Formal Letter 43 2. Date Put the date on which the letter was written. Skip a line between the date and the inside address. The following are some formats of writing dates: 1. 25th June 2022 2. 25th June, 2022. British Style, Open Punctuation, Ordinal Style British Style, Closed Punctuation, Ordinal Style 3. June 25 2022 American Style, Open Punctuation, Cardinal Style 4. June 25, 2022. American Style, Closed Punctuation, Cardinal Style 5. 25 June 2022 / June 25 2022 Other Formats 3. Inside Address The inside address contains the address of the person you are writing to along with the name of the recipient, their title and company name, if you are not sure who the letter should be addressed to, either leave it blank, or try to put in a title, i.e. “Director of Human Resources Department.” Skip a line between the date and the salutation. 1. Laxmi Nivas, 52, S R Road, Block Form, Closed Punctuation, American Style Anandnagar, Surat. 2. Laxmi Nivas 52 S R Road Block Form, Open Punctuation, American Style Anandnagar Surat 3. Laxmi Nivas, 52, S R Road, Indented Form, Closed Punctuation, British Style Anandnagar, Surat. 4. Laxmi Nivas 52 S R Road Indented Form, Open Punctuation, British Style Anandnagar Surat 4. Salutation Salutation is a way of addressing the recipient of the letter. It is a greeting used to begin a letter and relates the letter to the reader. There are various ways through which a person can be addressed. 1. Sir, A very formal salutation 2. Dear Sir, Formal salutation 3. Sir/s, Formal salutation for a big firm or company 4. Sir/Madam, Formal salutation when a receiver’s gender is unknown If the name of the person is known, it’s better to keep Ms./Mrs./Mr. before the name. When the name is not known and the letter is addressed to an organisation, the salutation can be Dear Sir. Note that there is a comma after the salutation. Skip a line between the salutation and the subject line or body.
44 English X (Term 2) 5. Subject Line Subject line makes it easier for the recipient to find out what the letter is about. Example: Sub.– Our Order No. 123 for Wilkie Blades Leave a line between the subject line and the body. 6. Body of the Letter The body of the letter may have at least two or more paragraphs. The opening paragraph states the reference and context of the date and subject of previous correspondence, and suggests the response of the writer. It also expresses the writer’s mood or feeling of pleasure, regret, surprise, gratitude, etc. The second paragraph should show the message or information regarding the subject. It should be understandable and in clear language. The last paragraph should not end with stereotyped phrases. This part makes a lasting impression on the receiver. 7. Complimentary Close (Subscription) Complimentary close is a courteous leave taking. It should match the salutation. The following are some examples of how to close letters. 1. Yours faithfully, 2. Yours sincerely, 3. Sincerely yours, 4. Faithfully yours, 8. Signature Any letter without a signature is incomplete and worthless. Per pro (p.p.) signature is made in the absence of an authority. 9. Postscript When the letter writer forgets to include an important point, he adds it below the signature under the title “PS.” 10. Postal Instruction on the Envelope On the envelope, these details are written: (i) the complete address of the addressee, (ii) the sender’s name and address, (iii) attention line if any – such as Confidential, Urgent, etc., (iv) Postal Instructions such as Regd AD, Air Mail, etc. Secondary Parts of a Letter Some parts of a letter occur occasionally. They are: 1. The attention line, which shows immediate attention of a particular person or department. After the inside address, attention line is given. Examples: Attn: Mr. G. A. Patel (Chief Partner) Attention: Accounts Department 2. Reference number gives an idea to the dispatch clerk while making a note in the inward/outward register. Example: Ref.: A-106/2022/12
Formal Letter 45 3. If a letter contains documents other than the letter itself, the letter will include the word “Enclosure.” If there is more than one type, write the word “Enclosures (#)” with the # being the number of other documents enclosed, which does not include the letter itself. 4. Identification initials show the names of persons who drafted and typed the letter. It is almost at the end of the page. Example: RSP/MP (RSP may indicate Mr. R. S. Patel who has drafted the letter and Mr. M. K. Patel who typed the letter.) 5. Carbon copy notation indicates the name of the person/department/office to whom the copy of the letter is to be dispatched. It is written as “CC,” “Carbon Copy to.” Solved Specimens Letter of Order A letter of order should be clear, accurate and complete so that the supplier may have no chance of misunderstanding it. A letter of order is worthless if it omits important details. Specimen 1 Draft a letter to place an order for 200 industrial tools for your industry. Aroma Industries 1453, GIDC, Vatva, Ahmedabad. 20th June, 2022. The Manager Xylon Tools Firm Xenith Road, Mumbai. Sub.: Order for 200 Industrial Tools (Model No. 142X) Dear Sir, We thank you for your catalogue and price list of industrial tools (model no. 142X). We find the prices and terms reasonable. We are pleased to place our order for 200 industrial tools of the same model number. Please send the goods by 15th July 2022. We have enclosed here our order form and a cheque for 90% of the bill (CWO). Please acknowledge the receipt. We look forward to having a prompt and satisfactory execution of our order. Yours faithfully, (2) Cheque (N. G. Modi) Aroma Industries Encl.: (1) Order Form
46 English X (Term 2) Specimen 2 You are Ambica/Mohit, Librarian, High Scope Public School, Hauz Khas, Delhi. Write a letter to Jindal Publishers, Pratap Vihar, Delhi, to place an order for English to Hindi dictionaries, illustrated children’s encyclopedias, fiction books etc. for your school library. Request them for furnishing the details like a catalogue, discount offered, mode of payment and time taken for delivery. High Scope Public School Hauz Khas, Delhi August 3, 2022 M/s Jindal Publishers Pratap Vihar Delhi Sir, Sub.: Order for Books The school is pleased to place an order for some books. The names of the books along with their number to be supplied are mentioned below: S. No. Name of the book Author No. of books 1. English to Hindi Dictionary Dr. Pal 5 2. Illustrated Children’s Encyclopedia David Edward 5 3. Short Stories Premchand 5 4. Great Expectations Charles Dickens 2 5. Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen 1 6. Ali Baba and Other Stories Arvind Gupta 1 7. Famous Stories of Eliot T.S. Eliot 1 These are 20 books in total. The books must be in good condition and well- laminated. Needless to say that you will give proper discount on the listed prices. The payment will be made through cheque within 15 days of the delivery of the books. These books should reach the school reception within a week. Please take care that they reach the school between 11 am and 4 pm. With thanks Ambika/Mohit (Librarian) Specimen 3 You are Neeraj/Neeraja Shekhar, Principal, Vasant Public School, Pune. Your school has just started a music department. Write a letter to the Manager of Melody House, Pune, wholesale suppliers of musical instruments, placing an order for musical instruments for the school. Ask for a discount on the catalogue prices.
Formal Letter 47 Vasant Public School Pune 20th March, 2022 Manager Melody House Pune Dear Sir. Sub.: Bulk Order for Musical Instruments Our school has just started a new department. It is the department of music. We have short-listed various musical instruments that we require immediately for the smooth functioning of the department. As you are the wholesale suppliers of musical instruments, we want to place a bulk order with you for the supply of the same. We are an educational institution and we hope a general discount of 10% on the prices mentioned in your catalogue. The details are given below: S. No. Particulars Brand Numbers 1. Piano Milano 2 2. Harmonium Kohinoor 10 3. Tabla (standard size) Kohinoor 10 4. Drums (standard size) Europa 20 5. Guitar Golden 10 6. Sehnai Maharaja 10 7. Trumpet Golden 10 The delivery must be made within a week. The session has just started. All items must match with their required brands and be in proper shapes and sizes. Yours faithfully, Neeraj/Neeraja Shekhar (Principal) Specimen 4 You are Incharge of Physical Education in your school, A.P.S. Moradabad. Write a letter to Messrs Pioneer Sports Co., Ambala, placing an order for a minimum of 4 sports items with details. Ask for the discount also. Sign as Raman. A.P.S. Sr. Secondary School Moradabad March 20, 2022
48 English X (Term 2) The Sales Manager Pioneer Sports Co. Ambala Sir, Sub.: Order for Sports Items A.P.S. School wants to place a bulk order for the purchase of sports items. For this purpose we are inviting quotations from the leading firms dealing in sports goods. As you are the main suppliers of sports goods, we request you to send your quotations in a sealed envelope. Please send the rates of various items as well as the maximum discounts offered on them. The tenders quoting the lowest rates will be accepted. The details are given below : S. No. Particulars Brand Numbers 1. Hockey Sticks Kohinoor 24 2. Hockey Balls Kohinoor 24 3. Footballs Golden 10 4. Cricket Balls MRF 24 5. Volleyballs LRG 06 Sealed quotations received after 30th of March shall not be entertained. Yours faithfully, Raman (Incharge, Physical Education) Cancelling Order Specimen 5 You are Sales Manager of Diamond Shoes, New Delhi. You placed a bulk order with Messrs Rainbow Shoes, Agra, for the supply of shoes. The firm failed to execute the order in spite of your repeated reminders. Write a letter to Rainbow Shoes, Agra, Informing them that you have cancelled your order. Diamond Shoes 12, Azmal Khan Road, New Delhi Telegram: Diamond Shoes Tele.: 2527845 20 March, 2022 M/s Rainbow Shoes Heeng Ki Mandi Agra
Formal Letter 49 Dear Sirs, Sub.: Cancelling Order We have been your regular customers for a long time. We placed a bulk order for the supply of shoes of different kinds on 10th November, 2021. The order was to be executed before 20th of Feb. 2022. However, we received no consignment even after the expiry of a month. Nor did we hear anything from you. After sending three reminders, we received your reply on 24th of February. You expressed your helplessness as the workers in your factory were on strike. You assured us that the order would be executed within next 15 days. We condoned the delay keeping in view our previous good business relations. We are constrained to inform you that the said order (dated 10th November, 2021) for supplying shoes, be treated as cancelled. We needed the supply of shoes before the opening of schools for the next session in Delhi. The month of March is the peak season and we have the maximum sale of children’s shoes in this month. The season is already over. Therefore, we don’t need any further supplies in the near future. I hope the cancellation of the said order will not affect our cordial business relations in future. Yours faithfully, Sohan Lal (Sales Manager) Letter of Enquiry A letter of enquiry is written to seek information from other organisations. It may deal with a simple matter such as the availability of a book with a publisher or with a matter of wider dimensions such as the rates of supply for a large number of goods. Each enquiry letter should be drafted keeping the following points in view: • Indicate the nature of enquiry at the beginning. • State reasons for the enquiry. • Clearly state what information you are seeking. • Close with a statement which would elicit quick response. Specimen 1 Aroma Industries, 1453, GIDC, Vatva, Ahmedabad, wants to purchase an industrial tool from Xylon Tools Firm, Xenith Road, Mumbai. On behalf of Aroma Industries, you are given the responsibility to write a letter of enquiry regarding the industrial tool. Draft the letter. Aroma Industries 1453, GIDC, Vatva, Ahmedabad. 1st June, 2022. The Manager Xylon Tools Firm Xenith Road, Mumbai.
50 English X (Term 2) Sub.: Enquiry for 200 Industrial Tools (Model No. 142X) Dear Sir, Aroma Industries is one of the leading agents in Gujarat. We have to execute a big government contract for supplying 200 mechanical machines. We therefore need to buy 200 tools (model no. 142X). We request you to send us your quotation with the latest price list. As our order is large, we request you to offer us maximum discount and favourable terms of payment. We have to supply machines before 30th July 2022. Let us know whether you are in a position to supply the goods by 15th July 2022. If your quotation is found reasonable, we shall definitely place our order with you. We await your prompt response. Yours faithfully, N. G. Modi Aroma Industries Specimen 2 You intend to join coaching classes at International Coaching Centre situated in Bhopal. The institute specialises in teaching science to classes IX-XII. Write a letter of enquiry in 100–120 words addressed to the Administrator incharge of the institute seeking clarification about the timings, durations, staff, transport and other necessary details for joining the institute. You are Rajesh/Rajni; 2 Library Road, Jabalpur. 2, Library Road Jabalpur Dec. 7, 2022 The Administrator Incharge International Coaching Centre Bhopal Dear Sir, Sub.: Enquiry regarding the Science Classes I am a resident of Jabalpur, who has heard a lot about your institute. I have passed class X and now want to join science classes for classes XI-XII. However, before I join, I wish to know a few things. Kindly let me know about the timings of these classes and the number of classes a student is supposed to attend every day. What is the duration of each class? What is the fee structure and how can I pay—quarterly, half-yearly, or yearly? I’ll be obliged if you let me know a little about the staff. Are there any facilities for transporting the students from Jabalpur and back? Also, is there a hostel for those who want to stay? An early reply will be helpful. Yours faithfully, Rajesh/Rajni
Formal Letter 51 Specimen 3 You are John/Urmila, the Tour Incharge of Grant Public School, Agra. During the summer break, you are planning to organise a tour to a place of historical importance. Write a letter to The National Travel Agency, Agra, enquiring about the charges, facilities and all the other necessary details. Grant Public School Agra 20th June, 2022 The Manager The National Travel Agency Agra Sir, Sub.: Enquiring about the Charges and Facilities Grant Public School, Agra, is planning a tour to a place of historical importance during the summer break. Actually, the students of classes X, XI and XII have organised a two-day tour to Fatehpur Sikri, the abandoned capital of Akbar the Great. We are a group of one hundred and seventy students. Seven teachers and four peons will also accompany us. We plan to leave Agra for the Fatehpur Sikri early in the morning of 25th June. You will have to arrange for the comfortable stay of students, teachers and staff. We expect a reasonably clean and affordable accommodation in a good hotel. It would be better if you can arrange dormitories for our students. But kindly arrange for two separate rooms with attached baths for the teachers. Kindly furnish the following details regarding the charges and facilities provided by you during our stay. 1. How will you accommodate 170 students? 2. Number of rooms and their total charges 3. Arrangement of breakfast, lunch and dinner and the charges per head 4. Arrangement of six air-conditioned luxury buses and the charges for each bus 5. Any other information or relevant details regarding the tour Yours faithfully, John/Urmila (Tour Incharge) Specimen 4 Write a letter to the Chairman, CBSE, Preet Vihar, enquiring about the fee to be deposited, mode of payment, time taken by the board for issuing duplicate certificates and any other formalities. You are Tarun/Taruna, 7/9, Kunj Apartments, Shimla.
52 English X (Term 2) 7/9, Kunj Apartments Shimla 14 April, 2022 The Chairman CBSE, Preet Vihar New Delhi Sir, Sub.: Request for a Duplicate Certificate I passed my matriculation examination from CBSE in the year 2018. Unfortunately, I have lost my certificate issued by the Board. Now, I need a duplicate certificate. However, I am not familiar with the procedure that can help me in this direction. I, therefore, request you to tell what I should do and how much fee is to be deposited. What is the mode of payment? How much time does it generally take for the Board to issue a new certificate? Kindly tell me if some other formality is required. Regards Tarun/Taruna Specimen 5 You are Apoorva/Ashima, Librarian of Wisdom Public School, New Delhi. Write a letter to the Sales Manager of Bharat Publishers Limited, New Delhi, enquiring about the undue delay concerning the delivery of books for your school library for which you placed an order two months ago. Also specify that you may have to cancel the order in case of further delay as the first term of the academic year has almost come to an end. Wisdom Public School New Delhi 20th September, 2022 The Sales Manager Bharat Publishers Limited New Delhi Sir, Sub.: Undue Delay in Delivery of Books We are constrained to show our resentment at the undue delay in the delivery of books for our school library. We placed a bulk order for the purchase of books for our library two months ago. This inordinate delay on your part defies logic and good sense. Bharat Publishers Limited, New Delhi, are the leading publishers and book suppliers of Delhi. They enjoy a great reputation and goodwill in the market. Such kind of behaviour is against their prestige and goodwill. Nor does it conform to the ethics of business. Before we decide otherwise, we would like to enquire from you about the reason of this delay.
Formal Letter 53 Enough is enough. You know that the first term of the academic year has almost come to an end. After a few days, the school will close for the Pooja and Diwali festival. If you fail to deliver the books by 15th October, we will be compelled to cancel the order. We hope you will not compel us to look for another supplier for the books. Yours faithfully, Apoorva/Ashima (Librarian) Specimen 6 Recently you saw an advertisement in the paper and learnt about a cricket club. You decided to join the club as long as your school remains closed due to summer vacation. Invent the necessary details and write a letter to the manager of the club, enquiring about the membership fee, date of commencement of the club, etc. D-1003 Circular Road Ranchi–834001 October 23, 2022 The Manager Cricket Club 25, Harmu Housing Colony Ranchi–834002 Dear Sir, Sub.: Membership of the Cricket Club Recently, I came across an advertisement in the local newspaper, soliciting membership of your movie club. I would like to join this club as I love to play cricket. I would like to know more about the membership scheme. Who can join it and when will it commence? Also, what is the membership fee? Do let me know where the forms are available and if I need my guardian’s permission to join the club. I look forward to a quick response from you. Thanking you Yours faithfully, Jenny Williams
54 English X (Term 2) Specimen 7 This summer vacation you are planning to visit Shimla. Write a letter to a travel agency in Shimla requesting them to book you a room in a five-star hotel. Give other details of your journey and facilities you require there. Sign your name as Leela/Mohan, C/5, Assam. C/5 Brigade Road Guwahati Assam 10 April 2022 The Manager Star Travel Agency The Mall Shimla Sir, Sub.: Booking a Room in a Five-star Hotel I am planning to visit the “Queen of hills,” Shimla, during the summer vacation. My stay at Shimla will be for a period of five days in the first week of May. I leave it upon you to arrange for a comfortable and safe stay in a five-star hotel in Shimla. My itinerary is as follows: Arrival at the airport: 9 am on 1.5.2022 Visit to the Centre for Advanced Studies on 2.5.2022 Visit to Chail: in the afternoon of 3.5.2022 Visit to Kufri on 4.5.2022 Excursion to Narkanda on 5.5.2022 Booking for the taxis and other entrance-tickets will strictly be your responsibility. I hope your professional expertise in the field will help me in having a comfortable and trouble-free stay in Shimla during this summer. Please confirm the booking at the earliest. All payments will be made in cash. Yours faithfully, Mohan
Formal Letter 55 Specimen 8 Reply to Enquiry After receiving a letter of enquiry. You may have to draft a reply letter to it. On behalf of Xylon Tools Firm (Specimen 1), draft a reply letter to the enquiry. Xylon Tools Firm Xenith Road, Mumbai. 12th June, 2022. The Proprietor Aroma Industries 1453, GIDC, Vatva, Ahmedabad. Dear Sir, Sub.: Reply to Enquiry for 200 Industrial Tools (Model No. 142X) We thank you for your enquiry dated 1st June. We are pleased to submit our competitive quotation attached herewith. Our latest catalogue is also enclosed with this letter. As per your need, we are able to send the goods before 15th July. Here are our terms and conditions: 1. The prices quoted here are F.O.R. destination. 2. 90% payment is accepted C.W.O. and 10% C.O.D. 3. Quotation is valid for 30 days only. We are sure that you will find the quotation very reasonable and favour us with your valued order. We await your large order. Yours faithfully, (S. R. Patel) Xylon Tools Firm Encl.: (1) Quotation (2) Catalogue
56 English X (Term 2) Specimen 9 Write a letter enquiring about the availability as well as rates of certain furniture items. Invent the necessary details. Xylon Tools Firm Xenith Road, Mumbai. 12th June, 2022. The Proprietor Aroma Industries 1453, GIDC, Vatva, Ahmedabad. Dear Sir, Sub.: Enquiring about Furniture Items We are setting up a branch office of our company at Jaipur. We are interested in furnishing it with good quality furniture. We understand that you have specialised in producing office furniture. We would like to know whether the following items are readily available and if yes, their rates: (i) Wooden table for the use of assistants, size 3’ x 5’ (ii) Typist’s table and chair – standard size (iii) Caned office chair with arms – standard size (iv) Wooden table 4’ x 6’ (v) Revolving chair with cushioned seat (vi) Wooden stool (vii) Steel almirah (viii) File cabinet Please indicate the terms and conditions of supply. On hearing from you we shall take a decision quickly. Since we want our office to function from the next month, I would be grateful for an early reply. Yours faithfully, A.K. Srivastava (Office Manager)
2CHAPTER Analytical Paragraph When some data is given in the form of a graph, a table, a pie-chart, a picture, a linegraph, etc. students are asked to analyse that data and write a paragraph. It is called an analytical paragraph. It contains much more information than is physically present. It means students first read and understand what information is given in the data, how it is given and what is the intention of the data given. If students understand these various aspects, writing a good analysis shall not be difficult. Students should then render an objective analysis of the information in the data without any bias or favour. Solved Specimens Specimen 1 The following pie chart shows results of a survey organised by SPCA regarding people’s attitude towards animals. Study it and write the analysis in about 100–120 words mentioning the importance of animals and some steps to prevent the cruelty against animals. Indifferent Believe that altitude animals are 35% man’s slaves 15% 50% Animals are exploited for selfish interests Answer Cruelty towards Animals It is really sad that various animals are exploited cruelly. They are beaten, trained, chained and killed mercilessly. But nobody hears their cries. 35% of the people show an indifferent attitude towards animal cruelty. 15% believe that animals are man’s slaves. 50% believe that animals are exploited for selfish interests. Animals are our friends, helpers and necessary for our survival. They maintain the ecological balance of nature. For instance, peacocks kill the snakes. Snakes kill the rate. Rats destroy the crops. This natural web of life is fundamental to human survival. Beating the animals on the roads shows our apathy towards them. There is a Society 57
58 English X (Term 2) for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA). We should report to it if we see cruelty to animals. A serious view should be taken by the government officials who work for animals’ interests. We should remember that animals are living beings and feel pain and pleasure like us. Word-Notes: fundamental—serious and very important Specimen 2 Nikhil sees the following graphs on the effects of pollution on the migratory birds in Northern India. He has to write its analysis. Write this on his behalf in 100–120 words. 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018 2019 Answer Environmental Pollution and Migratory Birds —by Nikhil The most burning problem of the world today is the increasing environmental pollution. The effects of this pollution are already visible. There is an increase in the number of environmental pollution-related diseases, withering effects on trees, plants and other vegetation and dwindling wildlife. The effects of environmental pollution are visible on the migratory birds visiting our country. For example, the number of migratory birds which came to our country, was 2500 in 2017 when the level of pollution and noise (during Diwali) was 1500. But in 2018 the number of such birds came down to 2000 when the amount of pollution and noise level increased to 2000 in the same year. Strangely, when this level increased to 2500 in 2019, the number of migratory birds got drastically reduced to 1500. It is, indeed, deplorable that this pollution is affecting the very existence of these birds. So, it is high time that more drastic steps should be taken to contain this pollution. More and more migratory birds should visit northern India around their scheduled time, i.e. Diwali. Word-Notes: withering—damaging; dwindling—decreasing; drastically—hugely; deplorable—shocking
Analytical Paragraph 59 Specimen 3 Edu Sports is India’s first Physical Education and Schools Sports Enterprise. This programme provides structure tools to the schools and help for overall development of the students. Many schools of Bengaluru and Raipur introduced it last year. The following graph represents the findings. Study the bar graph given below and write your analysis in about 100–120 words. Answer Edu-Sports—A New Sports Enterprise Education system is undergoing a sea-change in India nowadays. Recently, many new policies have been introduced for the betterment of existing system of education. Edu Sports is India’s first Physical Education and Schools Sports Enterprise. This programme provides structured tools to the schools and help for overall development of the school children. Many schools of Bengaluru and Raipur introduced this programme last year. The above bar graph represents the findings based on obese, overweight, underweight and right BMI children. The percentage of underweight children reduced to 9% from 15%. Regarding overweight children, its percentage was 30% in all. 9 months after the programme, it came down to 25%. Before the introduction of the programme 17% children were obese. Now it has come down to 15%. There is a considerable increase in percentage of Right BMI category. It has gone upto 69% from 54%. If this programme is introduced in all the schools, it can help to make children healthier and fitter. Word-Notes: enterprise—project; obese—fat Specimen 4 Ram Ganesh, Secretary of Environment Preservation Society, saw the following table on the increase in the number of vehicles in major Indian cities. He has to write an analysis of the data. Write this on his behalf in 100–120 words.
60 English X (Term 2) Annual increase in number of vehicles in major Indian cities (percentage) City Passenger Freight (in descend- Trucks Others Private Intermediate ing order of Two- Cars Taxis Three- Public Total population) wheelers and wheelers buses jeeps Mumbai 12.7 6.9 — — 5.6 2.9 – 0.5 7.5 Kolkata 18.2 6.2 9.2 32.7 19.4 – 5.4 29.8 10.4 Delhi 18.7 19.4 3.6 18.2 8.5 14.7 – 43.8 18.2 Chennai 42.5 31.3 36.8 – 1.3 – 7.5 17.7 64.4 36.7 Bengaluru 16.0 8.0 1.2 8.2 – 9.3 8.2 15.3 13.5 Answer Vehicular Pollution The biggest threat to the environment today is the emission of smoke from the vehicles on the road. Their constantly increasing number has brought the pollution to a level beyond which there is only misery and death for the human beings. For example, this increase is 42.5%, 31.3% and 36.8% respectively for two-wheelers, cars and jeeps, taxis in Chennai. Freight has increased to 36.7%. It is less in the case of Mumbai, Delhi and Bengaluru. The vehicles in our 5 metropolitan cities alone emit 2500 tons of gases and other poisonous wastes every day. This pollution has brought many new diseases with it. Medical science is no doubt advancing. But the diseases are spreading fast causing sufferings to the people. Eco-friendly fuel should be promoted. People, instead of using personal transport, should use public one or support car-pooling. It is a matter of relief that more and more electric vehicles, specially cars, are being introduced. It will definitely reduce vehicular pollution to a great extent. Specimen 5 Avinash Kumar sees the following table about the information of Anupgarh city. After reading it he decides to write an analytical paragraph. Using this information, together with your own ideas, write this paragraph on his behalf in not more than 120 words. Environment in Anupgarh 2000 2020 Factories 10 30 Petrol/Diesel driven vehicles 5200 32000 Slum settlements 4 22 Music shops/religious places using loudspeakers 18 35 Cases of respiratory diseases reported 2% 30%
Analytical Paragraph 61 Answer Environmental Pollution in Anupgarh (by Avinash Kumar) Like all other expanding cities Anupgarh too has seen many changes during the period 2000-2020. These changes have contributed towards the environmental pollution of the city. Factories giving out smoke have grown three-fold since 2000. There has occurred a tremendous growth of petrol/diesel driven vehicles from 5200 to 32000. That’s why, during evenings, the city air is the most polluted due to the smoke emitted by these vehicles. It hangs like a black smoke sheet on our heads. In 2000 there were only 4 slum settlements. But now these have increased to 22. There has also been much sound pollution due to increase in the number of music shops and religious places using loudspeakers. These shops give out music which is ear-splitting. The loudspeakers from religious centres add noise to the already noisy atmosphere. Twenty years back there were 2% cases of respiratory diseases reported. But now they too have grown to 30%. This tells the story of the environmental pollution of the city. This is really a cause of great concern as public health is surely threatened in this. The concerned authorities should take immediate steps in this direction so that the pollution is contained within limits. Specimen 6 October 16 is the day to highlight the plight of the hungry, the undernourished and the malnourished of the world. On the other hand, there is a colossal loss of food in lavish weddings in India. With the help of the inputs given below, together with our own ideas, write an analytical paragraph on “Colossal wastage of food in Indian Weddings” and suggest ways and means to reduce the loss. • Indians spend life-savings on weddings. • India also hosts one of the biggest armies of starving people in the world. • No wastage is more condemnable than wastage of food. • Guests should limit the size of the servings according to their appetite • Distribute but don’t waste food. Answer Colossal Wastage of Food in Indian Weddings (by Ankur Chhabra, X C) In spite of all scientific growth and so much of food production, still people are reported to be dying of starvation. Food wastage is also one of the reasons behind this. There is a colossal wastage of food in Indian weddings. People eat less and waste more in the feasts arranged for them. They take many eatables and throw them in the dustbins if it doesn’t suit their taste. This is a sheer casual attitude towards the food. On the other hand, there are millions of people who go to bed without eating a morsel. Indians spend life savings on wedding. The wedding market has grown upto ` 150000 crores per year. Ironically, India hosts one of the biggest armies of starving people in the world. In this situation, no other wastage is more condemnable than wastage of food. To avoid the wastage of food, we should take certain steps. Hosts of the parties should not spend lavishly on weddings. Guests should also limit the size of the servings
62 English X (Term 2) according to their appetite. They should take spoonfuls of each dish to taste and decide what to take and what to leave. By avoiding the loss of food we can provide the most important basic amenity of life, i.e. food to the people who are deprived of it. Word-Notes: condemnable—shameful; lavishly—in a wasteful manner; appetite— hunger; amenity—facility Specimen 7 Nikhil sees the following cartoon on the high level of pollution on Earth. Has to write a paragraph on the topic for the school magazine. Write the paragraph for him in minimum 120 words. “This is your Captain. We’re about to land on earth. Kindly put on your oxygen mask!” Answer Pollution on Earth (by Nikhil) Among all modern problems facing the world today, the problem of environmental pollution is the most glaring. It will not be long when we will have to wear oxygen masks if this pollution increases at the present level. This cartoon beautifully suggests this. There are many reasons for this pollution. We have cut the forests to meet the demands of ever increasing population and setting up various industries. Burning of petrol and the smoke emitted by the factories pollute the air. We breathe in carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. The effluents are let off in rivers by the factories. They cause water pollution. Pressure horns, loudspeakers, “music” from music parlours, etc. add to the sound pollution. All this has made human life a real nightmare. Human health is in grave danger. Respiratory diseases like bronchitis, asthma and many more are on the increase. The metropolitan cities have become unsafe for habitation. Children are the most sufferers. It is the need of the hour to contain the increasing environmental pollution. It can be checked by planting more trees and implementing various laws to check it. If something is not done soon, the damage to our biosphere will be difficult to repair. Word-Notes: glaring—very easily seen; effluent—liquid waste, especially chemicals produced by factories, or sewage; biosphere—the part of the earth’s surface and atmosphere in which plants and animals can live
Analytical Paragraph 63 Specimen 8 On the basis of the hints given below write an analytical paragraph of 100–120 words on how to behave in case of a strong earthquake. You may add your own ideas too. Answer Dos and Don’ts in Case of a Strong Quake The tectonic plate in the National Capital Region is currently quite active. The above picture shows that since April 12 the earthquake has hit Delhi and Rohtak six times each and Faridabad thrice, in the magnitude range of 1-4.5. Experts believe that with earthquakes up to 6.8 in magnitude recorded in the past, an emergency kit carrying important documents and essentials like food and water must be kept packed near the exit of the house in case of any emergency or disaster. Preparing a “go bag” is important, but running out during an earthquake is generally not easy. Highrise residents should first run for cover, particularly under a strong table or bed. Usually, people think of rushing out immediately, but this can be risky for highrise residents. You need to protect your head and brace for the earthquake. Only when it seems safe, you can take the kit and head out. Even outside, one needs to stand away from wires and electricity poles, which may fall. It will also depend on the time of the day. At night, for instance, if you are sleeping, the ideal thing is to look for cover. You can hide under a bed, table or crouch in the corner and cover your head. A ceiling will fall in the middle of the room. People should avoid elevators at all costs. In fact the activity in the region is an indicator warning for better preparedness. Not only agencies and the government, but people too can be more cautious. Due to Delhi’s proximity to the Himalayan region, it can easily record an earthquake of 6.5 magnitude. When the building is shaking violently, furniture is sliding around, cupboards and paintings are falling over and light fittings are falling from above, the best strategy is to take cover under a sturdy table or bed. A pillow can be used to protect your head and neck. Once the earthquake stops, the gas supply should be turned off and people should head out using the stairs.
64 English X (Term 2) If trapped under debris, tap something so that rescuers can locate you and refrain from shouting to conserve energy. There may be more panic in apartments, so it is important to have a plan. New buildings should be built to be sturdy and older ones can be strengthened too. Word-Notes: magnitude—size; disaster—calamity; protect—save; brace—fortify/ pair; crouch—to put your body close to the ground by bending your legs under you; proximity—nearness; trapped—caught; debris—ruins; sturdy—firm Specimen 9 Given below is a newspaper report on the state of cancer prevailing in India on “Cancer— A Silent Killer.” Taking information from the clipping given below and your own ideas, write an analytical paragraph in not more than 120 words. In India, cities are more cancer-prone then rural areas. This is partly due to high levels of benzene in the air and also that the metros are exposed to high levels of pesticides in their foods. In order to check the steady growth of cancer in the country, the government shall have to give priority to preventive action. At the same time measures to undertake improvement in facilities for the treatment of cancer shall have to be adopted. Answer It is a matter of concern that our urban population has become cancer-prone more than the rural population. Every tenth person is likely to have cancer. It is due to high level of benzene in the air. It is also due to the high levels of pesticides in the foods. Also highly radio-active waves of the cell-phones, etc., have contributed to this grave danger to human population. To check this menace of cancer, the Government shall have to give top-most priority to preventive actions. More facilities like Diagnostic Centres and Cancer Hospitals need to be created for the treatment of cancer patients. I would say that we all should sit together and devise ways and means to contain the spread of this deadly disease. First of all, we must ban the wide use of the pesticides. Excessive use of pesticides is really harmful for human health. In the developed countries, much emphasis is being laid on organic manure instead of the fertiliser. So, we have to introduce organic manure. Then crop pattern needs to be changed. Besides this, a kind of public awareness programme will have to be undertaken. Public is to be awakened towards the growth of cancer and its easy detection. This would help in the containing of this disease at its initial stages. If cancer is detected and treated at the early stages, it can’t be fatal. Word-Notes: menace—threat; devise—think up
Analytical Paragraph 65 Specimen 10 “Massive poaching in the past two years has wiped out the entire tiger population at one of the tiger reserves in India, says one of the investigation reports.” Look at the visual below and notice how the number of tigers in India is falling. Using your own ideas and clues from, write an analytical paragraph in about 100–120 words for ‘Eco-World’ magazine expressing your concern on the issue. FALLING NUMBERS Official EsƟmates of Tigers in the Wild 2007 4,384 2017 2012 2020 2002 2016 1997 Answer Tigers Nearing to Extinction It is a matter of grave concern that tigers in our country are slowly nearing to extinction. Massive poaching in the past two years has wiped out the entire tiger population at one of the tigers reserves in India. If we look at their falling numbers, we find that their number fell by 1827 in 1997, 3015 in 2002, 4005 in 2007, 4384 in 2012, 3750 in 2016, 3500 in 2017 and 3508 in 2020 though falling number decreased in 2016 and 2017. If this continues they will soon be extinct. Tigers and other wild animals constitute the ecological balance of nature. This ecological balance ensures the sustaining of human life and race. Increasing urbanisation and vanishing forests have caused killing of many wild animals. Man’s craze for fashion items from the hides of these animals is also responsible for the decreasing population of wild animals. Then the energy-giving aspects of tigers’ bones, etc. are also behind their poaching. Tigers live in the Himalayan range. They are poached and the parts of their bodies are smuggled secretly to China and such other places where they fetch huge prices. It is really very sad that man’s greed is increasing for things made from the tigers’ parts. The government should take immediate steps to contain the poaching of tigers in the country. It should make anti-poaching laws more strict. It should also open more tiger reserves.
66 English X (Term 2) Word-Notes: grave—serious/much; extinction—finish; poaching—illegal hunting; constitute—make; ecological—connected with the relation of plants and living creatures to each other and to their environment; urbanisation—making of cities; craze—mania; hides—skins; fetch—bring Specimen 11 Plasma therapy of Covid-19 patients has not produced the desired results. Based on your study of the chart given below, write an analytical paragraph in about 120 words to explain how it has happened. Answer Plasma Therapy Plasma therapy for Covid-19 was expected to be reducing the death count, a ray of light in the realm of darkness. But it is not so. The recent studies have clearly shown that although plasma therapy for Covid-19 may continue, its use is not very useful. ICMR tried plasma therapy on 464 hospitalised patients. They were only moderately ill Covid-19 patients. Of these, 229 patients were given only basic standard care while 235 patients were given this care along with plasma therapy. The results were checked 28 days after the enrolment. Of the first 229 patients 34 died while of the other 235 patients 31 died. Thus the percentage of the dead was 13.6 and 14.6 respectively. The progress to severe disease was 7.4 and 7.2 per cent respectively. Thus it was found that plasma therapy cannot reduce the death count. Also this therapy cannot help the conditions from going worse. Word-Notes: therapy—remedy; realm—area; moderately—slightly; enrolment— enlisting
Analytical Paragraph 67 Specimen 12 The visual given below makes it quite clear that the number of female children has drastically declined with the passage of time. The number is getting abysmally low in various states. Using the visual together with your own ideas, write an analytical paragraph in about 150–200 words on the decreasing number of females in the country. Suggest measures to tackle this problem. Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males): India 2009–2020 980 972 970 964 960 950 955 945 946 950 940 941 940 934 930 933 930 927 920 910 900 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Answer Decreasing Number of Females in the Country With the passage of time the number of females in proportion to males has been drastically decreasing. It was 972 in 2009. Since then, the girl ratio has been decreasing constantly, except with the slight increases thrice. If this rapid decrease continues, the civilized survival of human race will be greatly threatened. All know how females are important for the continuity and survival of human race. The fall in their number may be due to many reasons like dowry, other superstitious beliefs like salvation of the parents by their male child, etc. But this sex ratio foretells unhappy developments for the human society. The northern states of the country are already feeling these effects. Young men do not find young brides. So girls to be brides are being bought from Jharkhand, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh. The young men can be a potent threat to the law and order situation of the society if they remain unmarried. It is very difficult to kill one’s natural and biological urges. People should understand the importance of the girl child. She can create a heaven by her qualities of head and heart when she grows up. Very often, she serves her old parents more than the boy does. The government must devise plans to better this sex ratio through various awareness programmes. Word-Notes: drastically—badly; survival—life; devise—make
Grammar 1CHAPTER Tenses Read the following sentences carefully: (i) The boys fly kites. (ii) The birds flew away. (iii) We shall fly kites on Raksha Bandhan. The words in bold, in all the three sentences fly, flew and shall fly indicate different forms of the verb fly. Hence, they refer to different times, i.e., present, past and future respectively. PRESENT TENSE 1. The Simple Present (Indefinite) Tense Form: Sub–V1/V1-s/es–object with extension (a) If the subject is the First Person (I, We), the Second Person (You), the Third Person plural (They) or Plural Noun, V1 is used. I go. You eat. They play. Girls sing. (b) If the subject is the Third Person (Singular) or Singular Noun, we use V1-s/es. He sings. Rama runs. (c) The negative is formed by using do not–V1 (in case of I, We, You, They or Plural Nouns as subject) and does not–V1 (in case of He, She, It or Singular Nouns as subject). The children do not like games. Monu does not like games. (d) The interrogative is formed with Do/Does–sub–V1 ... ? Do the children like games? Does Monu like games? Uses: The Simple Present Tense is used to express: (a) habitual action, daily routine or custom: She goes for a morning walk every day. (b) to express general/universal, permanent truth: Water freezes at 0°C. (c) to express the certain fact which is true at present: Our college closes at 5.30 pm. (d) to express a planned future action: Our examination begins in March. 68
Tenses 69 (e) to express past event in a dramatic manner: Tipu Sultan fights bravely but is killed in the end. (f) In running commentaries on sports events: Sumant hits the ball hard and scores a goal. (g) in exclamatory sentences beginning with “here” and “there”: Here comes the ball! There goes the train! (h) In time and conditional clauses: If you work hard, you will get good marks. 2. The Present Continuous (Progressive) Tense Form: Sub–is/am/are–V1-ing–object with extension (a) It is formed by using is/am/are–V1-ing. She is singing a sweet song. I am singing a sweet song. We are singing a sweet song. (b) The negative is formed by putting not after is/am/are. Then comes V1-ing. They are not swimming at the moment. (c) The interrogative is formed by using is/am/are before the subject. V1-ing comes after the subject. Is she revising her lesson now? Uses: The Present Continuous Tense is used to express: (a) an action happening at the time of speaking: She is reading a newspaper now. (b) an action in progress about this time: We are building a new house. (c) a definite future plan: My mother is going to England tomorrow. The following verbs are not normally used in the Present Continuous Tense: • Verbs of senses: see, smell, notice, recognise, hear • Verbs of emotions: admire, want, desire, adore, love, hate, forgive, care, like, dislike, etc. • Verbs of thinking: think, know, wish, mean, realise, feel, understand, believe, remember, forget, expect, suppose • Verbs expressing possession: have, belong, possess, own • Verbs like appear, contain, consist, keep, seem These verbs are used in the simple present tense. They can, however, be used in the continuous tense with a changed meaning. Examples: I am tasting the dish to see if it needs more sugar. The chairman is seeing the board members today.
70 English X (Term 2) 3. The Present Perfect Tense Form: Sub–has/have–V3–object with extension (a) It is formed by using has/have–V3. • has is added with third person singular He, She, It, and Singular Nouns as subjects. He has left recently. • have is added with I, We, You, They, and Plural Nouns. I have written a poem. (b) In interrogative form, has/have is placed before the subject. Then comes the V3. Have you read your novel? (c) The negative is formed by putting not after has/have. Then comes V3. I have not completed my homework. Uses: The Present Perfect Tense is used (a) to express a recently completed action: They have just finished their homework. (b) to describe a past experience: Have you seen the Taj Mahal? (c) to describe an action which began in the past and continues up to the present moment: The manager has just arrived at his office. 4. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense Form: Sub–has/have–been–V1-ing–object with extension (since/for–time showing words) (a) It is formed by using has/have–been–V1-ing. I have been learning a poem since morning. (b) The negative is formed by placing not after have/has. She has not been dancing for two hours. (c) The interrogative is formed by placing has/have before the subject. Has he been living in this house since 2016? Uses: The Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used to express: (a) an action which began in the past: It has been raining since morning. (b) an action which began in the past and has just finished but its effect or result persists: She has been washing clothes and her clothes are wet now. PAST TENSE 1. The Simple Past (Indefinite) Tense Form: Sub–V2–object with extension
Tenses 71 (a) The Simple Past Tense is formed with V2 (second form of the verb). I bought a house yesterday. (b) The negative is formed with did not-V1... We did not attend the lecture. (c) The interrogative is formed with Did-subject-V1...? Did you enjoy the movie? Uses: The Simple Past Tense is used to express: (a) a past event/action completed in the past with reference to the time of speaking: He saw many animals in the circus. (b) a habitual or regular action in the past: She lived in this house for a long time. 2. The Past Continuous (Progressive) Tense Form: Sub–was/were–V1-ing–object with extension (a) It is formed by using was/were-V1-ing. (I, He, She, It, Singular Nouns–was; You, They, We, Plural Nouns–were) She was playing in the garden. (b) In negative sentences not is put after was/were. Then comes V1-ing. They were not solving the sums in the class. (c) In interrogative sentences, was/were is put before the subject. Then comes V1-ing. Were you making a noise in the fourth period? Uses: The Past Continuous Tense is used to express: (a) an action that was in progress at some time in the past: The children were playing when the teacher came in. (b) two or more actions in progress at the same time: When my mother was watching TV, I was reading the newspaper. (c) an often repeated past action which was undesirable: She was always abusing her sister. 3. The Past Perfect Tense Form: Sub–had–V3–object with extension (a) This tense is formed with had + V3. He had already completed his work. (b) The negative is formed by putting not after ‘had’. Then comes V3. I had not seen you before. (c) The interrogative is formed by putting had before the subject. Then comes V3. Had he left when his mother came?
72 English X (Term 2) Uses: It is used to express: (a) an action completed before another action took place: When the doctor arrived, the patient had died. (b) an action completed before a certain moment in the past: At 8.00 pm., the market had closed. (c) an unfulfilled desire of the past: I wish I had won the prize. (d) an unfulfilled action in the past: If he had worked hard, he would have got good marks. If only I had not wasted my time. 4. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense Form: Sub–had–been–V1-ing–object with extension (a) It is formed by using had–been–V1-ing. (b) The negative is formed by putting not after had. Then comes been–V1-ing. (c) In interrogative form had is written before the subject and been comes after the subject. Then comes V1-ing. Examples: It had been raining for two days. The farmers had not been ploughing since morning. Had the Americans been preparing for the war for five years? Uses: This tense is used to express: (a) an action that had been going on for some time in the past: The children had been playing since noon. (b) an action that had been going on for some time before another action took place: The child had been weeping for fifteen minutes when the mother came in. FUTURE TENSE 1. The Simple Future Tense Form: Sub–will/shall–V1–object with extension The Simple Future (Indefinite) Tense is used to express the action or event which is likely to happen in future. (a) We use shall + V1 with pronouns of first person (I, We); and will + V1 with the second and third person pronouns and singular nouns: I shall go to a village tomorrow. They will help you. The children will play in the ground today. (b) In negative sentences, we use will/shall–not–V1: We shall not go to see the match today.
Tenses 73 (c) In interrogative sentences, we use shall/will–sub–V1–object with extension: Will you prepare for test tomorrow? 2. The Future Continuous (Progressive) Form: Sub–will/shall–be–V1-ing–object with extension (a) We use will/shall–be–V1-ing to form simple sentences: We shall be watching a match today evening. (b) In negative sentences, not is used after will/shall: She will not be taking part in the play. (c) In interrogative sentences we use will/shall–sub–be–V1-ing... ? Will they be watering the plants at this time? Use: It is used to express an event that is expected to take place in the normal course. 3. The Future Perfect Form: Sub–will/shall–have–V3–object with extension (a) We use will/shall–have–V3 to form simple sentences: We shall have revised our lesson by tomorrow. (b) To form negative sentences, we use will/shall–not–have–V3: They will not have sowed the seeds by the next Monday. (c) In interrogative sentences, we use will/shall before the subject. Then comes have–V3: Will the boys have flown kites by 11 o’clock ? Use: It is used to express an action which is expected to be completed by a certain time in the future. By the time you reach the station, the train will have left. 4. The Future Perfect Continuous Form: Sub–will/shall–have–been–V1-ing–object with extension (a) We use will/shall–have–been–V1-ing to form simple sentences. They will have been waiting for me since Monday. (b) Not is used after will/shall to form negative sentences. They will not have been flying kites since morning. (c) Will/Shall is used before the subject to form interrogative sentences. Shall we have been watering the plants since morning ? Use: It is used to express an action that will have been going on at or before some point of time in the future. Different ways of expressing Future Time in English: (a) A planned future action or a series of future actions can be expressed by using the Simple Present Tense (V1, V1-s/es). The tourists leave for Jaipur tomorrow. They stay there for two days.
74 English X (Term 2) (b) A very definite future action arrangement can be expressed by using Present Continuous (is/am/are–V1-ing). The Minister is visiting Kashipur tomorrow. (c) Is/am/are–going to + V1 (bare infinitive) can express the probability of an event, intention or decision in the near future. I am going to purchase a plot of land. It is going to rain because the sky is covered with clouds. (d) Is/am/are + to can be used to express planned future. The students are to learn their lesson. (e) Is/am/are + about to + V1 may also be used to express planned future. The plane is about to land soon. SOLVED EXERCISES 1. Fill in the blanks with will/shall. 1. We ______ play cricket in the evening. 2. She ______ be twenty tomorrow. 3. ______ I get you a glass of juice? Answers 1. shall 2. will 3. Shall 2. Choose the correct verb from the options given in the brackets to complete the following passage . Hindu civilisation still (a) ______ (retain/retains/retained/will retain) its continuity. The Gita (b) ______ (didn’t cease/doesn’t cease/can’t cease/willn’t cease) to inspire men of action. It seems that the Indian way of life (c) ______ (will keep/keep/keeps/kept) on attracting people for many ages to come. It will attract the future generations the way it (d) ______ (will attract/has attracted/may attract/attracts) the generations gone by. Vedic age has been forgotten long back but animal sacrifice (e) ______ (continue/continuing/will continue/continues) in some sects. Caste (f) ______ (will vanish/is vanishing/may vanish/could vanish) as Brahmins rub shoulders with all others. Answers (a) retains (b) doesn’t cease (c) will keep (d) has attracted (e) continues (f) is vanishing 3. This is an itinerary of tomorrow’s programme for a group of tourists on a package tour of Manali. Describe it using simple future tense. 1. 11.30 am – leave Manali 2. 12.45 pm – rafting in the River Beas 3. 1.45 pm – lunch at Hotel Milkyway 4. 3.30 pm – leave for Manikaran 5. 5.30 pm to 7 pm – visit to temples and the gurdwara
Tenses 75 Answers 1. They will leave Manali at 11.30 am. 2. They will raft in the River Beas at 12.45 pm. 3. They will lunch at Hotel Milkyway at 1.45 pm. 4. They will leave for Manikaran at 3.30 pm. 5. They will visit temples and the gurdwara from 5.30 pm. to 7 pm. PRACTICE TIME 4. Choose the correct verb from the options given in the brackets to complete the following passage. Today, I (a) ______ (be/being/am/will be) seventy years old. When I was thirty, my brother (b) ______ (say/said/will say/had said) to me, ‘‘You (c) ______ (are/ be/will be/were) no longer a boy.’’ At sixty, I (d) ______ (withdrew/withdrawn/ had withdrawn/will withdraw) myself from the theatre and I (e) ______ (write/ wrote/had written/will write) ‘The Summing up’. I tried to review what I (f) ______ (learn/learnt/had learnt/will learn) from life, what I (g) ______ (did/have done/ had done/do) and what satisfaction it had brought to me. But of all anniversaries, I think the seventieth (h) ______(was/is/were/are) the most important. 5. Edit the letter given below by choosing the appropriate options in place of the underlined words. B-123, Bank Colony New Delhi 12 December, 2022 My dear Varsha I hope you are feeling all right. I (a) had come to know that you are not happy in your new school. I know that all (b) are feeling unhappy with new surroundings. But if we (c) had a positive outlook and patience, we stop feeling so. You make new friends. Sit with them and exchange your thoughts and feelings. Secondly, think of studies. They (d) were very important for your career. Read books. Keep patience with everything. For example, you may not (e) liked food. But it (f) was what you get. Go for morning and evening walks with your new friends in the class. Also spare time for (g) play. Playing together (h) give you feelings of cooperation, sympathy, mutual love, affection etc. Make a regular timetable of your daily work. Also do not remain alone. Visit the library and read newspapers. I hope if you do all these things, you will really become a great person. I know that when you leave your school one day, you shall really miss it. With lots of affection Yours sincerely Ishita (a) 1. has been 2. has 3. had 4. have (b) 1. feel 2. felt 3. have felt 4. don’t feel (c) 1. had 2. have 3. had had 4. has
76 English X (Term 2) (d) 1. was 2. is 3. are 4. were (e) 1. have liked 2. liking 3. liked 4. like (f) 1. was 2. is 3. were 4. are (g) 1. played 2. playing 3. to play 4. plays (h) 1. gave 2. gives 3. given 4. to give 6. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given in the brackets. Agonising little moans (a) ______ (issue) from the house as they (b) ______ (enter). In an instant, the midwife understood. She (c) ______ (want) to send the boy away, but she (d) ______ (need) some help. Who (e) ______ (be) there to fetch and carry? The neighbours, terrified at their danger, (f) ______ (make) plans for departure. She (g) ______ (let) the boy stay for some time. Then she (h) ______ (flee). 7. Choose the correct options to complete these statements. 1. We ____________ a Pankaj Udhas Night in our colony. (a) shall organised (b) will organise (c) shall organise (d) organising 2. You ____________ at Hotel Gulmohar from June 5 to 10. (a) will be staying (b) shall be staying (c) have to stayed (d) shall stayed 3. By the end of this year, mother ____________ all the works of Tagore. (a) will have read (b) shall be reading (c) will have been reading (d) shall have read 4. I ____________ two books yesterday. (a) have bought (b) bought (c) had bought (d) buy 8. Complete the following paragraph using the words/phrases given. will have, will be a wonderful place to live in, will be serene, people will be friendly The country of my dreams (a) ______. Its (b) ______ and happy-go-lucky. It (c) ______ picturesque landscapes. The beaches (d) ______ and beautiful. 9. Complete the following letter with the most appropriate verbs from those given in the brackets. Dear Sir, I (a) ______ (feel/shall feel/feels/will feel) highly obliged if you (b) ______ (publish/published/shall publish/will publish) the following lines in your esteemed daily. Peace and Communal harmony (c) ______ (is/are/will be/have been) absolutely essential for the progress and development of a country. Their absence (d) ______ (disturbing/shall disturb/will disturb/disturb) the growth of the country.
Tenses 77 10. Choose the most appropriate option from the brackets to complete the following passages. A. Nikita a young dancer (a) ______ (force/forced/was forced to force) to give up dancing when both her kidneys (b) ______ (fail/failing/failed/had failed) many years ago. This (c) ______ (happen/happened/was happening/had happened) when she (d) ______ (go/went/had gone/will go) to Mumbai on a holiday. All of a sudden she (e) ______ (begin/began/was beginning/had begun) to have some severe pain. She (f) ______ (has/have/had/will have) to be admitted to the hospital. Her mother (g) ______ (donate/donated/was donating/had donated) one of her kidneys and then all (h) ______ (is/was/am/are) well for about ten years. B. Yesterday the court (a) ______ (convict/convicted/had convicted/ was convicting) a man and his wife to 10 years’ imprisonment in a dowry case. The victim who (b) ______ (marry/marrying/married/had married) five years ago (c) ______ (beat/was beaten/had beaten/will be beaten) by her in-laws for bringing insufficient dowry. In June she (d) ______ (admit/admitted/was admitted/will be admitted) to the hospital after she (e) ______ (receive/receiving/received/had received) more than 75% burns. In her dying declaration she (f) ______ (said/say/saying/will say) that her father-in-law (g) ______ (pour/pouring/poured/had poured) kerosene on her and her mother-in-law (h) ______ (set/setting/had set/will set) her on fire. C. Yesterday an argument (a) ______ (take/took/taken/was taking) place between two groups of students. It (b) ______ (result/results/resulted/had resulted) in a shoot out inside the school during recess. The assailants (c) ______ (fly/ flew/flown/had flown) from the spot in cars. The incident (d) ______ (confirm/ confirmed/confirming/was confirmed) by the school authorities but they (e) ______ (state/stated/had stated/stating) that they (f) ______ (did not have/ not had had/not have had/not having) more details of the case. The police (g) ______ (say/saying/said/had said) that the victims (h) ______ (identify/ identified/will identify/had identified) four of the assailants. D. Many years ago when Martin Luther King (a) ______ (address/addressed/was addressing/had addressed) a public meeting, someone (b) ______ (throw/ threw/thrown/had thrown) a shoe at him. There (c) ______ (is/was/were/ been) a deep silence. King (d) ______ (pick/picking/picked/had picked) up the shoe and (e) ______ (tell/telling/told/had told) the gathering that some kind gentleman, knowing that he (f) ______ (can/could/may/might) not afford shoes (g) ______ (throw/threw/thrown/had thrown) one for him. He (h) ______ (request/requested/requesting/had requested) the gentleman to throw him the other one too. E. Two persons including a four year old boy (a) ______ (died/dying/died/had died) and five persons (b) ______ (injure/injured/injuring/had injured) in an accident yesterday evening. The boy (c) ______ (crush/crushing/crushed/ was crushed) to death by a jeep. The accident (d) ______ (take/took/ taken/had taken) place at about 7 pm. The boy (e) ______ (play/played/ playing/was playing) on the roadside near his house when a speeding jeep
78 English X (Term 2) (f) ______ (come/came/coming/had come) from the other side and (g) ______ (hit/hitting/was hitting/was hit) him. The boy (h) ______ (die/died/dying/had died) on the spot. F. A forty year old man (a) ______ (kill/killed/was killed/had killed), and six others (b) ______ (injure/was injured/were injured/had injured) when the van in which they (c) ______ (travel/travelling/travelled/were travelling) overturned after colliding with a truck early morning. Soon after the incident a huge crowd (d) ______ (gather/gathering/had gathered/will gather) on the spot and (e) ______ (start/starting/started/had started) beating the driver of the truck. They also (f) ______ (damage/damaged/will damage/had damaged) the other vehicles. It (g) ______ (is/am/are/was) only after the arrival of the police that the situation (h) ______ (bring/bringing/was brought/had brought) under control. G. A mother who (a) _________ her only son (b) _________ to Gautam Buddha. She (c) _________ Gautam Buddha to bring the child back to life. He (d) _________ her that he could revive the child if she would bring him some mustard seeds. But he (e) _________ that the seeds had to come from a home where death (f) _________. (a) (i) lost (ii) has lost (iii) had lost (iv) losing (b) (i) would come (ii) came (iii) coming (iv) had come (c) (i) implored (ii) imploring (iii) had implored (iv) has implored (d) (i) had told (ii) telling (iii) has told (iv) told (e) (i) added (ii) had added (iii) adding (iv) will add (f) (i) not visited (ii) had not visited (iii) not visiting (iv) hasnotvisited H. Raghuveer (a) _________ with a silver spoon in his mouth. He is a (b) _________ boy of 14. His father (c) _________ as a doctor in a government hospital. (d) _________ is his favourite hobby. He (e) _________ the first prize in school level competition for painting last month. He (f) _________ painting at the age of 3. (a) (i) will be born (ii) is born (iii) born (iv) has born (b) (i) school-going (ii) going to school (iii) school coming (iv) school gone (c) (i) working (ii) works (iii) has worked (iv) will work (d) (i) Painted (ii) Paint (iii) Painting (iv) Havingpainted (e) (i) win (ii) was winning (iii) wins (iv) won (f) (i) was starting (ii) starting (iii) started (iv) is starting Answers 4. (a) am (b) said (c) are (d) withdrew (e) wrote (f) had learnt (g) had done (h) was 5. (a) 4. have (b) 1. feel (c) 2. have (d) 3. are (e) 4. like (f) 2. is (g) 2. playing (h) 2. gives
Tenses 79 6. (a) issued (b) entered (c) wanted (d) needed (e) was (f) made (g) let (h) fled 7. 1. (c) shall organise 2. (a) will be staying 3. (a) will have read 4. (b) bought 8. (a) will be a wonderful place to live in (b) people will be friendly (c) will have (d) will be serene 9. (a) shall feel (b) publish (c) are (d) will disturb 10. A. (a) was forced (b) had failed (c) happened (d) had gone (e) began (f) had (g) donated (h) was B. (a) convicted (b) had married (c) was beaten (d) was admitted (e) had received (f) said (g) had poured (h) had set C. (a) took (b) resulted (c) flew (d) was confirmed (e) stated (f) did not have (g) say (h) had identified D. (a) was addressing (b) threw (c) was (d) picked up (e) told (f) could (g) had thrown (h) requested E. (a) died (b) injured (c) was crushed (d) took (e) was playing (f) came (g) hit (h) died F. (a) was killed (b) were injured (c) were travelling (d) gathered (e) started (f) damaged (g) was (h) was brought G. (a) → (iii) had lost (b) → (ii) came (c) → (i) implored (d) → (iv) told (e) → (i) added (f) → (ii) had not visited H. (a) → (ii) is born (b) → (i) school-going (c) → (ii) works (d) → (iii) Painting (e) → (iv) won (f) → (iii) started
ISBN: 978-93-93738-07-3 789393 738073 T10-0963-299-COMP.CBSE QB ENGLISH T-II X
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