary Sources: H. M. Colvin, Building Accounts of King Henry III (Oxford: OUP, 1971), part 2, ‘Winchester Castle’, including full translations of the written sources for the rebuilding of the castle in the 1200s. R. A. Brown and others, The History of the King’s Works (seven volumes, London: HMSO, 1963-75), including transcriptions and analysis of the records of royal building work at the castle. The sources for the later history of the castle are very extensive. There is an enviable collection of material on Winchester and the castle in the Cope collection and in Rare Books in the Hartley Library on campus; the following items are merely samples: A true copy of the poll, for the electing of Knights of the Shire for the County of Southampton : taken at the Castle of Winchester, on Wednesday, May the 16th; and 12

from thence adjourned to Newport, in the Isle of Wight, to Thursday, May the 24th 1705 : The Candidates were, Thomas Jervoise, Esq; Richard Chaundler, Esq; and Thomas Lewis, Esq (London, 1705) [Rare Books Cope 31] F. W. Masters, A guide to the County Hall, and the Assize Courts, at Winchester, together with a Brief History of the Hall, and a Full Description of the Heraldic Decorations (Winchester, c. 1880) There is also extensive source material in the Hampshire Archives in Winchester. Its catalogue includes a few hundred potential sources relating to many distinct themes, as can be seen from the following search: http://calm.hants.gov.uk/Overview.aspx?s=%22great+hall%22+winchester Events at the castle are covered at length in the records of the medieval kings and in chronicles and other narrative sources. Indicative Secondary Sources: Martin Biddle, King Arthur’s Round Table: An Archaeological Investigation (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2000) Martin Biddle and Beatrice Clayre, Winchester Castle and the Great Hall (Winchester: Hampshire County Council, 1983) Martin Biddle and Derek Keane, British historic towns atlas. Vol.6, Winchester (Oxford: OUP, 2017) T. B. James, Winchester: From Prehistory to the Present (Stroud: Tempus, 2006). Audrey Thorstad, The Culture of Castles in Tudor England and Wales (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2019), esp. chapter 1. The Victoria History of the Counties of England: A History of the County of Hampshire: Volume 5, ed. William Page (London, 1912), https://www.british- history.ac.uk/vch/hants/vol5 Winchester Studies (12 volumes so far, Oxford and Woodbridge: OUP and Boydell and Brewer, 1976-) 13

Project 6. Photographing Graffiti and Political Street Art in the early 1930s: The Life and Work of O.G.S. Crawford Obliterated slogan, Warschauer Bruecke, 2 Sept. 1934 (photo: OGS Crawford) Osbert Guy Stanhope (OGS) Crawford (28 October 1886 – 28 November 1957) was a British archaeologist who specialised in the study of prehistoric Britain and the archaeology of Sudan. Crawford worked as the archaeological officer of the Ordnance Survey (OS), based in Southampton. He wrote books on archaeological subjects and was a proponent of aerial archaeology. In addition, as Kitty Hauser has found out, he had an interest in politics on the European continent and document the events of the early 1930s with his camera: „He started to create a quite extraordinary archive of photographs. All around Berlin, on palings, fences, walls, and bridges, Crawford saw the fugitive slogans of anti-Nazi and pro-communist graffiti. Some of 14

the graffiti was barely legible, since it had been painted over, rubbed or scratched out by Nazi recruits in the run-up to voting day. In some cases, as Crawford noted, the paint was still wet.” The group project could try to gain insight in Crawford’s life and work through - A visit to the Ordnance Survey which is still based in Southampton - An analysis of his photographical work (a large part of the Berlin photographs can be found in Southampton’s Hansard Gallery) - A discussion of the role and function of graffiti and political street art in the period of political unrest in the early 1930s in Germany and Russia. Indicative Primary Sources: Collection of OGS Crawford’s photographs, Hansard Gallery, Southampton Ordnance Survey Archives, Southampton Indicative Secondary Sources: Kitty Hauser, Bloody Old Britain: O. G. S. Crawford and the Archaeology of Modern Life. London: Granta 2012 Rachel Hewitt, Map of a Nation: a Biography of the Ordnance Survey (London, 2010) Uwe Klußman, The Ruthless Rise of the Nazis in Berlin, Spiegel online: https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/how-the-nazis-succeeded-in-taking- power-in-red-berlin-a-866793.html Janet Ward, Weimar Surfaces. Urban Visual Culture in 1920s Germany. Berkeley etc.: University of California Press 2001 Documentary: A Very British Map. The Ordnance Survey Story BBC Timeshift, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5_kWzUahQU 15

Project 7. \"What are You Doing Here, Daddy-O? This is ours\": The Southampton Sit-In of 1970 SUSU (B42) in 1970 (University Archives) On 26 February 1970 a group of Southampton undergraduates who had been meeting in SUSU's debating chamber voted to respond to a call from their brothers and sisters at the University of Warwick, who alleged that university authorities were gathering information on staff and students' political activities, information which was being used to discriminate against those identified as communists or radicals. SUSU was also concerned about links between the university's engineering department and the military-industrial complex, including the MOD and US Air Force. The students crossed University Road and entered Registry (B58), which they occupied. Warned of their plans, the Vice-Chancellor and most staff had already vacated the building. Throughout the night a series of debates and votes were held in the University's Senate chamber, a space normally reserved for meetings of the university's \"academic parliament\", or Senate. After a three hour debate the students voted to search for files: the vote was so close that several recounts had to be held. Further debates and votes were held on whether the students should force open doors. By the following morning most students had left, having found, duplicated (and then returned, in some cases to the wrong offices) various student records, broken down six doors and attempted (unsuccessfully) to force the door of the Vice- Chancellor's office. The counter on the university's only photocopier, a relatively new piece of technology, had been carefully set to zero prior to the authorities' retreat. On the morning of 27 February 1970 it told its own story: 423 copies, which SUSU never paid for. The Registry Sit-In of 1970 has been totally forgotten. Yet it was the high-point of student activism in SUSU's long history, the closest Southampton ever got to the drama seen on the campuses of Berkeley, LSE and the Sorbonne. Southampton had 16

been eerily quiet in 1968, a year renowned for revolutionary activity. February 1970 was SUSU's chance to catch up. As the brief account above indicates, this was a carefully co-ordinated, deliberate, almost stately occupation. Both \"sides\" of this protest were following a familiar script, and both were well aware of the significance of the Senate chamber as venue. But who wrote this script? Were the Southampton students simply copying what their peers elsewhere did, or did they have unique concerns? Were those who took over B38 representative of the student body as a whole? What can SUSU/university publications, records and archives tell us about the context to the 1970 sit-in? Was this context political, and, if so, what kind of politics (class? gender? anti-capitalist? anti-imperialist?). Fifty-years on, how - if at all - should we commemorate the Sit-In of 1970? Indicative Primary Sources: Hartleyan, Wessex News, and other student publications, Hartley Library Special Collections, Open Access Report of Sit-In (1970), Hartley Library Special Collections, MS224/7/A914. SUSU Archives, SUSU. Archives of Radio Heffalump (precursor to Surge), SUSU. Indicative Secondary Sources: Robert Anderson, British Universities Past and Present (London: Hambledon Continuum, 2006). John Carswell, Government and the Universities in Britain: Programme and Performance, 1960-1980 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). A. Temple Patterson, The University of Southampton: a Centenary History of the Evolution and Development of the University, 1862-1962 (Southampton: University of Southampton, 1962). Jürgen Habermas, Toward a Rational Society: Student Protest, Science and Politics trans. Jeremy J. Shapiro (London: Heinemann, 1971). William Whyte, Redbrick: a Social and Architectural History of Britain's Civic Universities (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015). 17

Project 8. James Parkes in Palestine, 1946 We study in a building that is named after James Parkes – but we don’t know much about him. The number MS 60 in the Special Collections, based at the Hartley Library, contains the papers of Revd James William Parkes (1896-1981). He was educated at Elizabeth College, Guernsey, and Hertford College, Oxford. After serving in the army, Parkes was ordained a deacon in 1923 and a priest in 1926. Dr Parkes dedicated the greater part of his life to combating anti-Semitism, which he first encountered in European universities while working for the International Student Service. His University of Oxford D.Phil. thesis was published as The conflict of the church and the synagogue: a study in the origins of antisemitism (London, 1934). What was his relationship to Israel and his position concerning the conflict in the Middle East? As Colin Holmes writes in Campaigner against antisemitism: the Reverend James Parkes 1896-1981 (London, 2005), p. 189, ‘he and Dorothy spent three months in Palestine in 1946; they were guests of the Jewish Agency and Israel Sieff paid their boat passage. If the visit was not a turning point, it was undoubtedly a watershed, and a not unpredictable one for a man who looked for whatever signs of hope there were in a dark world.’ What can we find out about this trip, and how can we contextualize in the framework of the period? 18

Indicative Primary Sources: MS 60 contains correspondence and notes relating to Dr Parkes' publications and activities; files including […] the Anglo-Israel Association, the Jewish Historical Society and the Society for Old Testament Study. The papers include drafts of Parkes' publications and notes from and for lectures, for instance, on Zionism and the Mandate, 1939-47, […] scripts of broadcasts given by Parkes, for the BBC, ranging from his series of talks on the history of the Jews, 1939, to his talk on `Israel, the diaspora and the world outside' from September 1966. Indicative Secondary Sources Amikam Nachmani, Great Power Discord in Palestine: The Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry Into the Problems of European Jewry and Palestine 1945-46 (London and New York: Routledge 2005) Haim Chertok, He spoke as a Jew: the life of Reverend James Parkes (London, 2006). Colin Holmes, Campaigner against antisemitism: the Reverend James Parkes 1896- 1981 (London, 2005) Tony Kushner, James Parkes and the Holocaust, in John Roth et al. (eds), Remembering for the Future: The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide (Basingstoke: Palgrave 2001), 575-586 Derek J. Penslar, Israel in History. The Jewish State in Comparative Perspective (London and New York: Routledge 2007) Tom Segev, 1949: The First Israelis (New York: Free Press, 1986) 19

Project 9. The Roman Triumph: Performing Power in the Ancient and Early Modern World Andrea Mantegna, The Triumphs of Caesar: 1 The picture bearers, 1484-92, tempora on canvas, 266 x 278 cm, Royal Collection, RCIN 403958 In this project you will explore the military, political, social and cultural significance of celebrating a triumph. You can opt to focus on the triumph in the ancient world or you can also consider the impact that the idea of a triumph has had on the early modern world. If you select the former, you can consider how Pompey the Great, Julius Caesar, Augustus and Vespasian used the triumph to secure their political position and what changed between the Republic and the Empire. Other potential research questions include the role of women in triumphs and how the Romans presented themselves as different to the people they had conquered. If you opt for the latter, you can consider how the idea of the triumph was re-worked to suit early modern rulers such as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. The Triumphs of Caesar painted for the Gonzaga by Andrea Mantegna for their ducal palace at Mantua 1484-92 or Charles Le Brun’s designs for Louis XIV’ War Room at Versailles reveal just how influential the Roman triumph was on early modern culture. Indicative Primary Sources: Suetoinus, Lives of the Caeaars Plutarch, Lives The Arch of Trajan at Beneventum, 114-18 CE The triumphal procession from the passageway of the triumphal arch of Titus in the Roman forum, 71 CE 20

Triumph of Tiberius on a silver cup from Boscoreale, 7 BCE or 12 CE, Louvre, Paris Andrea Mantegna, The Triumphs of Caesar, 1484-92, tempora on canvas, Royal Collection Indicative Secondary Sources: Mary Beard, The Roman Triumph, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009) M. B. Flory, ‘The integration of women into the Roman triumph’, Historia, 47, (1998), pp. 489-94 F. V. Hickson, ‘Augustus Triumphator: manipulation of the triumphal theme in the political program of Augustus’, Latomus, 50, (1991), pp. 124-38 T. Hölscher, ‘The transformation of victory into power: from event to structure’, in S. Dillon and K. E. Welch eds., Representations of War in Ancient Rome, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 27-48 F. S. Kleiner, ‘The study of Roman triumphal and honorary arches 50 years after Kähler’, JRA, 2, (1989), pp. 195-206 Carsten Hjort Lange, Triumphs in the Age of Civil War: The Late Republic and the Adaptability of Triumphal Tradition, (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016) J. S. Richardson, ‘The triumph, the praetors and the senate in the early second century BC’, JRS, 65, (1975), pp. 50-63 G. S. Sumi, ‘Spectacles and Sulla’s public image’, Historia, 51, (2002), pp. 414-32 A. Martindale, The Triumphs of Caesar by Andrea Mantegna in the collection of Her Majesty the Queen at Hampton Court, (London: Harvey Miller, 1979) M. McGowan, ‘The Renaissance triumph’, in J. R. Mulryne and E. Goldring eds., Court Festivals of the European Renaissance: Art, Politics and Performance, (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000), pp. 26-47 Roy Strong, Art and Power: Renaissance Festivals 1450-1650, (Woodbridge: Boydell, rev. ed. 1999) 21

Project 10. The End of Empire? The Suez Crisis of 1956 The 1956 Suez Crisis was sparked by the Egyptian leader General Nassar, an important figure in the global anti-colonial movement, nationalising the Suez Canal, which was owned by British and French shareholders. The British government was furious and colluded with the French to try to take the canal back; they were humiliated internationally when their scheme to try to defeat Nassar failed, and the United States and the USSR came together briefly at the United Nations to condemn their actions. British newspapers worried about what Suez might mean: most toed a patriotic line before and during the fighting in Egypt, celebrating ‘our boys’ overseas, although the Daily Herald, the Observer and the Manchester Guardian resisted this pressure, with the latter two papers carrying out a daring investigation to prove that Britain had colluded with France and Israel. A Gallup poll showed that only 37 per cent of the British public supported the war, whilst 44 per cent felt that Britain should not invade Egypt. There were mass protests across the country, including in Trafalgar Square, where protesters shouted ‘Law, not War!’ and were met by mounted police. The British government went ahead with the invasion, in an increasingly difficult domestic political and international context; after the defeat, there was a great deal of soul-searching as the establishment tried to work out what had gone wrong and why Britain was suddenly so powerless. So why did Britain go to war in Suez? Was the crisis the end of the empire? How did the British people feel? Indicative Primary sources: The Times online archive includes daily coverage of the conflict https://library.soton.ac.uk/Gale and there are newspaper cartoons, too, at http://www.cartoons.ac.uk Hansard includes heated debates between MPs on the topic https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard 22

For the American perspective, try the Foreign Relations United States series https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v16/comp1 There is a large quantity of relevant material in the digitised Cabinet Office records https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/default.htm?WT.ac=Cabinet%20 Papers%20Home Anthony Eden, Prime Minister at the time, wrote The Suez Crisis of 1956 (1968) and his correspondence with Eisenhower has ben published in the Eden-Eisenhower Correspondence 1955-57 (2005); there are also memoirs from all the key British political figures at the time. Indicative Secondary Sources: John Anderson, ‘On very slippery ground: the British churches, Archbishop Fisher and the Suez Crisis’, Contemporary British History, JUL 3 2015, 29 3, p341-p358 Tony Shaw, Eden, Suez and the mass Media: propaganda and persuasion during the Suez Crisis (2009) Philippa Levine, The British Empire: sunrise to sunset (2013) W. R. Louis, Suez 1956: The crisis and its consequences (1989) Esther Moeller, ‘The Suez Crisis of 1956 as a moment of transnational humanitarian engagement’, European Review Of History-Revue Europeenne D Histoire, (2016), 23 1-2, p136-p153. Alex von Tunzelmann, Blood and Sand: Suez, Hungary, and the crisis that shook the world (2017) 23

Project 11. Tudor Rebellions Tudor governments look very strong, able to impose radical changes of religious policy and to raise substantial sums in taxation and other demands. But from time to time, rebellions broke out and for a while Tudor governments looked very weak indeed. This Group Project invites you to consider these rebellions, whether by examining several or by focusing on a single rebellion, and to tease out how and why rebellions occurred, who was behind them, who took part, how threatening they were to rulers, how they were dealt with. After rebellions were brought to an end, those involved could be interrogated and their depositions are a rich vein of evidence, for example in Lincolnshire in 1536-37. We hear the voices of the common people, edited by those who recorded them, but nonetheless revealing. For the rising in Yorkshire, the Pilgrimage of Grace, we have the long account given at Henry VIII’s request, by Robert Aske, the one-eyed lawyer who led the rising. For those of 1549 we have the accounts of John Haywood and Nicholas Sotherton, not free from distortion but nonetheless illuminating. In many of these rebellions, articles of grievances were drawn up, offering further clues to participation and motivation. Indicative Primary Sources: J.S. Brewer, J. Gairdner and R.H. Brodie, eds., Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII (21 vols. in 36, 1862-1932) (for the Amicable Grant in1525, the Lincolnshire Rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536). W. J. Harte, J. W. Schopp, and H. Tapley-Soper, eds., The description of the citie of Excester, ed. 3 pts in 1, Devon and Cornwall RS (1919–47), includes John Hooker’s account of the rebellion in 1549. N. Sotherton, The Commoyson in Norfolk (1549) 24

Indicative Secondary Sources: A. Fletcher and D. MacCulloch, Tudor Rebellions (first published in 1968, this has been revised several times and gone through no fewer than six editions: it is worth comparing them). P. Williams, The Tudor Regime (1979) on the general context and for the chapter on rebellions. C.S.L. Davies, ‘The Pilgrimage of Grace Reconsidered’, Past & Present, (xli 1968), pp. 54-76, reprinted in P.A. Slack, ed., Popular Protest and the Social Order in Early Modern England (1984), pp. 58-91. G.W. Bernard, The King’s Reformation: Henry VIII and the remaking of the English Church (2005), chapter 4 on the rebellions of 1536. R.W. Hoyle, The Pilgrimage of Grace (2001) H.F.M. Prescott, The Man on the Donkey (1952). D. MacCulloch, ‘Kett’s rebellion in context’, Past & Present, lxxxiv (1979), reprinted in Slack, Popular Protest. M. Stoyle, “’Fullye Bente to Fighte Oute the Matte’: Reconsidering Cornwall’s Role in the Western Rebellion of 1549’, English Historical Review, cxxix (2014), pp. 549– 577. K. Kesselring, The Northern Rebellion of 1569: Faith, Politics and Protest in Elizabethan England (2007). J. Dickinson, Court Politics and the Earl of Essex, 1589–1601 (2011). 25

Project 12. Russian Revolutionaries in Bournemouth The role and activity of revolutionary groups in Russia at the end of the 19th century has received a lot of scholarly and public attention. There is one group however, based in South England, that has been neglected. The Russian colony of Tuckton (Bournemouth) was created around 1897 by Count Vladimir Tchertkov (also transliterated Chertkov or Tchertkoff), a wealthy Russian aristocrat, who became friend with the famous writer Leo Tolstoy and embraced his anti-establishment stance. After his exile to England he settled at Tuckton House and organized a colony of Russian emigres who lived according to the Tolstoyan principles of simplicity, vegetarianism and non-violence. They established the Free Age Press in 1900 that published Tolstoy’s texts in English as well as a newspaper that was smuggled into Russia. This group contributed to the ‘struggle for political freedom in Russia’ from Tuckton. This group project can be approached in different ways and you could focus on: - the daily life of this group, its activity, organisation and relation with the local communities, while comparing it to other Tolstoyan groups - the political context and use this group as a case study for a broader analysis of the activity of Russian radicals in England - the charismatic and fascinating figure of Tchertkov or other members of the colony (Melita Norwood), or its interesting social/national make up. Introductory reading: http://www.dorsetlife.co.uk/2012/09/viva-iford-bournemouths-radical-russian-printers/ Indicative Primary Sources: Press articles (in Bournemouth Graphic; Daily Mail) [Look at electronic resources] 26

Wills, Evelyn George, Pokesdown and neighbourhood, 1895-1910 : the personal memories of Old Pokesdown and the surrounding villages of Iford, Tuckton, and Wick, and the parish of St. Katharine's Southbourne of Evelyn George Wills (Bournemouth, Local Studies Pub, 1979) Regional archives (Dorset; Christchurch history society) \"To Bournemouth from Russia with Love and Hope \" by Rev. W. Oder (Tuckton Christian Centre). Indicative Secondary Sources: Charlotte Alston, ‘Britain and the International Tolstoyan Movement, 1890-1910’, in Russia in Britain, 1880-1940: From Melodrama to Modernism, ed. by R. Beasley W. H. G. Armytage , ‘J. C. Kenworthy and the Tolstoyan Communities in England’, The American Journal of Economics and Sociology Vol. 16, No. 4 (Jul., 1957), pp. 391-405. Armytage, W. H. G.Heavens Below: Utopian Experiments in England, 1560–1960. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1961 Burke David, The spy who came in from the Co-op: Melita Norwood and the Ending of Cold War Espionage (History of British Intelligence), The Boydell Press, 2008. Christian, R. F. “The Road to Yasnaya Polyana: Some Pilgrims from Britain and their Reminiscences.” Jones 185–215. Gareth, Jones, W. ed. Tolstoi and Britain, Oxford and Washington, DC: Berg, 1995. Gordeeva I., ‘The Evolution of Tolstoyan Pacifism in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, 1900–1937’, in The Routledge History of World Peace since 1750, Edited by Christian Philip Peterson, William M. Knoblauch, Michael Loadenthal, Routledge, 2018. Treadgold D.W., “Russian Radical thought 1894-1917”, in T.G. Stavrou (ed.), Russia under the Last Tsar (1969), p. 69-86. Venturi Franco, Roots of Revolution: A History of the Populist and Socialist Movements in Nineteenth Century Russia, vii– xxx, Phoenix, 2001. Yeo Stephen. “‘A New Life’: The Religion of Socialism in Britain, 1883–1906.” History Workshop Journal 4.1 (1977): 5–56. 27

Project 13. The Cato Street Conspiracy On 23 February 1820, the Cato Street Conspirators were arrested. This small group, led by the prominent radical Arthur Thistlewood, included individuals from England, Scotland and Ireland as well as one Jamaican man. Their aim was to assassinate the cabinet and Thistlewood hoped that this would trigger a massive uprising against the government. Unfortunately for the group, they had been infiltrated by a police spy, George Edwards, leading to their arrest, trial for treason and sentences of death or transportation.The plot, although perhaps more extreme, nevertheless fitted into the pattern of unrest and direct action in response not only to social and economic upheaval in Britain in the 18th and 19th centuries, but in support of workers’ rights or for the extension of the franchise. Themes to consider • How far the conspiracy fitted into a pattern of unrest and protest in Britain and Ireland from the 18th-century onwards. • The use of government informers or undercover agents to infiltrate pressure groups • The spread of radical ideas or radicalism and the development of protest movements • The use of extreme violence for political motives: you could perhaps compare the conspiracy in 1820 with other more contemporary attacks on the government, such as the 1984 bombing of the Conservative party conference in Brighton. Indicative Primary Sources Archives and Manuscripts, Southampton: MS 62 PP/HA/A/1-13 Notes by Lord Palmerston on the examinations before the Privy Council of the Cato Street Conspirators Newspapers: https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/ accessible via http://library.soton.ac.uk/newspaperresources 28

George Cruikshank satirical print of Cato Street conspirators https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.a spx?objectId=1648984&partId=1&people=43333&peoA=43333-1-9&page=1 The National Archives resource: https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/rights/cato.htm Fitzgerald, Percy Chronicles of Bow Street Police-Office : With an Account of the Magistrates, ‘Runners', and Police; and a Selection of the Most Interesting Cases. Volumes 1 and 2 (1888: Cambridge University Press, 2012) - Volume 1: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/chronicles-of-bow-street- policeoffice/8B8E4EEEE95CA79FB607160220D4557E. - Volume 2: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/chronicles-of-bow-street- policeoffice/9451570C7BFCEB30318912DA8DFA943C Wilkinson, George Thomas An authentic history of the Cato Street conspiracy… (1820): https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/an-authentic-history-of-the-cato-street- conspiracy Indicative Secondary Sources Belchem, John, Popular Radicalism in Nineteenth-Century Britain (Basingstoke, 1996) Johnson, David Regency revolution: the case of Arthur Thistlewood (1974) Royle, Edward, English Radicals and Reformers 1760-1848 (Brighton, 1982) Stanhope, John, The Cato Street conspiracy (Cope 1962) Trow, M.J. Enemies of the state: the Cato Street conspiracy (Barnsley, 2010) 29

Project 14. “The Golden Arrow in the Golden Age”: Rethinking histories of cars and speed Image taken from a Menu card produced for a Luncheon given by Sir Charles Wakefield in honour of Major H. O. D. Segrave, held in the Connaught Rooms, St George’s Day, 1929. Reproduced with the permission of the National Motor Museum Trust. Major Henry O'Neal de Hane Segrave sped along the sands of Daytona Beach, Florida on 11th March 1929, before a crowd of thousands, taking the remarkable Golden Arrow to a speed of 231.36mph. The experience of driving the 9 mile course was visceral. Segrave was sitting in the open cockpit of the car, controlling a 24 litre, W-formation Napier Lion aero engine, driving at very high speed along the shore and over sand with variable characteristics. Cars conceal mechanisms beneath their skins and embody meanings that are not immediately apparent. In this Group Project, you have the opportunity to explore the hidden histories around the Golden Arrow and Segrave’s ‘stories’ by working in collaboration with the National Motor Museum at Beaulieu using their collections of vehicles and associated objects, photographs, film, paper archive and bibliographic material. You might take your research in a number of directions, pursuing various questions of interest to you. What effort did it take to get a vehicle such as The Golden Arrow to suitable record-breaking destinations and to prepare the courses? What drove designers, makers and investors to create these unique machines? What motivated drivers like Segrave, who risked their lives, and who became celebrated ‘heroes’ in the process? What impact did the new technologies manifested in early twentieth-century ‘speed’ machines have on motoring and transport technology in the ‘Golden Age’ of travel of the interwar period? Indicative Primary Sources: 30

The following sources are available at the National Motor Museum and the National Motor Museum Trust’s collections. Access to the ‘Golden Arrow’ vehicle itself (on display in the National Motor Museum) Manuscript collections The film collection of Henry O'Neal de Hane Segrave (1927-1929) The Papers of Henry O'Neal de Hane Segrave National Motor Museum Trust’s Photographic archive Published sources Sir Henry Segrave, The Lure of Speed (1932) Periodicals The Autocar The Motor Motor Sport Indicative secondary sources: Land Speed Record 1898 – 1999 (a collection of reprints from the major British motoring journals) Peter Holthusen, Fastest Men on Earth: 100 years of the Land Speed Record (1999) Anthony Heal, Sunbeam Racing Cars 1910–1930 (1989) Cyril Posthumus, Sir Henry Segrave (1961) T. Barker, ‘Slow Progress: Forty Years of Motoring Research’, The Journal of Transport History, 14 (1993), pp. 142–65. D. Thoms et al., eds, The Motor Car and Popular Culture in the 20th Century (1998) P. Thorold, The Motoring Age: The Automobile and Britain 1896–1939 (2003) W. Sachs, For Love of the Automobile: Looking Back into the History of Our Desires (1992) Ian Boutle, ‘Speed Lies in the Lap of the English’: Motor Records, Masculinity, and the Nation, 1907–14, Twentieth Century British History, 23, 4 (2012), pp. 449-472 31

Project 15. British Perspective on Refugees Britain has long been a refuge for many evacuated populations from around the world. Hampshire has always been a popular destination for immigrants, with the ports at Portsmouth and Southampton receiving immigrants from all over Europe and being the starting point for voyages to the New World. For Southampton in particular, political unrest in countries has led to an influx of refugees from both other parts of Europe and other continents, such as Jewish refugees during the nineteenth century and World War Two, Basque refugees during the Spanish Civil War, and Vietnamese refugees after the Vietnam War. Themes to consider: 1. Has Britain’s reaction to refugees changed over the decades and if so, in what ways? 2. How far has Britain embraced cultural differences of refugees? 3. Experiences of refugees settling into British culture – do they feel accepted? Indicative Primary Sources: Manuscript collections (accessed in Archives and Manuscripts): Jewish refugees coming to England to escape anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire: MS 173/1-15 Archives of Jewish Care Board of Guardians for the Relief of the Jewish Poor World War Two Jewish refugees Examples include: MS 65 Archives of the Council of Christians and Jews, MS 190 Papers of the Polish Jewish Refugee Fund, MS 183 Papers of Rabbi Solomon Schonfeld Section F: Papers of the Chief Rabbi's Religious Emergency Council, 1938-46 Fortunoff Video Collection of Holocaust survivors from Yale University Library 32

Association of Jewish Refugees Refugee Voices, which contains 150 filmed interviews with Jewish survivors and refugees from Nazism who have settled in Great Britain. Spanish Civil War refugees: MS 370; MS 404 A4164, A4174; MS 440 Collections relating to Basque child refugees Vietnam War refugees: MS 310/80 A4150 3 photos of student protest, 1965, MS 401 A4137 Papers of Professor Tony Kushner Wessex News, 1965-1970, 1980 Indicative Secondary Sources: K. Knox and T. Kushner, The refugees in an age of genocide: global, national response in the twentieth century (1999) T.W.E. Roche, The Key in the Lock: Immigration Control in England from 1066 to the Present Day (1969) Michael Marrus,The Unwanted: European Refugees in the Twentieth Century (2003) John Garrard,The English and Immigration, 1880-1910 (1971) Mark Bradley, Vietnam at War (Oxford University Press, 2009) Alicia Pozo-Gutiérrez and Padmini Broomfield, Here look after him: voices of Basque evacuee children of the Spanish Civil War by (2012) 33

Project 16. In Sickness and in Health: The Medical Officer of Health Reports, 1848-1972 The Medical Officer of Health reports were produced every year by medical officers located in every district in London. From 1849, the health of the nation’s capital was measured, recorded and published publically. The reports contained information about birth and death rates, infant mortality, disease and infection, and a general statement on the health of the population. The reports allowed comparisons: mortality between rich and poor areas, the expansion of slum housing, or rates of prostitution or alcoholism in different areas. The reports help us to answer many different questions about London’s health history, but they also push us to ask many more. How did the medical establishment understand illness, disease and death across the nineteenth and twentieth century? How did the British state’s approach to wellness, illness and public health change over time? How did people think about the connections between health and cities? How did the creation of the National Health Service impact on British people? And how did ideas about race, class and gender shape ideas about healthcare in Britain in this period? Indicative Primary Sources: The MOH Reports for London are all digitised and available on the Wellcome Library website: https://wellcomelibrary.org/moh/ Charles Booth’s poverty maps and his notebooks on the Inquiry into Life and Labour in London (1886-1903) are another overlapping exploration of poverty, health and morality: https://booth.lse.ac.uk/ The Museum of London has a variety of material relating to health and medicine: https://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/collections 34

Indicative Secondary Sources: Sidney Chave, Recalling the medical officer of health (1987) Jonathan Reinarz (ed), Medicine and the Workhouse (2013) Anne Borsay, Medicine, Charity and Mutual Aid: The consumption of health and welfare in Britain, c. 1550-1950 (2007) Steve Sturdy, Medicine, Health and the public sphere in Britain, 1600-2000 (2002) Roy Porter, London: A Social History (2001) Tania McIntosh, A Social History of Maternity and Childbirth (2012) Vicky Long, The Rise and Fall of the Healthy Factory: the politics of industrial health in Britain 1914-1960 (2010) 35

Project 17. Queen Elizabeth I: The Challenge of Representation Elizabeth I faced many challenges, not least from those who wished to remain catholic and those who wanted more radical religious reformation, and from foreign powers, notably Philip of Spain who launched an Armada against her in 1588. Historians have been divided over how skilfully Elizabeth ruled her realm. This group project invites you to reflect on such issues, but above all to explore representations of the queen. The Rainbow Portrait is perhaps the most famous, shown here above the Bacton Altar Frontal, possibly taken from one of the queen’s dresses. After her father, Henry VIIII, Queen Elizabeth is probably the most recognisable English monarch. What is the significance of all those portraits? How far have representations of the queen changed over time? How far is there a gap between popular views of the queen and those of scholars? How can the writings and arguments of academics on such questions best be brought to the attention of a non-specialist lay audience? How far can the study of paintings, architecture, drama and poetry enhance our understanding of Elizabeth’s reign? Indicative Primary Sources: Portraits of Queen Elizabeth Calendar of State Papers, Domestic I.A. Archer and F.D. Price, eds., English Historical Documents 1558-1603, V 1558- 1603. 36

Secondary literature: On Elizabeth: P. Collinson, ‘Queen Elizabeth I’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004). A. Hunt and A. Whitelock, eds., Tudor Queenship: The Reigns of Elizabeth and Mary (2010). J. Walker, ed., Dissing Elizabeth: Negative representations of Gloriana (1998). C. Haigh, Elizabeth I (1988, 2nd ed., 1998), especially. S. Adams, ‘Eliza Enthroned? The Court and its Politics’. S. Adams, ‘Favourites and factions at the Elizabethan court’ in J.A. Guy, ed., The Tudor Monarchy (1997), 253-74, reprinted in his Leicester and the Court (2002). A.L. Rowse, The England of Elizabeth: the structure of society (1950). P. Williams, The Later Tudors: England 1547-1603 (1995). On the portraits: R. Strong, The Tudor and Stuart Monarchy: Pageantry, Painting, Iconography (3 vols., 1990-97) R. Strong, The Elizabethan Image (2019). K. Sharpe, Selling the Tudor Monarchy (2009) 37

Project 18. Southampton Common Southampton Common is an important resource for the people of Southampton, and is used for a range of leisure and sporting activities, as well as public events. It has long been an important place for the people of Southampton, for disputes touching upon its use are recorded from the thirteenth century, and it was a place of political assembly as early as the tenth century; in the nineteenth century parts of it were used for horseracing. Its current appearance is largely the result of modern landscaping, which overlies the evidence of earlier occupations and uses. This project provides an opportunity to investigate how the common has changed over time. This could include looking at how its meaning for the people of Southampton has changed, and how such changes have affected the appearance and management of the common. This project will allow those taking part to choose among a range of questions concerning the social, economic and political history of Southampton and its hinterland. The ongoing use of the common by much of the population of the city should provide plenty of scope for devising an engaging form of public outcome. Indicative Primary Sources: The Southampton Archives Office (the records of the city and its council, kept in the Civic Centre) have extensive records on the Common, including these items: Southampton Archives Office SC 20/1/54 (Parliamentary plans of the common) Southampton Archives Office SC/EP/6/1 (Athletics sports on Southampton Common, celebrating the coronation, 1911) Southampton Archives Office SC/EN 4/30/Bundle 2 (City Engineer’s Department Plans for the Common and the Zoo) E. Welch, Southampton maps from Elizabethan times: an introduction to 24 facsimiles, Southampton Records Series 9 (1964), and other Southampton Records Series volumes 38

Indicative Secondary Sources: 'The borough of Southampton: General historical account', in A History of the County of Hampshire: Volume 3, ed. William Page (London, 1908), pp. 490-524. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/hants/vol3/pp490-524 A.T. Patterson, A history of Southampton, 1700-1914: volume II: The beginnings of modern Southampton, 1836-67, Southampton Records Series 14 (1971) A.T. Patterson, A history of Southampton, 1700-1914: volume III: Setbacks and recoveries, 1868-1914, Southampton Records Series 18 (1975) Alun Howkins, ‘The Use and Abuse of the English Commons, 1845–1914’, History Workshop Journal 78: 1 (Autumn 2014) 107-132 City of Southampton Society, Southampton Common : its place in the life of Southampton over the centuries (Southampton, 1979) Alan Everitt, ‘Common Land’, The English Rural Landscape, ed. Joan Thirsk (Oxford, 2000), 210-35, 339-40 Henry French, ‘The Common Fields of Urban England : Communal Agriculture and the \"Politics of Entitlement\", 1500–1750’, Custom, Improvement and the Landscape in Early Modern Britain, ed. Richard Hoyle (Farnham, 2011), 149-174 Alun Howkins, ‘The Commons, Enclosure and Radical Histories’, Structures and Transformations in Modern British History, ed. David Feldman and Jon Lawrence (Cambridge, 2011), 118-41 Mark Bowden et al., An Archaeology of Town Commons in England : \"a very fair field indeed\" (Swindon, 2009) W. G. Hoskins et al., The Common Lands of England and Wales (London, 1963) 39

Project 19. Florence Nightingale, public health and sanitation reforms in the mid and late nineteenth century Florence Nightingale was famous as “the lady with the lamp” but her achievements did not stop at the close of the Crimean War. She was a pioneer in the field of nursing training and a governmental advisor on subjects such as sanitation. The Nightingale Fund, established in 1856, supported the training of nurses and midwives; Nightingale’s Hampshire friend Harry Bonham Carter was a secretary. Nightingale also established a training school and home for nurses at St. Thomas’s Hospital. The nineteenth century marked great advances in public health. Increased urbanisation, population growth and industrialisation meant diseases like smallpox, cholera, typhoid, and tuberculosis to reach unprecedented levels in urban areas. Chadwick's Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Classes of Great Britain (published in 1842) was a watershed moment and called for dramatic improvements in areas like sewerage and water supply. Following the 1848 cholera epidemic , which killed thousands, the first Public Health Act was introduced. Florence Nightingale was responsible for improvement in hospital hygiene in the period from the 1850s and the 1875 Health Act enforced laws on the provision of sewers and clean water. Possible themes · Training of nurses and hospital hygiene · Sanitary reforms · Nightingale’s legacy Indicative Primary Sources: 44 letters from Florence Nightingale to Henry Bonham Carter, 1861-1900 [Hampshire Records Office 94M72/F582] 3 letters from Nightingale to Henry John Temple, third Viscount Palmerston, Prime Minister [University of Southampton MS 62 Palmerston Papers GC/NI/5-7] 40

Dr Waller Lewis, Report on the sanitary condition of the parish of Romsey, Hampshire, with suggestions for the improvement thereof (Romsey, 1854) [MS 62 Broadlands Archive BR 131/15-16] Reports to Southampton Local Board of Health, 1850-1872 [Rare Books Cope] Indicative Secondary Sources: Baly, Monica E., Florence Nightingale and the nursing legacy [WY 11 BAL] Bostridge, Mark, Florence Nightingale: the woman and her legend [WZ 100.N5 BOS] Betts, Helen Joan, And I don't like being turned out of Hampshire: Florence Nightingale and her Hampshire connections [Cope quarto 95 NIG] Bishop, W.J., A bio-bibliography of Florence Nightingale [Cope 95 NIG] Brockington, Colin Fraser, Public health in the nineteenth century [WA 11.FAI] Brunton, Deborah, The politics of vaccination: practice and policy in England, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland, 1800-1874 Penner, Louise, Victorian medicine and popular culture Woodham Smith, Cecil, Florence Nightingale, 1820-1910 [WZ 100 NI5] 41

Project 20. The Persian Gulf at the intersection of Oil, Ideology, and Geopolitics Last year, after signing a $450 billion weapon sale contract with Saudi Arabia, President Trump in one of his speeches, called the Persian Gulf “the Arabian Gulf”. Most British and French politics, whether in talks or texts, now use the term “Gulf” instead of Persian Gulf, which was the term unanimously used by Western politics and academics before the fall of the Shah and the rise of the clerics in Iran. It is rare that geographical names are changed other than following territorial expansions; and even territorial conquests have not always resulted in a change of geographical names. The purpose of this Group Project is to investigate the political, economic and ideological factors behind this particular name change and to explore its possible consequences. From ancient times all historical maps designate this region in a similar way; for example, “Pars Sea”, Persian Gulf, Golf Persique, and so on. So what is it, in the last half century, that has led to the name being changed, even on some official documents? What lies behind this battle of names? Can a verbal battle over a geographical name lead to a full-fledged conflict over the physical possession of the islands of the Persian Gulf? There is currently a dispute between Iran and the UAE, for example, over who owns the islands of Greater Tunb, Lesser Tunb, and Abu-Musa. How far can we relate this to the Shiite / Sunnite conflict and the question of who, between the Iranian Ayatollahs or the Wahhabi-inspired Saudi Sheikhs should take the leadership of the Islamic world? In other words, this Group Project research will be situated at the intersection of the questions of oil, ideology, and geopolitics. Indicative Primary Sources: There are a large number of diplomatic records at the National Archives, most of which are digitised and accessible online. The Mountbatten’s Archives at the Special Collections at Hartley Library, can also provide primary information. The website of the United Nations’ cartographic map is also another source to be used 42

https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/iran.pdf The CIA and National Security Archives are also other sources in which you can find information about the question. Asadollah Alam, The Shah and I, edited by Alinaqi Alikhani, a copy at the student Course Collections (Avenue Library). Indicative secondary sources: Arnold Talbot Wilson, The Persian Gulf : An Historical Sketch from the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century, Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1928. Paul Dresch, Monarchies and Nations: Globalisation and identity in the Arab States of the Gulf, I.B. Tauris, 2005.Willem Floor, A Description of the Persian Gulf and its inhabitants in 1756,” Persica, vol. 8 (1979), pp. 163-86. Willem Floor, The Persian Gulf. The Political Economy of Five Port Cities 1500-1730 (Washington DC. 2006). [book] The Persian Gulf. The Rise of the Gulf Arabs. The Politics of trade on the northern Persian littoral 1730-1792 (Washington DC: MAGE, 2007). The Persian Gulf. Links with the Hinterland (Washington DC: MAGE, 2011) (book). A Description of the Persian Gulf and its inhabitants in 1756,” Persica, vol. 8 (1979), pp. 163-86. “Who were the Niquelus?” in Dejanirah Couto and Rui Manuel Loureiro eds. Revisiting Hormuz. Portuguese Interactions in the Persian Gulf Region in the Early Modern Period (Wiesbaden, 2008), pp. 89-105. “The Dutch in the Persian Gulf,” in Larry Potter ed. The Persian Gulf in History. New York: Palgrave-MacMillan, 2008, pp. 235-60. “Pearl fishing in the Persian Gulf in the 18th century,” Persica, vol. 10 (1982), pp. 209-222. “Finance and Foreign Exchange for Industrialization in Iran 1310-1319/1931-1941,” in: R.I. Lawless (ed.), The Gulf in the early 20th century, Durham University Occasional Paper no. 31, pp. 125-157 (with P. Clawson). 43

Project 21. Cabinet Government, Whitehall and Parliament: Policy toward Industry in Britain, 1919 – c.1990 This project encourages an analysis of how government and industrial intervention has developed over the last century or so, by exploring decisions made in Cabinet, Whitehall and Parliament, broadly defined. The role of Government has changed dramatically in the last century. The inter-war period saw an emerging response to unemployment and the management of competition – how was intervention administered in this period? The experience of WW2 led to nationalisation and direct state control – but how was this managed? Who replaced shareholders and how effective were they in monitoring state corporations? The 1960s saw the introduction of National Planning and the creation of companies and their products – Concorde, British Leyland cars and the British Space program. These were managed by a variety of organisations including the Ministry of Technology, Treasury and Department of Economic Affair. How were these entities managed by the Cabinet, if at all? What was the role of Parliament in shaping these activities? The 1960’s and 70s’ saw further direct intervention through the Industrialisation Reorganisation Corporation and later the National Enterprise Board. Finally the Thatcher Government reversed the so- called post-war consensus, with policies of privatisation and much less overt intervention that still required significant debate and activity from Cabinet and Parliament. Indicative Primary Sources: There are significant holdings of material in the National Archives, London that have been digitised. The most important ones are all of the Cabinet Office minutes, CAB, and some of the supporting papers from 1919. There are also TNA PREM files for Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher digitised and online via the Margaret Thatcher Foundation. A number of newspapers have been digitised including the Financial Times, Times and Economist and these are available via the library website. Parliamentary papers are also online covering a variety of topics relating to industrial 44

and business policy – the Nationalisation of Rolls Royce, Concorde, government project management etc. The records of Hansard may also be useful for capturing political debate. The diaries of Tony Benn, Barbara Castle, Richard Crossman and Nigel Lawson will also contain material of use. There are also had copies of the periodicals The Statist and Management Today available for part of this period as hard copies in Hartley Library. Indicative Secondary Sources: C. Barnett (1986) The audit of war: the illusion and reality of Britain as a great nation, Macmillan. M. Billings & Wilson J (In Press). “Breaking new ground”: the National Enterprise Board, Ferranti and Britain’s Pre-history of Privatization. Enterprise and Society. Available from: https://business- school.exeter.ac.uk/about/people/profile/index.php?web_id=Mark_Billings M. Chick (1998) Industrial policy in Britain, 1945-195: economic planning, nationalisation and the Labour governments, CUP V. Cerretano (2009) The Treasury, Britain's postwar reconstruction, and the industrial intervention of the Bank of England, 1921–9, Economic History Review, Vol. 62:1 A. Gandy & Roy Edwards (2018) Enterprise vs. product logic: the industrial reorganisation corporation and the rationalisation of the British electrical/electronics industry, Business History, Leslie Hannah Festschrift, Volume 61 - Issue 7. W. Garside & Greaves J.L. (1996) ‘The Bank and Industrial intervention in interwar Britain’, Financial History Review, 3 pp. 69-86. K. Middlemas (1979) Politics in Industrial Society, Andre Deutsch R. Milward (1997) “The 1940’s Nationalisations in Britain: Means to an End or the Means of Production? Economic History Review, 50, No 2 209 – 234. J. Morelli, Jim Tomlinson & Valerie Wright (2012) The managing of competition: Government and industry relationships in the jute industry 1957–63 Business History, Volume 54, 2012 - Issue 5 R. Toye (2003) The Labour Party and the planned economy, 1931-1951, London, Royal Historical Society 45