Comprehensive CBSE Question Bank in Social Science X (Term-II)

CBSE II Question Bank in Social Science CLASS 10 Features Long Answer Type Questions Map Based Questions Strictly Based on the Latest CBSE Term-wise Syllabus Case Study Based MCQs Chapter at a Glance Very Short Answer Type Questions Short Answer Type Questions



Comprehensive CBSE Question Bank in Social Science Term–II (For Class X) (According to the Latest CBSE Examination Pattern) By G.D. Singh   laxmi Publications (P) Ltd (An iso 9001:2015 company) bengaluru • chennai • guwahati • hyderabad • jalandhar Kochi • kolkata • lucknow • mumbai • ranchi new delhi

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Contents Unit I: History (India and the Contemporary World–II) ... 1–42 1. Nationalism in India ... 3 Unit II: Geography (Contemporary India–II) ... 43–114 2. Minerals and Energy Resources ... 45 (Only Map Items will be evaluated in Board Examination) 3. Manufacturing Industries ... 53 4. Lifelines of National Economy ... 89 Unit III: Civics (Democratic Politics–II) ... 115–150 5. Political Parties ... 117 6. Outcomes of Democracy ... 135 Unit IV: Economics (Understanding Economic Development) ... 151–192 7. Money and Credit ... 153 8. Globalisation and the Indian Economy ... 171

Syllabus Social Science—X (2021–22) Subject Code: 087 Course Structure (Term–II) M. MARKS: 40 No. Units No. of Periods Marks I India and the Contemporary World–II II Contemporary India–II 34 10 III Democratic Politics–II IV Economics 19 10 Total 14 10 22 10 89 40 Course Content (Term–II) Unit 1: India and the Contemporary World–II Themes Learning Objectives Section 1: Events and Processes ● Recognize the characteristics of Indian nationalism through a case 2. Nationalism in India study of Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movement. ● The First World War, Khilafat and ● Analyze the nature of the diverse Non-Cooperation social movements of the time. ● Differing Strands within the Movement ● Familiarize with the writings and ideals of different political groups ● Towards Civil Disobedience and individuals. ● The Sense of Collective Belonging ● Appreciate the ideas promoting Pan Indian belongingness. Section 2: Livelihoods, Economies and Societies Note: Any one theme of the following. The theme selected should be assessed in the periodic test only and will not be evaluated in the ● Show that globalization has a long history and point to the shifts within board examination. the process. 3. The Making of a Global World ● Analyze the implication of globalization for local economies. ● The Pre-modern world ● Discuss how globalization is experi- ● The Nineteenth Century (1815–1914) enced differently by different social groups. ● The Inter war Economy ● Rebuilding a World Economy: The Post-War Era

4. The Age of Industrialization ● Familiarize with the Proto-Industrial phase and Early-factory system. ● Before the Industrial Revolution ● Hand Labour and Steam Power ● Familiarize with the process of indus- trialization and its impact on labour ● Industrialization in the colonies class. ● Factories Come Up ● Enable them to understand industri- ● The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth alization in the colonies with refer- ence to Textile industries. ● Market for Goods Learning Objectives Unit 2: Contemporary India–II ● Identify different types of minerals Themes and energy resources and places of their availability 5 . Minerals and Energy Resources ● Feel the need for their judicious uti- ● What is a mineral? lization ● Mode of occurrence of Minerals ● Bring out the importance of industries in the national economy as well as ● Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Minerals understand the regional disparities ● Non-Metallic Minerals which resulted due to concentration of industries in some areas. ● Rock Minerals ● Discuss the need for a planned in- ● Conservation of Minerals dustrial development and debate over the role of government towards ● Energy Resources sustainable development. – Conventional and Non-Conventional ● Explain the importance of transport and communication in the ever- ● Conservation of Energy Resources shrinking world. Note: The theoretical aspect of chapter ‘Minerals ● Understand the role of trade and tourism in the economic development and Energy Resources’ to be assessed of a country. in the Periodic Tests only and will not be evaluated in Board Examination. However, the map items of this chapter as given in the Map List will be evaluated in Board Examination. 6. Manufacturing Industries ● Importance of manufacturing ● Contribution of Industry to National Economy ● Industrial Location ● Classification of Industries ● Spatial distribution ● Industrial pollution and environmental degradation ● Control of Environmental Degradation 7. Life Lines of National Economy ● Transport–Roadways, Railways, Pipelines, Waterways, Airways ● Communication ● International Trade ● Tourism as a Trade

Unit 3: Democratic Politics–II Learning Objectives Themes ● Analyze party systems in democracies. 6. Political Parties ● Introduction to major political ● Why do we need Political Parties? parties, challenges faced by them ● How many Parties should we have? and reforms in the country. ● National Political Parties ● State Parties ● Evaluate the functioning of ● Challenges to Political Parties democracies in comparison to ● How can Parties be reformed? alternative forms of governments. 7. Outcomes of Democracy ● Understand the causes for continuation of democracy in India. ● How do we assess democracy’s out- comes? ● Distinguish between sources of strengths and weaknesses of Indian ● Accountable, responsive and legitimate democracy. government Learning Objectives ● Economic growth and development ● Understand money as an economic ● Reduction of inequality and poverty concept. ● Accommodation of social diversity ● Understand the role of financial institutions from the point of view ● Dignity and freedom of the citizens of day-to-day life. Unit 4: Economics ● Explain the working of the Global Economic phenomenon. Themes 3. Money and Credit ● Money as a medium of exchange ● Modern forms of money ● Loan activities of Banks ● Two different credit situations ● Terms of credit ● Formal sector credit in India ● Self Help Groups for the Poor 4. Globalization and the Indian Economy ● Production across countries ● Interlinking production across countries ● Foreign Trade and integration of markets ● What is globalization? ● Factors that have enabled Globalization ● World Trade Organization ● Impact of Globalization on India ● The Struggle for a fair Globalization

List of Map Items Class X (2021-22) Term-II A. HISTORY (Outline Political Map of India) Chapter 2: Nationalism in India–(1918–1930) for Locating and Labelling/ Identification 1. Indian National Congress Sessions: (b) Nagpur (Dec. 1920) (a) Calcutta (Sep. 1920) (c) Madras (1927) 2. Important Centres of Indian National Movement (a) Champaran (Bihar)-Movement of Indigo Planters (b) Kheda (Gujarat)-Peasant Satyagrah (c) Ahmedabad (Gujarat)-Cotton Mill Workers Satyagraha (d) Amritsar (Punjab)-Jallianwala Bagh Incident (e) Chauri Chaura (U.P.)-Calling off the Non-Cooperation Movement (f) Dandi (Gujarat)-Civil Disobedience Movement B. GEOGRAPHY (Outline Political Map of India) Chapter 5: Minerals and Energy Resources Power Plants-(Locating and Labelling only) (a) Thermal ● Singrauli ● Namrup ● Ramagundam ● Tarapur (b) Nuclear ● Kalpakkam ● Narora ● Kakrapara Chapter 6: Manufacturing Industries (Locating and Labelling Only) Cotton Textile Industries: (b) Indore (a) Mumbai (d) Kanpur (c) Surat (e) Coimbatore (b) Bokaro (d) Bhilai Iron and Steel Plants: (f) Salem (a) Durgapur (c) Jamshedpur (e) Vijaynagar

Software Technology Parks: (b) Gandhinagar (d) Pune (a) Noida (f) Bengaluru (c) Mumbai (h) Thiruvananthapuram (e) Hyderabad (g) Chennai Chapter 7: Lifelines of National Economy Major Ports: (Locating and Labelling) (b) Mumbai (d) New Mangalore (a) Kandla (f) Tuticorin (c) Marmagao (h) Vishakhapatnam (e) Kochi (j) Haldia (g) Chennai (i) Paradip International Airports: (a) Amritsar (Raja Sansi) (b) Delhi (Indira Gandhi International) (c) Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaji) (d) Chennai (Meenam Bakkam) (e) Kolkata (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose) (f) Hyderabad (Rajiv Gandhi)

Unit I History (India and the Contemporary World–II) This unit consists of the following chapter: 1. Nationalism in India



26 Social Science–X (ii) Back in India, he discovered that the government had begun a new cycle of repression. (iii) Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were put to jail. (iv) The Congress had been declared illegal. (v) A series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts. In such a situation, he decided to relaunch the Civil Disobedience Movement. 31. Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain what the experience meant to your life. Or “Women played a crucial role in the Civil Disobedience Movement.” Explain. Ans. The Civil disobedience in 1930 marked the first time that women became mass participants in struggle for freedom. The most remarkable feature of the Civil Disobedience Movement was the participation of the women. On Gandhiji’s call, thousands of women from large cities to small villages came out of their homes to listen to Gandhiji. (i) He had made a special appeal to the women to prevent people from going to the shops selling foreign cloth and liquor. (ii) Thousands of women responded to his call, participated in a big way in protest marches. They manufactured salt, picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. (iii) In urban areas women of high caste families took part in the movement. In rural areas, they came from the rich peasants’ household. 32. Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates? Ans. Three round table conferences were held to discuss constitutional reforms in India, with over growing demands of self-rule. Political leaders differed sharply over the question of separate electorates because of differences in opinion. While those supporting the cause of minorities and the Dalits believed that only political empowerment would resolve their social backwardness, others like Gandhiji thought that separate electorates would further slow down the process of their integration into society. Also, it was feared that the system of separate electorates would gradually divide the country into numerous fragments because every community or class would then ask for separate representations. 33. Evaluate the contribution of folklore, songs, popular prints, etc., in shaping the nationalism during freedom struggle. Ans. Role of folklore: (i) History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of Nationalism. (ii) Identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. (iii) In the 1870s Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote’ Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland. (iv) Idea of Nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore. 34. How did the growth of Indian literature awaken the feeling of nationalism among the people? Ans. With the advent of Press in India, Indian literature started to grow in the country. Thus, Indian literature played a very important role in awakening the feeling of

Nationalism in India 27 nationalism among the people in the 19th century. The literature created and grew a strong bond and a sense of belonging and purpose amongst the people. Many great writers wrote a lot about nationalism. Some of these great writers were Rabindranath Tagore, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Navin Chandra Sen, D.L. Roy, etc. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote ‘Vande Matram’ as a hymn to the motherland. Later, it was included in his novel Anandamath and widely sung during Swadesi movement in Bengal. Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, rhymes and myths and led the movement of folk revival. At the same time, writings of Western thinkers like Rousseau, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Mill, etc., also revolutionised the minds of the people. Long Answer Type Questions 1. Evaluate the ‘Satyagraha Movement’ of Gandhiji against the proposed Rowlatt Act, 1919. Ans. Satyagraha Movement against the Rowlatt Act: (i) Gandhiji in 1919 decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919). (ii) Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws, which would start with a hartal on 6 April. (iii) Rallies were organised in various cities. (iv) Workers went on strike in railway workshops, and shops closed down. (v) Lines of communication such as the railways and telegraph would be disrupted. (vi) The British administration decided to clamp down on nationalists. (vii) Local leaders were put to jail. (viii) On 13 April 1919, the Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place. (ix) Crowd took to streets in many towns. (x) Government started brutal repression. (xi) At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, he felt the need to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj. 2. What were the causes of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre? What were its effects? Ans. The Jallianwalla Bagh massacre or the Amritsar massacre took place on 13th April 1919, when a crowd of non-violent protestors along with Baisakhi pilgrims, who had gathered at Jallianwala Bagh Amritsar, where fired upon indiscriminately by British troops. Causes of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre: The Rowlatt Act, which was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council despite the opposition of the Indian members. The government was given indiscriminate powers to suppress opposition by political parties, and detain political prisoners without fair trial for upto 2 years. Mahatma Gandhi decided to begin the non-violent civil disobedience movement against the injustice ruled out by the Rowlatt Act. Rallies were organised in various places and several workers went on strike. Local leaders were picked from Amritsar and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.

28 Social Science–X On 10th April, the police indiscriminately opened fired on a peaceful procession in Amritsar provoking widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations. Martial Law was declared in Amritsar and General Dyer took over the situation. On 13thApril, a large crowd gathered in Jallianwala Bagh to protest against the government’s new repressive measures. General Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit, and opened fire, killing hundreds of innocent people. Effects of the massacre: As the news of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre spread, crowds came on the streets in many North Indian towns and they were agitations and demonstrations everywhere. There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings. A complete civic chaos had occurred. The government retaliated with brutal repression and attacked the mob ruthlessly. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their nose on the ground, crawl on the streets and do salute to all officers. People were flogged, and villages were bombed. 3. Why did Mahatma Gandhi take up the Khilafat issue? Ans. Satyagraha had become a widespread movement. But the reach of Satyagraha was limited only to a few cities and towns. The main aim was to have a nation-wide impact of Satyagraha for its stronger effect on the British Government. Mahatma Gandhi felt the need of a broad-based movement in India. But any movement of this type required bringing the Hindus and the Muslims closer together. Gandhiji was aware of this fact and thus took up the Khilafat issue to gain the trust and the confidence of the Muslims. The First World War ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. There were rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor—the spiritual head of the Islamic world— also known as the Khalifa. In March 1919 in Bombay, a Khilafat Committee was formed. Leaders like Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali discussed with Mahatma Gandhi the possibility of a united mass action under the umbrella of a unified national movement. At the Congress session of Calcutta held in 1920, it was decided to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as Swaraj. 4. Explain the Khilafat Movement. Why did Mahatma Gandhi consider it important to support the Khilafat Movement? Ans. The Khilafat Movement was launched in India by the Ali brothers, Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, to safeguard the temporal powers of the Khalifa. The Khalifa was the spiritual head of the Islamic world. He was also the emperor of Ottoman Turkey. After the defeat of Ottoman Turkey in the First World War, there were rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor. As the Rowlatt Satyagraha was limited mostly to cities and towns. Gandhiji felt the need to launch a more broad-based movement in India. But he was certain that no such movement could be organised without bringing the Hindus and Muslims closer together. So, he took up the Khilafat issue. A young generation of Muslim leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on the issue. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement.

Nationalism in India 29 At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, it was decided to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as Swaraj. 5. Why did Mahatma Gandhi feel the need to launch a broad-based movement in 1920? Give any three reasons. Ans. After the suspension of the Rowlatt satyagraha, Gandhiji felt the need to launch a more broad-based movement in 1920 because: (Any three) (i) Conditions created by the First World War: (a) The First World War (1914–1918) led to increase in taxes due to huge increase in defence expenditure. This created extreme hardships for the common people. (b) In 1918–19 and 1920–21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food. (c) Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger. (d) Many people lost their lives in war and due to influenza epidemic. (ii) Limitations of the Rowlatt Satyagraha: While the Rowlatt Satyagraha had been a widespread movement, it was still limited mostly to cities and towns. (iii) Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre: Unaware of Martial Law that was imposed in Jallianwalla Bagh on April 13th, people had gathered to attend the annual Baisakhi fair. General Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the peaceful people, killing hundreds. As news spread, crowd took to the streets in many north Indian towns. (iv) Khilafat issue: (a) The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. The emperor was the spiritual had of the Islamic world (Khalifa). (b) There were rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor. This angered the Muslims in India. (c) To defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers, a Khilafat Committee was formed. It was led by Ali brothers, Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. (d) In the Khilafat issue, Gandhiji saw an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement. 6. Write a note on the rebellion in the countryside during the Non-Cooperation Movement. Ans. Non-cooperation movement gained public faith and spread across the entire country. The success of the revolt shook the British authorities and gave massive encouragement to millions of Indian nationals in both cities and countryside. As the movement spread from the urban to the rural areas, it drew into its fold the struggles of peasants and tribals which were developing in different parts of India in the years after the war. Baba Ramchandra, a sanyasi, who has earlier been to Fiji as an indentured laboured, led the peasants of Awadh in the Non-Cooperation Movement. The movement was aimed against landlords who demanded extraordinary high rents and a variety of other taxes from peasants. Peasants had to begar and work at landlords’ farms without any payment. They were exploited. The peasant’s movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of ‘begar’and social boycott of oppressive landlords. ‘Nai-dhobi bandhs’ were organised by the panchayats in several places to deprive the landlords of the services of barbers and washermen.

30 Social Science–X A militant guerrilla movement took over in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh in the early 1920s with Alluri Sitaram Raju as its head. He claimed that he had a variety of special powers and could rectify astrological predictions, heal people, and he could survive even bullets shots. Captivated by Raju, the rebels proclaimed that he was an incarnation of God. Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi. Inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement he persuaded the people to wear khadi and give up drinking. He however, asserted that force instead of non-violence should be used in liberating India. The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving Swaraj. Raju was captured and executed in 1924 CE and over time became folk hero. 7. How did the Tribals of the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh interpret ‘swaraj’? What were the differences between the beliefs and practices of their leader Alluri Sitaram Raju? Ans. The tribal peasants of Tribal peasants of the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh interpreted the idea of ‘Swaraj’ in their own way, based on their problems. For them, ‘Swaraj’ meant restoration of their traditional rights and means of livelihood. In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, a militant guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920s. (i) Most of the tribal people were dependant on forests for their livelihood. Under the New Foreign Policy, the colonial government had closed large forest areas, preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuelwood and fruits. (ii) These steps enraged the tribal people. Not only were their livelihoods affected but they felt that their traditional rights were being denied. (iii) When the government began forcing them to contribute begar for road building, the tribal people revolted. (iv) Under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju, the tribals of Gudem Hills adopted a violent method—a form of militant guerrilla movement. It was not a movement which the Congress would approve. (v) Alluri Sitaram Raju claimed that he had a variety of special powers: he could make correct astrological predictions and heal people, and he could survive even bullet shots. Captivated by Raju, the rebels proclaimed that he was an incarnation of God. (vi) Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi. He said he was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement, and persuaded people to wear Khadi and give up drinking. But unlike Gandhi, he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not non-violence. (vii) The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj. Raju was captured and executed in 1924. 8. Describe the revolt of plantation workers of Assam. What was its result? Ans. Colonial Assam (1826–1947) refers to the period of the history of Assam between signing the Treaty of Yandabo and Independence of India, when Assam was under colonial British rule. For plantation workers of Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. However, under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not allowed to leave the tea gardens without permission which was rarely given.

Nationalism in India 31 The result of this was: During the Non-Cooperation Movement, countless workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home. They believed that Gandhi Raj had been established and everyone would get a piece of land in his own village. However, they were captured and beaten by the police. Swaraj had no specific definition and was thus interpreted and enacted differently by different people. It was envisioned to be a time when all atrocities would end, and life would return to normalcy. The tribals raised slogans of ‘Swatantra Bharat’ and identified themselves with an all-India agitation and acted in the name of Mahatma Gandhi. 9. “Plantation workers had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi’s ideas and the notion of ‘Swaraj’.” Support the statement. Or What was the notion of Swaraj for the plantation workers in Assam? Ans. Plantation workers had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhis’ ideas and the notion of ‘Swaraj’: (i) Freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. (ii) Plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission and in fact they were rarely given. (iii) When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantation and headed home. (iv) They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and every one would be given land in their own villages. (v) They interpreted the term ‘Swaraj’ in their own ways, imagining it to be a time when all suffering and all troubles would be over. (vi) Yet, when the tribals chanted Gandhiji’s name and raised slogans demanding ‘Swatantra Bharat’, they were also emotionally relating to an all-India agitation. (vii) When they acted in the name of Mahatma Gandhi, or linked their movement to that of the Congress, they were identifying with a movement which went beyond the limits of their immediate locality. 10. Explain the importance of the ‘Salt March’ of Gandhiji as a symbol to unite the nation. Ans. Importance of Salt Satyagraha: (i) All classes of Indian society brought together, a united campaign. (ii) Mahatma Gandhi broke the salt law with the march from Sabarmati to Dandi. (iii) Thousands others in different parts of the country broke the salt law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government salt factories. (iv) As the movement spread, foreign cloth was boycotted, and liquor shops were picketed. (v) Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes. (vi) Village officials resigned. (vii) In many places forest people violated forest laws–going into Reserved Forests to collect wood and graze cattle. (viii) The different social groups participated. (ix) In the countryside, rich peasants and poor peasants were active in the movement. (x) The business class workers of Nagpur and women also joined the movement.

32 Social Science–X 11. Which incident marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement? How was the Civil Disobedience Movement different from the Non-Cooperation Movement? Ans. The Non-Cooperation Movement was a significant phase of the Indian independence movement started by Mahatma Gandhi, the Civil Disobedience Movement further carried forward the unfinished work of Non-Cooperation Movement. On 6 April 1930, Gandhiji reached Dandi and violated the salt law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Differences between Civil Disobedience Movement and Non-Cooperation Movement were: (i) Rejection of Gandhiji’s 11 demands were the immediate cause of the Civil Disobedience Movement, while the Non-Cooperation Movement began due to the atrocities of the Rowlatt Act 1919, Jallianwala Bagh incident and the injustice done to Khilafat. (ii) Civil Disobedience Movement not only persuaded people to refuse cooperation but it also encouraged breaking colonial laws. Non-Cooperation Movement on the other hand plainly advocated zero cooperation to the British Raj. 12. Why were the Muslim political organisations in India lukewarm in the Civil Disobedience Movement? Ans. When the Civil Disobedience Movement started, there was an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between communities. Alienated from the Congress, the Muslim political organisations were lukewarm in their response to the Civil Disobedience Movement i.e., a united struggle, because (i) After the decline of the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movement, a large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress. From the mid-1920s, the Congress came to be more visibly associated with openly Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha. This worsened the relations between Hindus and Muslims. (ii) As relations between Hindus and Muslims worsened, each community organised religious processions with militant fervour, provoking Hindu-Muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities. Every riot deepened the distance between the two communities. (iii) The Congress and the Muslim League made efforts to renegotiate an alliance, and in 1927 it appeared that such a unity could be forged. The important differences were over the question of representation in the future assemblies that were to be elected. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, one of the leaders of the Muslim League, agreed to quit the demand for separate electorates, if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim-dominated provinces (Bengal and Punjab). But all hope of resolving the issue at the All Parties Conference in 1928 disappeared, when M.R. Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts at compromise. (iv) Many Muslim leaders and intellectuals expressed their concern about the status of Muslims as a minority within India. They feared that the culture and identity of minorities would be submerged under the domination of a Hindu majority. (v) In 1930, Sir Muhammad Iqbal, as president of the Muslim League, reiterated the importance of separate electorates for the Muslims as an important safeguard for their minority political interests. His statement is supposed to have provided

Nationalism in India 33 the intellectual justification for the Pakistan demand that came up in subsequent years. 13. What were the limitations of the Civil Disobedience Movement? Ans. Limitations of the Civil Disobedience Movement: (i) Dalits and political empowerment: For long, the Congress had ignored the dalits or depressed classes for fear of offending the ‘Sanatanis’ (the conservative high caste Hindus). Mahatma Gandhi tried to integrate the dalits in the national movement through various inclusive social reform programmes but dalit leaders were keen on a political solution. They began organising themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational institutions, and a separate electorate that would choose dalit members for legislative councils. Political empowerment, they believed, would resolve the problems of their social disabilities. Dalit participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement was therefore limited, particularly in the Maharashtra and Nagpur region where their organisation was quite strong. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits. When the British government conceded Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position and the result was the Poona Pact of September 1932. It gave the Depressed Classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils. The dalit movement, however, continued to be apprehensive of the Congress-led national movement. (ii) Muslims keep away: Some of the Muslim political organisations in India were lukewarm in their response to the Civil Disobedience Movement. After the decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement from the mid-1920s, the Congress came to be more visibly associated with Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha. Large sections of Muslims started keeping away from the Congress and relations between Hindus and Muslims worsened. Hindu-Muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities deepened the distance between the two communities. (iii) Separate electorates: The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched after the failure of negotiations to replace separate electorates with reserved seats for Muslims (1928). Many Muslim leaders and intellectuals expressed their concern about the status of Muslims as a minority within India. Sir Muhammad Iqbal, as president of the Muslim League, favoured separate electorates for the Muslims as an important safeguard for their minority political interests. They feared that the culture and identity of minorities would be submerged under the domination of a Hindu majority. 14. How did people belonging to different communities, regions or language groups develop a sense of collective belonging during the Indian freedom struggle? Explain with examples. Ans. The sense of collective belonging came through the experience of united struggles, image of Bharat Mata, role of folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols and reinterpretation of History.

34 Social Science–X (i) United struggle: The most of important factor responsible for arousing the sense of nationalism and collective belonging among Indians was the united struggles against the British colonists. In the process of their struggle, people began discovering their identity. The sense of being oppressed provided a shared bond that tied many different groups together. (ii) Image of Bharat Mata: The image of Bharat Mata (figure which symbolised the Indian nation), was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in the hymn to the motherland ‘Vande Mataram’ widely sung during the Swadeshi Movement. Inspired by the Swadeshi Movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of ‘Bharat Mata’. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of nationalism. (iii) Revival of Indian Folklore: In late-nineteenth-century, India nationalists began collecting, recording and spreading folk songs, legends, tales. This not only helped to preserve folk tradition but helped to develop a sense of identity, common belonging and a sense of pride in the past. For example, Rabindranath Tagore in Bengal began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths, and led the movement for folk revival and Natesa Sastri in Madras published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales. (iv) Icons and Symbols: During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed. It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims. By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It was again a tricolour (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre. Icons and Symbols like tricolour flag helped in unifying people and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism. (v) Reinterpretation of History/Glorious Past: The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing themselves. In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements. Through writings on India’s glorious past and developments in ancient times in the field of art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade, a sense of pride and achievement was instilled. Case Study Based MCQs Case Study–1 Read the given extract/source/passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in January 1921 and started with middle- class participation in the cities. Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices. The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras, where the Justice Party, the party of the non-Brahmans, felt that entering the council was one way of gaining some power–something that usually only Brahmans had access to. The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were more dramatic. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from ` 102 crore to ` 57 crore. In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance

Nationalism in India 35 foreign trade. As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up. 1. During the movement, the council elections were boycotted in most provinces except (a) Punjab (b) Calcutta (c) Madras (d) Bengal Ans. (c) 2. The Justice Party was formed by (a) Judges (b) Brahmans (c) Muslims (d) Non-Brahmans Ans. (d) 3. How was the effects of ‘Non-cooperation on the economic front’ dramatic? (a) Public was not interested in buying foreign goods. (b) The merchant and traders imported goods from other countries. (c) The merchant and traders exported indigenous goods to other countries. (d) The merchant and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. Ans. (d) 4. A form of demonstration used in the ‘Non-cooperation Movement’ in which people blocked the entrance to a shop, factory or office is (a) Trickling (b) Bandh (c) Boycott (d) Picketing Ans. (d) 5. Which party did not boycott the Council elections held in the year 1921? (a) Congress Party (b) Muslim League (c) Justice Party (d) Swaraj Party Ans. (c) 6. Which was the main cause for boycotting foreign goods during the Non-Cooperation Movement? (a) A symbol of foreign rule (b) A symbol of oppressive rule (c) A symbol of western political domination (d) A symbol of western economic and cultural domination Ans. (a)

36 Social Science–X Case Study–2 Read the given extract/source/passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra–a sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer. The movement here was against talukdars and landlords who demanded from peasants exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other cesses. Peasants had to do begar and work at landlords’ farms without any payment. As tenants they had no security of tenure, being regularly evicted so that they could acquire no right over the leased land. The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of oppressive landlords. In many places nai–dhobi bandhs were organised by panchayats to deprive landlords of the services of even barbers and washermen. In June 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru began going around the villages in Awadh, talking to the villagers, and trying to understand their grievances. By October, the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few others. Within a month, over 300 branches had been set up in the villages around the region. So when the Non-Cooperation Movement began the following year, the effort of the Congress was to integrate the Awadh peasant struggle into the wider struggle. The peasant movement, however, developed in forms that the Congress leadership was unhappy with. As the movement spread in 1921, the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted, and grain hoards were taken over. In many places, local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared that no taxes were to be paid and land was to be redistributed among the poor. The name of the Mahatma was being invoked to sanction all action and aspirations. 1. Who led the peasant movement of Oudh during the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement? (a) Mahatma Gandhi (b) Baba Ramchandra (c) Jawaharlal Nehru (d) Sardar Patel Ans. (b) 2. What do you mean by the term Begar? (a) Large revenue collected from the labour (b) Labour that villagers were paid some percentage of payment (c) Labour that villagers were forced to contribute with any payment (d) Labour that villagers were forced to contribute without any payment Ans. (d) 3. The peasant movement of Awadh demanded (a) Reduction of revenue (b) Abolition of begar (c) Social boycott of oppressive landlords (d) All of these Ans. (d) 4. In Awadh, at many places, nai-dhobi bandhs were organised by the panchayats to deprive landlords of the services of ______________ and ______________. (a) Barbers, Craftmen (b) Washermen, Craftmen (c) Barbers, Washermen (d) Peasants, Craftmen Ans. (c)

Nationalism in India 37 5. During movement, at many places, local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared that I. No taxes were to be paid. II. Less taxes were to be paid. III. Land was to be redistributed among the poor. IV. Land was to be redistributed among the all people. Which of the following declarations are correct? (a) I and II (b) II and III (b) I and IV (d) I and III Ans. (d) 6. Consider the following statements on spreading of Peasant movement in 1921 and select the correct answer using the codes given below: I. The houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked. II. Grain hoards were taken over. III. Land was to be redistributed among the poor. IV. Buzaars were looted. Options: (a) I, II and III (b) II, III and IV (c) I, II and IV (d) All of these Ans. (c) Case Study–3 Read the given extract/source/passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: Not all social groups were moved by the abstract concept of Swaraj. One such group was the nation’s ‘untouchables’, who from around the 1930s had begun to call themselves dalit or oppressed. For long, the Congress had ignored the dalits, for fear of offending the sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus. But Mahatma Gandhi declared that swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated. He called the ‘untouchables’ harijan, or the children of God, organised satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools. But many dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution to the problems of the community. They began organising themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational institutions, and a separate electorate that would choose dalit members for legislative councils. Political empowerment, they believed, would resolve the problems of their social disabilities. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits. When the British government conceded Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position and the result was the Poona Pact of September 1932.

38 Social Science–X 1. Who were the ‘Sanatanis’? (a) Spiritual leaders (b) High-caste Hindus (c) High-caste Muslims (d) High-caste Hindu Brahmans Ans. (b) 2. By what name were the dalits referred by Gandhiji? (a) Achchuts (b) Shudras (c) Harijans (d) Untouchables Ans. (c) 3. Who were organised into the Depressed Classes Association? (a) Upper class (b) Tribals (c) Scheduled Tribes (d) Dalits Ans. (d) 4. Who said “The Swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability is not eliminated”? (a) Motilal Nehru (b) Mahatma Gandhi (c) Jawaharlal Nehru (d) B.R. Ambedkar Ans. (b) 5. Gandhi began a fast unto death when Dr. B.R. Ambedkar demanded separate electorates for dalits because (a) the condition of dalits would become better (b) separate electorates would create division in the society (c) with separate electorates, dalits would gain respect in society (d) separate electorates would slow down the process of integration into society Ans. (d) 6. Which pact resolved the issue of separate electorates for dalits between Gandhi and Ambedkar? (a) Poona Pact (b) Nagpur Pact (c) Surat Pact (d) Lucknow Pact Ans. (a)

Nationalism in India 41 3. Two places A and B have been marked on the given outline map of India. Identify them and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them. A. The place where Indian National Congress session was held in September 1920 B. The place where a violent incident led Mahatma Gandhi to call off the Non-Cooperation Movement 68˚E 72˚ 76˚ 80˚ 84˚ 88˚ 92˚ 96˚E 36˚ 36˚ N N 32˚ 32˚ 28˚ B. 28˚ A. 24˚ 24˚ 20˚ Bay of 16˚ 20˚ Bengal Arabian Sea 16˚ 12˚ 12˚ 8˚ N N Scale 8˚ 0 200 400 600 km N INDIAN OCEAN 72˚E 76˚ 80˚ 84˚ 88˚ 92˚E Ans. A. Calcutta (Now Kolkata in West Bengal) B. Chauri Chaura (in U.P.)

42 Social Science–X 4. Three places A, B and C have been marked on the given outline map of India. Identify them and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them. A. Mahatma Gandhi began Civil Disobedience Movement at this place by breaking the salt law B. Mahatma Gandhi organised a Satyagraha Movement at this place for cotton mill workers C. The Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place at this place 68˚E 72˚ 76˚ 80˚ 84˚ 88˚ 92˚ 96˚E 36˚ 36˚ N N 32˚ C. 32˚ 28˚ 28˚ 24˚ 24˚ 20˚ B. 16˚ A. 20˚ Bay of Bengal Arabian Sea 16˚ 12˚ 12˚ 8˚ N N 8˚ Scale N 0 200 400 600 km INDIAN OCEAN 72˚E 76˚ 80˚ 84˚ 88˚ 92˚E Ans. A. Dandi (in Gujarat) B. Ahmedabad (in Gujarat) C. Amritsar (in Punjab)

Unit II Geography (Contemporary India–II) This unit consists of the following chapters: 2. Minerals and Energy Resources 3. Manufacturing Industries 4. Lifelines of National Economy



CHAPTER Manufacturing Industries 3 (NCERT Textbook Chapter 6) Chapter at a Glance Manufacturing and Manufacturing Industries Agriculture is the backbone of an economy because it not only feeds a nation but also provides raw materials to the manufacturing sector. Manufacturing is the production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products. The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries. Manufacturing industries fall in the secondary sector. Importance of Manufacturing Manufacturing sector is considered the basis/backbone of economic development because: (i) Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture and reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors. (ii) Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country. (iii) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange. (iv) India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible. Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand. For instance, the agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity. Industry has a symbiotic relationship with agriculture and service sectors. The contribution of the manufacturing sector to the national economy must be examined in relation to two other sectors viz., the primary and the tertiary sectors. Contribution of Industry to National Economy The contribution of industry to national economy is increasing yet it is not very satisfactory. Over the last two decades, the share of manufacturing sector has stagnated at 17% of GDP—out of a total of 27% for the industry which includes 10% for mining, quarrying, electricity and gas. 53

54 Social Science–X Comparing with some East Asian economies, where it is 25 to 35%, this is much lower. The trend of growth rate in manufacturing over the last decade has been around 7% per annum. The desired growth rate over the next decade is 12 per cent. Since 2003, manufacturing is once again growing at the rate of 9 to 10% per annum. With appropriate policy interventions by the government and renewed efforts by the industry to improve productivity, economists predict that manufacturing can achieve its target over the next decade. The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has been set up with this objective. Industrial Location Industrial locations are influenced by availability of raw material, labour, capital, power and market, etc. After an industrial activity starts, urbanisation follows. Sometimes, industries are located in or near the cities. Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centres known as agglomeration economies. Gradually, a large industrial agglomeration takes place. The key to decision of the factory location is the least cost. Government policies and specialised labour also influence the location of industry. Classification of Industries The classification of industries is necessary for various purposes, mainly, administrative, provision of raw materials, as well as for the purpose of promotions. Industries may be classified as follows: (A) On the basis of source of raw materials used: – Agro-based Industries: Industries that use agricultural raw materials are called agro-based industries. For example, cotton, woollen, jute, silk textile, rubber and sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil, etc. – Mineral-based Industries: Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral-based industries. For example, iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals. (B) According to their main role: – Basic or Key Industries: Those industries which supply their products as raw materials to manufacture other goods are called basic industries. For example, iron and steel, aluminum smelting, copper smelting. – Consumer Industries: These produce goods for direct use by consumers. For example, sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans, etc. (C) On the basis of capital investment: – Small Scale Industries: A small scale industry is defined with reference to the maximum investment allowed on the assets of a unit. This limit has changed over a period of time. At present, the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore. For example, readymade garment. – Large Scale Industries: textile industry. (D) On the basis of ownership: – Public Sector Industries: These are owned and operated by government agencies. For example, BHEL, SAIL etc. – Private Sector Industries: These are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. For example, TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.

Manufacturing Industries 55 – Joint Sector Industries: These are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. For example, Oil India Ltd. (OIL). – Cooperative Sector Industries: These are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately. For example, sugar industry in Maharashtra and coir industry in Kerala. (E) Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods: – Heavy Industries: These use raw materials in bulk. For example, iron and steel, heavy engineering, shipbuilding industries, etc. – Light Industries: These use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical goods industries. For example, light engineering and electronics, watches, etc. Agro-Based Industries Industries that use agricultural raw materials are called agro-based industries. For example, cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc. industries are based on agricultural raw materials. Textile Industry The textile industry (cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles) occupies a unique position in the Indian economy, because it contributes significantly to industrial production, employment generation and foreign exchange earnings. Textile industry is the only industry in the country, which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain i.e., from raw material to the highest value added products. Cotton Textiles Cotton textiles industries in India are largely concentrated in and around Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. India has a large share in the world trade of cotton yarn. The first modern cotton mill was set up at Fort Gloster, Calcutta (now Kolkata) in 1818. The first cotton mill combining spinning, weaving, and finishing was established in 1854 at Bombay (now Mumbai). Mumbai is the oldest centre of cotton textile industry in India. Mumbai is known as cotton polis of India. India exports yarn to Japan. Other importers of cotton goods from India are U.S.A., U.K., Russia, France, East European countries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and African countries. Cotton textile industry is facing many problems today due to irregular supply of electricity, obsolete machinery, low output of labours and stiff competition with synthetic fibre industry. Jute Textiles India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods. India stands at second place as an exporter after Bangladesh. The first jute mill was set up in India at Rishra near Calcutta (now Kolkata) in 1855. Thereafter, it was an export-oriented industry. Most of the mills are located in West Bengal, mainly along the banks of the Hugli river, in a narrow belt. The internal demand of jute has been on the increase due to the Government policy of mandatory use of jute packaging.

56 Social Science–X Sugar Industry India stands second as a producer of sugar in the world. But it occupies the first place in the production of gur and khandsari. The sugar mills are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. Sixty per cent mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Sugar industry is seasonal in nature so, it is ideally suited to the cooperative sector. In recent years, there is a tendency for the mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra, because of cane produced here has higher sucrose content and favourable climate conditions. Mineral-Based Industries Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral-based industries. For example, Iron and Steel Industry, Aluminium Smelting, Chemical Industry, Fertiliser Industry, Cement Industry, Automobile Industry, Information Technology and Electronic Industry, etc. Iron and Steel Industry The iron and steel industry is the basic or key industry as it provides all types machinery to run all the other industries—heavy, medium, and light. It is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs. Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’s development. It is the largest producer of sponge iron. Most of the public sector undertakings market their steel through Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL). These are located in Jamshedpur, Bokaro, Rourkela, Durgapur, Vishakhapatnam, Vijaynagar, Salem, etc. China is the largest producer as well as consumer of steel in the world. Chhotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries. A modest beginning of this industry was made at Kulti (West Bengal) in 1864. The first modern steel plant was established in 1907, at Sakchi (Jamshedpur) in Jharkhand by Jamshedji Tata. It was followed by Burnpur in West Bengal and Bhadravati Steel Plant in Karnataka. Aluminium Smelting Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India. Aluminium is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable and becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals. Aluminium has universally gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries. In india, aluminium smelting plants are located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Bauxite, the raw material used in the smelters is a very bulky, dark reddish coloured rock.

Manufacturing Industries 57 Chemical Industry Chemical industry of India is fast growing and diversifying. It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units. Chemical industry has two sectors: inorganic and organic sectors. Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilisers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps and detergents, paper) and caustic soda. Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals. Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants. Fertiliser Industry Fertiliser industry is centred around the production of nitrogenous fertilisers (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilisers and ammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilisers which have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K). Potash is entirely imported as the country does not have any reserves. After the Green Revolution, the industry expanded to several other parts of the country. Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala contribute towards half of the fertiliser production. Cement Industry Cement is used for construction activities such as constructing buildings, houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and for other commercial establishments. The first cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904. Cement industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica and gypsum. Coal and electric power are needed apart from rail transportation. Cement industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat. Automobile Industry Automobiles provide vehicle for quick transport of good services and passengers. Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters, three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles are manufactured in India at various centres. Automobile industry is located around Delhi, Gurugram, Faridabad, Manesar, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru. Information Technology and Electronic Industry The electronic industry covers a wide range of products which includes the manufacturing of radio and television sets, control instruments and industrial electronics, computer systems, communication and broadcasting equipment, electronic component, across space, defence equipment and information technology, etc. Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India. Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore are other important centres for electronic goods. A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation and foreign exchange earner.

58 Social Science–X Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation On account of industrial development, industries are responsible for various types of pollution: (a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise and (e) thermal pollution. Air pollution: It is caused by – The presence of high proportion of undesirable gases like sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. – Smoke emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories. – Toxic gas leaks Water pollution: It is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into rivers such as paper, pulp, chemicals, lead, mercury etc. Thermal pollution of water: It is caused by hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling. Soil and water pollution are closely related. – Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts and garbage renders the soil useless. – Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the ground water also gets contaminated. Noise pollution: It is caused by industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills that make a lot of noise. – It can causes stress, irritation, anger, hearing impairment, increased heart rate, blood pressure and physiological problems. Control of Environmental Degradation Some suggestions to reduce industrial pollution of fresh water are— (i) Minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages (ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements (iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases— (a) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation. (b) Secondary treatment by biological process. (c) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of wastewater. General suggestions to Control of Environmental Degradation: – To minimise use of water in industries – To reuse and recycle water in two or three successive stages – To harvest rain water for meeting water requirements in industries – To treat hot water and other industrial effluents before releasing them into rivers and ponds in three phases – To regulate overdrawing of ground water – To fit smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators to reduce particulate matter in the air

74 Social Science–X (iv) Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sector. (v) Organic chemicals include petrochemicals which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, rubber, plastics, and dye stuffs. (vi) Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, fertilizers, synthetic fibers, plastics, adhesives, paints etc. (vii) The chemical industry is its own largest consumer. 17. Why is the cement industry concentrated in Gujarat? Ans. Cement industry requires: (i) Bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica and gypsum etc. (ii) Regular availability of coal and electric power (iii) Rail transportation These requirements are easily available in Gujarat, so the cement industry is concentrated in Gujarat. Apart from this, Gujarat has suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries for the export of cement. 18. Explain how air pollution is caused by the industries? What are the effects of air pollution? Ans. Air pollution is caused by the presence of hazardous/undesirable gases such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide in the atmosphere because of the emission from industrial units. Air borne materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays, mist, and smoke. Smoke emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries, and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms causes enormous pollution. Toxic gas leaks from industries can be very hazardous with long-term effects e.g., Bhopal Gas tragedy. Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole. Long Answer Type Questions 1. How will you classify the industries on the basis of the capital investment, basis of ownership and on the basis of raw material and finished goods? Ans. Industries can be classified in the following ways: (a) On the basis of capital investment: (i) Large scale industries: These involve huge investments that are over 1 crore. They employ any people and use a large number of machines. Examples of such industries—the cotton textile industry. (ii) Small-scale industries: These involve capital outlay of less than a crore. They employ less labourers and use fewer power-driven machines. Example of such industries—a cycle parts manufacturing industry. (b) On the basis of ownership: (i) Public sector industries: These are owned and operated by government agencies, e.g., Rourkela Steel Plant. (ii) Private sector industries: These are owned and operated by an individual or a group of individuals, e.g., Bajaj Auto Ltd. (iii) Joint sector industries: These are run together by the state and individual entrepreneurs, e.g., Oil India Ltd.

Manufacturing Industries 75 (iv) Cooperative sector industries: These are owned and managed by the producers and suppliers of raw materials or by workers. They pool in their resources and share the profits and losses proportionately, e.g., sugar industry in Maharashtra. (c) On the basis of weight of raw materials and finished products: (i) Heavy industries like the iron and steel industry, use bulky raw materials and hence their finished goods are heavy as well. (ii) Light industries use light raw materials and their finished products are light, e.g., the electrical industries that produce bulbs fall in this category. 2. Describe the factors responsible for localisation of the cotton textile industry in the Maharashtra–Gujarat region in early years. What factors were responsible for the decentralisation of the industry? Mention three main problems faced by the industry. What is the contribution of the textile industry to Indian economy? Ans. Cotton textile industry was chiefly located in the Maharashtra–Gujarat region in the early years because: (a) Raw cotton was easily available from the cotton-growing belt of the Deccan area in Maharashtra and Gujarat. (b) Mumbai facilitated the export of cotton goods and the import of machines and other inputs. (c) Moist climate helped in spinning of the cotton yarn. (d) It provided a market for finished goods. (e) There was availability of finance from the Parsi and Bhatia traders. (f) A good transportation network. (g) Availability of cheap and skilled labourer. A huge market, development of a good transportation network, banking facilities and availability of cheap electricity contributed to the decentralisation of cotton mills in India. Weaving has been decentralised to be able to give scope for incorporating traditional skills of weaving in cotton, zari, embroidery, etc., a practice that is prevalent among the local weavers spread across India. Three major problems faced by cotton textile industries in India are: (i) Erratic supply of power (ii) Use of obsolete machinery (iii) Stiff competition faced from the synthetic fibre industry. The textile industry occupies a unique position in our economy: (a) It makes a significant contribution to industrial production, as 14 per cent of the total production comes from textiles. (b) It directly employs about 35 million people. (c) It contributes about 24.6% of earnings through foreign exchange. (d) They contribute 4% towards the GDP of the country. 3. Mention the major drawbacks and problems of cotton textile industry in India. Ans. Major drawbacks and problems of cotton textile industry in India are: (i) We have a large share in the world trade of cotton yarn. This is much larger than its trade in cotton garment.

76 Social Science–X (ii) Our spinning mills are competitive at the global level and capable of using all the fibres we produce. But the weaving, knitting and processing units cannot use much of the high quality yarn that is produced in the country. (iii) There are some large and modern factories in these segments, but most of the production is in fragmented small units, which cater to the local market. (iv) Many of our spinners export cotton yarn while apparel/garment manufactures have to import fabric. (v) Power supply is erratic and machinery needs to be upgraded in the weaving and processing sectors. (vi) Low output of labour and stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry are the other problems faced by the cotton textile industry. 4. In which region are most of the jute mills of India concentrated? Why? List any four challenges faced by this industry? Ans. Most of the jute mills in India are in the Hooghly basin in West Bengal, which is a 98 km long narrow belt along the Hooghly river. The factors responsible for the localisation of the jute industry in this region are: (i) West Bengal is the leading producer of raw jute in the country and its proximity to the jute-producing areas of the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin provide the mills with the required raw material. (ii) There is a lot of water available to process raw jute. (iii) There is availability of cheap water transport, that is supported by a good network of roads and railways. This helps in easy movement of raw materials to the mills. (iv) Cheap labour comes from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh. (v) Kolkata provides banking and insurance facilities. (vi) Port facilities available in Kolkata help in the export of goods made of jute. The challenges faced by the jute industry are: (i) Synthetic substitutes of jute available internationally pose a threat to the industry. (ii) India faces competition from other jute-producing countries like Bangladesh, Philippines, Thailand, Egypt and Brazil. (iii) There is low demand for jute carpets and other packaging materials. The cost of production is also high. (iv) The machines used are old and inefficient. To face this kind of competition, the Indian government has been taken measures to boost the production of jute goods. In 2005, the National Jute Policy was formulated. A government policy of mandatory use of jute in packaging has led to an increase in internal demand for jute recently. 5. Explain any two main challenges faced by the jute industry in India. Explain any three objectives of National Jute Policy. Ans. Challenges faced by the jute industry: (i) Shortage of raw material(jute) as the jute mills remained in India but three-fourth of the jute producing area went to Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan) after independence. (ii) Stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes and other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thaila. (iii) To stimulate demand the products need to be diversified. (Any two points to be explained.)

Manufacturing Industries 77 Objective of National Jute policy: (i) Increasing productivity. (ii) Improving quality. (iii) Ensuring good prices to the jute farmers. (iv) Enhancing the yield per hectare. (Any three points to be explained.) 6. How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? Why are we not able to perform to our full potential in the iron and steel industry? What recent developments have led to a rise in the production capacity? Ans. Difference between Integrated Steel Plants and Mini Steel Plants Integrated Steel Plants Mini Steel Plants (a) These plants are large. (a) These plants are smaller. (b) These plants demand huge invest- (b) These plants demand less invest- ment. ment. (c) These plants perform all the pro- (c) These are decentralised secondary cesses in a complex form, from units which specialise in one or handling of raw materials, steel two processes. making, rolling, and shaping of the steel. (d) These fulfil both local and inter- (d) These fulfil only local demands. national demands. (e) There are ten integrated steel (e) There are more than 400 mini plants in India. steel plants in India The industry is unable to perform to our full potential largely due to: (i) High costs and limited availability of cooking coal (ii) Lower productivity of labour (iii) Irregular supply of energy (iv) Poor infrastructure and lower investment in research and development Recent developments: Liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) have led to a rise in the production of steel. Efforts of private entrepreneurs have given a boost to the industry. There is a need to allocate resources for research and development to produce steel more competitively. 7. How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? Name the integrated steel plants of India. What are the problems faced by this industry? What is India’s present position with regard to manufacturing and consumption of iron and steel? Ans. Mini steel plants are smaller in size and use electric or induction furnaces. They use steel scrap and sponge iron as their raw materials. They may have re-rollers that use steel ingots. They produce mild and alloy steel, along with liquid steel which are converted to ingots. They are spread all over the country to be able to meet local demands. Integrated steel plants are capable of handling everything in one complex form—from assembling the raw materials, melting iron ore in the blast furnace, to making the final finished product. They are usually concentrated near the sources of raw materials and market.

78 Social Science–X Presently there are 10 integrated steel plants in India: (a) Indian Iron and Steel Company, IISCO at Kulti and Burnpur, West Bengal. (b) Tata Iron and Steel Company, TISCO at Jamshedpur, Jharkhand. (c) Visveswarayya Iron and Steel Plant at Bhadravati, Karnataka. (d) Bhilai Steel Plant at Bhilai, Chhattisgarh. (e) Bokaro Steel Plant at Bokaro, Jharkhand. (f) Durgapur Steel Plant at Durgapur, West Bengal. (g) Rourkela Steel Plant at Rourkela, Odisha. (h) Vishakhapatnam Steel Plant at Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. (i) Salem Steel Plant, Salem, Tamil Nadu. (j) Vijayanagar Steel Plant in Karnataka. Despite being a big producer of the world’s iron and steel, India is unable to employ its full potential because of: (i) The costs are high and there is limited availability of coking coal. (ii) Labour productivity is low. (iii) Energy supply is irregular. (iv) The infrastructure is poor. India ranks 2nd among the world’s crude steel producers in 2018, with 106.5 million tones of production. It is the largest producer of sponge iron. Despite the large quantity of steel that is produced, the annual per capita consumption of steel is only 70.9 kg. 8. Why does the north-eastern part of the Peninsular Plateau region have the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries? Or Iron and steel industries are concentrated in Peninsular Plateau region of India. State reasons. Ans. The north-eastern part of the Peninsular Plateau, the Chhotanagpur plateau region, has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries because of the following reasons: (a) The region has rich reserves of iron ore of mainly the haematite variety. Availability of good quality of iron ore at a low cost, provides an ideal location for setting up of the iron and steel industries. (b) High-grade coking coal is available from the coalfields of Jharkhand and West Bengal. (c) High quality manganese and limestone is available in proximity. (d) The surrounding densely populated regions supply cheap labour. (e) The vast growth potential in the home market is an additional advantage. Local markets for the finished goods are provided by other industries using steel as raw material. Good linkage of roads and railways helps in distribution of finished products all over the country. As iron and steel is a heavy industry, availability of raw materials like iron ore, coking coal and limestone, all of which are bulky, as well as markets within easy reach has provided the region ideal location for setting up of iron and steel industries. 9. What is the ideal location for setting up a cement factory? In which state does cement industry have strategically located plants? Write about the present position of cement industry in India.

Manufacturing Industries 79 Ans. Cement industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum. Heavy costs are involved in the haulage of the raw materials. Hence, economically, the ideal location for cement factories is near the sources of raw materials. Apart from raw materials, coal and electric power is needed to provide energy for working of the plants. Nearness to rail transportation for supplying the bulky, finished products to the market is another important locational factor. The cement industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat that have suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries. Dwarka, Porbandar, Veraval, Sikka and Bhavnagar, where cement factories are set up in this state, lie along the coast. This facilitates the export of cement to the Gulf countries in the West. Decontrol of price and distribution since 1989 and some other policy reforms led the cement industry to make rapid strides in capacity, process, technology and production. As a result, now there are 128 large cement plants and 332 mini cement plants in India, producing a variety of cement. Improvement in the quality has provided the cement industry a ready market in East Asia, Middle East and Africa along with the large demand in the domestic market. The industry is doing well in terms of production. Its export is providing the country with substantial foreign exchange. 10. Write about the role of Information Technology industry in modern India. What are Software Technology Parks and where in India are they located? Ans. The Information Technology industry or IT specialises in Research and Development (R&D), manufacture of electronics, and production of hardware and software. There has been a boom in employment in India with the advent of this sector. Over 30 per cent of the employees consist of women. The IT industry has brought in a lot of foreign exchange in the last few years because of its fast-growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector. This has been possible because of the growth in new kinds of hardware and software. Software Technology Parks provide a single window service and high data communication facility to software exports. By 2010–11, Software Technology Parks of India have came up across 46 locations at different centres of India. Most of the Software Technology Parks in India are located in Srinagar, Mohali, Noida, Jaipur, Gandhinagar, Indore, Mumbai, Pune, Kolkata, Bhubaneshwar, Guwahati, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Mysore, Chennai, Thiruvananthapuram, and Vishakhapatnam. 11. How do industries pollute the environment? Or How does industrial pollution affect the environment. Ans. Pollution is a negative effect of industrialisation. It results in degradation of the environment and affects human health, animals, plants, and the atmosphere. It contributes to major environmental problems like land degradation, water scarcity, health hazards and, on a larger scale, global warming, and climate change. Industries are mainly responsible for four types of pollution: (a) Air pollution, (b) Water pollution, (c) Land pollution and (d) Noise pollution. The polluting industries also include thermal power plants. The various ways in which the industries pollute the environment are: Air pollution is caused by the presence of hazardous/undesirable gases such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide, dust, sprays, mist, and smoke in the atmosphere because of the emission from industrial units. Smoke emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries, and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms causes enormous pollution. Toxic gas leaks from factories are extremely hazardous.

80 Social Science–X Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes, and effluents that are discharged into rivers and other water bodies. The main industries causing this pollution are paper, chemical textiles and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries, and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury, pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics, and rubber, etc., into the water bodies. They turn big and small rivers into toxic streams. Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling. It affects the aquatic life. Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages. Dumping of wastes, specially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts, and garbage renders the soil useless due to land pollution. Rainwater percolates into the soil carrying these pollutants and contaminates ground water. Noise pollution is caused by industrial and construction activities, machineries and factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills. 12. Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise or control environmental degradation by industry. Or Briefly describe any four measures of controlling industrial pollution. Ans. Careful planning of industries, better design equipment and better operation of the equipment can prevent pollution to a great extent. Some steps/measures to control Environmental Degradation by industry are: (i) Air pollution (i.e., harmful particles in the air) can be reduced decreasing aerosol emission in the air by fitting smoke stacks in factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. (ii) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories (iii) Water pollution can be controlled by: (a) Minimising use of fresh water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages. (b) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements (c) Treatment of hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and other water bodies. These include mechanical, biological, chemical, and physical processes. (iv) Land pollution can be controlled by collection of wastes, dumping, and disposing wastes in filling areas and recycling them. (v) Overdrawing of ground water by industry also need to be regulated legally. (vi) Machinery and equipment and generators can be fitted with silencers. Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise. 13. Discuss the role of NTPC in paving the way to control environmental degradation. Ans. NTPC is a chief power-providing corporation in India. It has an ISO certification for EMS (Environmental Management System) 14001. The corporation takes an active approach in preserving the natural environment and other resources such as water, oil, gas and fuels in places where it is setting up power plants.

Manufacturing Industries 81 This is done by: (i) Using latest techniques and upgrading the existing equipment to ensure optimum utilisation of resources. (ii) Maximising ash utilisation, and therefore minimising the generation of waste. (iii) Setting up ‘green belts’ for nurturing ecological balance and encouraging afforestation. (iv) Reducing environmental pollution by introducing methods such as ash-pond management, ash-water recycling, and liquid waste management. (v) Ecological monitoring reviews and online database management for all its power stations. The inputs, outputs, factors of production, etc. Case Study Based MCQs Case Study–1 Read the given extract/source/passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques. After the 18th century, powerlooms came into use. Our traditional industries suffered a setback during the colonial period because they could not compete with the mill- made cloth from England. In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities, labour, moist climate, etc. contributed towards its localisation. While spinning continues to be centralized in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, weaving is highly decentralised to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari, embroidery, etc. India has world class production in spinning, but weaving supplies low quality of fabric as it cannot use much of the high quality yarn produced in the country. Weaving is done by handloom, powerloom and in mills. The handspun khadi provides large scale employment to weavers in their homes as a cottage industry. India exports yarn to Japan. Other importers of cotton goods from India are USA, UK, Russia, France, East European countries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and African countries. 1. Which of the following techniques of cotton textile production came into use after the 18th century? (a) Hand-spinning (b) Handloom weaving (c) Powerlooms (d) Zari embroidery Ans. (c) 2. Which states have the largest number of cotton textile centres? (a) Gujarat and Maharashtra (b) Tamil Nadu and karnataka (c) Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh (d) Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh Ans. (a)

82 Social Science–X 3. According to given passage, India has the world class production in (a) Weaving (b) Dyeing (c) Spinning (d) Ginning Ans. (c) 4. India exports yarn to which of the following countries? (a) UK (b) Japan (c) USA (d) Russia Ans. (b) 5. When and where was the first successful textile mill established in India? (a) In Ahmedabad in 1858 (b) In Chennai in 1954 (c) In Kolkata in 1816 (d) In Mumbai in 1854 Ans. (d) 6. Which of the following industries is not a heavy industry? (a) Cotton textile (b) Cement (c) Iron and Steel (d) Ship building Ans. (a) Case Study–2 Read the given extract/source/passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: The iron and steel industry is the basic industry since all the other industries—heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their machinery. Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods. Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’s development. Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs. Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are required in the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1. Some quantities of manganese are also required to harden the steel. Where should the steel plants be ideally located? Remember that the finished products also need an efficient transport network for their distribution to the markets and consumers. In 2018 with 106.5 million tonnes of crude steel production, India ranked 2nd among the world crude steel producers. It is the largest producer of sponge iron. In 2018 per capita consumption of steel in the country was only around 70.9 kg per annum against the world average of 224.5 kg. 1. Iron and steel industry is an example of (a) Basic industry (b) Heavy industry

Manufacturing Industries 83 (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b) Ans. (c) 2. In what ratio are the iron ore, coking coal and limestone are required to make steel? (a) 4 : 3 : 1 (b) 4 : 2 : 1 (c) 4 : 1 : 2 (d) 4 : 3 : 2 Ans. (b) 3. Which of the following factors are not necessary to set up an iron and steel plant? (a) Availability of coking coal (b) Proximity to iron-ore mines (c) Nearness to a water body to discharge wastes (d) Good resources of limestone and manganese Ans. (c) 4. India is the largest producer of (a) Crude steel (b) Pig iron (c) Cast iron (d) Sponge iron Ans. (d) 5. Which of the following statements regarding the iron and steel industry is not true? (a) It is the basic industry as it provides all types machinery to run all the other industries. (b) It uses some quantities of magnesium to harden the steel. (c) It is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky. (d) It manufactures a variety of engineering goods, construction material, a variety of consumer goods, etc. Ans. (b) 6. Which one of the following agencies, markets steel for the public sector plants? (a) HAIL (b) SAIL (c) TATA Steel (d) MNCC Ans. (b) Case Study–3 Read the given extract/source/passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India. It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable and becomes strong when

Unit III Civics (Democratic Politics–II) This unit consists of the following chapters: 5. Political Parties 6. Outcomes of Democracy



CHAPTER Political Parties 5 (NCERT Textbook Chapter 6) Chapter at a Glance Why do we need political parties? Political parties are easily one of the most visible institutions in a democracy. People in remote areas may not know anything about the Constitution or about the nature of our government. But they would know about the political parties. Meaning: A political party is a group of people that is organised for the purpose of winning government power by electoral or other means. Components: A political party has three components: (i) the leaders, (ii) the active members and (iii) the followers Functions: The various functions the political parties perform in a democracy are: (i) Political parties contest in elections. (ii) Parties put forward their policies and programmes. (iii) Political parties play make laws for the country. (iv) Political parties form and run governments. (v) Parties that lose election play the role of opposition to the party in power. (vi) Parties shape public opinion. (vii) Political parties form an important link between the government and the people. Necessity: If there are no political parties every candidate will be independent. The elected representatives will be accountable to their constituency, but then why the country will run. Agencies gather different views on various issues and to present these to the government so that a responsible government could be formed. How many parties should we have? There are three types of party system. These are: (i) One-party system: In some countries, only one party is allowed to control and run the government. These are called one-party systems. (ii) Two-party system: In some countries, power usually changes between two main parties. Several other parties may exist, contest elections and win a few seats in the national legislatures. But only the two main parties have a serious chance of winning majority of seats to form government. Such a party system is 117

118 Social Science–X called two-party system. The United States of America and the United Kingdom are examples of two-party system. (iii) Multi-party system: If several parties compete for power, and more than two parties have a reasonable chance of coming to power either on their own strength or in alliance with others, we call it a multi-party system. Thus in India, we have a multi-party system. National parties National parties are country-wide parties. These parties have their units in various states. A party that secures at least six per cent of the total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four States and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is recognised as a national party. There were 7 recognised national parties in the country in 2018. These are: All India Trinamool Congress (AITC), Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Communist Party of India (CPI), Communist Party of India - Marxist (CPI-M), Indian National Congress (INC), and Nationalist Congress Party (NCP). State parties A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State and wins at least 2 seats is recognised as a National Party. Some of the state parties are: Biju Janata Dal, Sikkim Democratic Front, Mizo National Front, Telangana Rashtra Samithi, etc. Challenges to political parties The various challenges faced by the political parties are: (i) Lack of Internal democracy (ii) Dynastic Succession (iii) Money and Muscle Power (iv) Meaningful choice to others How can parties be reformed? Following measures have been taken to reform the political parties: (i) The government has passed anti-defection law to check defection from one political party to another to become a minister of for money. (ii) The Supreme Court passed an order to reduce the influence of money and criminals. Now, it is mandatory for every candidate who contests elections to file an AFFIDAVIT giving details of his property and criminal cases pending against him. (iii) The Election Commission passed an order making it necessary for political parties to hold their organizational elections and file their income tax returns. Besides these, many suggestions are often made to reform political parties: (i) A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of the political parties. (ii) It should be mandatory for the political parties to give a minimum number of tickets, about 1/3rd to the women candidates. (iii) There should be state funding of elections. The government should give the parties money to support the election expenses.

Political Parties 119 Technical Terms Political Parties: A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the Government. Partisan: A person who is strongly committed to a party, group or fraction. Partisanship is marked by a tendency to take a side and inability to take a balanced view on an issue. Ruling Party: Political party that runs the government. Defection: Changing party allegiance from the party on which a person got elected (to a legislative body) to a different party. Affidavit: A signed document submitted to an officer where a person makes a sworn statement regarding his/her personal information. Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. What is a political party? Give two examples. Ans. A political party is a group of people that is organised for the purpose of winning government power by electoral or other means. Examples: Indian National Congress (INC) and Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). 2. What is Partisan and Partisanship? Ans. Partisan is a person who is strongly committed to a party. Partisanship is marked by a tendency to take a side and inability to take a balanced view on an issue. 3. Name the three components of a political party. Ans. The three components of a political party are: (i) the leaders, (ii) the active members and (iii) the followers. 4. What do you mean by the ruling party? Ans. Ruling party is the political party that runs government. 5. Who chooses the candidate to contest the elections? Ans. In India, the candidates for contesting elections are selected by the top party leaders. 6. How do political parties form and run government? Ans. Political parties recruit leaders. They give training to the workers and leaders. 7. How many political parties are registered with the Election Commission of India? Ans. More than 750 8. What are the different types of political party systems? Ans. There are three types of party system. These include: (i) one-party system, (ii) two- party system, and (iii) multi-party system. 9. Which type of party system is followed in China? Ans. One-party system 10. Which type of party system is followed in United States of America? Ans. Two-party system 11. Which type of party system is followed in India? Ans. Multi-party system 12. What is coalition government? Ans. A coalition government is a government which is formed by the joining of two or more political parties when no single political party is able to get an absolute majority in the legislature.