µ;gk¡^fy[kh* fØ;k dk ¯yx&opu fpêòh (deZ) osQ vuqlkj gSA rc Hkh ;g dr`ZokP; gSA eq[; dkj.k gSµdrkZ dh izèkkurk] lfØ;rk ;k xfr'khyrkA dr`ZokP; esa fØ;k ldeZd vkSj vdeZdµnksuksa izdkj dh gksrh gSA oqQN vkSj mnkgj.k nsf[k,µ (d) ckny xjt jgs gSaA ([k) o\"kkZ gks jgh gSA (x) ckny ty cjlkrk gSA (?k) fp=kk fdrkc i<+ jgh gSA 2. deZokP;µftl okD; esa fØ;k dk osaQnzfcanq deZ gks] mls deZokP; dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ (d) fdrkc eq>ls i<+h ugha tk,xhA ([k) lkeku nqdkunkjksa }kjk cspk tk,xkA vkius ns[kkµbu okD;ksa esa drkZ mnklhu gks x;k gSA og dk;Z dj ugha jgk] cfYd dk;Z mlls gks jgk gSA blfy, deZokP; esa drkZ osQ lkFk ^ls*] ^}kjk* ;k ^osQ }kjk* vo'; yxk gksrk gSA dHkh&dHkh deZokP; ls drkZ xk;c Hkh gks tkrk gSA deZokP; osQ oqQN vkSj mnkgj.k nsf[k,µ (d) eq>ls mnwZ ugha i<+h tkrhA ([k) iqQVckWy [ksyh tk jgh gSA 3. HkkookP;µfØ;k osQ ftl :i ls ;g cks/ gks fd fØ;k osQ O;kikj dk iz/ku fo\"k; drkZ ;k deZ u gksdj fØ;k Hkko gS] mls HkkookP; dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ (d) mlls fy[kk ugha tkrkA ([k) rqels cksyk ugha tk,xkA fo'ks\"kµHkkookP; esa izk;% vleFkZrk izdV djus okyh fØ;kvksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS rFkk osQoy vdeZd fØ;k gh iz;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gSA okP; ifjorZu 1. dr`ZokP; dks deZokP; esa cnyukµè;ku jgs fd osQoy ldeZd fØ;k dks gh dr`ZokP; ls deZokP; esa cnyk tk ldrk gSA ,slk djrs le; mlosQ drkZ dks dj.k esa cny fn;k tkrk gS_ vFkkZr mlosQ lkFk ^ls*] ^}kjk* ;k ^osQ }kjk* yxk fn;k tkrk gSA oqQN mnkgj.k nsf[k,µ (drZ`okP;) Ü jes'k ls i=k fy[kk tkrk gSA (deZokP;) jes'k i=k fy[krk gSA gekjs f[kykM+h dcîóh [ksysaxsA (drZ`okP;) Ü gekjs f[kykfM+;ksa }kjk dcîóh [ksyh tk,xhA (deZokP;) 2. dr`ZokP; dks HkkookP; esa cnyukµigys dr`ZokP; dh fØ;k dks lkekU; Hkwrdky esa cnfy,A fiQj bl cnys gq, :i osQ lkFk dky] iq#\"k] opu vkSj ¯yx osQ vuqlkj ^tkuk* fØ;k dk :i tksfM+,A HkkookP; esa cnyrs le; dr`ZokP; osQ drkZ osQ lkFk ^}kjk*] ^ls* ;k ^osQ }kjk* yxk fn;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµ 1. jes'k ugha i<+rkA (drZ`okP;) Ü jes'k ls i<+k ugha tkrkA (HkkookP;) (HkkookP;) 2. og vius ?kj ugha tk,xkA (drZ`okP;) Ü mlls vius ?kj tk;k ugha tk,xkA okP; 145
vc vki tku x, gksaxs ª okD; osQ ftl :i ls ;g irk pys fd mldh fØ;k dk eq[; cy fdl ij (drkZ] deZ ;k fØ;k&Hkko) ij gS] mls okP; dgrs gSaA ª okP; rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSaµdr`ZokP;] deZokP; vkSj HkkookP;A viuh ijh{kk Lo;a ysa 1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa okP;&ifjorZu dhft,µ (d) og fy[k ugha jgk gS (HkkookP; esa) ([k) og ugha nkSM+rkA (HkkookP; esa) (x) ';ke iqLrd i<+rk gSA (deZokP; esa) (?k) uhjtk [kkuk ugha [kkrhA (deZokP; esa) (Ä) eq>ls iqQVckWy ugha [ksyk tkrkA (dr`ZokP; esa) (p) mlls miU;kl ugha i<+k tkrkA (dr`ZokP; esa) (N) c<+bZ oqQlhZ cuk jgk gSA (deZokP; esa) (t) flUgk lkgc }kjk ;g vkKki=k tkjh fd;k x;kA (dr`ZokP; esa) (>) fo|kFkhZ ijh{kk ns jgs gSaA (deZokP; esa) (×k) eq>ls bl ekeys ij lkspk ugha tk,xkA (dr`ZokP; esa) (V) mlus >wB cksykA (deZokP; esa) (B) eksgu us iQy [kk,A (deZokP; esa) 2. fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ mi;qDr 'kCnksa }kjk dhft,A (d) tc fØ;k osQ O;kikj dk iz/ku fo\"k; drkZ gks rks mls ----------------------------------------------------- dgrs gSaA ([k) ----------------------------------------------------- esa fØ;k vdeZd vkSj ldeZdµnksuksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh gks ldrh gSA (x) tgk¡okD; esa fØ;k osQ fo/ku dk iz/ku fo\"k; Hkko gks rks mls ----------------------------------------------------- okP; dgrs gSaA 146 fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµVIII
3. okP;&ifjorZu dhft,A mi;qDr okD; ij 3 yxkb,µ (d) cPps vPNh rjg dcîóh ugha [ksy ik,A (deZokP; esa) (v) cPps ls vPNh rjg dcîóh ugha [ksyh xbZA (c) cPpksa ls vPNh rjg dcîóh ugha [ksyh xbZA (l) cPpksa ls vPNh rjg dcîóh ugha [ksyk x;kA (n) cPpksa ls vPNh rjg dcîóh ugha [ksy ldk x;kA ([k) eSaus iqLrosaQ [kjhnhaA (deZokP; esa) (v) eq>s iqLrd [kjhnuh iM+hA (c) eq>ls iqLrosaQ [kjhnhaA (l) eq>ls iqLrosaQ [kjhnh xb±A (n) eSaus iqLrdksa dks [kjhnkA (x) mlosQ }kjk f[kykSus csps tk,¡xsA (dr`ZokP; esa) (v) og f[kykSus cspsxkA (c) os f[kykSus cspsaxsA (l) mlus f[kykSus cspsA (n) og f[kykSus cspsaxsA (?k) mfeZyk ugha py ikrhA (HkkookP; esa) (v) mfeZyk ugha pyrhA (c) mfeZyk ugha pysxhA (l) mfeZyk ls ugha pyk tkrkA (n) mfeZyk py ugha ik,xhA (Ä) yM+osQ ?kj tk,¡xsA (HkkookP; esa) (v) yM+dksa ls ?kj tk;k tk,xkA (c) yM+osQ ls ?kj tk;k tk,xkA (l) yM+osQ }kjk ?kj tk;k tk,xkA (n) yM+osQ osQ }kjk ?kj tk;k tk,xkA (p) uhjtk us fiQYe ns[khA (deZokP; esa) (v) uhjtk ls fiQYe ns[kh xbZA (c) uhjtk }kjk fiQYe ns[kh xbZA (l) uhjtk }kjk fiQYe ns[kh tkrh gSA (n) uhjtk }kjk fiQYe ns[kh tk,xhA (N) if{k;ksa ls Bhd ls mM+k ugha tkrkA (dr`ZokP; esa) (v) i{kh Bhd ls mM+ ugha ikrkA (c) i{kh Bhd ls mM+ ugha ikrsA (l) i{kh Bhd ls mM+ ugha ik,¡xsA (n) if{k;ksa }kjk Bhd ls ugha mM+k tkrkA (t) rqe fy[k ugha ldrsA (HkkookP; esa) (v) rqels fy[kk ugha tk ldrkA (c) rqels fy[kk ugha tkrkA (l) rqels fy[kk ugha tk ikrkA (n) rqe }kjk fy[kk ugha tkrkA okP; 147
jpukRed xfrfofèk;k¡(Formative Activities) v nks oxZ cukb, µ dr`ZokP; vkSj deZokP;A ,d oxZ vius uke osQ vuqlkj ,d okD; cksysA nwljk oxZ mls ukekuq:i <kysA v uhps fn, ckWDl esa deZokP; <w¡f<+,A ?kwesxh rks i`Foh gh xSyhfy;ks us vius nwjn'khZ ;a=k ls ns[kk µ lwjt ,d vkx dk xksyk gS vkSj i`Foh mlosQ pkjksa vksj ifjØek dj jgh gSA mlus viuh ;g [kkst nqfu;k osQ lkeus j[kh rks if'peh ns'kksa esa gM+dai ep x;kA bZlkbZ ns'k ekurs Fks fd i`Foh fLFkj gS vkSj lwjt mlosQ pkjksa vksj pDdj yxkrk gSA ;g ckr muosQ èkeZ&xzaFk esa fy[kh FkhA blfy, os bl ckr dks bZ'oj dh ok.kh ekurs FksA vc xSyhfy;ks dk D;k djsa\\ og rks oSKkfud gSA og ogh dgrk gS tks nh[krk gSA vxj xSyhfy;ks lp gS rks muosQ èkeZ&xzaFk >wBs fl¼ gksrs gSaA ppZ ij nqfoèkk lokj gks xbZA bZlkbZ èkeZ&izfrfufèk jktk osQ ikl igq¡psA jktk ls cksysµ;g vkneh Hkze iSQyk jgk gSA gekjs èkeZ dks >wBk fl¼ dj jgk gSA bls jksdksA bls dgks fd ;g viuh [kkst vkSj mlosQ fu\"d\"kZ okil ysA jktk us vkns'k tkjh fd;kµxSyhfy;ks vius fopkj okil ysA ojuk iQk¡lh ij yVdk fn;k tk,xkA xSyhfy;ks us ekuus ls budkj dj fn;kA mls oSQn dj fy;k x;kA iQk¡lh dh izrh{kk gksus yxhA xsyhfy;ks osQ fe=kksa us le>k;kµ ^vjs ;kj! rw ejrk D;ksa gS\\ >wBewB fy[kdj ns ns fd i`Foh osQ pkjksa vksj lwjt ?kwerk gSA* fe=kksa osQ vkxzg ij og rS;kj gks x;kA mlus fy[kkµ^Bhd gS] vxj vki dgrs gSa rks ;gh lp gS fd lwjt i`Foh osQ pkjksa vksj ?kwerk gSA eq>s {kek djsaA* var esa fy[kkµijarq d:¡D;k\\ ?kwesxh rks i`Foh ghA 148 fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµVIII
27 in&ifjp; (Parsing) vki tkurs gSaµokD; esa iz;ksx gksus ij 'kCn in cu tkrk gSA in dh izÑfr dk ifjp; nsuk] mldh Hkwfedk osQ ckjs esa crkuk rFkk mldk vU; inksa ls laca/ crkuk in&ifjp; dgykrk gSA fofHkUu inksa dk ifjp; nsus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr ckrsa crkbZ tkuh pkfg,µ 1. laKk µ (laKk osQ rhuksa Hksnksa esa ls fof'k\"V laKk Hksn) ¯yx] opu] dkjd rFkk fØ;k osQ lkFk mldk laca/ (;fn gks rks)A 2. loZuke µ loZuke dk Hksn] ¯yx] opu] dkjd rFkk fØ;k osQ lkFk laca/A 3. fo'ks\"k.k µ fo'ks\"k.k dk Hksn] ¯yx] opu] dkjd rFkk fo'ks\";A 4. fØ;k µ fØ;k dk Hksn] ¯yx] opu] iq#\"k] /krq] dky] okP;] drkZ ;k deZ dk laosQrA 5. fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k µ Hksn_ fØ;k dk laosQr] ftldh fo'ks\"krk crkbZ tk jgh gksA 6. leqPp;cks/d µ Hksn_ ftu 'kCnksa] inksa vFkok okD;ksa dks feyk jgk gS mudk mYys[kA 7. laca/cks/d µ Hksn_ ftlls laca/ gS mu in Hksnksa dk mYys[kA 8. foLe;kfncks/d µ Hksn_ Hkko&fo'ks\"k dk mYys[kA in&ifjp; osQ oqQN mnkgj.k nsf[k,µ 1. rktegy osQ lkSan;Z dks ns[kdj gT+kkjksa n'kZd eqX/ gks tkrs gSaA ozQekad in ifjp; O;fDrokpd laKk] iq¯Yyx] ,dopu] laca/ dkjd] ^lkSan;Z* ls laca/A 1. rktegy osQ Hkkookpd laKk] iq¯Yyx] ,dopu] deZ dkjdA iwoZdkfyd fØ;k@jhfrokpd fØ;kfo'ks\"k.kA 2. lkSan;Z dks la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k] cgqopu] iq¯Yyx] fo'ks\"; gS ^n'kZd*A tkfrokpd laKk] iq¯Yyx] cgqopu] drkZ dkjdA 3. ns[kdj vdeZd fØ;k] cgqopu] iq¯Yyx] orZeku dky] drZ`okP;] bl fØ;k dk drkZ gS ^n'kZd*A 4. gT+kkjksa 5. n'kZd 6. eqX/ gks tkrs gSa in&ifjp; 165
2. og ?kj esjs NksVs HkkbZ vkuan dk gSA ozQekad in ifjp; 1. og lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k] iq¯Yyx] ,dopu] fo'ks\"; gS ^?kj*A 2. ?kj tkfrokpd laKk] iq¯Yyx] ,dopu] drkZ dkjdA 3. esjs futokpd loZuke] iq¯Yyx] ,dopu] laca/ dkjd] ^HkkbZ* ls laca/A 4. NksVs xq.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k] ,dopu] iq¯Yyx] fo'ks\"; gS ^HkkbZ*A 5. HkkbZ tkfrokpd laKk] iq¯Yyx] ,dopu] laca/ dkjdA 6. vkuan dk O;fDrokpd laKk] iq¯Yyx] ,dopu] laca/ dkjdA 7. gS fØ;k] lkekU; orZeku dky] iq¯Yyx] ,dopu] bldk iwjd ^vkuan dk* gSA 3. fiNys lky jes'k vkBoha d{kk esa i<+rk FkkA ozQekad in ifjp; 1. fiNys lky dkyokpd fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k] fØ;k gSµi<+rk FkkA 2. jes'k O;fDrokpd laKk] iq¯Yyx] ,dopu] drkZ dkjdA 3. vkBoha la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k (Øelwpd)] L=kh¯yx] ,dopu] ^d{kk* fo'ks\";A 4. d{kk esa tkfrokpd laKk] L=kh¯yx] ,dopu] vf/dj.k dkjdA 5. i<+rk Fkk vdeZd fØ;k] Hkwrdky (iw.kZ Hkwr) vU; iq#\"k] ,dopu] iq¯Yyx] drZ`okP;] drkZ gS ^jes'k*A 4. ge viuh ekr`Hkwfe ij cfynku gks tk,¡xsA ozQekad in ifjp; 1. ge mÙke iq#\"k] loZuke] cgqopu] iq¯Yyx] drkZ dkjdA 2. viuh futokpd loZuke] L=kh¯yx] ,dopu] laca/ dkjd] ^ekr`Hkwfe* ls laca/A 3. ekr`Hkwfe ij tkfrokpd laKk] L=kh¯yx] ,dopu] vf/dj.k dkjdA 4. cfynku Hkkookpd laKk] iq¯Yyx] ,dopu] deZdkjdA 5. gks tk,¡xs ldeZd fØ;k] Hkfo\";r~ dky] iq¯Yyx] cgqopu] dr`ZokP;] ^ge* drkZ dh fØ;kA 166 fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµVIII
iz;ksx&fo'ks\"k dh n`f\"V ls in&ifjp; esa fHkUurkµvusd 'kCn ,sls gSa tks vyx&vyx fLFkfr;ksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu in&Hksnksa dk dk;Z djrs gSaA viuh okD;xr fLFkfr osQ vuqlkj os dHkh laKk] dHkh fo'ks\"k.k vkSj dHkh vO;; cu tkrs gSaA ,sls inksa osQ in&ifjp; esa fo'ks\"k lko/kuh cjruh vko';d gSA oqQN mnkgj.k uhps fn, tk jgs gSaµ 1. vPNk (d) vPNs dk lkFk gesa vPNk vkneh cuk nsrk gSA (laKk) ;gk¡^vPNs* laKk gSA ([k) vPNs yksxksa dk lc lEeku djrs gSaA (fo'ks\"k.k) vPNs&xq.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k gSA (x) og vPNk cksyrk gSA (fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k) (?k) vPNk! ;g ckr gS\\ (foLe;kfncks/d) 2. vkSj (d) vkSjksa ls iwNw¡xkA (loZuke) ([k) vkSj D;k&D;k [kjhnk\\ (fo'ks\"k.k) (x) og vkSj eSa dy ogk¡tk,¡xsA (leqPp;cks/d) 3. dksbZ (d) dksbZ njokt+ s ij [kM+k gSA (loZuke) ([k) dksbZ vkneh m/j x;k gSA (fo'ks\"k.k) 4. D;k (d) og D;k ns[k jgk gS\\ (loZuke) ([k) jes'k D;k dke dj jgk gS\\ (fo'ks\"k.k) (x) og D;k djsxk\\ ge gh djsaxsA (fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k) 5. cgqr (d) eq>s cgqrksa us dkslk gS] rqe Hkh dksl yksA (laKk) ([k) cgqr gks pqdk] vc jgus nksA (loZuke) (x) og cgqr g¡lkA (fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k) (?k) ogk¡cgqr yksx vk, FksA (la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k) (Ä) mlus cgqr [kkuk [kk;kA (ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k) 6. Bhd (d) ;g Bhd ckr gSA (xq.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k) ([k) Bhd cksyks] Bhd djksA (fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k) (x) Bhd! eSa Hkh ,slk gh lksprk gw¡A (Lohdkjcks/d) 7. og (d) og esjk fe=k gSA (loZuke) ([k) og yM+dh esjh cgu gSA (lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k) in&ifjp; fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµV1I6II7
vc vki tku x, gksaxs ª in dh Hkwfedk rFkk mldk vU; inksa ls laca/ crkuk in&ifjp; dgykrk gSA viuh ijh{kk Lo;a ysa 1. ^in&ifjp;* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\\ 2. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa jaxhu 'kCnksa dk in&ifjp; nhft,µ (d) og O;fDr bl bykosQ dk tkuk&ekuk usrk gSA ([k) pk¡nuh jkr esa nwf/;k pk¡nuh iSQydj eu dks mYykl ls Hkj nsrh gSA (x) rhu yksx ml jkLrs ls tkrs gq, eSaus ns[ks tks m/j tkdj #d x,A (?k) fdlh dks D;k irk Fkk fd eksgu bl rjg dk fu\"Ñ\"V dk;Z djsxkA (Ä) lqfe=kkuanu iar izÑfr osQ loZJs\"B dfo FksA (p) vkt og ck”kkj esa vpkud gh eq>s fey x;kA (N) rqEgkjs fcuk esjk dke ugha pysxkA (t) vksg! ;g fdlus dj Mkyk\\ (>) miQ! fdruh mel gSA (×k) ge rktegy ns[kus vkxjk x,A 3. uhps fy[ks okD;ksa osQ lHkh inksa dk in&ifjp; nhft,µ (d) fnYyh dks lcls igys ikaMoksa us clk;k FkkA ([k) iatkc osQ yksx yacs] xksjs vkSj cgknqj gksrs gSaA (x) bl iqLrd esa izQkal dk bfrgkl fn;k x;k gSA (?k) tks esgur djsxk] og liQyrk izkIr djsxkA 168 fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµVIII
4. fuEufyf[kr jaxhu inksa osQ mi;qDr ifjp; ij 3 yxkb,µ (d) vksg! esjk ne ?kqV jgk gSA (laKk @ loZuke @ fo'ks\"k.k) ([k) dey dk iwQy lcls lqanj gksrk gSA (laKk % O;fDrokpd @ tkfrokpd @ Hkkookpd) (x) ge fnYyh x, FksA (loZuke % mÙke iq#\"k @ eè;e iq#\"k @ vU; iq#\"k) (?k) os xkuk xk,¡xsA (fØ;k % Hkwrdky @ orZeku dky @ Hkfo\";r~ dky) (Ä) ;ksX; firk dh larku Hkh ;ksX; gksrh gSA (p) cgqrksa dks xyr&Bhd dk irk ugha gksrkA (laKk @ loZuke @ fo'ks\"k.k @ fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k) (N) og cgqr g¡lkA (laKk @ loZuke @ fo'ks\"k.k @ fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k) (t) ge dfo;ksa dk lEeku djrs gSaA (laKk @ loZuke @ fo'ks\"k.k @ fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k) (laKk @ loZuke @ fo'ks\"k.k @ fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k) jpukRed xfrfofèk;k¡(Formative Activities) v ,d pkVZ ij fuEufyf[kr okD; fyf[k,µ euthr gkWdh [ksyrk gSA uhps nks dkWye fn, x, gSaA ck,¡dkWye esa iz'u gSaA nk,¡dkWye esa muosQ mÙkj fyf[k,A euthr fdl izdkj dk 'kCn gS\\ euthr dk fØ;k ls D;k lacaèk gS\\ euthr dk opu D;k gS\\ v bl rjg osQ nks vkSj okD;ksa dk fo'ys\"k.k vafdr dhft,A vkvks g¡lsa H ,d vkneh dh dkj ls Vdjkdj ,d rksrk t+ [eh gks x;kA vkneh ml ?kk;y rksrs dks vius ?kj ys x;kA mlus rksrs dk bykt fd;k vkSj ¯itjs esa j[k fy;kA gks'k esa vkrs gh rksrk t+ ksj ls fpYyk;kµ^vkbZyk tsy---! dkj dk Mªkboj ej x;k D;k\\* in&ifjp; fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµV1I6II9
28 'kCn] in vkSj incaèk 'kCn lkFkZd vkSj Lora=k èofu&lewg dks 'kCn dgrs gSaA ^iqLrd* ,d 'kCn gSA µ ;g vFkZoku èofu&lewg gSA bls vFkZoku o.kZ&lewg Hkh dg ldrs gSaA ;g 'kCn rHkh rd 'kCn dgykrk gS] tc rd fd ;g fdlh okD; ls Lora=k gksrk gSA okD; osQ vU; 'kCnksa ls eqDr gksus ij ;g 'kCn dgykrk gSA izk;% 'kCn 'kCndks'k esa ik, tkrs gSaA in tc 'kCn dks iSj (in) yx tkrs gSa] vFkkZr og pyus yxrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] tc 'kCn dks okD; esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gS rks og in dgykrk gSA mnkgj.kr;kµ jke pkSng o\"kZ osQ fy, ouksa esa x,A ;gk¡^jke* 'kCn ugha gS] ;g in gSA ;g okD; esa gksus okyh fØ;k dk drkZ gSA blh izdkj ^o\"kZ*] ^ouksa* Hkh in gSaA ;s rhuksa laKk in gSaA ^pkSng* fo'ks\"k.k in gSA ^x,* fØ;k in gSA ,d vU; okD; ns[ksaµ og izfrfnu ugha [ksyrkA µ blesa ^og* loZuke in gSA ^izfrfnu* vkSj ^ugha* fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k in gSaA in osQ Hksn in nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSaµ 1- fodkjh 2- vfodkjh fodkjh inµ tks in okD; esa iz;qDr gksus ij :i cny ysrs gSa] os fodkjh dgykrs gSaA ;s la[;k esa pkj gSaµ 1- laKk 2- loZuke 3- fo'ks\"k.k 4- fØ;k ;s fodkjh blfy, dgykrs gSa D;ksafd okD;&jpuk esa iz;qDr gksus ij buosQ ewy :i esa ifjorZu gks tkrs gSaA tSlsµ iqLrd µ iqLrosaQ] iqLrdksa] iqfLrdk (laKk in) vPNk µ vPNs] vPNh] vPNksa (fo'ks\"k.k in) 170 fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµVIII
;g µ ;s] buls] bu] bUgksaus] budks (loZuke in) ejuk µ ejk] ejs] ejsa] ejks (fØ;k in) vfodkjh in 3- laca/cks/d 4- foLe;kfncks/d 5- fuikr vfodkjh in ik¡p izdkj osQ gksrs gSaµ 1- fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k 2- leqPp;cks/d bu 'kCn&:iksa esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrkA mnkgj.kr;kµ fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k µ izfrfnu] ges'kk] /hjs&ls] rs”k leqPp;cks/d µ vkSj] ijarq] ¯drq] D;ksafd] blfy, laca/cks/d µ osQ ikl] osQ fcuk] osQ lax] osQ uhps foLe;kfncks/d µ gk;] okg] vksg] 'kkck'k! fuikr µ gh] Hkh] rd rks] Hkj inca/ in vkSj inca/µokD; esa nksuksa dh Hkwfedk leku gksrh gSA tc ,d bdkbZ fdlh in dk dk;Z djrh gS rks mls in dgrs gSaA tc oqQN in feydj ,d in dk dk;Z djrs gSa rks ml ca/h gqbZ bdkbZ dks inca/ dgrs gSaA mnkgj.kr;kµ 1- eksgu dk HkkbZ lksgu vkt ugha vk,xkA µ ;gk¡^eksgu dk HkkbZ lksgu* ,d inca/ gS tks drkZ in dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA 2- yrk cgqr gh vPNk xkrh gSA ;gk¡^cgqr gh vPNk* ,d inca/ gS tks fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k in dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA vr% ;g fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k inca/ gSA inca/ osQ izdkj 2- loZuke inca/ 3- fo'ks\"k.k inca/ inca/ osQ ik¡p Hksn gSaµ 5- fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k inca/ 1- laKk inca/ 4- fØ;k inca/ 1- laKk inca/µtc laKk in dh txg ,dkf/d in feydj laKk dk dk;Z djrs gSa] ogk¡laKk inca/ gksrk gSA mnkgj.kr;kµ n'kjFk&iq=k jke vkn'kZ jktk FksA lnk eqLdjkus okys esjs fe=k esjh vlyh rkdr gSaA 2- loZuke inca/µ tgk¡fdlh loZuke dh txg ,dkf/d in feydj loZuke in dk dk;Z laiUu djrs gSa] ogk¡ loZuke inca/ gksrk gSA mnkgj.kr;kµ lnk jksrs jgus okyk og vkt [kq'k gSA 'kCn] in vkSj incaèk fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµV1I7II1
3- fo'ks\"k.k inca/µtgk¡,dkf/d in feydj fo'ks\"k.k dk dk;Z laiUu djrs gSa] ogk¡fo'ks\"k.k inca/ gksrk gSA mnkgj.kr;kµ panzxqIr vR;ar egku vkSj ijkØeh jktk FksA esjs firk cgqr 'kkyhu vkSj mnkj gSaA 4- fØ;k inca/µtgk¡,dkf/d in feydj fØ;k dk dk;Z laiUu djrs gSa] ogk¡fØ;k inca/ gksrk gSA mnkgj.kr;kµ ;g cPpk ges'kk g¡lrk jgrk gSA rqe tYnh pys tk;k djksA 5- fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k inca/µtgk¡ ,dkf/d in feydj fdlh fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k dk dk;Z laiUu djrs gSa] ogk¡ fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k inca/ gksrk gSA mnkgj.krk;kµ yrk cgqr gh ehBk xkrh gSA og vR;ar rhoz xfr ls vk;kA vc vki tku x, gksaxs ª Lora=k lkFkZd o.kZ&lewg dks 'kCn dgrs gSaA ª okD; esa iz;qDr 'kCn dks in dgrs gSaA ª in nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa µ fodkjh vkSj vfodkjhA ª fodkjh inksa osQ pkj Hksn gSa µ laKk] loZuke] fo'ks\"k.k vkSj fØ;kA ª vfodkjh in ik¡p gksrs gSa µ fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k] foLe;kfncks/d] leqPp;cks/d] laca/cks/d vkSj fuikrA ª tc ,dkf/d in feydj fdlh in dk dk;Z laiUu djrs gSa rks mls inca/ dgrs gSaA ª inca/ osQ ik¡p Hksn gSa µ laKk inca/] loZuke inca/] fo'ks\"k.k inca/] fØ;k inca/ vkSj fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k inca/A viuh ijh{kk Lo;a ysa fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµVIII 1. 'kCn dh ifjHkk\"kk nhft,A 2. in fdls dgrs gSa\\ 3. 'kCn in dc curk gS\\ 4. in osQ fdrus Hksn gSa\\ foLrkjiwoZd crkb,A 172
5. inca/ fdls dgrs gSa\\ 6. inca/ osQ fdrus Hksn gSa\\ mnkgj.k&lfgr Li\"V dhft,A 7. fuEufyf[kr esa ls 'kCn vkSj in i`Fkd dhft,µ eksgu] fo|ky; esa] Nk=kksa us] cPps] cPpk] cPpksa osQ fy,] djuk] fd;k] [kks;k] i<+rk gS] tk;k djrk gS] fo'okl] Lusg] dksydkrk] xhr] xk;k] laqnj] vrho lqanj] vPNs] HkysA 8. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dh iw£r in rFkk inca/ ls dhft,µ (in ls) (d) esjs firk --------------------------------- gSaA (inca/ ls) esjs firk --------------------------------- gSaA ([k) esjh --------------------------------- jk[kh ck¡/us vkbZ gSA (in ls) esjh --------------------------------- jk[kh ck¡/us vkbZ gSA (incaèk ls) (x) --------------------------------- ges'kk g¡lrk jgrk gSA --------------------------------- ges'kk g¡lrk jgrk gSA (in ls) (?k) rqe fo|ky; ---------------------------------A (incaèk ls) rqe fo|ky; ---------------------------------A (Ä) og --------------------------------- pyrk gSA (in ls) og --------------------------------- pyrk gSA (inca/ ls) (in ls) (inca/ ls) 'kCn] in vkSj incaèk fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµV1I7II3
31 fojke fpg~u (Punctuation) gesa viuh ckr dgus osQ fy, chp&chp esa #duk iM+rk gSµdHkh FkksM+k] dHkh cgqr FkksM+k] rks dHkh vf/dA bl Bgjko (fojke) osQ fcuk gekjh ckr Li\"V ugha gks ikrhA mnkgj.k osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr okD; if<+,µ 1. vjs! yM+osQ vkSj yM+fd;k¡dgk¡gSa\\ 2. vjs yM+osQ! vkSj yM+fd;k¡dgk¡gSa\\ vkius ns[kk fd fojke fpÉ osQ dkj.k vFkZ esa fdruk varj vk x;kA oqQN fpÉ ,sls gSa tks ewy :i ls Bgjko osQ lwpd u gksdj vU; lwpukvksa osQ lwpd gSa_ tSlsµ (;kstd) &] (funsZ'kd) µ] (fooj.k fpÉ) %µ vkfnA bUgsa Li\"Vrk fpÉ Hkh dg ldrs gSaA ;gk¡lHkh dks ^fojke fpÉ* osQ varxZr j[kk tk jgk gSA uhps egÙoiw.kZ fojke fpÉ fn, tk jgs gSaµ ozQekad fojke fpÉ dk uke fojke fpÉksa osQ vaxzs”kh uke fojke fpÉ A 1. iw.kZfojke (Full Stop) _ 2. v¼Zfojke (Semi Colon) ] 3. vYifojke (Comma) \\ 4. iz'uokpd fpÉ (Question Mark) ! 5. foLe;okpd fpÉ (Sign of Exclamation) & 6. ;kstd (Hyphen) µ 7. funsZ'kd fpÉ (Dash) ¶¸ 8. m¼j.k fpÉ (Inverted Comma) %& 9. fooj.k fpÉ (Sign of Following) 10. dks\"Bd fpÉ (Bracket) [ ]] { }] () 11. galin ;k =kqfViwjd (Sign of Left Word) 12. yk?ko fpÉ ;k la{ksilwpd (Sign of Abbreviation) ú 13. mifojke ;k lkaosQfrd fpÉ (Colon) % 14. yksi fpÉ (So on and So Forth Sign) ---- 15. fof'k\"Vrkcks/d fpÉ (Highlighting Sign) ^* fojke fpg~u 189
vc FkksM+k vf/d foLrkj vkSj Li\"Vrk osQ lkFk bu vfHkO;fDr&fpÉksa dks lef>,µ 1. iw.kZfojke (A)µbl fpg~u dk iz;ksx fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gSµ (d) gj okD; dh lekfIr ij_ tSlsµ ftl le; lw;ksZn; gks jgk Fkk] eSa ckx esa Vgy jgk FkkA ([k) vizR;{k iz'uksa osQ var esa_ tSlsµ rqEgsa oSQls crkm¡Q fd ml le; eSa ogk¡ugha FkkA (x) dfork vFkok xhr osQ gj pj.k osQ var esa_ tSlsµ ys py ixys e¡>/kj eq>s] ns&ns cl vc irokj eq>sA 2. v¼Zfojke (_)µokD; esa tgk¡iw.kZfojke ls oqQN de vkSj vYifojke ls oqQN vf/d #duk visf{kr gks] ogk¡ v¼Zfojke (_) yxk;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµ >wB cksyuk ,d cM+k nks\"k gS_ blls cpdj jfg,A 3. vYifojke (])µfy[krs le; tc v¼Zfojke ls Hkh de le; osQ fy, #dk tkrk gS rks vYifojke fpÉ (]) dk iz;ksx visf{kr gSA bl fpÉ dk iz;ksx fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gSµ (d) ,d gh txg iz;qDr ,d&ls 'kCnksa ;k okD;ksa dks vyx&vyx djus osQ fy,_ tSlsµ m\"kk] iq\"ik] vk'kk vkSj fu'kkµpkjksa lxh cgusa gSaA gj lekt esa Hkys&cqjs] /uh&fu/Zu] NksVs&cM+sµlHkh izdkj osQ yksx gSaA ([k) miokD;ksa dks vyx&vyx djus osQ fy,µ tks yksx euq\";rk dks lcls cM+k ekuo&ewY; le>rs gSa] os fdlh dk vidkj ugha dj ikrsA rqe eq>s Bhd&Bhd le>rs gks] ,slk esjk fo'okl gSA (x) ^;g*] ^og*] ^rc*] ^rks* osQ LFkku ij (okD;ksa osQ chp esa) tc og vk;k] eSa tkx jgk FkkA (^rc* osQ LFkku ij) tc og viuh ckr ij gh vM+k gqvk Fkk] eSa D;k djrkA (^rks* osQ LFkku ij) (?k) lacks/u dks 'ks\"k okD; ls vyx djus osQ fy,µ fe=kks] vc ns'k ij ej&feVus dk le; vk x;k gSA (Ä) irk vkSj fnukad fy[krs le;µ 187 osQ] izFke ry] thouuxj 16 iQjojh] lu 20------ (p) m¼j.k ls igysµ eSaus mls iqdkjdj dgk] ¶dy er vkukA¸ (N) ^gk¡* ;k ^ugha* osQ cknµ gk¡] ge vc ;gk¡ugha #osaQxsA (t) 'kCn&;qXeksa dks vyx&vyx djus osQ fy,µ gkfu&ykHk] thou&ej.k] ;'k&vi;'k lc fof/ gkFkA 190 fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµVIII
4. iz'uokpd fpÉ (\\)µftl okD; osQ }kjk Li\"V :i ls iz'u iwNk x;k gks] mlosQ lekIr gksus ij iz'uokpd fpÉ (\\) yxk;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµ vki dgk¡tk jgs gSa\\ vkidks D;k pkfg,\\ 5. foLe;okpd fpÉ (!)µbl fpÉ dk iz;ksx vusd txg gksrk gSA (d) foLe; ;k Hkkokos'k izdV djus osQ fy,_ tSlsµ vksg! fdruk lqanj gS fge&eafMr fgeky;! dey! lpeqp vki vlk/kj.k gSa! ([k) lacks/u osQ fy,µ iq\"ixa/k! ogk¡D;k dj jgh gSa vki\\ vc ge vfHkO;fDr dh Li\"Vrk esa lgk;d oqQN vU; egÙoiw.kZ ys[ku&fpÉksa ij fopkj djsaxsA 6. ;kstd (–)µbldk iz;ksx fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gSµ (d) }a} lekl osQ inksa osQ chpµ ;gk¡&ogk¡] xq.k&nks\"k] fnu&jkr] gkfu&ykHkA ([k) f}Ro :iksa esaµ vHkh&vHkh] dHkh&dHkh] lquks&lquks] g¡lks&g¡lks] mBks&mBksA (x) lkn`';rklwpd fpÉ osQ :i esaµ pk¡n&lk lqanj] eq>&lk Xk+ jhc] iwQy&lh dksey cPphA 7. funsZ'kd fpÉ (µ)µfunsZ'kd fpÉ ;kstd dh vis{kk oqQN vf/d yach iM+h ydhj osQ leku gksrk gSA bl fpÉ dk iz;ksx fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gSµ (d) dFku dks m¼`r djus ls igysµ foosdkuan us dgk Fkkµ/eZ og gS ftls gekjh varjkRek U;k;ksfpr ekurh gksA ([k) laoknksa ;k okrkZykiksa esa ik=kksa osQ ukeksa osQ i'pkrµ twghµdgk¡ls vk jgh gks cqvk\\ iq\"ikµckt+ kj lsA 8. m¼j.k vFkok vorj.k fpÉ (¶ ¸)µfdlh osQ ekSf[kd vFkok fyf[kr :i esa dgs x, 'kCnksa dks vFkok fdlh osQ dFku dks T;ksa&dk&R;ksa mUgha 'kCnksa esa m¼`r djrs le; m¼j.k fpÉ (¶------¸) yxk, tkrs gSa_ tSlsµ lqHkk\"k panz cksl us dgkµ¶rqe eq>s [kwu nks] eSa rqEgsa vkt+ knh nw¡xkA¸ 9. fooj.k fpÉ (%&)µ;g fpÉ funsZ'kd fpÉ osQ :i esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh fof'k\"V okD; osQ laca/ esa dksbZ lwpuk vFkok funsZ'k nsus osQ fy, Hkh bldk iz;ksx gksrk gS_ tSlsµ laKk osQ rhu Hksn gSa%µ (c) O;fDrokpd laKk (l) Hkkookpd laKk (v) tkfrokpd laKk fojke fpg~u 191
10. dks\"Bd () ¹ºµfuEufyf[kr :iksa esa dks\"Bd fpÉksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSµ (d) fdlh vizpfyr vFkok de izpfyr 'kCn dks Li\"V djus osQ fy,_ tSlsµ t;'kadj izlkn Nk;kokn (,d dkO;/kjk) osQ loZJs\"B dfo FksA ([k) Øelwpd vadksa vFkok v{kjksa osQ lkFk Hkh dks\"Bdksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµ (d)] ([k)] (i)] (ii) vkfnA 11. galin ;k =kqfViwjd ( )µfy[krs le; fo\"k; osQ fdlh va'k vFkok fdlh 'kCn fo'ks\"k osQ NwV tkus ij ;g fpÉ yxkrs gq, ml va'k ;k 'kCn dks Åij fy[k fn;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµ jk.kk izrki us eqxy&lsuk osQ NDosQ NqM+k fn,A 12. yk?ko vFkok la{ksilwpd fpÉ (ú)µfdlh cM+s 'kCn vFkok va'k dk laf{kIr :i fy[kus osQ fy, yk?ko fpÉ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµ (d) ^Øe&la[;k* dh txg ® Øú laú ([k) ^Ñi;k i`\"B myfV,* dh txg ® Ñú i`ú mú 13. mifojke] viw.kZ fpÉ vFkok lkaosQfrd fpÉ (%)µbl fpÉ dk iz;ksx funsZ'kd fpÉ dh rjg è;ku vkd£\"kr djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµ 'kjr~ vkSj izsepan % miU;kl&dyk dk rqyukRed vè;;u 14. yksi fpÉ (------------)µeq[; fo\"k; osQ chp esa tc bl rjg dk va'k vFkok fooj.k gksrk gS tks vizklafxd vFkok egÙoghu gksrk gS rks ml va'k dk yksi djus osQ fy, bl fpÉ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµ xk¡/h th us dgk Fkkµv¯glk lcls cM+k gfFk;kj gS A-------------- ,slh ok.kh cksfy, A------------------ ------------------ vkigq¡lhry gks;AA 15. fof'k\"Vrkcks/d fpÉ (^ *)µfdlh 'kCn] inca/ ;k okD; dks egÙo nsus osQ fy, bl fpÉ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,µlw;Zdkar f=kikBh ^fujkyk* lpeqp fujkyk FksA vc vki tku x, gksaxs ª Hkk\"kk dks Li\"Vrk nsus osQ fy, ftu fpÉksa rFkk laosQrksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] mUgsa fojke fpÉ dgrs gSaA 192 fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµVIII
viuh ijh{kk Lo;a ysa 1. fojke fpÉ fdls dgrs gSa \\ Hkk\"kk esa budh D;k vko';drk gS \\ 2. fuEufyf[kr fojke fpÉksa dk iz;ksx fdl&fdl n'kk esa gksrk gS] mnkgj.k lfgr Li\"V dhft,A (d) ! ([k) _ (x) \\ (?k) ^ * (Ä) & 3. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa mi;qDr fojke fpÉksa dk iz;ksx dhft,µ (d) vgk oSQls dkys dkys es?k pkjksa vksj ls f?kjdj vkdk'k ij Nk x, gSa ([k) gk; eSaus LoIu esa Hkh dYiuk u dh Fkh fd esjs oqQdeZ esjs ifjokj osQ lkeus ifj.kke cudj vk,¡xs (x) D;k vki gh Jh izos'k 'kekZ gSa (?k) ugha ugha vkius ;g dke vPNk ugha fd;k (Ä) vkius fnudj dk dkO; jf'ejFkh i<+k gksxk oSQlk gS ;g dkO; D;k vkidks ilan vk;k (p) vksg 'kekZ th tks blh eqgYys esa jgrs gSa (N) >wB cksyuk iki gS blls lnSo cpdj jfg, (t) usrk th lqHkk\"kpanz cksl us dgk Fkk rqe eq>s [kwu nks eSa rqEgsa vkt+ knh nw¡xk 4. fjDr LFkkuksa ij mfpr fojke fpg~u yxkb,µ 1- vjs --------------------------- dgk¡tk jgs gks \\ (d) ] ([k) --------- (x) ^ (?k) A (x) ! (?k) \\ 2- 'kksj dkSu epk jgk gS --------------------------- (x) A (?k) ] (x) ^ (?k) ^^ (d) ] ([k) A (x) _ (?k) A (x) A (?k) \\ 3- esjs ekrk --------------------------- firk vk,¡xsA (d) µ ([k) & 4- jes'k cksyk --------------------------- eSa lksÅ¡xkA (d) µ- ([k) ] 5- lwjt mfnr gks x;k gS------------ (d) \\ ([k) ! 6- vjs eksgu --------------------------- b/j vkvksA (d) ] ([k) ! fojke fpg~u 193
7- /hjs pyks --------------------------- fxj tkvksxsA (d) ] ([k) A (x) _ (?k) % (x) A (?k) _ 8- ngst --------------------------- ,d vfHk'kkiA (d) ] ([k) % fuEu x|ka'k dks mfpr fojke fpg~u yxkdj viuh vH;kl iqfLrdk esa nksckjk fyf[k,A t+ k;osQnkj fnYyh fnYyh osQ ijk¡Bs cgqr e'kgwj gSa fo'ks\"kr;k pk¡nuh pkSd osQ ;gk¡dh ,d xyh dk uke gh gS ijk¡Bksa okyh xyh ;g nqdku Ms<+ lkS lky igys 'kq: dh xbZ Fkh rc ;gk¡,d vkus dk ,d ijk¡Bk feyrk Fkk vkSj og Hkh osQoy ,d izdkj dk vc ;gk¡,d ijk¡Bs dh dher gS rhl #i;s vkSj ,sls 22 rjg osQ ijk¡Bs ;gk¡feyrs gSa rqeus fHkaMh osQ ijk¡Bs] VekVj osQ ijk¡Bs rks lqus gh ugha gksaxs ;s ijk¡Bs ;gk¡feyrs gSa dgrs gSa] tokgjyky usg: dks ;gk¡osQ ijk¡Bs cgqr ilan Fks osQoy bl xyh osQ gh ugha] ijk¡Bs iwjh fnYyh dh 'kku gSa ukWuost [kkus okyksa osQ fy, dhek ijk¡Bk cgqr [kkl gSA ost [kkus okyksa dks iuhj ls ysdj xksHkh ewyh vkSj feDl ijk¡Bs cgqr ilan vkrs gSa blosQ lkFk VekVj dh pVuh vkSj jk;rk cl bruk gh cgqr gS feBkb;ksa esa tysch vkSj lksgu gyok fnYyh dh fo'ks\"krk gS pkanuh pkSd esa ,d cktkj gS njhck dyk¡;gk¡tysch okys dh nqdku gS ;g nqdku lkS lky iqjkuh gS ns'kh ?kh esa cuh ;gk¡dh djkjh jlHkjh tysfc;k¡cgqr Lokfn\"V gksrh gSa ;gk¡dh Lis'ky tysch cM+h Fkkyh osQ vkdkj dh gksrh gS bl tysch dks iwjk ifjokj ,d lkFk [kk ldrk gSA pk¡nuh pkSd osQ ?kaVsokyk feBkbZ dh nqdku dk lksgu gyok cgqr izfl¼ gS ;g nqdku lok nks lkS lky iqjkuh gS [kqjpu Hkh pk¡nuh pkSd dh fo'ks\"krk gS bls nwèk xk<+k djosQ cuk;k tkrk gS ekuks ,d rjg dh jcM+h] ij cgqr lw[kh jcM+h pk¡nuh pkSd osQ fdukjh ck”kkj dh [kqjpu cgqr ilan dh tkrh gS vki [kk dj cksysaxs vkgk etk vk x;k gS 194 fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµVIII
33 vyadkj (Embellishment) vyadkj dk vFkZ gSµvkHkw\"k.kA dkO; osQ vkHkw\"k.k vFkkZr laqnjrk c<+kus okys xq.k vyadkj dgykrs gSaA vyadkjksa osQ ;ksx ls dkO; euksgkjh cu tkrk gSA vyadkj osQ Hksn dkO; esa 'kCn vkSj vFkZµnksuksa dk egÙo gksrk gSA dgha 'kCn&iz;ksx osQ dkj.k dkO; esa lkSan;Z mRiUu gksrk gS rks dgha vFkZ&peRdkj osQ dkj.kA 'kCnksa esa ik, tkus okys vyadkj vusd gSaA muesa ls oqQN izeq[k vyadkj bl izdkj gSaµ 1. vuqizkl tgk¡O;atuksa dh vko`fÙk osQ dkj.k dkO; esa peRdkj mRiUu gksrk gS] ogk¡vuqizkl vyadkj gksrk gSA mnkgj.kr;kµ (p vkSj y dh vko`fÙk) 1. pk# panz dh papy fdj.ksa [ksy jgh gSa ty&Fky esaA (y vkSj e dh vko`fÙk) 2. yV yVdfu euks eÙk e/qi xu eknd e/qfg fi;saA 3. foey ok.kh us oh.kk yhA (o dh vko`fÙk) 4. dk;j owQj diwr oqQpkyh ;ksa gh ej tkrs gSaA (d dh vko`fÙk) 5. e/qj&e/qj eqldku euksgj] euqt os'k dk mft;kykA (e dh vko`fÙk) 2. ;ed tgk¡,d 'kCn ckj&ckj vk, ¯drq mldk vFkZ cny tk,] ogk¡;ed vyadkj gksrk gSA mnkgj.kr;kµ dkyh ?kVk dk ?keaM ?kVkA µ;gk¡^?kVk* 'kCn nksuksa ckj fHkUu&fHkUu vFkZ esa iz;qDr gqvk gSA igyh ckj ^cknyksa osQ te?kV* osQ fy, rFkk nwljh ckj ^de gqvk* osQ fy,A vr% ;gk¡;ed vyadkj gSA vU; mnkgj.kµ ª dud dud rs lkS xquh] ekndrk vf/dk;A ok [kk; ckSjk, tx] ;k ik, ckSjk,AA ª ekyk isQjr tqx Hk;k] x;k u eu dk isQjA dj dk eudk Mkfj osQ] eu dk eudk isQjAA ª rhu csj [kkrh Fkha os rhu csj [kkrh gSaA vFkZ osQ peRdkj osQ dkj.k fuEufyf[kr vyadkj gksrs gSaµ vyadkj 207
3. miek tc fdlh oLrq ;k O;fDr dh fo'ks\"krk n'kkZus osQ fy, mldh lekurk ml xq.k osQ dkj.k izfl¼ fdlh vU; oLrq ;k O;fDr ls dh tkrh gS] ogk¡miek vyadkj gksrk gSA tSlsµ xhrk dk eq[k panzek osQ leku lqanj gSA µ;gk¡xhrk dk eq[k lqanjrk esa panzek osQ leku fn[kk;k x;k gSA vr% miek vyadkj gSA vU; mnkgj.kµ (d) og VwVs r# dh NqVh yrk&lh nhuA ([k) uhydey&ls lqanj u;uA (x) gk; iwQy&lh dksey cPphA gqbZ jk[k dh Fkh <sjhAA (?k) rc rks cgrk le; f'kyk&lk te tk,xkA (Ä) izkr% uHk Fkk cgqr uhyk 'ka[k tSlsA 4. :id tgk¡xq.k dh vR;ar lekurk n'kkZus osQ fy, mies; vkSj mieku dks ^vfHkUu* vFkkZr ^,d* dj fn;k tk,_ nwljs 'kCnksa esa] mieku dks mies; ij vkjksfir dj fn;k tk,] ogk¡:id vyadkj gksrk gSA mnkgj.kr;kµ tyrk gS ;g thou&iraxA ;gk¡^thou* mies; gS vkSj ^irax* miekuA ijarq :id vyadkj osQ dkj.k thou (mies;) ij irax (mieku) dk vkjksi dj fn;k x;k gSA vU; mnkgj.kµ 1. vk, egar clarA (egar clar) 2. eS;k eSa rks panz f[kykSuk ySgkSaA (panz f[kykSuk) 3. ik;ks th eSaus jke&jru èku ik;ksA (jke&jru) 5. mRizs{kk tgk¡mies; vkSj mieku dh lekurk osQ dkj.k mies; esa mieku dh laHkkouk ;k dYiuk dh tk,] ogk¡mRizs{kk vyadkj gksrk gSA blosQ okpd 'kCn gSaµeuq] ekuks] eugq] tuq] tkuks] tugq vkfnA fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµVIII ,d mnkgj.k nsf[k,µ ml dky ekjs Øksèk osQ ruq dk¡ius mudk yxkA ekuks gok osQ tksj ls lksrk gqvk lkxj txkAA 208
vU; mnkgj.kµ (d) iyq d idz V djrh gS èkjrh gfjr r.` kkas dh ukds kas lAs ekuks >we jgs gksa r# Hkh ean iou oQs >kdSa ksa lsAA ([k) cgqr dkyh fly tjk&ls yky osQlj&ls fd tSls èkqy xbZ gksA 6. vfr'k;ksfDr tgk¡fdlh xq.k ;k fLFkfr dk c<+k&p<+k dj o.kZu fd;k tk,] ogk¡vfr'k;ksfDr vyadkj gksrk gSA tlS sµ ns[k yks lkosQr uxjh gS ;ghA LoxZ ls feyus xxu esa tk jghAA ;gk¡lkosQr uxjh osQ Å¡ps Hkou dks vkdk'k dh Å¡pkbZ Nwrs gq, fn[kk;k x;k gSA vr% vfr'k;ksfDr vyadkj gSA oqQN vU; mnkgj.kµ guqeku dh iw¡N esa yxu u ikbZ vkxA yadk lxjh ty xbZ] x, fu'kkpj HkkxAA viuh ijh{kk Lo;a ysa 1. fuEufyf[kr i|ka'kksa esa iz;qDr vyadkj lkeus fn, x, fodYiksa esa ls Nk¡fV,µ (d) ;g f'kyk&lk o{k ;s pêðku&lh esjh Hkqtk,¡A miek @ :id @ vfr'k;ksfDr @ mRizs{kk ([k) lsl] xusl] fnusl] egsl lqjslgq¡tk¡fg fujarj è;koSaA miek @ :id @ vuqizkl @ ;ed (x) vacj&iu?kV esa Mqcks jgh rkjk&?kV Å\"kk&ukxjhA miek @ ;ed @ :id @ mRizs{kk (?k) p¡oj ln`'k Mksy jgs ljlksa osQ lj vuarA miek @ ;ed @ :id @ mRizs{kk (Ä) uHk&eaMy Nk;k e#LFky&lkA miek @ ;ed @ :id @ mRizs{kk (p) ;ksa ohjoj vfHkeU;q rc 'kksfHkr gqvk ml dky esaA lqanj lqeu T;ksa iM+ x;k gks oaQVdksa osQ tky esaAA miek @ ;ed @ :id @ mRizs{kk (N) tqM+ xb± tSls fn'kk,¡A miek @ ;ed @ :id @ mRizs{kk (t) j?kqifr jk?ko jktk jkeA vuqizkl @ ;ed @ miek @ :id (>) og b\"Vnso osQ eafnj&lhA :id @ miek @ mRizs{kk @ vuqizkl (×k) ekuks HkkLoj Hkko ogh gksa dforkvksa osQA :id @ miek @ mRizs{kk @ vuqizkl (V) lq[k piyk&lk nq[k&?ku esaA :id @ ;ed @ mRizs{kk @ vuqizkl vyadkj 209
36 vuqPNsn&ys[ku (Paragraph Writing) fdlh fo\"k; ij 80 ls 100 'kCn fy[kuk vuqPNsn&ys[ku dgykrk gSA ;g ,d izdkj ls NksVk fuca/ gksrk gSA blesa Hkwfedk dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA vuqPNsn&ys[kd dks lh/s fo\"k; ij vkuk pkfg,A mnkgj.k osQ fy, oqQN vuqPNsn uhps fn, tk jgs gSaµ 1- lw;ksZn; dk ,d n`'; ns[krs&ns[krs va/dkj N¡Vus yxkA isM+ksa ij if{k;ksa dk dyjo c<+ pykA oqQN i{kh pgpgkrs gq, vkdk'k esa b/j ls mèkj mM+ pysA oqQN gh {k.kksa esa iwoZ dk vkdk'k yky] ihys] uhys] xqykch vkSj cSaxuh jaxksa ls pepek mBkA bu jaxksa esa yky&ihys jaxksa dh iz/kurk FkhA 'khry gok dh xfr oqQN vf/d rst+ gks xbZA fn'kk,¡vf/d mTToy gks mBhaA lglk o`{kksa osQ ihNs&ls lw;Z dk xgjk yky xksyk ngd mBkA ml xksys esa ykfyek rks Fkh] ijarq xehZ ugha FkhA oqQN gh {k.kksa esa lwjt yky&ihys cknyksa dks ikj djrk gqvk isM+ksa dh pksfV;ksa ij vk x;kA loZ=k gydh xqykch /wi iSQy xbZA eSa ekpZ dh bl foeqX/dkjh Hkksj osQ lkSan;Z dks nksuksa vk¡[kksa ls ih jgk FkkA yx jgk Fkk] tSls ,slk lqgkouk Hkksjdky eSaus igyh ckj ns[kk gksA 2- olar dk lkSan;Z Hkj tk, eLrh gh eLrh ru&eu esaA vk tk, Írqjkt vxj rw e/qcu esaAA iQkYxqu vkSj pS=k osQ eghuksa esa Írqjkt olar dk lkSan;Z ns[krs gh curk gSA ek?k dh xqykch lfnZ;ksa osQ chrrs&chrrs pkjksa vksj izÑfr osQ eu&izk.kksa esa :i&jax vkSj xa/ dk lapkj gks mBrk gSA gjk ?kk?kjk vkSj ihyh pqujh igus ljlksa osQ ygygkrs gjs&ihys [ksr eu&izk.kksa dks foHkksj dj nsrs gSaA miouksa eas jax&fcjaxs iwQyksa dh cgkj vk tkrh gSA o`{kksa osQ fpdus&fpdus dksey iÙks fgy&fgydj Írqjkt olar dk vfHkuanu djrs gSaA nf{k.kh gok osQ papy efnj >ksaosQ gj fdlh osQ izk.kksa esa u;k mRlkg&mYykl txkrs gSaA yxrk gS] tSls lkjh izÑfr Írqjkt olar dk Lokxr djus osQ fy, lt&/tdj rS;kj gks xbZ gSA bUgha fnuksa jkx&jax dk mRlkg ysdj gksyh dk ioZ vk tkrk gSA olar dh eLrh vius ;kSou ij vk tkrh gSA yksx fipdkfj;ksa esa jax Hkj&Hkj dj ,d&nwljs ij isaQdrs gSa] ,d&nwljs dks xqyky yxkrs gSa rFkk ,d&nwljs dks izse lfgr xys feydj gksyh&feyu dh c/kbZ nsrs gSaA 228 fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµVIII
3- gekjh ufn;k¡vkSj ge ufn;k¡gekjs 'kjhj esa cgus okys jDr dh rjg thounkf;uh gSaA ty DsQ fcuk thou ugha py ldrkA blfy, euq\";ksa us viuh cfLr;k¡ogk¡&ogk¡clkbZ tgk¡ufn;k¡Fkha] ty DsQ HkaMkj FksA Hkkjr esa ufn;ksa dks ek¡dh rjg iwtk tkrk gSA xaxk dks eS;k dgk tkrk gSA gekjs vf/drj rhFkZ vkSj i;ZVu&LFky ufn;ksa DsQ fdukjs gSaA fiQj Hkh vkt gekjh ufn;ksa dh n'kk cgqr fparktud gSA gfj}kj esa cgus okyh xaxk dk ikuh ihus ;ksX; ugha jgk_ ugkus ;ksX; Hkh ugha jgkA fnYyh dh ;equk dk ty rks ns[kus ;ksX; Hkh ugha jgkA mlDsQ fdukjs bruk DwQM+k&dpjk vkSj xanxh tek gS fd f?ku vkrh gSA m|ksxifr;ksa us viuh iSQfDVª;ksa ls fudyus okyk nwf\"kr ty bu ifo=k ufn;ksa esa NksM+uk 'kq: dj fn;k gSA fpark dh ckr rks ;g gS fd ;g lc ljdkj dh ukd DsQ uhps [kqys vkleku esa gks jgk gSA vc tc xaxk eSyh gks xbZ gS] ge gtkjksa djksM+ jQi;s [kpZ djDsQ mldh liQkbZ esa tqV x, gSaA igys xank djsa] fiQj liQkbZ DsQ fy, ukVd djsaµgesa blls cpuk pkfg,A ;g viuh ek¡DsQ o{k dks xank djuk gS] mlDsQ nw/ dks ytkuk gSA 4- le; dh efgek le; dk vFkZ gSµvoljA dgrs gSa fd volj ckj&ckj ugha vk;k djrsA gesa thou feyk dk vk'k; gSµgesa thus DsQ fy, DqQN le; feykA ;g le; #drk ugha gSA ;g rst pyus okys gok DsQ >ksaDsQ DsQ leku gSA bldk vkuan ys fy;k rks Bhd] ojuk >ksadk ,d ckj pyk x;k rks og fiQj okil ugha vkrkA fiQj gesa vkSj fdlh >ksaDsQ dh izrh{kk djuh iM+rh gSA tks yksx le; ij viuh bPNk vkSj drZO; iwjs dj ysrs gSa] muDsQ psgjs ij eqLdku rSjrh gSA tks cs[kcj gksdj lks, jgrs gSa] mUgsa vUrr% iNrkuk iM+rk gSA tks fo|kFkhZ d{kk esa è;kuiwoZd i<+rs gSa] mUgsa ijh{kk esa ?kcjkgV ugha gksrhA tks d{kk esa lksrs gSa] os ijh{kk ls igys jkr&jkrHkj tkxrs gSa] djoVsa cnyrs gSa vkSj xyr rjhDsQ viukus DsQ fy, e”kcwj gks tkrs gSaA vr% le; dk lcls cM+k lEeku ;gh gS fd tc mfpr volj vk, rks mldk Hkjiwj mi;ksx djksA lqcg gks xbZ gS rks tkx tkvksA tkx x, gks rks O;k;ke djksA ?kj&ckgj DsQ dkeksa esa eu yxkvksA blh ls thou liQy gksxkA 5- ifjJe dk egÙo ifjJe dk vFkZ gSµHkjiwj esgurA bZ'oj pkgrk gS fd l`f\"V DsQ lHkh tho ifjJe djsaA rHkh og uotkr f'k'kq dks lalkj esa Hkw[kk Hkstrk gS vkjS ifjJe DsQ fy, gkFk&ik¡o nsrk gAS inS k gksrs gh cPpk isV Hkjus osQ fy, ifjJe djuk 'kq: dj nsrk gAS i'kq&i{kh Hkh vUu&ty DsQ fy, taxy&?kj&enS ku ?kwers jgrs gaSA lHkh ikz .kh viuk&viuk ?kksalyk vkjS vkokl cukus DsQ fy, th&rksM+ ifjJe djrs gSaA varj bruk gS fd fpfM+;k frudk&frudk tksM+dj viuk ?kksalyk [kqn rS;kj djrh gS vkSj euq\"; viuk Hkou cuokus DsQ fy, ,d ugha] ldS M+ksa yksxkas dh lgk;rk ysrk gAS ;s lHkh lgk;d ?kksj ifjJe djrs gaS] rHkh dksbZ Hkou cu ikrk gSA vr% ifjJe liQyrk dh DqaQth gAS ifjJe ls tgk¡u;k fuekZ.k gksrk gS] ogha ;g euq\"; dks LoLFk vkSj izlUu Hkh j[krk gSA flag ifjJeiwodZ HkkxnkSM+ dj viuk f'kdkj djrk gS] rHkh og cy'kkyh vkjS LoLFk jgrk gSA fgj.k DwQn&DwQndj ?kkl [kkrk gSA mls 'kqxj] jDr&nkc vkjS ruko dh chekfj;k¡ugha gksrhaA vkt euq\"; dks ftruh Hkh chekfj;k¡gSa] muesa vf/dka'k dk dkj.k gSµgekjh vkjkeijLr thou&'kSyhA okLro esa] ifjJe gekjs LoLFk thou dk ewy ea=k gSA 6- ijksidkj o`{k dHkh vius iQy Lo;a ugha [kkrkA unh&fu>Zj vkSj ckny Lo;a viuk ty ugha ihrsA /jrh vius mxk, vUu ls Lo;a viuk isV ugha HkjrhA lw;Z vkSj panzek vius izdk'k dk mi;ksx Lo;a vius fy, ugha djrsA leqnz gt+ kjksa ufn;ksa dk ty bdêòk djrk jgrk gS_ ¯drq vius fy, ughaA og ml ty dks /jrh dh I;kl cq>kus osQ fy, [kpZ dj nsrk gSA Li\"V gS fd ijksidkj izÑfr dk lcls cM+k /eZ gSA e/qeD[kh nwj&nwj ls iwQyksa dk jl bdêòk djrh jgrh gS] ¯drq tks 'kgn og brus ifjJe osQ ckn laxzg djrh gS] mls dHkh Lo;a ugha [kkrhA vuqPNsn&ys[ku 229
7- foKkiu O;kikj vkSj foKkiu dk pksyh&nkeu dk laca/ gSA O;kikj tgk¡&tgk¡vius ik¡o ilkjrk gS] ogk¡&ogk¡igys foKkiu dh lsukvksa dks Hkst nsrk gSA foKkiu O;kikj dks c<+kus osQ fy, [kwc izpkj&izlkj djrs gSaA foKkiuksa dk eq[; dke gSµoLrqvksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh nsukA ijarq vktdy osQ foKkiu tkudkjh nsus dh ctk; mlosQ ckjs esa >wBk vkd\"kZ.k iSnk djrs gSaA os n'kZdksa dks ;g ugha crkrs fd fdl pht esa D;k xq.k gSA foKkiudrkZ lqanj&lqanj yM+fd;ksa dk ukp&xkuk fn[kkdj yksxksa dks Hkzfer djrs gSaA ;g ,d izdkj dh /ks[ksckth gSA ns[kus esa vkrk gS fd yksx fiQj Hkh ,sls foKkiuksa dks ilan djrs gSaA rHkh rks mUgsa ns[kdj O;kikj c<+rk tkrk gSA bl ckjs esa ljdkj dks gLr{ksi djuk pkfg,A ,sls Hkzked foKkiuksa ij jksd yxuh pkfg,A 8- eksckby Qksu vkt eksckby iQksu dk t+ ekuk gSA et+ nwj ls ysdj iuokM+h rd lHkh blosQ nhokus gSaA okLro esa ;g gj vkneh dh T+k:jr cu pqdk gSA ek¡;k nknh tks ?kj ij jgrh gS] mls Hkh vius cPpksa vkSj iksrs&iksfr;ksa osQ fy, eksckby pkfg,A feL=kh dks viuk dke c<+kus osQ fy, eksckby pkfg,A O;kikfj;ksa dk dke blls bruk vklku gks x;k gS fd os pyrs&fiQjrs yk[kksa&djksM+ksa dk ysu&nsu eksckby osQ lgkjs dj ysrs gSaA blosQ dkj.k gekjk le; cprk gS] vkuk&tkuk cprk gS] iSVªksy cprk gSA gekjk ?kj&ifjokj nwj gksrs gq, Hkh utnhd jgrk gSA eksckby osQ lgkjs yksx vius fe=k&tuksa osQ laioZQ esa jgrs gSaA ijarq eksckby dh gkfu;k¡Hkh cgqr gSaA ;g tgk¡&dgha Hkh ct mBrk gSA dHkh&dHkh yksx okgu pykrs gq, Hkh blls ckrsa djrs fn[kkbZ iM+ tkrs gSaA bl dkj.k vusd nq?kZVuk,¡?kV tkrh gSaA LowQy&dkWystksa esa eksckbyksa dk iz;ksx cgqr cM+h ck/k gSA gesa blosQ mi;ksx dh vksj è;ku nsuk pkfg, vkSj nq#i;ksx ls cpuk pkfg,A 9- cjlkr dk nq[k cjlkr ojnku gSA mlh ls vUu vkSj iQy&iwQy iSnk gksrs gSaA ;g lcls lqgkuh Írq gSA bldh izrh{kk esa ge fnu&jkr ,d dj nsrs gSaA ijarq dgrs gSa fd vfr lcls cqjh pht+ gSA vfr gksus ls LoxZ Hkh ujd izrhr gksus yxrk gSA vR;f/d o\"kkZ ls ck<+ tSlh fLFkfr iSnk gks tkrh gSA yksxksa osQ ?kj vkSj [ksr&[kfygku u\"V gks tkrs gSaA fdlkuksa dh iQlysa rckg gks tkrh gSaA muosQ i'kq ikuh esa Mwcdj ej tkrs gSaA xjhcksa osQ dPps edku VwVdj <g tkrs gSaA vusd yksx cs?kj gks tkrs gSaA mUgsa vkfJrksa osQ leku thou;kiu djuk iM+rk gSA mudh laifÙk u\"V gks tkrh gSA vf/d ckfj'k dh ijs'kkuh bruh gh ugha gSA vkus&tkus osQ jkLrs can gks tkrs gSaA xk¡oksa vkSj 'kgjksa osQ laioZQ rd VwV tkrs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa fctyh vkSj VsyhiQksu tSlh lqfo/k,¡Hkh ckf/r gks tkrh gSaA gj dgha nyny vkSj dhpM+ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA okrkoj.k esa ePNj vkSj fVîós iSnk gks tkrs gSaA vusd ckj chekfj;k¡iSnk gks tkrh gSaA LowQy vkSj dkWyst can gksus osQ dkj.k i<+kbZ ij Hkh cgqr cqjk vlj iM+rk gSA bl izdkj ojnku&lh yxus okyh cjlkr vfr osQ dkj.k vfHk'kki izrhr gksus yxrh gSA lp gh dgk gS fdlh usµ ;ksa n'kjFk dks jke gS ckfj'k jk/k dks ?ku';ke gS ckfj'k ij tks Mwcs] jksdj cksysµ gk;&gk; dksgjke gS ckfj'kA 230 fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµVIII
10- lRlaxfr lRlaxfr dk vFkZ gSµvPNs yksxksa dk lkFkA gj vkneh viuh laxfr ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA ;fn laxfr vPNh gks rks thou l¡oj tkrk gS vkSj cqjh gks rks thou ujd osQ leku gks tkrk gSA euq\"; laxfr osQ fcuk jg ugha ldrkA blfy, mls pkfg, fd og vPNs fe=kksa dk pquko djsA blosQ fy, mls cgqr lko/ku jguk pkfg,A tSls euq\"; diM+s [kjhnus osQ fy, cgqr esgur djrk gSA og mldk jax&:i vkSj izHkko ns[krk gSA laxfr vkSj lkFk pquus osQ fy, rks mlls dgha vf/d lko/ku jgus dh T+k:jr gSA ;g ugha fd tks Hkh feyk mlls nksLrh dj yhA nksLrh mlls djsa ftls ge vius fy, Js\"B le>rs gSaA blosQ fy, Lo;a vkxs c<+dj nksLr [kkstus dh vko';drk gSA 11- eu ds gkjs gkj gS eu ds thrs thr euq\"; dh ewy 'kfDr gSµeuA og izR;sd dk;Z eu dh bPNk ls djrk gSA eu gh mldh ewy izsj.kk gSA ;fn eu esa Bku ysa rks vlaHko ls vlaHko dk;Z Hkh ljyrk ls gks tkrs gSaA eu esa nqfo/k gks ;k eu fdlh dke dks djus osQ fy, rS;kj u gks rks NksVs&ls&NksVk dke Hkh eqlhcr izrhr gksrk gSA ;fn eu esa ;g ckr cSB tk, fd eSa ;g dke ugha dj ldrk rks fiQj dke gksrs&gksrs Hkh vliQy gks tkrk gSA blfy, liQyrk osQ fy, eu dh n`<+rk vko';d gSA iz'u gS fd eu et+ cwr oSQls gks\\ og rks LoHkko ls papy gSA papy eu ij dkcw j[kuk cgqr dfBu gSA okLro esa bl eu dks et+ cwr cukuk gh lPph lk/uk gSA tc Hkh liQyrk ij lansg gks euq\"; dks ;gh lkspuk pkfg, fd eSa ;g dke djosQ jgw¡xkA fiQj lkjs dke ljy gks tkrs gSaA viuh ijh{kk Lo;a ysa ª fuEufyf[kr fo\"k;ksa ij 80&100 'kCnksa eas vuqPNsn fyf[k,µ 1. tSlk djksxs oSlk Hkjksxs 8. thou esa O;k;ke dk egÙo 2. uj gks u fujk'k djks eu dks 9. nwjn'kZu % ,d ojnku 3. Je dk egÙo 10. thou esa oaQI;wVj dh mi;ksfxrk 4. ,d vkSj ,d X;kjg gksrs gSa 11. esjs thou dk y{; 5. esjk ns'k egku 12. vkn'kZ fo|kFkhZ 6. Hkkjrh; fdlku 13. fo|kFkhZ thou 7. thou esa [ksy&owQn dk egÙo vuqPNsn&ys[ku 231
38 vifBr cks/ (Unseen Passage) vifBr x|ka'k vifBr x|ka'k dk vFkZ gSµ,slk x|ka'k ftls geus igys dHkh ugha i<+kA ,sls x|ka'k dks i<+dj mlls lacaf/r iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsus gksrs gSaA blosQ fy, pkfg, fd ge fn, x, x|ka'k dks igys è;kuiwoZd i<+saA fiQj mlosQ uhps fn, x, iz'uksa dks i<+saA fiQj iz'uksa osQ mÙkj ml x|ka'k esa ls [kkstsaA gesa è;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd mÙkj ogh gksa tks fd vifBr x|ka'k esa fn, x, gksaA viuh vksj ls fn, x, mÙkj xyr ekus tkrs gSaA Nk=kksa osQ vH;kl osQ fy, uhps oqQN vifBr x|ka'k vkSj muosQ iz'uksÙkj fn, tk jgs gSaµ 1. /wi esa fdlh eSXuhiQkbax Xykl dks fLFkj djosQ mlesa ls lw;Z dk vDl fdlh dkxt+ ij Mkfy,A dkxt+ iQkSju vkx idM+ ysxk] ty tk,xkA ¯drq ;fn ge dkxt+ dks vFkok eSXuhiQkbax Xykl dks fgykrs jgsaxs rks 'kfDr'kkyh eSXuhiQkbax Xykl Hkh dkxt+ dks ugha tyk ik,xkA ckr lh/h&lh gSA è;ku vkSj y{; esa Hkkjh 'kfDr gSA è;ku ls ikB~;&lkexzh dks if<+, vkSj peRdkj nsf[k, fd lkjh vè;;u&lkexzh lnk&lnk osQ fy, vkidh Le`fr vkSj le> dk vax cu tk,xhA ij ;fn vki papy eu ls ipkl ckj Hkh viuh ikB~;&lkexzh dks nksgjk,¡xs rks Hkh vkiosQ iYys oqQN iM+us okyk ugha gSA vkidh lkjh esgur fLFkj è;ku osQ fcuk O;FkZ gSA Li\"V mís';] ,dkxz è;ku vkSj fuf'pr y{; ysdj tks viuh eafty ij ugha c<+rk] og fliZQ ikxyksa dh rjg pyrk gS_ ;k ;ksa dfg, fd og pyrk ugha] HkVdrk gSA (d) mi;qZDr x|ka'k osQ fy, mi;qDr 'kh\"kZd nhft,A ([k) bl x|ka'k esa eSXuhiQkbax Xykl dk mnkgj.k fdlfy, fn;k x;k gS\\ (x) lnk&lnk osQ fy, ifBr lkexzh dks viuh Le`fr dk vax cukus osQ fy, D;k fd;k tkuk visf{kr gS\\ (?k) bl x|ka'k osQ vuqlkj ^pyrk* dkSu gS rFkk ^HkVdrk* dkSu gS\\ mÙkjµ(d) ,dkxzrk dh egÙkkA ([k) ;gk¡eSXuhiQkbax Xykl dk mnkgj.k è;ku dh ,dkxzrk osQ egÙo dks n'kkZus osQ fy, fn;k x;k gSA (x) lnk&lnk osQ fy, ifBr lkexzh dks vius è;ku esa ykus osQ fy, t:jh gS fd ge tks Hkh i<+sa] cM+s è;ku ls i<+saA (?k) è;ku ls dke djus okyk lgh vFkks± esa pyrk gSA tks è;ku ls dke ugha djrk_ og pyrk ugha] HkVdrk gSA 2. ,d izfl¼ egkRek dgrs gSaµfe=k pkj izdkj DsQ gksrs gSaA igyh izdkj DsQ fe=k gksrs gSaµFkkyh fe=kA ;s ges'kk [kkus&ihus dh ckr djrs gSaA xksyxIis] dpkSM+h ls ysdj <kcksa rd ;s [kwc 'kksjxqy djrs gSaA nwljs fe=k gksrs gSaµI;kyh fe=kA ;s 'kke ÷ cts osQ ckn pqiosQ&ls vkidh ngyht ij nLrd nsrs gSaA ;s efnjk dh I;kyh ij cgdh&cgdh ckrsa vkSj gjdrsa djosQ vkiosQ thou esa jl ?kksyus dk Lokax djrs gSaA bUgsa vki ukWVh Cok; dgdj viuh cxy esa j[kuk pkgrs gSaA rhljs fe=k rkyh fe=k gksrs gSaA ;s gj ckr esa vki ij yêw ð jgrs gSaA pkgs vkius nq;ksZ/u vkSj nq%'kklu tSlk DqQdeZ fd;k gks] os vkidh ohjrk osQ dlhns gh dk<sa+xsA pkSFks fe=k gksrs gSaµekyh fe=kA ;s de yksxksa dks gh Hkkrs gSa 234 fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµVIII
D;ksafd ;s vkidh xqykc dh [ksrh dh iz'kalk rks djrs gSa] dk¡Vksa dh vksj Hkh vkidk è;ku [khaprs gSaA eSa ugha tkurk fd vki DSQls fe=k dks ilan djrs gSaA (d) vki vius thou esa DSQlk fe=k pkgrs gSa\\ mRrj µ eSa vius thou esa ekyh fe=k pkgrk g¡w tks fd esjs xq.k vkSj nks\"k nksuksa dk lk>hnkj gksA ([k) I;kyh fe=k laè;k DsQ ckn D;ksa vkrs gSa\\ mRrj µ I;kyh fe=k 'kjkc] u'ks vkSj ekSteLrh DsQ fy, vkrs gSaA efnjkiku dks os xyr ekurs gSa blfy, os yksxksa dh u”kjksa ls cpus DsQ fy, laè;k DsQ ckn vkrs gSaA (x) rkyh fe=k vPNs D;ksa yxrs gSa\\ mRrj µ rkyh fe=k gesa blfy, vPNs yxrs gSa D;ksafd os ges'kk gekjh iz'kalk djrs gSaA gesa viuh iz'kalk lquuk vPNk yxrk gSA (?k) yêw ð gksus dk D;k vFkZ gS\\ mRrj µ yêw ð gksus dk vFkZ gSµeksfgr gks tkukA fdlh dk cgqr fiz; yxukA (Ä) ekyh fe=k de ilan D;ksa fd, tkrs gSa\\ mRrj µ ekyh fe=k gekjh dfe;ksa dk Hkh mYys[k djrs gSa] tks gesa vPNk ugha yxrk_ blfy, ekyh fe=k de gh ilan fd, tkrs gSaA 3. xq# xks¯cn¯lg ,d fnu lqcg&lqcg jkoh osQ rV ij ,d m¡Qph pêkðu ij cSBdj Hkxoku dk è;ku dj jgs FksA blh chp mudk ,d f'k\"; lsB /uey ogk¡vk igq¡pkA xq# th osQ pj.kksa esa flj >qdkdj mlus ghjs&eksfr;ksa ls tM+s nks cgqewY; dM+s j[ks vkSj dgk] ¶xq# th] ;s nqyZHk dM+s eSaus vkiosQ fy, gh fo'ks\"k :i ls cuok, gSaA buesa cgqewY; ghjs&eksrh tM+s gSaA¸ xq# th us eqLdjkdj dM+s ns[ks vkSj ,d dM+s dks viuh rtZuh esa Mkyrs gq, ?kqekus yxsA lglk ?kwerk gqvk dM+k xq# th dh rtZuh ls fudydj jkoh dh vFkkg ygjksa esa tk fxjkA /uey us vko ns[kk u rko] jkoh dh ty/kjk esa owQn iM+kA cgqr nsj rd og dM+k <w¡<+rk jgkA ij dM+k Fkk fd mls feyuk ugha Fkk] og ugha feykA /uey us ty/kjk esa gh [kM+s&[kM+s dgk] ¶xq# th] vxj vki eq>s Bhd&Bhd og txg crk nsa rks ml dM+s dks vo'; <w¡<+ yw¡xkA cgqr Ok+ Qherh dM+k Fkk xq# th!¸ xq# th us dgk] ¶gk¡&gk¡] /uey! eSa crk ldrk gw¡fd dM+k dgk¡ fxjk gSA¸µdgrs&dgrs xq# th us nwljs dM+s dks nwj jkoh esa isaQdrs gq, dgk] ¶ogk¡fxjk gS¸A /uey ns[krk gh jg x;kA iwjk lans'k mldh le> esa vk x;kA ckgj fudydj mlus xq# th osQ pj.kksa esa fiQj&ls ekFkk >qdkrs gq, dgk] ¶xq# th] vkius esjh vk¡[kksa ij Nk, va/dkj dks nwj dj fn;kA eSa ew[kZ /u dh pdkpkSa/ esa va/k gks pyk FkkA vkius eq>s mldh vlyh dher le>k nhA eSa /U; gks x;kA¸ (d) mi;qZDr x|ka'k osQ fy, mi;qDr 'kh\"kZd fyf[k,A ([k) xq# xks¯cn¯lg osQ fy, /uey D;k yk;k Fkk vkSj D;ksa\\ (x) xq# th us dM+ksa dks jkoh dh xgjh /kjk esa D;ksa isaQd fn;k\\ (?k) /uey dh vk¡[kksa ij oSQlk va/dkj Nk;k Fkk\\ xq# th us ml va/dkj dks oSQls nwj fd;k\\ mÙkjµ(d) ek;k dk ijnkA ([k) xq# xks¯cn¯lg osQ fy, /uey ghjs&eksfr;ksa ls tM+s lksus osQ nks dM+s yk;k FkkA mlus lkspk fd mu dM+ksa dks ikdj xq# th izlUu gks tk,¡xsA vifBr cks/ 235
(x) xq# th us dM+ksa dks jkoh dh /kjk esa blfy, isaQd fn;k D;ksafd os /uey dk Hkze rksM+uk pkgrs FksA (?k) /uey dh vk¡[kksa ij ek;k dk va/dkj Nk;k FkkA xq# th us /uey osQ }kjk yk, x, dM+ksa dks jkoh esa isaQddj mlosQ va/dkj dks nwj dj fn;kA 4. eSa vius ekrk&firk osQ lkFk elwjh ?kweus x;kA ,d fnu ge igkM+ksa dh ,d oaQnjk osQ chp ls xqt+ j jgs FksA geus ns[kk fd ogk¡igys ls gh dkWyst osQ oqQN 'kjkjrh fo|kFkhZ ?kwe jgs Fks tks dkSvksa vkSj oqQÙkksa dh vkokt+ esa ml lkjh oaQnjk dks xq¡tk jgs FksA os tSlh vkokt+ djrs] oSlh gh vkokt+ nks ckj ml ?kkVh esa xw¡tus yxrh FkhA vpkud mu yM+dksa us dgk] ¶rsjk lR;kuk'k gks] rsjk lR;kuk'k gksA¸ cl ;gh vkokt+ ¶rsjk lR;kuk'k gks] rsjk lR;kuk'k gks¸ ckj&ckj ?kkVh esa xw¡tus yxhA yM+osQ [kq'k gks jgs FksA esjs firk th us mUgsa I;kj ls le>k;k] ¶csVs! tSlh èofu gksxh] oSlh gh izfrèofu gksxhA rqe ;gk¡vxj t+ ksj&t+ ksj ls dgksxsµ^Hkxoku lcdk Hkyk dj] lcdks lqcqf¼ ns* rks ;gh ckr izfrèofur gksdj xw¡t mBsxhA ge tSlk dke djrs gSa] oSlk gh ifj.kke nwus osx ls ge rd ykSV vkrk gS vkSj gesa mlh fglkc ls nq[k ;k lq[k nsrk gSA¸ yM+dksa us lquk vkSj firk th dks /U;okn fn;kA (d) oaQnjk dk D;k vFkZ gS\\ (i) ?kkVh (ii) xqiQk (iii) pksVh (iv) [kkbZ ([k) 'kjkjrh cPps vkokt+ sa D;ksa xq¡tk jgs Fks\\ (i) iz;ksx osQ fy, (ii) euksjatu osQ fy, (iii) yksxksa dk è;ku [khapus osQ fy, (iv) gkfu djus osQ fy, (x) yM+osQ lR;kuk'k dh vkokt+ sa yxkdj Hkh [kq'k D;ksa Fks\\ (i) 'k=kqvksa ls cnyk ysus osQ dkj.k (ii) 'kjkjrsa liQy gksus osQ dkj.k (iii) os lcdk lR;kuk'k pkgrs Fks (iv) mUgsa nqfu;k esa dksbZ Hkh ilan ugha Fkk (?k) firk th us cPpksa dks D;k le>k;k\\ (i) cqjh ckrsa u dgks (ii) vPNh ckrsa dgks (iii) tSlk djksxs] oSlk iQy gksxk (iv) cqjkbZ ls cpks (Ä) x|ka'k dk lans'k D;k gS\\ (i) cqjs dk ifj.kke cqjk (ii) HkykbZ dk ifj.kke Hkyk (iii) tSlk djksxs oSlk Hkjksxs (iv) oqQN u oqQN djrs jgksA mÙkjµ(d) (ii) ([k) (ii) (x) (ii) (?k) (iii) (Ä) (iii) 5. egkdfo jghe lezkV vdcj osQ njckjh dfo FksA os uojRuksa esa izeq[k FksA os cgqr cM+s owQVuhfrK] fo}ku vkSj dfo rks Fks gh] ij mlls Hkh cM+s nkuh FksA ,d ckj mUgksaus egkdfo xax osQ fdlh dfoÙk ls izlUu gksdj mUgsa NÙkhl gt+ kj #i;s fn,A pk¡nh osQ ;s #i, tc os xax dks ns jgs Fks rks mudh vk¡[ksa yTtk vkSj ÑrKrk ls >qdh gqbZ FkhaA xax us ns[kk vkSj dgkµ lh[kh dgk uokc tw ,slh nsuh nSuA T;kSa&T;kSa dj m¡Qps mBsa] R;kSa&R;kSa uhps uSuAA 236 fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµVIII
;kuhµgs uokc] vkius bl rjg ls nsuk dgk¡ls lh[kk gS\\ T;ksa&T;ksa vf/d&ls&vf/d nsus osQ fy, vkiosQ gkFk m¡Qps&ls&m¡Qps mB jgs gSa] R;ksa&R;ksa vkidh vk¡[ksa uhps gh >qdrh tk jgh gSaA jghe us rRdky mÙkj fn;kµ nsugkj dksbZ vkSj gS] Hkstr gS fnu&jSuA yksx Hkje eq> ij djSa] rkrs uhps uSuAA ;kuhµgs xax! nsus okyk rks dksbZ vkSj gh gSA og fnu&jkr nwljksa dks nsus osQ fy, Hkst jgk gS_ ¯drq yksx le>rs gSa fd eSa gh ns jgk gw¡A ij eSa rks viuh vlfy;r le>rk gw¡] blhfy, yTtk ls esjh vk¡[ksa uhph gks jgh gSaA (d) jghe esa dkSu&ls xq.k Fks\\ (i) dfo vkSj Ñi.k (ii) 'kkld vkSj dfo (iii) vfHkekuh vkSj fo}ku (iv) nkuh vkSj fouez ([k) vkidks jghe dh fdl fo'ks\"krk us izHkkfor fd;k\\ (i) dfoRo (ii) fouezrk (iii) nkuh LoHkko (iv) fo}rk (x) xax dks nku D;ksa fn;k x;k\\ (i) izFke vkus ij (ii) muosQ lqanj dfoÙk ij (iii) mudh xjhch dks ns[krs gq, (iv) mudh lgk;rk osQ fy, (?k) jghe LoHkko lsµ (i) bZ'oj&HkDr Fks (ii) vkfLrd Fks (iii) mnkj Fks (iv) LokfHkekuh FksA mÙkjµ(d) (iv) ([k) (ii) (x) (ii) (?k) (iii) Lo;a mÙkj nsa fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsnksa dks if<+, vkSj iwNs x, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft,µ 1. ,d fdlku DsQ cxhps esa iQyksa DsQ vusd isM+ yxs gq, FksA mu ij jlhys ehBs&ehBs iQy yxrs FksA fdlku cM+k lh/k&lknk FkkA mlus lkspk fd ;g cxhpk rks esjs Je dh nsu gS ¯drq ftl Hkwfe ij esjk cxhpk gS og rks tehankj dh gSA bl rjg bu iQyksa ij mldk Hkh gd curk gSA ,d fnu og jlhys iQyksa dh Vksdjh Hkjdj tehankj dks ns vk;kA tehankj us tc fdlku DsQ cxhpksa DsQ iQy p[ks rks og nax jg x;kA brus ehBs o Lokfn\"V iQyksa dk lsou mlus vkt rd ugha fd;k FkkA mlus lkspk fd ,sls ehBs iQyksa DsQ isM+ rks esjs ;gk¡gksus pkfg,A mlus lsodksa dks vkns'k fn;k fd fdlku DsQ ;gk¡ls isM+ksa dh tM+sa m[kkM+ yk,¡A lHkh us tehankj dks le>kus dk iz;kl fd;k ¯drq ml ij yksHk dk u'kk p<+ pqdk FkkA mlDsQ lsod Hkh dM+s eu ls cspkjs fdlku DsQ ;gk¡ls tM+sa m[kkM+ yk, vkSj tehankj DsQ cxhps esa jksi nhA tehankj us ekyh dks l[r vkns'k fn;k fd mudk j[kj[kko è;ku ls djsA vxyh ckj og [kqn bu iQyksa dks rksM+dj budk jlkLoknu djsxkA ,d fnu mlus ns[kk fd tM+sa yk[k iz;Ruksa DsQ ckotwn eqj>krh tk jgh FkhA ekyh ls vifBr cks/ 237
bldk dkj.k iwNk rks og Mjrs&Mjrs cksyk] ^ekfyd {kek dhft,xk] ¯drq ;g yksHk dk iQy gSA vkius yksHko'k fdlku DsQ ehBs iQyksa dh tM+ksa dks ;gk¡yxok rks fy;k ¯drq tks tM+sa izse] ln~Hkkouk o fu%LokFkZ Hkko ls ogk¡iui jgh Fkha os vc LokFkZ DsQ o'khHkwr lM+ pqdh gSaA* ekyh dh ckr lqudj tehankj dks viuh xyrh dk vglkl gks x;kA (d) fdlku DsQ cxhps DsQ iQyksa ij tehankj dk gd DSQls curk Fkk\\ (i) tehankj 'kfDr'kkyh FkkA (ii) tehu esa fdlku vkSj tehankj dk lk>k FkkA (iii) tehankj olwyh djrk FkkA (iv) tehu tehankj dh FkhA ([k) tehankj iQy [kkdj pfdr D;ksa jg x;k\\ (i) iQy jlhys FksA (ii) iQy cgqewY; FksA (iii) ,sls iQy ns[ks u FksA (iv) ,sls iQy p[ks u FksA (x) tehankj us vius lsodksa dks D;k vkns'k fn;k\\ (i) isM+ksa dh tM+sa m[kkM+us dkA (ii) ehBs iQy ykus dkA (iii) fdlku dk [ksr mtkM+us dkA (iv) fdlku dks lcd fl[kkus dkA (?k) tehankj DsQ [ksr esa tM+sa D;ksa eqj>k xbZ\\ (i) i;kZIr ikuh u feyus lsA (ii) catj ”kehu gksus lsA (iii) fdlku dk [ksr mtkM+us lsA (iv) yksHk vkSj LokFkZ dh vf/drk lsA (M+) tehankj dks viuh xyrh dk vglkl dc gqvk\\ (i) vius [ksr ns[kdjA (ii) ekyh DsQ dgus ijA (iii) lw[krh tM+sa ns[kdjA (iv) bZ'oj dh izsj.kk lsA 2. xqCckjs okyk yky] ihys] uhys] gjs vkSj cSaxuh xqCckjksa dks vkdk'k esa mM+krk gqvk fpYyk jgk Fkkµ¶ys yks xqCckjs] mM+k nks bUgsa pk¡n&rkjksa rdA¸ xqCckjs vkdk'k esa mM+ jgs Fks] cPps mRlqd gksdj mUgsa rc rd ns[ks tk jgs Fks] tc rd os vk¡[kksa dh igq¡p osQ ckgj tkdj vlhe vkdk'k esa fNi ugha tkrs FksA ,d dkyk&lk cPpk xCq ckjs okys oQs lkeus tkdj [kMk+ gks x;kA ckys k] ¶xCq ckjs okys vda y! D;k dkys jxa dk xCq ckjk Hkh bruh gh mQ¡pkb;kas rd mM+ ldrk g\\S ¸µxCq ckjs okys us cPps dks n[s kk vkjS tkus D;k lkps dj mlus mloQs xkykas dks FkiFkikrs g,q dgk] ¶cVs !s dkyk ;k yky] ihyk ;k gjk gkus s ls xCq ckjk ugha mMr+ k_ og mQ¡ps ls mQ¡pk mMr+ k g]S ml xlS oQs cy ij tks mleas Hkjh jgrh gAS xCq ckjkas dh gh rjg vkneh Hkh xkjs k ;k dkyk gks ldrk g]S ij mldk ¯tnxh dh mQ¡pkb;kas dks Nuw k bl ij fuHkjZ gS fd mloQs Hkhrj mMk+ u dh fdruh Hk[w k g]S mMu+ s dh fdruh ;kXs ;rk vkjS 'kfDr gAS vkneh dh xlS tks mls mMk+ rh g]S mldk lda Yi g]S bjknk g]S mldh egs ur gAS ;kn j[kkµs fo'okl] i;z kl vkjS vH;kl gh vkneh dks mQ¡ps ls mQ¡ps vkdk'k rd mMk+ rs gAaS ¸ cPpk [k'q k ,oa lra \"q V gkds j pyk x;kA (d) xqCckjs okys ls iz'u fdlus iwNk\\ (i) xksjs cPps us (ii) dkys cPps us (iii) eksVs cPps us (iv) Hkwjs cPps us ([k) dkys cPps osQ eu esa dkys xqCckjs osQ ckjs esa iz'u D;ksa vk;k\\ (i) bZ\";kZ osQ dkj.k (ii) frjLdkj ikus osQ dkj.k (iii) ftKklk osQ dkj.k (iv) fojks/ osQ dkj.k 238 fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµVIII
(x) xqCckjk fdlosQ cy ij vkdk'k esa mBrk gS\\ (i) jax osQ dkj.k (ii) viuh cukoV osQ dkj.k (iii) viuh gok osQ dkj.k (iv) vkdk'k dh ok;q osQ dkj.k (?k) bl ?kVuk dk lans'k D;k gS\\ (i) dkys cPps vkdk'k Nw ldrs gSa (ii) lHkh cPps vkdk'k Nw ldrs gSa (iii) xksjs cPps vkdk'k Nw ldrs gSa (iv) dksbZ cPpk vkdk'k ugha Nw ldrkA 3. egku oSKkfud vkbt+ d U;wVu vR;ar fouez LoHkko osQ FksA mudh ekU;rk Fkh fd vgadkj gekjh euq\";rk dks [kk tkrk gS] ftlls fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa dh xbZ gekjh izxfr Hkh gekjs fy, vfHk'kki cu tkrh gSA dgk tkrk gS fd ,d ckj U;wVu cgqr chekj iM+sA vafre ?kM+h fudV FkhA muosQ ,d ut+ nhdh fe=k us mUgsa rlYyh nsrs gq, dgk] ¶vkiosQ fy, ;g larks\"k vkSj xoZ dh ckr gS fd vkius izÑfr osQ jgL;ksa dks mtkxj djus esa cM+h #fp yh vkSj mUgsa cM+s fudV ls tkudj mtkxj fd;kA¸ lqudj U;wVu cksys] ¶lalkj esjs vuqla/kuksa osQ ckjs esa oqQN Hkh dgs] ysfdu eq>s izrhr gksrk gS fd eSa leqnz&rV ij [ksyus okys ml cPps osQ leku gw¡] ftldks dHkh&dHkh vius lkfFk;ksa dh vis{kk oqQN vf/d lqanj iRFkj] lhi o 'ka[k fey tkrs gSaA okLrfodrk rks ;g gS fd lR; dk vFkkg leqnz esjs lkeus vc Hkh fcu [kkstk iM+k gSA¸ (d) mi;qZDr x|&[kaM osQ fy, mi;qDr 'kh\"kZd nhft,A ([k) U;wVu osQ vuqlkj vgadkj liQy O;fDr;ksa dks D;k gkfu igq¡pkrk gS\\ (x) U;wVu us vius fe=k dks vius ckjs esa tks oqQN dgk] mlls muosQ fo\"k; esa vkidh tks jk; cuh] mls nks okD;ksa esa fyf[k,A (?k) eksVs 'kCnksa dks Li\"V djosQ le>kb,A 4. gky rd xq# ls ekj [kkdj yM+osQ tc ?kj jksrs&jksrs igq¡prs Fks rks ekrk&firk ;gh dgrs Fks] ¶tks xq# ls ekj [kkrs gSa mudk Hkfo\"; mTToy gksxk ghA¸ exj vkt xq# fdlh cPps dks ihVs rks mu ij vfHkHkkod eqdnek pyk nsxkA vkt osQ xq# Hkh fliZQ lsok ysus esa gh prqj gSa] nsus esa ughaA mifu\"knksa esa vkpk;ks± us dgk] ¶lsok nsus dh pht+ gS] ysus dh ughaA¸ lsok ysus osQ vfèkdkjh cPps] jksxh] vlgk; vkSj o`¼ gSaA cPpksa dks ijes'oj dk gh ewrZ :i le> lsok :ih iwtk ls mudh 'kfDr dks izTofyr djus dh {kerk vkSj lân;rk j[kus okys Kkuh vkSj riLoh iqjksfgr vktdy osQ xq# ugha jg x, gSaA fdlh Hkh nso&eafnj dh ewfrZ dh 'kfDr mruh ek=kk rd gh laHko gS ftruh ek=kk rd mlosQ iqtkjh dh Hkko&iwtk esa uSos|&Hkkouk Hkjh jgrh gSA ewfrZ esa Lo;a oqQN Hkh ugha gSA iqtkjh dh 'kfDr gh ewfrZ esa fodflr gksus yxrh gSA dk'k] Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk ;g jgL; Hkkjrh; le> ikrs! bldk Kku u gksuk gh rks vkt gekjs lkjs nq[kksa dk dkj.k gSA (d) ^xq.k* dk foykse cukus osQ fy, dkSu&lk izR;; vk,xk\\ (i) ghu (ii) oku (iii) 'kkyh (iv) 'khy vifBr cks/ 239
([k) vkt osQ xq# igys dh rqyuk esa ghu D;ksa gSa\\ (i) os vKkuh gSa (ii) os dke esa voqQ'ky gSa (iii) os f'k\";ksa ls lsok ysus esa prqj gSa (iv) os f'k\";ksa dks lsod cukrs gSaA (x) ^mTToy* esa dkSu&lk milxZ gS\\ (i) mr (ii) mr~ (iii) mT (iv) m (?k) lsok fdUgsa feyuh pkfg,\\ (i) f'k{kdksa] xq#vksa vkSj ekrk&firk dks (ii) ;ksX; tuksa dks (iii) cPpksa] jksfx;ksa vkSj vlgk;ksa dks (iv) chekj yksxksa dks (Ä) dkSu&lk jgL; Hkkjrh; yksx Hkwy pqosQ gSa\\ (i) iwtk esa lsok dk (ii) iqtkjh dh Js\"B Hkkouk dk (iii) ew£r dh O;FkZrk dk (iv) iwtk dh O;FkZrk dkA vifBr dkO;ka'k vifBr x|ka'k dh rjg vifBr dkO;ka'k Hkh Hkk\"kk&f'k{k.k dk ,d vax gSA blosQ varxZr yxHkx 100 'kCnksa dk ,d vifBr dkO;ka'k fn;k tkrk gSA mlosQ uhps oqQN iz'u fn, tkrs gSaA fo|k£Fk;ksa dks ml dkO;ka'k dks i<+dj mu iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsus gksrs gSaA uhps oqQN dkO;ka'k rFkk muosQ iz'uksÙkj fn, tk jgs gSaµ 1. tc Hkh Hkw[k ls yM+us dksbZ [kM+k gks tkrk gS lqanj nh[kus yxrk gSA >iVrk ckt iQu mBk, lk¡i nks iSjksa ij [kM+h dk¡Vksa ls uUgha ifÙk;k¡[kkrh&cdjh ncs ik¡o >kfM+;ksa esa pyrk phrk Mky ij myVk yVd iQy oqQrjrk rksrk ;k bu lc dh txg vkneh gksrkA tc Hkh Hkw[k ls yM+us dksbZ [kM+k gks tkrk gS lqanj nh[kus yxrk gSA µlosZ'oj n;ky lDlsuk 240 fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµVIII
iz'uµ (d) bl dfork ls D;k izsj.kk feyrh gS\\ ([k) >iVrs ckt vkSj iQu mBk, lk¡i esa dfo dks lkSan;Z D;ksa ut+ j vkrk gS\\ (x) vkneh dc lqanj nh[krk gS\\ (?k) dfo us fofHkUu i'kq&if{k;ksa dks fdu eqnzkvksa esa fn[kk;k gS vkSj D;ksa\\ mÙkjµ (d) bl dfork ls Hkw[k 'kkar djus osQ fy, la?k\"kZ djus dh izsj.kk feyrh gSA ([k) >iVrs ckt vkSj iQu mBk, lk¡i esa dfo dks blfy, lkSan;Z ut+ j vkrk gS D;ksafd nksuksa isV Hkjus osQ fy, ,slk dj jgs gSaA (x) dfo dgrk gS fd vkneh rHkh lqanj nh[krk gS] tcfd og jkst+ h&jksVh osQ fy, la?k\"kZ djrk gSA (?k) dfo us fofHkUu i'kq&if{k;ksa dks la?k\"kZ dh eqnzk esa fn[kk;k gSA ,slk fn[kkdj og f'k{kk nsuk pkgrk gS fd jksVh osQ fy, ?kksj ifjJe djksA 2. ftl&ftlls iFk ij Lusg feyk ml&ml jkgh dks /U;oknA µf'koeaxy ¯lg lqeu thou vfLFkj] vutkus gh gks tkrk iFk ij esy dgha lhfer ix&Mx] yach eafty r; dj ysuk oqQN [ksy ugha nk,¡&ck,¡lq[k&nq[k pyrs lEeq[k pyrk iFk dk izekn ftl&ftlls iFk ij Lusg feyk ml&ml jkgh dks /U;oknA tks lkFk u esjk ns ik, muls dc lwuh gqbZ Mxj eSa Hkh u pyw¡;fn rks Hkh D;k jkgh ej] ysfdu jkg vej bl iFk ij os gh pyrs gSa tks pyus dk ik x, Lokn ftl&ftlls iFk ij Lusg feyk ml&ml jkgh dks /U;oknA iz'uµ (d) dfo osQ vuqlkj thou oSQlk gS\\ (i) vfLFkj (ii) uk'koku (iii) vej (iv) nq[ke;A ([k) thou :ih ;k=kk esa oSQls&oSQls vuqHko vkrs gSa\\ (i) lq[k osQ (ii) nq%[k osQ (iii) lq[k&nq[k osQ (iv) lq[k&nq[k vkSj izekn osQA (x) eafty r; djuk [ksy ugha gSµD;ksa\\ (i) eafty nwj gS (ii) jkLrs esa d\"V vfèkd gSa (iii) vkd\"kZ.k cgqr gSa (iv) (i) rFkk (ii)A (?k) thou :ih Mxj ij dkSu pyrs gSa\\ (i) tq>k: (ii) vkuan ysus okys (iii) eqlhcr esa iQ¡ls (iv) izxfr djus okysA vifBr cks/ fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµV2I4II1
(Ä) dfo fdldks /U;okn djrk gS\\ (ii) fojksfèk;ksa dks (i) vius lkfFk;ksa dks (iv) vius fiz;tuksa dksA (iii) Lusgh lkfFk;ksa dks mÙkjµ (d) (i) vfLFkj ([k) (iv) lq[k&nq[k vkSj izekn osQ (x) (iv), (i) rFkk (ii) (?k) (ii) vkuan ysus okys (Ä) (iii) Lusgh lkfFk;ksa dksA 3. e`nq feêðh osQ gSa cus gq, e/q&?kV iwQVk gh djrs gSa y?kq thou ysdj vk, gSa I;kys VwVk gh djrs gSa fiQj Hkh efnjky; osQ vanj e/q osQ ?kV gSa] e/q I;kys gSa tks ekndrk osQ ekjs gSa os e/q ywVk gh djrs gSa og dPpk ihus okyk gS ftldh eerk ?kV I;kyksa ij tks lPps e/q ls tyk gqvk dc jksrk gS] fpYykrk gS tks chr xbZ] lks ckr xbZA µgfjoa'kjk; cPpu iz'uµ (d) ^e`nq feêðh osQ gSa cus gq,*µosQ nks vFkZ crkb,A ([k) ^y?kq thou* fdl&fdldk gksrk gS\\ (x) ^ekndrk osQ ekjs* dk ;gk¡D;k vk'k; gS\\ (i) foyklh (ii) vkuan pkgus okys (iii) fi;DdM+ (iv) O;luhA (?k) ^lPps e/q ls tyk gqvk* dk D;k rkRi;Z gS\\ (i) 'kjkc dk O;luh (ii) 'kjkc osQ dkj.k u\"V gqvk vkneh (iii) lPpk izseh (iv) vkuaneXuA 242 fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµVIII
mÙkjµ (d) bldk ,d vFkZ gSµdksey feêðh ls cus gq, I;kys vdlj VwV tk;k djrs gSaA nwljk vFkZ gSµu'oj nsg okyk euq\"; ,d&u&,d fnu ej tkrk gSA ([k) ^y?kq thou* I;kyksa rFkk ekuo&'kjhj dk gksrk gSA (x) (ii) vkuan pkgus okysA (?k) (iii) lPpk izseh viuh ijh{kk Lo;a ysa fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµV2I4II3 1. fgEer djus okyksa dh gkj ugha gksrhA ygjkas ls Mjdj uS;k ikj ugha gksrhAA uUgha phaVh tc nkuk ysdj pyrh gSA p<+rh nhokjksa ij lkS ckj fiQlyrh gSAA eu dk fo'okl jxksa esa lkgl Hkjrk gSA p<+dj fxjuk] fxjdj p<+uk u v[kjrk gSAA vkf[kj mudh esgur csdkj ugha gksrhA dksf'k'k djus okyksa dh gkj ugha gksrhA Mqcfd;k¡¯l/q esa xksrk[kksj yxkrk gSA tk&tkdj [kkyh gkFk ykSVdj vkrk gSA feyrs u lgt gh eksrh ikuh esa c<+rk nqxuk mRlkg blh gSjkuh esaA eqêòh [kkyh mldh gj ckj ugha gksrh fgEer djus okyksa dh gkj ugha gksrhAA iz'uµ (d) gekjh jxksa esa lkgl dkSu Hkjrk gS\\ ([k) uS;k ikj djus DsQ fy, D;k vko';d gS\\ (x) phaVh fdl dkj.k liQy gksrh gS\\ (?k) xksrk[kksj fdlfy, leqnz esa Mqcdh yxkrk gS\\ (M-) xksrk[kksj dh eqêhò esa D;k gksrk gS\\ (p) bl dfork ls vkidks D;k izsj.kk feyrh gS\\ vifBr cks/
2. HkbZ lwjt! t+ jk bl vkneh dks txkvks! f{kiz xfr vyx gS oDr ij txkvks] f{kiz rks og gS ugha rks tc csoDr tkxsxk ;g tks lgh {k.k esa ltx gSA rks tks vkxs fudy x, gSa lwjt] bls txkvks mUgsa ikusµ iou] bls fgykvks ?kcjk osQ Hkkxsxk ;g! iaNh] blosQ dkuksa ij fpYykvks! ?kcjk osQ Hkkxuk vyx gS] µHkokuhizlkn feJ iz'uµ (d) bl dfork esa fdl pht+ dh izsj.kk nh xbZ gS\\ ([k) ^csoDr tkxus* dk D; rkRi;Z gS\\ (x) nsj ls tkxus dk D;k nq\"ifj.kke gksrk gS\\ (?k) f{kizrk rFkk ?kcjkgV esa D;k varj gS\\ 3. dgha ioZr >qosQ Hkh gSa tksjkoj ”kksj ls cksyk dgha nfj;k #osQ Hkh gSa\\ iQrg flag 'kksj ls cksykA ugha #drh jokuh gS j[kks b±Vsa Hkjks xkjs ugha >qdrh ”kokuh gSA pquks nhokj gR;kjsA xq# xksfoan osQ cPps mej esa Fks vxj dPpsA fudyrh lk¡l cksysxh exj Fks flag osQ cPps gekjh yk'k cksysxhA èkeZ bZeku osQ lPpsA ;gh nhokj cksysxh xjtdj cksy mBs Fks ;w¡ gt+ kjksa ckj cksysxhA flag eq[k [kksy mBs Fks T;w¡A gekjs ns'k dh t; gks gesa fut ns'k I;kjk gS xq# n'kes'k dh t; gksA firk n'kes'k I;kjk gS gekjs iaFk dh t; gks gesa fut iaFk I;kjk gSA Jh xq#xzaFk dh t; gksA Jh xq#xzaFk I;kjk gSA iz'uµ (d) bl dfork ls gesa D;k izsj.kk feyrh gS\\ ([k) xq# xks¯on ¯lg osQ cPpksa osQ D;k uke Fks\\ (x) dfo dk ^dPph mez* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\\ (?k) dfork esa ^¯lg* dh rqyuk fdlls dh xbZ gS\\ 244 fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµVIII
4. esjk ek>h eq>ls dgrk jgrk Fkk fcuk ckr rqe ugha fdlh ls Vdjkuk ij tks ckj&ckj ck/k cudj vk,¡ muDsQ flj dks ogha oqQpydj c<+ tkuk tku&cw>dj esjs iFk esa vkrh gS Hkolkxj dh pyrh&fiQjrh pêðkuasA eSa buls ftruk gh cpdj pyrk g¡w mruh gh feyrh gSa ;s xzhok rkusA j[k viuh irokj] DqQnkyh ysdj eSa rc eSa budk mUur Hkky >qdkrk g¡wA jkg cukdj uko c<+k, tkrk g¡wA thou dh uS;k dk prqj f[koS;k eSa Hkolkxj esa uko c<+k, tkrk g¡wA iz'uµ (d) dfo vius ekxZn'kZd dks D;k dgrk gS\\ (i) iFkizn'kZd (ii) ek>h (iii) ukfod (iv) eYykg ([k) dfo jkg esa vkus okyh ck/kvksa DsQ lkFk DSQlk O;ogkj djrk gS\\ (i) gkj eku ysrk gS (ii) la?k\"kZ djrk gS (iii) flj DqQpy nsrk gS (iv) ijokg ugha djrk gS (x) pêðkusa fdldh izrhd gSa\\ (i) cgqr cM+s iRFkj dh (ii) thou esa vkus okyh ck/k dh (iii) ioZr Ük`a[kyk dh (iv) :f<+oknh O;fDr dh (?k) dfo fdldk mUur Hkky >qdkrk gS\\ (i) ek>h dk (ii) ck/kvksa dk (iii) pêðkuksa dk (iv) vgadkjh euq\"; dk (Ä) dfo us ^prqj f[koS;k* fdls dgk gS\\ (i) ek>h dks (ii) Lo;a dks (iii) ukfod dks (iv) bZ'oj dks vifBr cks/ fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµV2I4II5
vH;kl iz'u&i=k&3 (Practice Question Paper–3) lHkh iz'u vfuok;Z gSaA lcdk vad ,d gSA 1×5 1- lgh mÙkj ij 3 yxkb,µ 2 (d) ¯gnh dkSu&ls izkar dh jktHkk\"kk ugha gSµ 1 1 ¨ jktLFkku ¨ egkjk\"Vª 1 1 ¨ eè; izns'k ¨ NÙkhlx<+ 1 ([k) nsoukxjh fyfi fdlls lacaf/r ugha gSµ ¨ ejkBh ¨ ¯gnh ¨ xqtjkrh ¨ laLÑr (x) o~Q $ Í $ i~ $ vk ls dkSu&lk 'kCn cusxkµ ¨ Ñi;k ¨ ÑI;k ¨ Ñik ¨ fØik (?k) egy dk i;kZ;okph Nk¡fV,µ ¨ iz'kkn ¨ ijlkn ¨ izlkn ¨ izklkn (Ä) fjDr LFkku dh iw£r dhft,µ ¨ ifjek.k cqjs dke dk --------- vPNk ugha gksrkA ¨ ifj.kke ¨ izek.k ¨ iz.kke 2- (d) y{k vkSj y{; esa varj Li\"V djrs gq, nks okD; cukb,A ([k) ^dj* ls ,sls nks okD; cukb, ftuesa buosQ vFkZ vyx gksaA (x) dkys eksVs 'kCn dks cgqopu esa cnydj okD; fiQj&ls fyf[k,µ osQyk 'kfDro¼Zd gksrk gSA (?k) js[kkafdr dk ¯yx cnydj okD; fiQj&ls fyf[k,µ esys esa cw<+s] cPps vkSj toku lHkh gSaA (Ä) 'kDdj vkSj peM+k osQ rRle :i fyf[k,A (p) nwljksa osQ nks\"k [kkstus okys dks D;k dgrs gSa\\ 268 fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµVIII
3- (d) ^izR;sd* esa dkSu&lk milxZ gS\\ 1×5 1×5 ([k) ^?kjsyw* esa dkSu&lk izR;; gS\\ 1×4 (x) ^Hkjiwj* dk foxzg djosQ lekl dk uke fyf[k,A (?k) deZ/kj; lekl dk y{k.k nsdj ,d mnkgj.k nhft,A (Ä) ^dkyk* vkSj ^xqjkZuk* ls Hkkookpd laKk cukb,A 4- mi;qDr mÙkj ij 3 yxkb,µ (d) dfo dk L=kh¯yx :i ------------ gSA ¨ dof;=kh ¨ dfo;=kh ¨ dfof;=kh ¨ dfo=kh ([k) ;ks¼k dk cgqopu :i ------------ gSA ¨ ;ks¼s ¨ ;ks¼kx.k ¨ ;kS¼k ¨ ;ks¼k (x) ';ke osQ firk th ?kj esa ugha gSaµeas drkZ dkjd gSµ ¨ ';ke ¨ firk th ¨ ?kj ¨ ';ke osQ firk th (?k) tks ifjJe djsxk ------------ liQy gksxkA ¨ rHkh ¨ rc ¨ og ¨ ogh (Ä) ^og* dk fo'ks\"k.k :i gSµ ¨ og'kh ¨ oSlk ¨ oks ¨ ,slk 5- (d) fuEufyf[kr ls f}rh; izsj.kkFkZd fØ;k okyk okD; cukb,µ ek¡cPps dks nw/ fiykrh gSA ([k) dky dh n`f\"V ls okD;ksa osQ Hksn fyf[k,µ (i) eSa vius nksLr osQ ;gk¡x;k FkkA (ii) rqe dc vkrs gks\\ (x) dr`ZokP; esa cnfy,µ gels iqQVcky ugha [ksyh tkrhA (?k) okP;&Hksn crkb,µ gels jks;k Hkh ugha tkrkA vH;kl iz'u&i=k&3 fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµV2I6I9I
6- (d) vO;; osQ Hksn fyf[k,A 1×5 ([k) jhfrokpd fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k dk ,d mnkgj.k nhft,A 1×5 (x) leqPp;cks/d Nk¡fV,µeSa vkSj jes'k xkuk xk,¡xsA (?k) ^Hkh* vkSj ^rd* fdl izdkj osQ vO;; gSa\\ 1×4 (Ä) ^okg!* oSQlk foLe;kfncks/d vO;; gS\\ 2 4 7- (d) js[kkafdr dk in&ifjp; nhft,µ 4 ge dfo;ksa dk lEeku djrs gSaA ([k) feJ okD; cukb,µ eSa chekj FkkA eSa 'kknh eas u vk ldk\\ (x) jpuk dh n`f\"V ls okD; dk Hksn fyf[k,µ rqEgha crkvks fd D;k fd;k tk,\\ (?k) vkfJr miokD; Nk¡fV,µ tks Lo;a cslgkjk gSa] os vkSjksa dks D;k lgkjk nsaxs\\ (Ä) Hk;cks/d okD; cukb,µ og cgqr Hk;kud n`'; FkkA 8- okD;&'kqf¼ dhft,µ (d) ge Hkkjr dk efLr\"d Å¡pk djsaxsA ([k) ;s ckrsa osQoy fn[kkok Hkj gSaA (x) cgqr gh xfjeke;h n`'; gSA (?k) eksgu dks mckydj nw/ fiykvksA 9- mfpr fojke fpÉ yxkb,µ ugha ugha vkidks ;g dke fcuk gkfu ykHk dh ijokg osQ djuk pkfg, 10- (d) fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa@yksdksfDr;ksa ls ,d&,d okD; cukb,µ vkleku flj ij mBkuk] pksj dh nk<+h esa frudk] ukd esa ne djuk] Å¡ph nqdku iQhdk idoku ([k) vyadkj Nk¡fV,µ (i) izkr% uHk Fkk cgqr uhyk 'ka[k tSlsA (ii) eS;k eSa rks panz&f[kykSuk ySgksa (iii) dkyh ?kVk dk ?keaM ?kVk (iv) pk# panz dh papy fdj.ksa [ksy jgh gSa ty&Fky esaA oqQy vad % 50 izkIr vad % 270 fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµVIII
vH;kl iz'u&i=k&4 (Practice Question Paper–4) 1- Nk=kkokl esa jgus okyh viuh cgu dks le; dk lnqi;ksx djus dh lykg nsrs gq, i=k fyf[k,A 5 vFkok cM+s HkkbZ osQ fookg esa lfEefyr gksus osQ dkj.k vkidks rhu fnu dk vodk'k pkfg,A bl fo\"k; esa izèkkukpk;Z dks izkFkZuk i=k fyf[k,A 2- vius firk th ([email protected]) dks bZ&esy fy[kdj crkb, fd vki xzh\"ekodk'k esa vius ekek th osQ lkFk eqacbZ ?kweus tk jgs gSaA 3 3- fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdlh ,d fo\"k; ij yxHkx 80&100 'kCnksa esa vuqPNsn fyf[k,µ 5 (d) olar dk lkSan;Z ([k) fo|kFkhZ thou (x) eu osQ gkjs gkj gS eu osQ thrs thr 4- fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn dk lkj fyf[k,µ 4 vkt osQ Hkkx&nkSM+ osQ bl ;qx esa u osQoy O;kikjh] odhy] vfHkusrk] f'k{kd] fpfdRld] bathfu;j vkSj izca/d gh ruko osQ f'kdkj gSa] cfYd vius oSQfj;j vkSj ijh{kk ls ¯pfrr Nk=k&Nk=kk,¡Hkh de rukoxzLr ugha gSaA bldk cqjk izHkko muosQ LokLF; ij iM+rk gSA oqQN yksx vk£Fkd raxh osQ dkj.k rukoxzLr gSa rks oqQN lHkh izdkj dh lqfo/kvksa ls lEiUu gksus ij Hkh mUgsa cuk, j[kus vkSj fujarj c<+kus dh HkkxnkSM+ ls rukoxzLr gSaA ;g ruko ân;&jksx] vylj] Mk;fcVht+ vkSj nwljh chekfj;ksa dk Hkh dkj.k cu jgk gSA bl ruko vkSj HkkxnkSM+ osQ dkj.k O;fDr vius [kkuiku rd dh mis{kk djrk gS vkSj dHkh&dHkh fnu&Hkj Hkkstu ugha dj ikrkA xaHkhj leL;kvksa ls tw>rs gq, mls bruk Hkh le; ugha fey ikrk fd og vius ?kj&ifjokj vFkok fe=kksa osQ chp cSBdj gydh&iqQydh ckrphr }kjk viuk eu&cgyko dj losQA blhfy, vkt ;g 'kgjh thou ,d va/h nkSM+ cudj jg x;k gSA (126 'kCn) 5- fuEufyf[kr x|ka'k dks è;kuiwoZd i<+dj iwNs x, iz'uksa osQ fy, lgh fodYi pqudj mÙkj iqfLrdk esa fyf[k,A 5 eSa vius ekrk&firk osQ lkFk elwjh ?kweus x;kA ,d fnu ge igkM+ksa dh ,d oaQnjk osQ chp ls xqt+ j jgs FksA geus ns[kk fd ogk¡igys ls gh dkWyst osQ oqQN 'kjkjrh fo|kFkhZ ?kwe jgs Fks tks dkSvksa vkSj oqQÙkksa dh vkokt+ esa ml lkjh oaQnjk dks xq¡tk jgs FksA os tSlh vkokt+ djrs] oSlh gh vkokt+ nks ckj ml ?kkVh esa xw¡tus yxrh FkhA vpkud mu yM+dksa us dgk] ¶rsjk lR;kuk'k gks] rsjk lR;kuk'k gksA¸ cl ;gh vkokt+ ¶rsjk lR;kuk'k gks] rsjk lR;kuk'k gks¸ ckj&ckj ?kkVh esa xw¡tus yxhA yM+osQ [kq'k gks jgs FksA esjs firk th us mUgsa I;kj ls le>k;k] ¶csVs! tSlh èofu gksxh] oSlh gh izfrèofu gksxhA rqe ;gk¡vxj t+ ksj&t+ ksj ls dgksxsµHkxoku lcdk Hkyk dj] lcdks lqcqf¼ ns rks ;gh izfrèofur gksdj xw¡t mBsxkA ge tSlk dke djrs gSa] oSlk gh ifj.kke nwus osx ls ge rd ykSV vkrk gS vkSj gesa mlh fglkc ls nq[k ;k lq[k nsrk gSA¸ yM+dksa us lquk vkSj firk th dks /U;okn fn;kA vH;kl iz'u&i=k&4 fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµV2I7I1I
(d) oaQnjk dk D;k vFkZ gS\\ (i) ?kkVh (ii) xqiQk (iii) pksVh (iv) [kkbZ ([k) 'kjkjrh cPps vkokt+ sa D;ksa xq¡tk jgs Fks\\ (i) iz;ksx osQ fy, (ii) euksjatu osQ fy, (iii) yksxksa dk è;ku [khapus osQ fy, (iv) gkfu djus osQ fy, (x) yM+osQ lR;kuk'k dh vkokt+ sa yxkdj Hkh [kq'k D;ksa Fks\\ (i) 'k=kqvksa ls cnyk ysus osQ dkj.k (ii) 'kjkjrsa liQy gksus osQ dkj.k (iii) os lcdk lR;kuk'k pkgrs Fks (iv) mUgsa nqfu;k esa dksbZ Hkh ilan ugha Fkk (?k) firkth us cPpksa dks D;k le>k;k\\ (ii) vPNh ckrsa dgks (i) cqjh ckrsa u dgks (iv) cqjkbZ ls cpks (iii) tSlk djksxs] oSlk iQy gksxk (Ä) x|ka'k dk lans'k D;k gS\\ (ii) HkykbZ dk ifj.kke Hkyk (i) cqjs dk ifj.kke cqjk (iv) oqQN u oqQN djrs jgksA (iii) tSlk djksxs oSlk Hkjksxs 6- fuEufyf[kr i|ka'k dks è;kuiwoZd i<+dj iwNs x, iz'uksa osQ fy, lgh fodYi pqudj mÙkj iqfLrdk esa fyf[k,A 5 ftl&ftlls iFk ij Lusg feyk ml&ml jkgh dks /U;oknA thou vfLFkj] vutkus gh gks tkrk iFk ij esy dgha lhfer ix&Mx] yach eafty r; dj ysuk oqQN [ksy ugha nk,¡&ck,¡lq[k&nq[k pyrs lEeq[k pyrk iFk dk izekn ftl&ftlls iFk ij Lusg feyk ml&ml jkgh dks /U;oknA tks lkFk u esjk ns ik, muls dc lwuh gqbZ Mxj eSa Hkh u pyw¡;fn rks Hkh D;k jkgh ej] ysfdu jkg vej bl iFk ij os gh pyrs gSa tks pyus dk ik x, Lokn ftl&ftlls iFk ij Lusg feyk ml&ml jkgh dks /U;oknA (d) dfo osQ vuqlkj thou oSQlk gS\\ (ii) uk'koku (i) vfLFkj (iv) nq[ke;A (iii) vej ([k) thou :ih ;k=kk esa oSQls&oSQls vuqHko vkrs gSa\\ (i) lq[k osQ (ii) nq[k osQ (iii) lq[k&nq[k osQ (iv) lq[k&nq[k vkSj izekn osQA 272 fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµVIII
(x) eafty r; djuk [ksy ugha gSµD;ksa\\ (i) eafty nwj gS (ii) jkLrs esa d\"V vfèkd gSa (iii) vkd\"kZ.k cgqr gSa (iv) (i) rFkk (ii)A (?k) thou :ih Mxj ij dkSu pyrs gSa\\ (i) tq>k: (ii) vkuan ysus okys (iii) eqlhcr esa iQ¡ls (iv) izxfr djus okysA (Ä) dfo fdldks /U;okn djrk gS\\ (i) vius lkfFk;ksa dks (ii) fojksfèk;ksa dks (iii) Lusgh lkfFk;ksa dks (iv) vius fiz;tuksa dksA 7- fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdlh ,d fo\"k; ij yxHkx nks lkS 'kCnksa esa fucaèk fyf[k,µ 5 (d) esjs thou dk y{; ([k) tUek\"Veh (x) flusek dk lekt ij izHkko 8- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks muosQ dks'k&ozQe ls yxkb,µ 5 egsanz] f'kok] izrki] dchj] lwj] rqylh] tk;lh] xka/h] lqHkk\"k] iVsy 9- 'kke osQ lk<+s rhu cts gSaA vki fnYyh ls ikuhir tkuk pkgrs gSaA VsyhiQksu }kjk jsy&iwNrkN&dk;kZy; ls iwfN, fd ikuhir osQ fy, vkidks dkSu&lh xkM+h feysxh vkSj fdrus cts] fdl IysViQkeZ ls\\ 3 oqQy vad % 40 izkIr vad % vH;kl iz'u&i=k&4 273
eq[; Hkkjrh; R;ksgkj (foØe laor~ osQ vuqlkj) foØe laor~ (panz ekl) osQ vuqlkj R;ksgkj ioZ (R;ksgkj) eghuk i{k frfFk çfrink uojk=k çkjaHk] uoo\"kZ çkjaHk pS=k 'kqDy jkeuoeh pS=k 'kqDy uoeh v{k; r`rh;k oS'kk[k 'kqDy r`rh;k T;s\"B xq# iw£.kek vk\"kk<+ 'kqDy iw£.kek j{kkca/u Jko.k 'kqDy iw£.kek Jh Ñ\".k tUek\"Veh Hkkæin Ñ\".k v\"Veh x.ks'k prqFkhZ Hkkæin 'kqDy prqFkhZ fot;kn'keh (n'kgjk) vkf'ou 'kqDy n'keh 'kjn iw£.kek] ckYehfd t;arh vkf'ou 'kqDy iw£.kek 'kqDy i{k % vekol osQ ckn ls iw£.kek osQ fnu rd (panzek c<+rk gSA) fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµVIII Ñ\".k i{k % iw£.kek osQ ckn ls vekol osQ fnu rd (panzek ?kVrk gSA) 274
ioZ (R;ksgkj) eghuk i{k frfFk dk£rd Ñ\".k prqFkhZ djokpkSFk nhikoyh dk£rd Ñ\".k vekol dk£rd iw£.kek (xaxk Luku)] ukud t;arh dk£rd 'kqDy iw£.kek ekxZ'kh\"kZ ikS\"k clar iapeh] ljLorh iwtk ek?k 'kqDy iapeh egkf'kojkf=k iQkYxqu Ñ\".k prqnZ'kh gksfydk ngu iQkYxqu 'kqDy prqnZ'kh gksyh (/qysaMh) iQkYxqu 'kqDy iw£.kek 'kqDy i{k % vekol osQ ckn ls iw£.kek osQ fnu rd (panzek c<+rk gSA) Ñ\".k i{k % iw£.kek osQ ckn ls vekol osQ fnu rd (panzek ?kVrk gSA) eq[; Hkkjrh; R;ksgkj (foØe laor~ osQ vuqlkj) 275
eghuksa osQ uke (Name of Months) Hkkjr esa euk, tkus okys R;ksgkj o eq[; fnol (lw;Z osQ vuqlkj) tuojh µ uoo\"kZ yksgM+h edj iksaxy fcgw x.kra=k lØkafr fnol iQjojh µ oSysaVkbu Ms ekpZ µ 'kghn fnol vizSy µ fcgw cSlk[kh xqM ebZ izQkbMs µ e”knwj johanzukFk enlZ Ms fnol VSxksj t;arh twu µ iQknlZ Ms oYMZ jsM tqykbZ Økl Ms vxLr flracj µ ou vDVwcj egksRlo uoacj fnlacj µ Lora=krk fnol µ f'k{kd fnol µ egkRek yky c gknqj xk¡èkh t;arh 'tkk;Lar=khh µ bafnjk cky i;kZoj.k xk¡èkh t;arh fnol fnol µ fØlel Ms 276 fo'ks\"k fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpukµVIII
Hkkjr esa euk, tkus okys R;ksgkj (pUnzekl osQ vuqlkj) tuojh µ clar iQjojh iapeh ekpZ vizSy µ xq# jfonkl egk& ebZ t;arh f'kojkf=k twu tqykbZ µ gksyh lar rqdkjke t;arh µ jkeuoeh egkohj t;arh µ ij'kqjke t;arh µ ukxiapeh (caxky) µ xq# iwf.kZek vxLr µ rht j{kkcaèku tUek\"Veh flracj µ x.ks'k vks.ke vDVwcj prqFkhZ okYehfd uoacj t;arh µ n'kgjk HkS;k nwt µ nhikoyh xq#ukud t;arh fnlacj µ vè;kidksa osQ fy, laosQr Hkkjrh; R;ksgkj] foØe laor osQ ns'kh eghuksa osQ vuqlkj gksrs gSaA blfy, dHkh&dHkh ;s R;ksgkj mQij fyf[kr eghus esa u vkdj] igys ;k ckn osQ eghus esa Hkh vk ldrs gSa_ tSlsµnhikoyh dHkh vDVwcj esa rks dHkh uoacj esa vkrh gSA eghuksa osQ uke 277
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