Physical Education LAB MANUAL XI

236 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XI History—Bocce, an ancient sport little known in the United States, has finally begun to take root in the American sports culture. Bocce is a word stemming from the vulgar Latin, “Bottica”, a direct root of the Italian word “Bocce”. Bocce ball was first documented in a 5200 B.C. painting of two boys playing, which was discovered by an English scientist, Sir Francis Petrial, in an Egyptian tomb. Bocce ball spread throughout Palestine and into Asia Minor. In 600 B.C., Bocce was picked up by the Greeks and passed to the Romans. It was played everywhere, from the churches and castles to the city streets. People from all walks of life could play the game; young or old, man or woman. In 1319 A.D., Bocce ball was actually prohibited to people of lesser nobility because it was felt that it diverted attention from more important tasks, such as archery and war training. In 1519, Bocce became a public game. It was played in Flanders, Holland and Belgium. Greek colonists brought Bocce with them to what is now modern Italy. It became so popular that it was once again threatened with prohibition, as people who were playing Bocce in the streets were hitting the knees of passing noblemen with the Bocce balls. Although unfortunate for the humbler people who played Bocce, this problem drew widespread attention of the sport to Italian noblemen and Bocce immediately became a favourite pastime. It was Giussepi Garibaldi, who, while unifying and nationalising Italy, popularised the sport as it is known today. Bocce frequently lost and gained popularity throughout the ages. In 1896, during a resurgence of popularity, the first Bocce Olympiad was held in Athens, Greece. Bocce has been a part of international sports ever since. Bocce has seen many changes throughout the ages. It has evolved from being a crude sport played with rounded rocks, or even coconuts, to the modern game with composite or metal balls. Bocce has been known under many names—lawn bowling, nine pins, skittles, pentanque, to name a few—and has seen many rule changes. The popularity of Bocce in America has been on the rise since it swept California in 1989. There are more than 25,000,000 Bocce enthusiasts that have heard of the sport, play recreationally, or play on structured courts in the United States today. Bocce has also become a tournament sport. Tournaments are held weekly, some carrying large cash awards for their winners. Bocce is now a part of the World Corporate Games, is an event in the Special Olympics, and is being proposed to be in the Olympics. Bocce can be played upon any level surface by anyone who is willing to try. It is a game for all ages, genders and athletic ability. It is a very versatile game in which the rules may be changed according to the players. Play may range from a nearly non-existent set of rules to the strictest of tournament rules. Bocce for the average players is very simple. There may be anywhere from two to four to eight players on a team. Each player is given two balls (boccia). A player continues to roll their balls until they get closer than the opponent’s ball. Players are awarded one point for each ball closer than the opponent’s closest ball nearest to the pallino ball (the smallest ball, which has already been thrown onto the field). Players may also throw on the fly (volo), striking the ball to move the point ball. Balls, including the pallino, may also be displaced by the balls of other players. Bocce is an inexpensive game of thought and strategy that brings families and friends together with the enjoyment of a game that everyone can play. There are many ways that you and your family can become involved with Bocce. Besides being able to play it in the neighbourhood park or your own backyard, now many other locations are also springing up at country clubs and commercial recreational centres. GENERAL RULES The general rules of the game are as follows: 1. Game or Match: A game is conducted between two players, or two teams of two, three, or four players. The game consists of several frames. A frame starts with a team tossing the Pallino ball toward the opposite end of the playing court. The game (frame) is complete after the balls have been thrown and points have been awarded. Balls are tossed or rolled underhand, i.e., players are permitted to throw the ball in the air using an underarm action. 2. Number of Ball Played by a Player: Singles: One-Player Team (One player per team) — four balls per player

Bocce / Boccia 237 Doubles: Two-Player Team (Two players per team) — two balls per player Triples: Three-Player Team (Three players per team) — two balls per player Fours: Four-Player Team (Four player per team) — one ball per player 3. Coin Toss Procedure: A coin toss by the referee determinesthe team that throws out the pallino first and selects the team’s ball colour. In the absence of a referee, the two team captains will execute the coin toss. The coin toss should take place on the court. 4. Placing the Pallino: The first team (having won the coin toss) has two attempts to place the pallino past the half-court line (centre line) and before the foul line (4-metre line) on the opposite end, i.e., a zone 5 metres in length, ending 4 metres from the far end of the court. If the pallino comes to rest on or before the half-court line or on or past the foul line on the opposite end, it is to be deemed an unsuccessful attempt. (Note: the same player must make all two attempts.) If the first team (the toss winning team) misses twice, the other team is awarded the opportunity to place the jack anywhere they choose within the prescribed zone. If this attempt is unsuccessful, the referee will place the pallino in the centre of the court at the 13.25-metre mark. (Note: In Special Olympics, the toss winning team (the first team) has three attempts to place the pallino.) 5. Playing Bocce: The first team (having won the toss) starts the game (frame) by placing the pallino on the playing area. Once the pallino is in position, the first team throws the first ball. The player rolling the pallino must deliver the first ball. Once the first bowl has taken place, the other side has the opportunity to bowl. From then on, the side which does not have the ball closest to the jack has a chance to bowl, up until one side or the other has used their four balls. At that point, the other side bowls its remaining balls. Each team throws their balls toward the pallino to (a) get their ball closest to the pallino, (b) move the pallino closer to their ball, or (c) move the opponent’s ball. The winning team begins the next frame. Frames are played alternately from one end of the court to the other. 6. Scoring: In each frame, only one team scores. The team with the closest ball to the pallino (jack) is the only team that can score points in any frame. One point is given for each bocce ball that is closer to the pallino than the opposing team’s bocce balls. The pallino distance marker can be used to determine which balls are closer. The game continues until 12 points are scored or to pre-determined points set by the players before the game starts. (Note: Safety should be observed when playing bocce. It is recommended that players stay outside the playing area when balls are being tossed.) 7. Ball Delivery: A player has the option of rolling, throwing, bouncing, banking, etc., his ball down the court, provided it does not go out of bounds or the player does not violate the foul markers. A player may also strike out any ball in play in order to score a point or reduce the opposing team’s points. A player can grip the ball by placing his/her hand over or under the ball, as long as the ball is released in an underhand delivery. An underhand delivery is defined as releasing the ball below the waist. 8. Substitutions: (a) Official notification: Officials must be notified of substitutions prior to a scheduled game time or it will result in forfeiture of the match. (b) Substitution of Players: Only one substitute may be allowed per team per game. Substitutes may take the place of any player on the team and may substitute for different players on the same team during different games. (c) Limitations: Once a player has registered to substitute for one team during the tournament, he/she may not substitute for any other team during that tournament. In Special Olympics, substitutes should have a divisioning score equal to or higher than the person they are substituting. (d) Substitution During Game: Only in the event of medical or other verified emergencies may a player be substituted during a game. Emergency substitutions will only be made at the end of a frame; if this is not possible, the frame will be considered dead. However, once the substitution has been made, the substitute must complete the game.

238 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XI (e) Entry of a Substitute: Substitutes may enter a match at the end of a frame. If the referee is unable to determine the “in” ball, he/she may measure at any time. However, the referee may not measure to determine the 2nd “in” ball while other balls remain to be played. Measuring may only occur to determine the closest ball. 9. Forfeiture: Teams with less than the prescribed number of players will forfeit the match. 10. Other Rules: (a) Player(s) or all team members must be on the court 5 minutes prior to the start of the match. Practising will only be permitted 5 minutes prior to the scheduled match. Referees will toss a coin to determine who goes 1st and which colour. The team that reaches 12 points will be declared the winner. (b) In the event the match is still in process after the allotted time (50 min), the frame will be completed and the team with the most points is declared the winner. (c) An additional frame will be permitted if the score is tied. All balls must be delivered in an underhand manner without crossing the foul line. Fouls will result in penalties being assessed after the team has fouled more than two occasions. (d) Two 30-second time outs will be allotted per match per team. A pallino toss will be attempted by a team no more than twice. In the event they are unsuccessful, the other team may toss the pallino. If this results in a failed placement of the pallino, the referee will place the pallino in the centre of the court an equal distance from the side boards and the centre and back lines. (e) Only one player per team shall be permitted beyond the foul line for coaching and/or measuring. At the time of delivery, all players must be behind the foul line (keep in mind the 30 seconds delivery rule). ( f ) Measurements will only be made by the referee. In the event a ball is accidentally moved by the referee (while balls remain to be played) and that ball is in contention, a dead frame is declared. If a ball is moved that is not in contention, the referee will place it back in its original spot. ( g) In the event the referee inadvertently moves the pallino, a dead frame will result unless all balls have been thrown and the referee is clearly able to acknowledge which team was “in”. (h) Unsportsmanlike conduct will not be tolerated. Behaviour deemed as poor sportsmanship may lead to a team’s disqualification. Footwear must be worn while playing bocce for safety and health- related reasons. Semi-final and final matches will be played to 16 with no time limit. (i) Referees will refer all questions and/or rule clarifications to the Tournament Director so designated for the Bocce Classic. All decisions made by the Tournament Director are final. SPECIFICATIONS 1. Playing Court = Rectangle (enclosed by wooden or other non-metallic sides) Shape of playing court = Natural soil or Asphalt court Types of court = 26.5 m (variation from 24.5–27.5 m is allowed) Length of the playing court = 4 m to 4.5 m Width of the playing court = 20 cm high Raised barrier of Bocce court = 18.29 m (60 ft) long by 3.66 m wide (12 ft) Court dimensions in Special Olympics

Bocce / Boccia 239 2. Bocce Balls Types of ball = Spherical and made of metal or various kind of plastics Set of Bocce balls = 8 (4 green and 4 red) + 1 Target ball (Bigger one) (Smaller one) Small ball used as a target ball = Pallino or Jack Weight of Bocce ball = 920 g Diameter of Bocce balls (Bigger balls) = 107 mm to 110 mm (4.20 into 4.33 in) Diameter of Pallino/Jack = 40 mm to 60 mm (1.57 in to 2.36 in) Bocce Court / Play Field EQUIPMENT The following are the important equipment in a bocce/boccia game. Bocce Balls and Pallino A set of bocce balls is composed of 8 large bocce balls (4 green and 4 red) and one smaller target ball called a “pallino” or “jack”. Bocce balls may be manufactured of wood or a composition material and must be of equal size. Official tournament ball sizes may be from 107 millimetres (4.20 in) to 110 millimetres (4.33 in) in diameter. The colour of the balls is immaterial provided that the four balls of one team are clearly and visibly distinct from the four balls of the opposing team. Bocce is played with eight balls and one smaller target or object ball called the pallino (jack, cue, beebee, etc.). There are four balls to a side or team, and they are generally made in two colours to distinguish the balls of one team from those of the opposing team. The bocce balls may also be inscribed with distinctive lines to identify the balls of the players on the same team. The pallino must not be larger than 60 millimetres or smaller than 40 millimetres in diameter and should be of a colour visibly distinct from both teams’ bocce ball colours. Measuring Device A measuring device may be any device that has the capacity to accurately measure the distance between two objects, and is acceptable to tournament officials.

240 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XI Ramps 1. Ramps are used when an athlete does not have the physical ability to roll with their hand or hands. 2. Ramps and other assistance devices may be used with the approval of the Competition Committee. 3. No mechanical aids shall be used to propel the bocce ball or pallino. 4. Athletes using ramps must be placed in separate divisions from other players only for singles competition. 5. All other tournament rules shall apply to athletes in the ramp divisions. Flags Flags may be any device that has the ability to represent the colours of the bocce balls being used, and acceptable to tournament officials. It should also be large enough to be clearly visible at least 50 feet away. FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS Some of the fundamental skills required for bocce sport are listed below: 1. Gripping the ball 2. Correct Athletic Stance 3. Pointing Shot 4. Hitting 5. Bank shot (Rebounding shot) TERMINOLOGY •• Advantage: The first team that gets to throw the pallino has an ‘advantage’ or a ‘pallino advantage’ over the other team. This is because they have the freedom to place the pallino wherever they want in the court and they also have a clear shot at throwing the first bocce ball. •• Backboards: These are the shorter court walls that you’ll find at the opposite ends of a bocce ball court. Some people call these the end boards, the end walls or the back walls of the court. •• Bank or Rebound Shot: This is a shot in which you roll the ball so that it hits either the sideboards or the backboard and bounces against it to move as close to the pallino as possible. You can also refer to this shot as ‘banking.’ •• Bocce: Bocce is the name of the sport and is the plural form of ‘boccia,’ which is Italian for ‘ball.’ •• Bocce Balls: Bocce balls are the eight balls used to play bocce. These are the larger playing balls. You roll these balls and try to get them as close to the pallino a possible to score points. •• Dead Ball: When an official has disqualified or forfeiteda ball because of some technicality or infringement, the ball becomes a “dead ball”. •• Doubles: A doubles game is when there are two teams playing against each other with two players in each team. •• Frame or Round: The period in the game in which all players have their turns to play their balls from one side of the court to the other and points are awarded to the scoring team for that frame before starting another frame. •• Foul: A rule infraction for which a penalty is prescribed. Generally, this is a foot foul or a line foul and involves a player violating the bocce ball game rules. It can be stepping over the foul line or releasing the ball after crossing the foul line. The team that commits the foul will receive a penalty based on the type and frequency of the foul. •• Foul Line: It is the line in a court that a player should not cross before releasing the ball. They must remain behind the foul line regardless of whether they’re playing a pointing shot or a hitting shot. •• Fours: This is a game in which there are two teams playing against each other, with four players in each team. Some people would also refer to this type of game as ‘teams.’ •• Half Court Marker: It is a line or marker that divides the court exactly in half.

Bocce / Boccia 241 •• Hitting/shooting: Hitting is a shot that involves hitting other bocce balls or pallino on the court in an attempt to displace them. These shots are typically forceful, because they’re supposed to carry the ball to the far end of the court. If these shots miss the target, they will hit the backboard. •• In Contention: Used across any section of the rule book means, balls that an official would deem to be balls that he/she will potentially need to measure or award as scoring balls. •• Inbound Lines: These are the lines that define the boundary that the pallino must not cross during the initial throw. •• Initial Point: This refers to the first ball that you roll towards the pallino at the beginning of a frame. As it is the first ball, it is also closest to the pallino at that moment. Therefore, it establishes the initial point of that frame. The player that tosses the pallino should also make the first roll to establish the initial point. •• In Team: The in team is the team that has their ball closest to the pallino and holds the point. They will continue to be the in team for that frame unless the opposition gets ahead of them and becomes the in team. •• Jack: Also known as a ‘pallino.’ A jack is the smaller white ball that’s thrown at the beginning of each game. •• Live Ball: Any ball in play that has been delivered i.e., any ball that is legitimate and in play. Some people also call this a ‘good’ ball. •• Measure: This is the act of measuring the distance between the bocce balls and the pallino to determine which of them will get to score for that frame. This comes in handy when two or more balls appear to be in the same distance from the pallino. In this case, you’ll need to measure which of them is actually closer to the pallino. •• No Point: Also known as a “tie.” This occurs when the closest balls from the two teams are at an equal distance from the pallino. In this case, the team that delivered the last ball will have to re-attempt their throw. If all the balls have been played for that frame, however, neither team gets a point. •• Out Team: As opposed to the in team, the out team is the team whose ball is farther from the pallino and does not hold the point at that moment. They will continue to be the out team until one of their balls surpasses their opponent’s closest ball and they eventually become the in team. •• Penalty: This is where you’ll find similarities between bocce ball glossary and other sport terminologies. A penalty in bocce refers to the consequence of committing a foul or violating a game rule. It can be against a team or against a specific player. •• Pointing: The action of rolling a ball to obtain a point close to the pallino. •• Rule of Advantage: A rule of advantage refers to the option that a team gets when their opponents commit a foul. The team will get to make a choice depending on their ball position and the state of the game. •• Sideboards: Sideboards refer to the boards that enclose the length of the court to keep the balls from rolling out of court. They are typically 6–12 inches high. •• Volo: Volo refers to a hard and long throw in the air so that your bocce ball lands beyond the center line. The main goal of this throw is to spock another ball. However, volo is generally not permitted in court bocce because you could end up damaging the court surface or breaking other bocce balls. It could also be a safety risk for other players. IMPORTANT TOURNAMENTS International 2. World Bocce Championships 1. Special Olympics 3. Oberto Bocce Tournament, Italy

242 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XI 4. The Pat O’Brien Cleveland Challenge Cup of Bocce tournament 5. Mad Hatter’s Bocce Tournament 6. United States Bocce Federation Tournament 7. International Bocce Tournament 8. United States Bocce Tournaments 9. Bocce Ball Gold Cup Trophy National None, as this game is not officially played in India. VIVA VOCE Q. 1. What is bocce? (4.20 in) to 110 mm (4.33 in) in diameter. The colour of the balls is immaterial, provided that Ans. Bocce is a strategic but relaxed game that can be the four balls of one team are clearly and visibly played on most surfaces (grass or sand) as long distinct from the four balls of the opposing as they are fairly smooth and flat. team. Q. 2. Which other sport is closely related to bocce? Q. 9. What do you mean by pallino? Ans. It is a lawn bowl. Ans. The pallino is the small ball used as a target ball in Bocce. It must not be larger than 60 mm or Q. 3. Where did the primitive bocce game start? smaller than 40 mm in diameter, and it should be of a colour visibly distinct from both teams’ Ans. Egypt. bocce ball colours. Q. 4. Who made bocce most popular in Italy? Q. 10. Which measuring device is used in bocce? Ans. It was Guiseppe Garibaldi who made bocce Ans. A measuring device may be any device that famous in Italy. has the capacity to accurately measure the distance between two objects and is acceptable Q. 5. When and where was the first Olympic bocce to tournament officials. game held? Q. 11. Define ramps. Ans. The first Bocce Olympiad was held in Athens, Greece, in the year 1896. Ans. Ramps are sports equipment used when an athlete does not have the physical ability to roll Q. 6. What are the dimensions of a bocce court? with his/her hand or hands. Ans. Court is 26.5 m long by 4– 4.5 m wide; however, Q. 12. Name the small white or yellow ball, which is the court size can be accommodated to fit the thrown first to start the game. playing space available. Ans. It is known as Pallino or Jack. Q. 7. How is scoring be done in Bocce? Q. 13. When is a dead ball considered? Ans. In each frame, only one team scores. One point is given for each bocce ball that is closer to the Ans. When a bocce ball hits a black wall or blackboard, pallino than the opposing team’s bocce balls. it is considered dead. The pallino distance marker can be used to determine which balls are closer. The game Q. 14. What is the distance between the foul line and continues until 12 points have been scored or to the backstop? pre-determined points set by the players before the game starts. Ans. It is generally 4 metres. Q. 8. What are bocce balls? Q. 15. How many points would a side score when they had two balls close to pallino? Ans. Bocce balls are spherical in shape, may be manufactured of wood or a composition Ans. 2 points. material, and must be of equal size. Official tournament ball sizes may range from 107 mm

Sitting Volleyball 20243 UNIT Sitting Volleyball INTRODUCTION Sitting volleyball (sometimes known as Paralympic volleyball) is a form of volleyball for players with disabilities in which players play from seated positions. In this sport, players must have at least one buttock in contact with the ground or floor at all times during the game, i.e., the player’s pelvis must be in contact with the ground. Sitting volleyball is a team sport played on a smaller volleyball court by two teams of six players on each side separated by a lowered net. Each team tries to score points over the other by grounding the ball on the other team’s court under organised rules. World ParaVolley is the global governing body of sitting volleyball. The Fédération Internationale de Volleyball, commonly known by the acronym FIVB, is the international governing body for all forms of volleyball. Its headquarters are located in Lausanne, Switzerland. History—The game of Sitting Volleyball was invented by Sitting Volleyball Players in Action the Dutch Sport Committee in the Netherlands in 1956, as a combination of Volleyball and Sitzball, a German sport with no net and seated players. This game for men first appeared as a “demonstration sport” for athletes with impaired mobility during the 1976 Paralympic Games in Toronto, Canada. Men’s sitting volleyball became officially included as a medal sport in the 1980 Paralympic Games at Arnhem, Netherlands, where seven countries competed, with the Netherlands coming out on top. Women’s sitting volleyball was added to the Paralympic Games at Athens in 2004. The Chinese women’s team won the title in 2004. In the Paralympics, till now, Iran is the most successful country in men’s sitting volleyball, with six gold medals, while China is the most successful country in women’s sitting volleyball, with three gold medals. Objective of the Game The objective of the game is to hit the volleyball over the net and try to get it to bounce in your opponent’s half. The opposing team has to try and prevent the ball from bouncing before returning the ball. Games are played out in best-of-three or best-of-five sets, and the team with the most sets at the end of the game wins. 243

244 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XI Eligibility Athletes with disabilities like amputations, spinal cord injuries, cerebral palsy, brain injuries and stroke are eligible to compete in sitting volleyball. These athletes, depending on their disability, are classified into two categories: D (VS1) and MD (or VS2). D stands for ‘Disabled’, while MD stands for ‘Minimally Disabled’. Disabled athletes have lost all of their muscular strength and flexibility in that joint. On the other hand, Minimally disabled athletes have lost only a fraction of their muscular strength and flexibility in a joint preventing them from successfully playing standing volleyball. Only two MD players are allowed on the roster for the Paralympic Games and only one is allowed on the court at a time to keep the competition fair between rival teams. The rest of the team must be classified as D players. GENERAL RULES Sitting volleyball follows the same set of rules as standing volleyball with a few modifications. Some modifications are: •• It is played on a smaller volleyball court with a lowered net. •• Players played from seated positions with the player’s pelvis in contact with the ground at all times. •• Blocking of the serve is allowed. •• Touching the opponent’s court beyond the centre line with a hand is permitted. The general rules of the game are as follows: 1. Teams: A team may consist of a maximum of 12 players including a maximum of two players of “minimal impairment” (MD/VS2) category. One of the players, other than the Libero, is the team captain, who shall be indicated on the score sheet. Only the players recorded on the score sheet play in the match. 2. Team Starting Line-up: Each team must always have six players on the court. The six players on court may include a maximum of one “minimal impairment” player (MD/VS2). If a Libero is on court, the six players must still fulfil this requirement. The team’s starting line-up indicates the rotational order of the players on the court. This order must be maintained throughout the set. Before the start of each set, the coach has to present the starting line-up of his/her team on a line-up sheet or via an electronic device. The sheet is submitted, duly filled in and signed, to the second referee or the scorer or electronically sent directly to the e-scorer. 3. The Toss: Before the match, the first referee carries out a toss to decide upon the first service and the sides of the court in the first set. (If a deciding set is played, a new toss will be carried out.) The toss is taken in the presence of the two team captains. The winner of the toss chooses either the right to serve or to receive the service, or the side of the court. The loser takes the remaining choice. 4. Positions of Players: At the moment the ball is hit by the server, each team must be positioned within its own court in the rotational order (except the server). The positions of the players are numbered as follows: the three players along the net are front-row players and occupy positions 4 (front-left), 3 (front- centre) and 2 (front-right); the other three are back-row players occupying positions 5 (back-left), 6 (back- centre) and 1 (back-right). After the service hit, the players may move around and occupy any position on their court, and in the free zone. 5. Rotation: Rotational order is determined by the team’s starting lineup, and controlled with the service order, and players’ positions, throughout the set. When the receiving team has gained the right to serve, its players rotate one position clockwise: the player in position 2 rotates to position 1 to serve, the player in position 1 rotates to position 6, etc. 6. Libero—a specialist defensive player: Each team has the right to designate from the list of players up to two specialised defensive players, called liberos. Only one libero is allowed on court at any time. The Liberos cannot be either the team captain or the game captain. There are a separate set of rules for libero, which are listed below: (a) He/she is a player of the backline, who plays as a specialised defensive player and is not allowed to attack from the attacking area (i.e., the playing court and free zone).

Sitting Volleyball 245 (b) He/she may not serve, block or attempt to block. (c) Libero replacements are not counted as substitutions. (d) Must wear a different coloured T-shirt that is not the same as any of the team’s other colours. The word ‘Libero’ must be printed on the backside of his T-shirt. (e) His/her position is fixed during the game and he does not take part in rotation. 7. Substitution: A substitution is the act by which a player, other than the Libero or his/her replacement player, after being recorded by the scorer, enters the game to occupy the position of another player, who must leave the court at that moment. (a) Substitution requires the referee’s authorisation. (b) Six substitutions are the maximum permitted per team per set. (c) One or more players may be substituted at the same time. (d) A player in the starting line-up may leave the game, but only once in a set, and re-enter, but only once in a set, and only to his/her previous position in the line-up. (e) A substitute player may enter the game in place of a player of the starting line-up, but only once per set, and he/she can only be substituted by the same starting player. 8. Service: The act of putting the ball into play by the back right player placing it in the service zone is known as a service. (a) The first service of the first set, as well as that of the deciding set (the 5th set) is executed by the team determined by the toss. (b) The other sets will be started with the service of the team that did not serve first in the previous set. The players must follow the service order recorded on the line-up sheet. 9. Scoring a Point: A team scores a point by successfully grounding the ball on the opponent’s court, when the opponent team commits a fault, or when the opponent team receives a penalty. 10. Winning a Set: A set (except the deciding 5th set) is won by the team that first scores 25 points with a minimum lead of two points. In the case of a 24–24 tie, play is continued until a two-point lead is achieved(26–24; 27–25; …). 11. Winning a Match: A match is played in a best-of-five set format. The match is won by the team that wins three sets. In the case of a 2–2 tie, the deciding set (the 5th) is played to 15 points with a minimum lead of 2 points. 12. Ball in Play: The ball is in play from the moment the first referee authorises the service hit. 13. Interruptions: An interruption is the time between one completed rally and the first referee’s whistle for the next service. The only regular game interruptions are ‘time-outs’ and ‘substitutions.’ Each team is entitled to request a maximum of two time-outs and six player substitutions per set. All time-outs that are requested last for 30 seconds. 14. Intervals: An interval is the time between two sets. All intervals last for three minutes. 15. Misconduct and its Sanctions: Minor misconduct offences are not subject to sanctions. It is the first referee’s duty to prevent the teams from approaching the sanctioning level by issuing a verbal warning through the game captain or by use of a ‘yellow card’ to the team member concerned. This warning is not a sanction and has no immediate consequences. It should not be recorded on the score sheet. Incorrect conduct by a team member towards officials, opponent, team-mates or spectators, as listed below, is the serious offence for sanctions: (a) Rude conduct: Action contrary to good manners or moral principles, or any action expressing contempt (b) Offensive conduct: Defamatory or insulting words or gestures (c) Aggression: Actual physical attack or aggressive or threatening behaviour 16. Penalty: The first rude conduct in the match by any team member is penalised with a point and service to the opponent.

246 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XI 17. Expulsion: A team member who is sanctioned by expulsion shall not play for the rest of the set and must remain seated in the penalty area with no other consequences. 18. Disqualification: The first physical attack or implied or threatened aggression is sanctioned by disqualification. The second offensive conduct in the same match by the same team member is sanctioned by disqualification. The third rude conduct in the same match by the same team member is sanctioned by disqualification. A team member who is sanctioned by disqualification must leave the Competition Control Area for the rest of the match. 19. Team Hits: A hit is any contact with the ball by a player in play. Similar to standing volleyball, the team is entitled to a maximum of three hits, for returning the ball. If more are used, the team commits the foul of “Four Hits.” 20. Block and Team Hits: Blocking is the action of players close to the net to intercept the ball coming from the opponent by reaching higher than the top of the net, regardless of the height of the ball contact. Only front-row players are permitted to complete a block, but at the moment of contact with the ball, part of the body must be higher than the top of the net. (a) A blocked contact is not counted as a team hit. Consequently, after a blocked contact, a team is entitled to three hits to return the ball. (b) The first hit after the block may be executed by any player, including the one who touched the ball during the block. (c) Blocking an opponent’s service is permitted. 21. Blocking within the Opponent’s Space: In blocking, the player may place his/her hands and arms beyond the net provided that this action does not interfere with the opponent’s play. Thus, it is not permitted to touch the ball beyond the net until an opponent has executed an attack hit. 22. Faults and Violations: A team commits a fault by taking a playing action contrary to the rules (or by violating them in some other way). The referees judge the faults and determine the consequences according to the rules: (a) Double Fault: If two or more faults are committed by opponents simultaneously, a ‘double fault’ is called and the rally is replayed. Or If simultaneous hits by two opponents over the net lead to a ‘catch’, it is a ‘double fault’ and the rally is replayed. (b) Consecutive Contacts: A player is not allowed to hit the ball 2 times consecutively except when blocking, provided the contacts take place simultaneously. (c) Four Hits: It’s a violation for a team to hit the ball 4 times before returning it. (d) Positional Fault: (i) The team commits a positional fault if any player is not in his/her correct position at the moment the ball is hit by the server. When a player is on court through an illegal substitution and play restarts, this is counted as a positional fault with the consequences of an illegal substitution. (ii) If the server commits a serving fault at the moment of the service hit, the server’s fault is counted before a positional fault. (iii) If the service becomes faulty after the service hit, it is the positional fault that will be counted. (iv) A positional fault leads to the following consequences: – the team is sanctioned with a point and service to the opponent; – players’ positions are rectified. (e) Rotational Fault: A rotational fault is committed when the service is not made according to the rotational order.

Sitting Volleyball 247 (f) Attacking Faults: The following are sitting volleyball violations for attacking: (i) A player hits the ball “out.” (ii) A back-row player completes an attack hit from the front zone, if at the moment of the hit, the ball is entirely above the top of the net. (iii) A player lifts his/her buttocks at the moment he/she hits the ball. (iv) A Libero completes an attack hit if at the moment of the hit, the ball is entirely higher than the top of the net. (v) A player completes an attack hit from higher than the top of the net when the ball is coming from an overhand finger pass by a Libero in his/her front zone. (g) Blocking Faults: The following are sitting volleyball violations for blocking: (i) The blocker touches the ball in the opponent’s space either before or simultaneously with the opponent’s attack hit. (ii) A back-row player or a Libero completes a block or participates in a completed block. (iii) The blocker lifts his/her buttocks when he/she plays the ball or participates in a block. (iv) The ball is sent “out” off the block. (v) Blocking the ball in the opponent’s space from outside the antenna. (vi) A Libero attempts an individual or collective block. SPECIFICATIONS 1. Playing Area = Playing Court + Free Zone Area 2. Playing Court Shape of playing court = Rectangle Playing surface = Flat, horizontal and uniform Dimensions of playing court = 10 m × 6 m (33 ft × 20 ft) Width of all lines of the court = 5 cm Length of the service line = 6m Free Zone Area = Minimum 3 m (on all sides of playing court) 3. Structure of Net Length of the net = 6.50 m to 7.00 m Width of the net = 0.80 m Height of the net = 1.15 m (for men); 1.05 m (for women) Square of net mesh = 10 cm × 10 cm 4. Ball Circumference of the ball = 65–67 cm Weight of the ball = 260–280 g Pressure inside the ball = 0.300–0.325 kg/cm² (4.26–4.61 psi) 5. Total number of players in each team = 12 (6 Playing + 6 Substitutes) 6. Total number of sets to be played = 5 (Each match is best-of-five sets) 7. Number of points in a set = 25 (in first four sets, except 5th set of 15 points)

248 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XI 8. Antennae Length of the antennae = 1.60 m 10 mm Diameter of the antennae = 80 cm 10 cm Height above the net = 2 Red and White stripes (preferred) = 1.25 m 0.5–1.0 m 9. Poles / Posts 6–8 (Referees 2, Scorer 1, Assistant scorer 1, Line Judges 2–4) Total number of poles = Height of poles = Distance of poles from the court = 10. Officials = Penaty area Penaty area 3m×3m 1m×1m 1m×1m 3m×3m Warm-up 1.50 m 1.50 m Warm-up area area Team bench Scorers’ table Team bench Free zone Libero replacement Substitution zone Libero replacement Free zone zone zone 3–4 m 3–6 m 1.75 m O 1.75 m End line Side line 2m (Service line) 3m Back zone Front zone Front zone Back zone 6m Court Court 6m Service zone Service zone End line Playing court 12–14 m (Service line) Attack line Centre line Attack line 3–6 m 3m 2m Side line 1.75 m 1.75 m 0.50 m– 1 m 3–4 m Free zone 15–22 m Sitting Volleyball Court

Sitting Volleyball 6m 249 0.80 m 1.15 m for 0.07 m Cable Men 0.05 m Cord 1.05 m for Women Cord 0.50 - 1 m 6.50 - 7 m 1.25 m 0.80 m Axis Cable 0.01 m Cord Top band 0.10 m 0.07 m 0.10 m Side band × 0.10 m 0.05 m Design of the Net EQUIPMENT AND SPORTS GEAR Proper equipment with clear specifications is must for a good game. Discard and replace damaged sporting equipment or protective gear. The following are the important sports gear in a sitting volleyball game. Volleyball The ball shall be spherical, made of a flexible leather or synthetic leather case with a bladder inside made of rubber or a similar material. Its colour may be a uniformly light colour or a combination of colours. Its circumference is 65–67 cm and its weight is 260–280 g. Its inside pressure shall be 0.300 to 0.325 kg/cm² (4.26 to 4.61 psi). Volleyball Nets These are made of nylon with the top and bottom being a strong steel or wire aircraft cable that is coated in nylon or synthetic material for safety. The nets have side pockets and wooden dowels and vinyl tapes along the top, bottom and sides. Braces come with the nets for additional net tension and the top tapes have vinyl tabs at every mesh for helping the net hang square. The Uniform A player’s uniform consists of a jersey, shorts or long pants, socks and sport shoes. Players may play without shoes. Players are permitted to wear tight-fitting compression garments under team shorts. The colour and design of the jerseys, shorts, long pants, compression garments and socks must each be uniform for the team (except for the

250 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XI Libero). Players’ jerseys must be numbered from 1 to 20. The number must be placed on the jersey at the centre of the front and of the back. The colour and brightness of the numbers must contrast with the colour and brightness of the jerseys. The number must be a minimum of 15 cm in height on the chest and a minimum of 20 cm in height on the back. The stripe forming the numbers shall be a minimum of 2 cm in width. The team captain must have on his/her jersey a stripe of 8 × 2 cm underlining the number on the chest. It is forbidden to wear uniforms of a colour different from that of the other players (except for the Liberos), and/or without official numbers. Other sports gear such as sports shoes and volleyball pads are optional. FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS The following are fundamental skills in sitting volleyball: 1. Service/Serving: There are basically two types of serves that players use: Underhand serve and overhand serve (top spin, float, jump serve etc.). 2. Passing: Accurate and consistent passing can result in aggressive attacks. Passing is the first contact a team makes with the ball when a serve is received from the other team. The players need to pass the ball to the setters. The passers use their fingers to pass the ball with both hands, using their forearms. There are three kinds of passes: the two-handed underhand pass, the one-handed underhand pass and the overhead pass. 3. Setting or Boosting: Setting is usually the team’s second contact with the ball. The set is an overhead pass used to change the direction of the ball and put it in a good position for the smasher. In a set, the player uses the finger pads to launch the ball high into the air towards the smashers/hitters. Setting is the tactical centre of sitting volleyball. A setter must be good enough to feed his or her best hitters while also looking for opponents’ blocking weaknesses (such as a short player in the front line or a slow centre blocker). 4. Attacking/Hitting/Spiking: The attack, also known as the spike, is usually the third contact a team makes with the ball. The object of attacking is to handle the ball so that it lands on the opponent’s court and cannot be defended. Attacking the ball is all about timing and precision. The hitter uses an arm swing, a wrist snap, and a rapid forward contraction of the entire body to drive the ball. 5. Blocking: Blocking is a defensive technique. The objective of the block is to stop the spiked ball from crossing the net or to channel the spike toward defenders. The three players on the front line in the front zone/court all share blocking duties. Players on the back line are not allowed to block. A block contact is not counted as a team hit; the team is entitled to three hits to return the ball after a block. The key to good blocking is penetration—the best blockers reach well over the net and into the opponent’s court rather than reaching straight up. 6. Smashing: A spike is when the ball is hit or smashed across the net and into the opponent’s court. It is the most powerful shot in volleyball—and the most effective way to win a rally. A spike can be hit at the net or from behind the attack line, depending on where the setter has put the ball, and there are many different kinds of spikes to suit different game situations. 7. Dig: Also called a “forearm pass” or a “bump”. A dig is used to control the ball and pass it to the setter at the net. It is usually the first contact by the team and an effective shot to use in defence, such as when receiving a smash. It is especially important while digging for players to stay on their toes; several players choose to employ a split step to make sure they’re ready to move in any direction. INJURIES Some of the common injuries in sitting volleyball are sprains (in the ankle/foot, back, elbow, finger, forearm, hand, knee, shoulder, thigh and wrist), dislocations of joints (in the elbow, finger, forearm, hand, knee, shoulder and wrist) and bruising of various body parts.

Sitting Volleyball 251 TERMINOLOGY •• Ace: A point scored over service which is unreturned. •• Attack: An attempt by a player to win a point by hitting the ball over the net. •• Attack Line: A line three metres from the net which marks the limit for where a back-row player may advance to hit a ball from above the net. •• Back-row Player: Any of three players positioned at the back of the court. •• Blocking: It is the action of players close to the net to intercept the ball coming from the opponent by reaching higher than the top of the net, regardless of the height of the ball contact. Only front-row players are permitted to complete a block, but at the moment of contact with the ball, part of the body must be higher than the top of the net. •• Centre Line: The imaginary line running directly under the net and dividing the court in half. •• Court: The playing area. •• Crossing Space: The zone above the net and between two antennae through which the ball must pass during a rally. •• Dig: A defensive move in which both arms are placed together in an attempt to bounce a hard-hit ball up into the air. •• End Line: A back boundary line of the court. •• Fault: A foul or error which results in the loss of the rally. In other words, playing action contrary to the rules or a rule violation other than a playing action. •• Front-row Player: In indoor volleyball, any of three players positioned closest to the net. •• Front Zone: In indoor volleyball, the area between the net and the attack line. •• Ground: To hit the ball to the ground, preferably on the other team’s court. •• Hold: To let the ball settle into the hands briefly on a shot instead of releasing it immediately. •• Joust: A joust occurs above the net between two or more opposing players that forces the ball to become stationary. The point is replayed. •• Kill: To smash the ball overarm into the opponent’s court; also called a “spike”. •• Libero: In indoor volleyball, a defensive player is especially adept at digging. •• Match: A series of sets to determine a winner. •• Mintonette: The original name for volleyball. •• Pass: The attempt by a team to properly handle the opponent’s serve, or any form of attack. •• Point: A team scores a point by successfully grounding the ball on the opponent’s playing court. •• Rally: The sequence of playing actions from the moment of the service hit by the server until the ball is out of play Or the exchange of plays that decides each point. •• Rotate: In indoor volleyball, to move to the next position on the floor in a clockwise manner (the player in position 2 rotates to position 1 to serve). •• Screen: To impede the opponent’s view of the ball during the serve. •• Serve: The stroke used to put the ball in play at the start of each rally. •• Set: A set is the part of a match completed when one team scores the first 25 points to win a single contest with a minimum lead of two points. In case of a tie, play is continued until a two-point lead is achieved. The match is won by the team that wins three sets. Or To position the ball so a teammate can attack. •• Setter: A player who excels in setting up teammates to attack.

252 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XI •• Sideline: A side boundary line on a court. •• Spike: To smash the ball overarm into the opponent’s court; also called a “kill”. •• Toss: In a match, the first referee conducts a toss to determine the first service and the court sides in the first set. •• Windmill: Spike (hand movement during Spike follows motion of windmill). IMPORTANT TOURNAMENTS International 1. World ParaVolley Sitting Volleyball World Championship 2. Paralympic Games 3. European Sitting Volleyball Championships (Men and Women) 4. Sitting Volleyball Champions Cup National 1. Sitting Volleyball Senior National Championships 2. National Paralympic (Sitting) Volleyball Tournament VIVA VOCE Q. 1. Who introduced a new game called sitting Q. 7. What are the dimensions of the sitting volleyball? volleyball court? Ans. In 1956, the Dutch Sports Committee Ans. 10 m × 6 m. introduced a new game that combined Sitzball and Volleyball, called sitting volleyball. Q. 8. What are the length and the breadth of the sitting volleyball net? Q. 2. Sitting volleyball is the combination of which two games? Ans. 6.50 to 7 m in length and 0.80 m in width. Ans. Sitzball and volleyball. Q. 9. What is the standard height of net for men and women? Q. 3. When did sitting volleyball appear as a demonstration sport at the Paralympic Ans. The standard height of a net is 1.15 m for men Games? and 1.05 m for women. Ans. In 1976, Toronto (Canada). Q. 10. What is the length of antennae in sitting volleyball? Q. 4. When was sitting volleyball introduced as a medal sport? Ans. 1.60 m long and 10 mm in diameter. Ans. In 1980, Arnhem (Netherlands). Q. 11. What is the standard weight of the ball used in a sitting volleyball match? Q. 5. When was women’s sitting volleyball introduced in the Paralympic Games? Ans. 260 to 280 g. Ans. 2004 Paralympic Games. Q. 12. What is the required circumference of the ball? Q. 6. Which types of disabilities are eligible to compete in sitting volleyball? Ans. 65 to 67 cm. Ans. Athletes with amputations, spinal cord injuries, Q. 13. How many points are there in each set (except cerebral palsy, brain injuries and stroke are the final set i.e., 5th set) in a game of sitting eligible to compete in sitting volleyball. volleyball? Ans. 25.

Sitting Volleyball 253 Q. 14. How many points are there in the final set (i.e., Q. 18. In what format is the game of sitting the 5th set) in a game of sitting volleyball? volleyball played? Ans. 15. Ans. In the best-of-five set format. Q. 15. How many players are there in a team of Q. 19. What is the specialised defensive player in sitting volleyball? sitting volleyball called? Ans. 12 (6 Playing + 6 Substitutes). Ans. Libero. Q. 16. How many substitute players are allowed in a Q. 20. A player designated as ‘Libero’ is not allowed sitting volleyball match? to do what and why? Ans. A maximum of 6 substitutes are allowed in a Ans. A player designated as ‘Libero’ is not allowed sitting volleyball match. to serve, block or make any attempt to smash as he is the specialised defensive player. Q. 17. What is the width of each line in sitting volleyball? Q. 21. Is tossing the ball necessary in the game of sitting volleyball? Ans. 5 cm. Ans. Yes.

29312 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XI UNIT Wheelchair Throws INTRODUCTION Throwing events in para athletics include four different events that require athletes to demonstrate their power, strength, and accuracy. The four throwing events are: shot put, discus throw, javelin throw, and club throw. Both ambulant athletes (who compete from a standing position) and seated athletes (who compete from a seated position) participate in all throws. In this chapter, we shall focus on the seated throwers, who come under the classifications F31–34 and F51–57. SEATED (WHEELCHAIR) THROWING EVENTS The four seated throwing events—shot put, discus throw, javelin, and club throw—which fall under the classifications F31–34 and F51–57 are briefly discussed below. Shot Put Throw The shot put is a throwing event involving putting (throwing in a pushing motion) a spherical object (made of metal or other suitable material)— the shot—as far as possible from a designated circular throwing area. The athlete who throws the shot is called a shot putter. The shot put was introduced for both men and women at the first 1960 Summer Paralympic Games. The shot must be “put” instead of “thrown” from the shoulder with one hand only. The shot rests on the base of the fingers, with the thumb and little finger providing lateral support and the other fingers spreading out slightly over the surface of the shot. At the time an athlete takes a stance in the throwing circle to commence a put, the shot must touch or be in close proximity to the neck or the chin region, and the hand must not be dropped below this position during the action of putting. In a healthy throw, the athlete begins by facing away from the throwing field, as in discus throw. Punch the shot away from the neck. The thrower must not bring the shot behind the shoulder line. All throws must fall within the landing area. The landing area forms a throwing sector of 34.92°. 312

Wheelchair Throws 313 For men and women, the shots used in seated throwing events weigh between 2.00 kg and 4.00 kg, depending on the category. •• For Sport Classes F33–34, F52–57 from start to finish, the movement of the shot must be a straight, continuous putting action from start to finish. •• For Sport Class F32, lateral movement of the shot away from the chin or neck during putting action is allowed. Discus Throw The discus throw is a throwing event in which an athlete throws a circular biconvex disc—called a discus—as far as possible from a selected circular throwing area. In a healthy throw, the seated athlete begins by facing away from the throwing field before forcefully spinning and then throwing the discus in a sidearm fashion, allowing the discus to spin-off the fingers. In discus throw, the seated athletes use a motionless seating technique, depending completely on trunk and upper end rotation to produce torque, as they throw from a motionless throwing frame. In discus throw, all throws are made from an enclosure/cage/enclosed box designed to ensure the safety of the spectators, other athletes and officials. For a throw to count, the discus must land within a marked landing area. The facility for discus throw includes a throwing circle, protective cage and landing sector. The discus throw is conducted from a circle with a diameter of 2.135 m (±0.005 m) using a 34.92° sector. The discus used by both men and women in seated throwing events weighs 1.00 kg with an outside diameter of 180–182 mm, including the metal rim. The discus throw was introduced for both men and women at the second 1964 Summer Paralympic held in Tokyo. Javelin Throw The javelin throw is a throwing event in which a spear-like object—the javelin—is thrown as far as possible from a designated circular throwing area. The javelin is made of metal, fibre glass, carbon fibre or other suitable material. The facility for the seated javelin throw includes a throwing frame, a throwing circle and a landing sector. The javelin was introduced for both men and women at the first 1960 Summer Paralympic Games. For seated throwing events, seated athletes throw the javelin from a motionless throwing frame. The javelin is held by a single hand at the grip site near the centre of the javelin. It must be thrown over the shoulder or upper part of the throwing arm and does not be slung or hurled. Non-orthodox styles are not permitted. For a valid throw, the tip (metal head) of the javelin must be the first part of it to land on the ground within the designated landing area, before any other part of it. The javelins used in seated throwing events are 2.2–2.3 m in length and 600 g in weight, for all men and women categories (F31–34 and F51–57). Club Throw The club throw is a throwing event in which the objective is to throw a wooden club as far as possible from a designated circular throwing area. The result is decided by a points score using the Raza Points System, which considers athletes’ relative levels of disability. The athlete sits in a rigid throwing frame in a throwing area which is within a marked circle between 2.135 and 2.50 metres in diameter. The club is held at its neck and/or head with one hand only. It is thrown either from a position facing the landing sector or from a position facing backward and throwing overhead. The sport is contested at the Paralympics by athletes in the F31, F32 and F51 classes (individuals with the most significant impairment in hand function).

314 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XI The sport is currently practiced only by disabled athletes. It is the Paralympic equivalent of the hammer throw. The club throw was introduced for both men and women at the first 1960 Summer Paralympic Games. It was dropped from the women’s programme for the 1992 Paralympics in Barcelona but was reinstated for London 2012. GENERAL RULES The general rules of all Seated Throwing Events (Shot put, Javelin throw, Discus throw and Club throw) in Paralympic athletics are as follows: 1. Seated Throwing Technique, Lifting and Failure: (a) In Seated Throw Events, all athletes (Sport Classes F31–34, F51–57) shall throw implements from a throwing frame (chair) in a seated position. The seated position is defined as follows: (i) The athlete must sit so that both legs are in contact with the seat surface from the back of the knee to the back of the buttock (Ischial tuberosity). For athletes with lower limb above and through knee amputation, the residual length of the leg(s) must be in contact with the seat surface till the back of the buttock (Ischial tuberosity). (ii) The sitting position must be maintained throughout the throwing action until the implement has landed or been marked. Strapping across the upper thighs and/or pelvis is encouraged. (b) An athlete shall commence his/her trial from a stationary seated position. (c) It is considered a foul or failure if an athlete moves from the seated position from the time the athlete takes the implement into the starting position of the trial until the implement has landed or been marked. 2. Assistance: (a) The following shall be considered assistance and are therefore not allowed: (i) The taping of two or more fingers together. If taping is used on the hands and fingers, it may be continuous provided that, as a result, no two or more fingers are taped together in such a way that the fingers cannot move individually. The taping should be shown to the Chief Judge before the event starts. (ii) The use of any device of any kind, including weights attached to the body, which in anyway provides assistance when making a trial. (iii) Use of gloves except for athletes in Classes F31–33 and F51–53 that is not in contravention of Rule 2 (b) (iv). (b) The following shall not be considered assistance and are therefore allowed: (i) The use by an athlete, in order to obtain a better grip, of a suitable substance on his hands only. Shot putters may use such substances on their neck. (ii) The placement by an athlete, in the Shot Put, Discus Throw and Club Throw, on the implement, chalk or a similar substance. All substance used on the hands and on the implements shall be easily removable from the implement using a wet cloth and shall not leave any residue. (iii) The use of taping on the hands and fingers that is not in contravention of Rule 2. (a) (i); (iv) The use of gloves that is not in contravention of Rule 2. (a) (iii); Athletes in Sport Classes F31–33 and F51–53 (i.e., quadriplegic athletes) use strapping or a glove on their non-throwing hand and anchor/attach that hand to any part of the throwing frame within the vertical plane of the throwing circle. 3. Throwing Circle: (a) The rim of the circle shall be made of band iron, steel or other suitable material, the top of which shall be flush with the ground outside. The ground surrounding the circle may be concrete, synthetic, asphalt, wood or any other suitable material.

Wheelchair Throws 315 The interior of the circle may be constructed of concrete, asphalt or some other firm but not slippery material. The interior surface shall be level and 2 cm ± 6 mm lower than the upper edge of the rim of the circle. (b) All Seated Throwing Events (Shot Put, Discus Throw, Javelin Throw and Club Throw) should be conducted from a circle with a diameter of 2.135 m ± 0.005 m or 2.50 m ± 0.005 m, using a 34.92� sector. The rim of the circle must be at least 6 mm thick and be white. The use of movable platforms meeting these specifications is permissible. 4. Trials and Measurement: (a) In all Seated Throwing Events, it shall be a foul or failure: (i) if the shot, the discus, the club, or the head of the javelin in contacting the ground when it first lands, touches the sector line, or the ground or any object (other than the cage) outside the sector line. (ii) if an athlete touches any holding straps outside the vertical plane of the rim of the throwing circle. (b) In all Seated Throwing Events, distances shall be recorded to the nearest 0.01 m, rounded down to the nearest 0.01 m if the distance measured is not a whole centimetre. (c) The measurement of each throw shall be made immediately after each valid trial: (i) from the nearest mark made by the fall of the shot or discus to the inside of the circumference of the circle along a line to the centre of the circle; (ii) from where the head of the javelin first struck the ground to the inside of the circumference of the circle along a line to the centre of the circle; (iii) from the first point of contact by any part of the club to the inside of the circumference of the circle along a line to the centre of the circle. 5. Seated Throwing Requirements: (a) Throwing Frame Specifications: (i) The maximum height of the seat surface, including any cushioning, shall not exceed 75 cm. (ii) Each throwing frame must have a seat which is square or rectangular in shape and each side at least 30 cm in length. The seat surface must be level or with the front higher than the back (i.e., inclined backwards). (iii) The throwing frame may incorporate side, front and back rests for the purposes of safety and stability. They can either be made of non-elastic fabric (e.g., non-elastic canvas) or be a rigid construction that does not move (e.g., rigid steel or aluminium). The backrest may incorporate cushioning that must not exceed 5 cm in thickness. (iv) The side, front and back rests should not incorporate springs or movable joints or any other feature that could assist with the propulsion of the throwing implement; (v) The throwing frame may have a rigid vertical bar. The vertical bar must be a single, straight piece of material without curves or bends, and with a cross-sectional profile that is circular or square, not oval or rectangular. It must not incorporate springs or movable joints or any other feature that could assist with the propulsion of the throwing implement. (vi) No part of the throwing frame, including any vertical bar, shall move (save for incidental movement that cannot reasonably be eliminated) during the throwing action. The corner(s) of, or notches in, the seat surface may be cut to accommodate side, front, back rests and/or a vertical bar into the main throwing frame. The size of these cuts shall not be appreciably more than the space needed to insert the rests or the vertical bar in them. The overall shape of the seat shall remain square or rectangular. (vii) Footplates, if used, are for support and stability only. (viii) A daily wheelchair that satisfies these criteria is acceptable (including the requirement that it must not move during the throwing action).

316 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XI (b) Positioning of the Throwing Frame: When positioning and securing the throwing frame inside (c) the competition area, all parts of the throwing frame, including the vertical bar and footplates, must remain inside the vertical plane of the rim of the throwing circle throughout the trial. Time Allocation for Securing Frames: A reasonable amount of time will be permitted for an (d) athlete’s throwing frame to be secured in the circle before the athlete attains a seated position on the throwing frame. The maximum time allowed is for athletes to secure themselves to the chair and have as many warm-up throws as time permits is: (i) 4 minutes for Sports Classes F32–34 and F54–57 Or (ii) 5 minutes for classes F31 and F51–53 Tie-down Device Failure (Sport Classes F31–34, F51–57): If a tie-down device should break or fail during the execution of a throw, then the overseeing official should: (i) If the athlete does not fail, offer the athlete the option of re-taking that trial (i.e., if the athlete is happy with the distance and they haven’t failed, then the athlete has the option of counting the affected trial), Or (ii) If the athlete fails, then the trial should not be counted and the athlete should be allowed to retake the affected trial. SPECIFICATIONS 1. Throwing Circle (for All Seated Throwing Events) Inner diameter of throwing circle = 2.135 m ± 0.005 m or 2.50 m ± 0.005 m Thickness of rim of the circle = 6 mm (white in colour) Angle of throwing circle = 34.92� Thickness of extended lines both sides = 75 cm (Minimum) Width of white lines and extended lines = 50 mm (5 cm) Centre line 34.92° 50 mm White lines 0.75 m min. 50 mm 90° m 0.005 m 2.m1±350.O0mr0±5 2.50 Layout of Throwing Circle for All Seated Throwing Events

Wheelchair Throws 317 2. Shot /Shot Ball (Classes F31 and F51 are not applicable for Shot Put Throw) Weight of the shot for Women—  – Classes: F32, F52 = 2.00 kg  – Classes: F33, F34, F53, F54, F55, F56, F57 = 3.00 kg Diameter of the shot for Women—  – Classes: F32, F52 = 80–100 mm  – Classes: F33, F34, F53, F54, F55, F56, F57 = 85–110 mm Weight of the shot for Men—  – Classes: F32, F52 = 2.00 kg  – Classes: F33, F53 = 3.00 kg  – Classes: F34, F54, F55, F56, F57 = 4.00 kg Diameter of the shot for Men—  – Classes: F32, F52 = 80–100 mm  – Classes: F33, F53 = 85–110 mm  – Classes: F34, F54, F55, F56, F57 = 95–110 mm Stop Board = Not required 3. Discus ( For Men and Women) Weight = 1.00 kg Outside diameter with metal rim = 180–182 mm Diameter of metal plate or flat centre area = 50–57 mm Thickness of metal plate or flat centre area = 37–39 mm Thickness of metal rim (6 mm from edge) = 12–13 mm 12 mm min. Y 13 mm max. approx. 6 mm radius axis D 45 mm + 1 mm for Men 38 mm + 1 mm for Women 50–57 mm 0.220 m + 0.001 m for Men 0.181 m + 0.001 m for Women Discus 4. Javelin (For Men and Women) = 600 g Weight = 2200–2300 mm Overall length (L0) Distance from tip of metal head to centre of = 800–920 mm  gravity (L1) = 1280–1500 mm Distance from tail to centre of gravity (L2) = 250–330 mm Length of metal head (L3) = 140–150 mm Width of cord grip (L4) = 20–25 mm (in front of grip – D0) Diameter of shaft at thickest point = Not required Javelin Throw Runway

318 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XI Centre of gravity L0 L1 L2 1/2L1 1/2L1 1/2L2 1/2L2 L3 L4 0.m15 0.15 40° m max. enlarged tip D2 D3 D4 D5 D0 D6 D1 D7 D8 D9 Javelin 5. Club Throw (For Men and Women) = 397 g Minimum Weight = 350–390 mm Overall length (including metal end) = 18–20 mm Diameter of neck = 50–60 mm Diameter of widest part of the body = 38–39 mm Diameter of metal end = 12.5–13 mm Thickness of metal end 350–390 mm 12.5–13 mm 50–60 mm 38–39 mm 18–20 mm Club EQUIPMENT AND SPORTS GEAR The following are equipment and sports gear for seated throwing events: Shot A shot or shot ball is made of solid iron, brass or any metal not softer than brass, or a shell of such metal filled with lead or other solid material. It is spherical in shape with a smooth surface finish. For seated throwing events, its weight varies between 2 kg and 4 kg, depending on the sports class of athletes. Its diameter also varies depending on the weight of the shots. 4KG 3KG 2KG Discus The body of the discus may be solid or hollow. It is made of plastic, wood, fiberglass, carbon fibre, metal or other suitable material, with a metal rim, and a metal core to attain the weight. The edge of a discus is circular in shape. The cross section of the edge must be rounded into a true circle having a radius of approximately 6 mm. There may be circular plates set flush into the centre of the sides. Alternatively, the discus is made without metal plates,

Wheelchair Throws 319 provided that the equivalent area is flat and the measurements and total weight of the implement correspond to the specifications. For both men and women seated throwing events, the discus is 1 kg in weight and 180–182 mm in diameter, including the metal rim. Each side of the discus is identical and is made without indentations, projections or sharp edges. The sides must taper in a straight line from the beginning of the curve of the rim to a circle with a radius of 25 mm to 28.5 mm from the centre of the discus. The discus, including the surface of the rim, has no roughness and the finish must be smooth and uniform throughout. Javelin A javelin consists of three main parts: a shaft, a head, and a cord grip. The shaft can be solid or hollow, and it is made of metal or another suitable material. The shaft’s surface has no dimples or pimples, grooves or ridges, holes, or roughness, and the finish must be smooth and uniform throughout. A metal head (ending in a sharp point) is attached to the shaft. It contains a reinforced tip of other metal alloy welded on to the front end of the head, provided that the completed head is smooth and uniform along the whole of its surface. The angle of the tip shall not exceed 40 degrees. The cord grip, which covers the centre of gravity, does not exceed the diameter of the shaft by more than 8 mm. It has a regular, nonslip pattern surface without thongs, notches, or indentations of any kind. The grip shall be of uniform thickness. The size, shape, minimum weight, and centre of gravity of the javelin are all defined by World Para Athletics rules. In international competition, both men and women throw a javelin between 2.2 and 2.3 m in length and 600 g in weight. The javelin has a grip, between 140 and 150 mm wide, made of cord and located at the javelin’s centre of gravity (0.8 to 0.92 m) from the javelin tip. Wooden Club The club for men and women is 397 g (minimum) in weight and 350–390 mm in overall length. It is normally made from wood with a metal base. The club has four main parts: a head, a neck, a body and an end (base). The head, neck and body must be solid and made of wood so as to constitute a fixed and integrated whole. The surface of the head, neck and body must be smooth and have no dimples or pimples, grooves or ridges, holes or roughness. The head is spherical or cylindrical in shape and immediately taper towards the neck. The diameter of the widest part of the body does not exceed 60 mm and is cylindrical in shape. The club taper is regular toward the neck and slight toward the metal end (base). Throwing Frame (Chair and Tie Downs) A throwing frame (also called a throwing chair) must have a seat which is square or rectangular in shape. Its each side is at least 30 cm in length. The seat surface must be level or with the front higher than the back (i.e., inclined backwards). The maximum height of the seat surface, with or without cushion, should not exceed 75 cm. The throwing chair is tied down to the ground to provide stability for the thrower. Without tie-downs, the chair can move out from under the thrower as he/she applies a large amount of force on the chair. Tie-downs are ratchet straps and metal stakes that should be used at a minimum on all four corners. Concrete stakes put into the ground at an angle work well, if the ratchet strap has a circle just ahead of the hook. It is not advisable to use aluminium stakes, as a very sharp edge will form on the top.

320 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XI 2. World Para Athletics Championships IMPORTANT TOURNAMENTS 1. Paralympic Games 3. Parapan American Games VIVA VOCE Q. 1. Which seated throwing sports are included in discus throw, javelin throw and club throw) Paralympic athletics? is conducted from a throwing circle with a diameter of 2.135 m ± 0.005 m or 2.50 m ± 0.005 m, Ans. Paralympic athletics include four throwing using a 34.92° sector. The rim of the circle must sports: shot put throw, discus throw, javelin be at least 6 mm thick and be white. throw, and club throw. Q. 9. What is the length of the javelin used for Q. 2. What is the angle of the throwing sector for all men and women categories (F31–34 and the seated throwing events? F51–57) in all seated throwing events? Ans. 34.92�. Ans. The javelins used in seated throwing events are 2.2–2.3 m in length, for all men and women Q. 3. In what circumstances is a throw considered categories (F31–34 and F51–57). a failure? Q. 10. In club throw, how the club is thrown? Ans. The throw is considered a failure if the athlete moves from the seated position from the time Ans. The club is held at its neck and/or head with one the athlete takes the implement into the starting hand only. It is thrown either from a position position of the trial until the throw has been facing the landing sector or from a position marked. facing backward and throwing overhead. Q. 4. In seated shot put, how is the shot held? Q. 11. Which sport classes are contested for club throw in the Paralympics? Ans. The shot must be “put” instead of “thrown” from the shoulder with one hand only. The shot Ans. The club throw sport is contested at the rests on the bases of the fingers, with the thumb Paralympics by athletes in the F31, F32 and F51 and little finger providing lateral support and sports classes. the other fingers spreading out slightly over the surface of the shot. Q. 12. When was the club throw introduced in the Summer Paralympic Games? Q. 5. What is the shot diameter for women in classes F32 and F52? Ans. The club throw was introduced for both men and women at the first 1960 Summer Paralympic Ans. For women in classes F32 and F52, the shot Games. diameter is 80–100 mm. Q. 13. How is the throwing frame used in the seated Q. 6. What is the shot diameter for men in classes throwing events? F33 and F53? Ans. The throwing frame (or chair) is tied down to Ans. For men in classes F33 and F53, the shot the ground to provide stability for the thrower. diameter is 85–110 mm. Without tie-downs, the chair can move out from under the thrower as he/she applies a Q. 7. When was the seated shot put first introduced large amount of force on the chair. in the Paralympic Games? Q. 14. What is the height of the seat surface in the Ans. The seated shot put was introduced for both throwing frame used for all seated throwing men and women at the first 1960 Summer events? Paralympic Games. Ans. The height of the seat surface (including any Q. 8. What are the specifications of the throwing cushioning) in the throwing frame used for all area for all seated throwing events? seated throwing does not exceed 75 cm. Ans. All seated throwing events (shot put throw,

Part–D MISCELLANY



Changing Trends in Sports and Games 30323 UNIT Changing Trends in Sports and Games INTRODUCTION The sports industry is continuously evolving and growing thanks to the evolution of technology. This evolution is changing the past trends in sports and these amendments made in the field of sports are sometimes for the betterment of the players, sometimes for the fans of the sport, and sometimes for the betterment of our planet too. The new technological changes in sports have made a significant impact on different games and sports, and also caused a significant improvement in performance over the past forty years. The advancement in technology has contributed to numerous changes that are taking place in the sports world. From the fan experience to athlete performance, the sports business has transformed and will continue to change as technology advances. The changing trends in sports such as playing surfaces, wearable gear, sports equipment and technological advancement have brought significant changes in the sports industry and affect the performance of a sportsperson. That is why, we will study these changing trends in brief. PLAYING SURFACE A playing surface is an area or surface on which athletes/sportspersons take part in games and sports. Playing surface in sports is a critical component of the athletic environment, playing a role both in performance and in athlete safety. Many of today’s popular sports have been played for 100 years. Traditionally, different sports were played on natural surfaces either muddy or grassy. The maintenance of grass turf surfaces involves different activities such as mowing, irrigation, and control of weeds, pests and disease. As a result of this, grass surfaces are increasingly rare due to high maintenance costs. In modern times, when the course of the sports has been totally changed due to technical advancements, the changes in the playing surfaces have also become very important, especially in athletics. In sports, playing surfaces are continuously evolving, keeping in mind the various factors related to particular games and sports. Some of the factors are friction, pace of the athlete, injury prevention of the athlete, impact of footmarks, etc. The main purpose of devolving such a playing surface is to enhance the performance of the athlete and ensure it does not tear away easily when compared to natural surfaces or pitches. Some common types of playing surfaces that have evolved so far are polymeric rubber, PVC, wooden surfaces, concrete, natural turf and artificial turf. 323

324 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XI Artificial turf (AT), a surface of synthetic fibres made to look like natural grass, has gained recognition from several respected sporting bodies. From the beginning, artificial turf (or synthetic turf) has become an increasingly common playing surface for athletics. But in the 1970s, some reputed sports organisations, such as FIFA and the Olympics, started using artificial pitches. As the construction of AT playing surfaces or fields has increased, the number of athletes playing on AT has also increased. The mechanical properties of AT have a significant effect on performance variables, such as speed, that appear to improve on AT, however injury rate has increased. The areas in which improvement is needed include player’s comfort, the potential impact on player’s health and visual and physical similarity to natural pitches. Once these issues have been tackled, artificial or synthetic sporting surfaces will probably become more popular. WEARABLE GEARS AND SPORTS EQUIPMENT In recent years, technology has entirely revolutionised the way wearable gear and sports equipment are designed. Wearable gears and sports equipment are now more hi-tech and high-functioning. Technology has touched everything: balls, bats, rackets, skates, shoes, helmets, pads, gloves, etc. Wearable gear refers to devices that are attached to the different parts of the athlete’s body like accessories or built into the elements of their equipment to measure or track some specific aspect of performance and health in real time during workouts, physical activities (such as running, biking, walking or swimming) and sports events (such as football, cricket or tennis). These devices have some special types of sensors, and are controlled by electronic components and software. These devices may monitor the position of the athlete, heart rate and other physiological data. The collected data from these gears can then be visualised later using a software system so that an athlete can work on to improve his/her performance. Wearable technology has changed the way sports are evaluated. Today, we do not depend on human vision to make movement decisions. Thanks to the rise of electronic devices, from GPS trackers to RFID chips, with the help of which sports officials can calculate scores with instant, impartial, and quantifiable data. There are several smart wearable gear able to track an athlete’s performance and allow coaches to help enhance their abilities and performance. There are many types of wearable gear (or wearable technology). Some examples are: •• InfoMotion Sports created a basketball which measures the player’s ball-handling skills. This product includes nine accelerometers that detect movement and track ball’s speed and rotation when shot through the air. •• For tennis players, Babolat, a sports equipment company, created a useful tool, called Play Pure Drive tennis racquet. This product is able to monitor tennis movements including serves, forehands, and backhands. This analysed data is available through a smartphone app, in which users can deliver information to their app and observe their performance. •• Smartwatches are very popular with both professional athletes and amateur fitness enthusiasts. They are suitable for a wide range of activities that can make use of calories, step, distance, pulse, and heart rate tracking. In the fitness and athletics world, advancements in sensor technology and accuracy have wholly revolutionised the fitness tracker industry, making wearable technology one of the biggest technology advancements in sports. Sports equipment means any item used in sports to either play or protect players from injury and varies depending on the sport. We can classify sports equipment into two categories as follows: 1. Playing equipment: Playing equipment is the equipment used for playing the games. Every sport needs some kind of playing equipment for playing the game. For example, bat and ball in cricket, gun in shooting, racquet in badminton, hockey stick in hockey etc.

Changing Trends in Sports and Games 325 2. Safety equipment: Safety equipment is vital and is used in different sports for protecting players from sports injuries. For example, protective eyewear, helmets (head guards), cleats, face guards, mouth guards, leg guards, various safety pads for knee, elbow, wrist, chest, neck, shoulder, hip, and thigh, etc. In the field of games and sports, it is unfortunate for any player to get injured while playing the game. Sometimes injuries will ruin the career of a player. Safety equipment always decreases the chances of getting an injury. New technology in sports equipment has revolutionised the way that manufacturers keep athletes safe from injury. Safety equipment becomes better day-by-day through everyday research. When preparing to participate in any sport, determine what safety equipment may be needed to protect the athlete as much as possible. Be sure the equipment is properly sized and in good condition. Sports are an incredible way to improve your quality of life, but injuries can sideline you. Protect yourself for the best experience and least risk. Sports equipment is constantly changing and upgrading due to the advancement of technology, and coaches are keenly taking notice of that. When designing sports equipment, the design has to enhance performance, be user-friendly and be safer. The main aim to wear such gears and equipment is to keep sportsperson safe during practice and competitions because injuries can happen anytime and to anyone in sports. TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS IN SPORTS Technological advancements have had a deep impact in sports world. The sports world has been completely transformed by emerging sports technology. Many professional and amateur sports have embraced new technologies to protect athletes, engage fans, track world records, optimise athletic performance and make it easier to officiate the games. Technological advancement has changed the way of analysing sports performance. It has enabled coaches/ trainers to improve the quality of feedback they give to athletes. It has increased the accuracy in time measurements of sports performance. It has enabled referees as well as umpires and other sports officials to make accurate decisions on the rule infringements. It has provided help in improving the design of sports equipment. Along with this, better viewing of sports performance is being provided owing to technological advancements. Some of the technological advancements that have been introduced are given below: 1. Sensors: Sensors are the basically tracking, measuring or monitoring devices. In sports, they are used to track or measure or monitor different activities of an athlete or sport which provide beneficial information. Today, there are various sport-specific sensor devices for athletes and sports. Different sports use different sensor devices. One of the most popular sensor systems is Hawk-Eye technology which is used in various sports such as cricket, football, tennis, badminton and volleyball, to visually track the trajectory of the ball and display a profile of its statistically most likely path as a moving image. In cricket, Hawk-Eye technology analysis is used for umpire Decision Review System (DRS) to determine if the ball smashed into the bat before it was caught. In football, sensor devices are often used to analyse whether a goal is valid. They are also used in case where the naked eye cannot truly tell if a ball went past the goal line or if a player committed a foul or other offense. In tennis, the Easton Power Sensor is one another example. This device slips onto the end of a bat and tracks metrics such as swing speed, power, directionality, and more. In golf, the Zepp 2 Golf Sensor provides 3D modelling of your golf swing. From the athlete’s perspective, these sensors allow them to unlock a wealth of different information that they can then use to improve their overall game. Sensors have also taken the pro sports world by storm, as the information gleaned from these devices offers access to tons of advanced statistical detail, we’ve never had access to before. These advanced stats are then used by teams to inform scouting, personnel decisions, and much more within the front office. For fans, these new stats allow them to dive even deeper into the numbers to measure player performance.

326 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XI 2. Instant Replay: Instant replay is an example of remarkable technology being used in different sports like cricket, football, baseball, tennis, kabaddi and rugby. It is even used in combat sports and mixed martial arts. With this technology, sports officials are able to slow down and re-examine what happened during a play, which provides a much-needed second perspective for controversial sports movements. 3. Timing Systems: Human error has always been a factor in racing sports. That’s becoming a thing of the past thanks to advancements in race timing systems. From swimming to running to biking, these new advancements help guarantee that the best competitor wins every race. When timing a race, stopwatch has been replaced by more accurate timing systems. This means that differences in reaction time no longer affect the precision and consistency of racing events. Today, start pistols can be linked to the start of the clock, and laser or touch sensors can be used to provide the most precise race time possible. These timing systems also provide incredibly exact measurement down to the thousandth of a second, which eliminates rounding errors. 4. RFID Chips: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) chips are used to time individual contestants in a sporting event. They are tinny devices with built-in antennas that relay wireless signals to tracking stations. These chips are usually used in long distance races to help broadcasters and viewer to track the exact location of the contestants during a race. 5. Protective Gears Development: From helmets to cleats, new technology in sports equipment has revolutionised the way that manufactures keep athletes safe from injury. One of the biggest improvements in sporting tech is smart helmets. New helmet technology offers sensor and magnet tech built-in, which is able to detect and disperse force, thus decreasing the chances of head injury. Helmet manufacturers are leveraging years of impact data and combining them with technologically advanced materials to produce safer and more comfortable helmets. The same holds for companies that make pads, gloves, and other gear. These advancements provide players with the gear they need to stay safe during the game or practice sessions, without compromising their ability to play at their peak. 6. ABS (Automatic Ball-Strike System): For years, the idea of replacing human umpires with robots or computer-assisted robots has been gaining steam. Enter the ABS or Automatic Ball-Strike System. This system leverages new sports technologies to accurately measure balls and strikes, performing the job once left to fallible human umpires. Using radar, the robot umpire can measure the exact points that a ball passes over home plate, providing an accurate ball or strike call without the influence of how the catcher frames the pitch, or how a particular umpire views the strike zone. 7. Virtual Reality: Lauded as the next big thing in entertainment, it was only a matter of time before virtual reality made an impact on the sports world as well. The Pyeongchang Olympics featured thirty different events that were shot with VR cameras. These cameras provide tons of live streaming options for those lucky enough to have VR enabled devices. The NBA has also been on the cutting edge of integrating virtual reality content into their programming. Beyond the fans, virtual reality is having a significant impact on athletes as well. Sport-specific training platforms are available for virtually all athletes. In fact, many professional and collegiate teams are building their own training platforms to help their players improve their practice routines. 8. Digital Streaming: From Netflix to Hulu to Amazon Prime, virtually every major content provider is now in the business of digital streaming. Throughout the past few years, the sports world has been dabbling in streaming, and that trend recently came to a head with the development of ESPN+ and DAZN. Most sports networks also offer streaming services, allowing fans to watch live games and exclusive content from anywhere in the world. Moving forward, you can expect streaming services to continue to have a major impact on the way fans consume the sports they love. From sensors and wearables to major strides in protective equipment to the advent of virtual reality and streaming services, revolutionary sports technology advancements have significantly changed the way everyone interacts with sports.

Changing Trends in Sports and Games 327 From athletes to coaches and managers, to the fans in the stands, sports technology is making it easier for everyone to enjoy the sports and activities they love. We’re looking forward to what the future of technology in athletics. VIVA VOCE Q. 1. What do you mean by a playing surface? Q. 5. Which material is used to reduce the weight Ans. and increase the life span of sports equipment? A playing surface is an area or surface on which Ans. Q. 2. athletes/sportspersons take part in games and Q. 6. Composite material. Ans. sports. Q. 3. Ans. Give one example of technological advance- Ans. Which materials can be used in preparing Q. 7. ment in sports. Q. 4. playing surface in sports? Ans. Ans. Snickometer used in cricket. Polymeric rubber, PVC and Concrete. Q. 8. Ans. What is the full form RFID? What kind of data is monitored by wearable gear in sports? The full of RFID is Radio Frequency Identification. Heart rate, position of the athlete and other physiological data. What are RFID chips in sports? List any two sports organisations that use RFID chips are tinny devices with built-in artificial pitches. antennas that relay wireless signals to tracking stations. FIFA and Olympics.

National Sports Awards 32341 UNIT National Sports Awards NATIONAL SPORTS AWARDS The following national sports awards for prestigious coaches and outstanding sportspersons are given by the Government of India. 1. Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award: It is the highest sporting honour of India. It is awarded annually by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India. This award was instituted by the Rajiv Gandhi Trust in the year 1991–92. The recipient(s) is/are selected by a committee constituted by the Ministry and is honoured for their “spectacular and most outstanding performance in the field of sports over a period of four years” at international level. As of 2020, the award comprises a medallion, a certificate, and a cash prize of ` 25 lakh. It is presented to those sportspersons who have excelled in their sports over a period of four years. 2. Arjuna Award: It is the second-highest sporting honour of India, the highest being the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award. It is awarded annually by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India. It is given to the sportspersons for outstanding performance in international/national competitions. This award was instituted in 1961. This award is given in the memory of Arjuna of Mahabharata. As of 2020, the award comprises “a bronze statuette of Arjuna, certificate, ceremonial dress, and a cash prize of `15 lakh. 3. Dronacharya Award: It is for the coaches whose athletes perform outstandingly in international competitions. This award was started in 1985 in the memory of Guru Dronacharya of Mahabharata. As of 2020, the award comprises a bronze statuette of Dronacharya, a certificate, ceremonial dress, and a cash prize of ` 15 lakh. MAJOR DHYAN CHAND KHEL RATNA AWARD The Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award (previously known as the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award from 1991 to 2021) is the highest award in the field of sports given to a sportsperson in India. It is presented to sportspersons for their spectacular and most outstanding performance in the field of sports over a period of four years at international level. This award is presented to one sportsperson from individual sports, but it can be given to more than one person in the case of team games. The selection committee does not have the discretionary power to select only a few members of a team for the award. This may harm the team spirit. If, in the opinion of the selection committee, there is no performance deserving this award in a particular year, it may not be given in that year. This award consists of the following: 1. Acashamountof`25lakhexemptedfromincometaxandwealthtaxintheyearinwhichitisdisbursed.Incase the award is given to more than one sportsperson of the team, the amount shall be divided equally. 341

342 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XI 2. A scroll of honour to each sportsperson. 3. One medal to each sportsperson. The amount of award may be given either in cash or in the form of saving certificates or otherwise, as deemed fit by the Government. Objectives of the Award There are following objectives of Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award: 1. To honour the sportspersons to enhance their general status in the society and also to give them greater dignity and place of honour in the society. 2. To motivate the sportspersons to give their highest performance in sports events. 3. To intensify the spread of sports culture throughout the country. List of Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Awardees 1991–1992 Viswanathan Anand (Chess) 2014 (No Award) 2015 Sania Mirza (Tennis) 1992–1993 Geet Sethi (Billiards) 2016 P.V. Sindhu (Badminton) Jitu Rai (Shooting) 1993–1994 Homi Motivala (Yachting–Team event) Dipa Karmakar (Gymnastics) Sakshi Malik (Wrestling) Pushpendra Kumar Garg (Yachting– 2017 Devendra Jhajharia (Paralympic athletics) Team event) Sardar Singh (Hockey–Men) 2018 Saikhom Mirabai Chanu (Weightlifting) 1994–1995 Karnam Malleswari (Weightlifting) Virat Kohli (Cricket) 2019 Bajrang Punia (Wrestling) 1995–1996 NameirakpamKunjarani(Weightlifting) Deepa Malik (Paralympic athletics) 2020 Rohit Sharma (Cricket) 1996–1997 Leander Paes (Tennis) Rani Rampal (Hockey) Manika Batra (Table Tennis) 1997–1998 Sachin Tendulkar (Cricket) Vinesh Phogat (Wrestling) Mariyappan Thangavelu (Para-Athletics) 1998–1999 Jyotirmoyee Sikdar (Athletics) 2021 Neeraj Chopra (Athletics) Lovlina Borgohain (Boxing) 1999–2000 Dhanraj Pillay (Hockey–Men) Mithali Raj (Cricket) Sunil Chhetri (Football) 2000–2001 Pullela Gopichand (Badminton) P.R. Sreejesh (Hockey) Manpreet Singh (Hockey) 2001 Abhinav Bindra (Shooting Rifle) Ravi Kumar Dahiya (Wrestling) Sumit Antil (Para Athletics) 2002 K.M. Beenamol (Athletics) Pramod Bhagat (Para Badminton) Krishna Nagar (Para Badminton) Anjali Bhagwat (Shooting) Avani Lekhara (Para Shooting) Manish Narwal (Para Shooting) 2003 Anju Bobby George (Athletics) 2022 Achanta Sharath Kamal (Table tennis) 2004 Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore (Shooting) 2005 Pankaj Advani (Billiards and Snooker) 2006 Manavjit Singh Sandhu (Shooting) 2007 Mahendra Singh Dhoni (Cricket) 2008 (No award) 2009 Mary Kom (Boxing Women) Vijender Singh (Boxing) Sushil Kumar (Wrestling) 2010 Saina Nehwal (Badminton) 2011 Gagan Narang (Shooting) 2012 Vijay Kumar (Shooting) Yogeshwar Dutt (Wrestling) 2013 Ronjan Sodhi (Shooting)

National Sports Awards 343 ARJUNA AWARD This prestigious sports award was introduced in the year 1961. It is given by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India. It was named after the great perfect student ‘Arjuna’ (of Mahabharata). As per the revised schematic guidelines, this award is given to the sports personalities who excel in games and sports for three consecutive years (at National and International level) and also have shown qualities of leadership, sportsmanship and a sense of discipline. This award is decided by a ten-member committee (seven Olympic players and three SAI officials.) It is given in three categories: (a) Olympic Games/Asian Games/World Cup/World Championships/Commonwealth Games/Cricket (b) Indigenous/Indian Games (c) Sports for the physically challenged. List of Arjuna Awardees 2020 •• Deepak Niwas Hooda (Kabaddi) •• Atanu Das (Archery) •• Kale Sarika Sudhakar (Kho Kho) •• Dutee Chand (Athletics) •• Dattu Baban Bhokanal (Rowing) •• Satwiksairaj Rankireddy (Badminton) •• Manu Bhaker (Shooting) •• Chirag Chandrasekhar Shetty (Badminton) •• Saurabh Chaudhary (Shooting) •• Vishesh Bhriguvanshi (Basketball) •• Madhurika Patkar (Table Tennis) •• Manish Kaushik (Boxing) •• Divij Sharan (Lawn Tennis) •• Lovlina Borgohain (Boxing) •• Divya Kakran (Wrestling) •• Deepti Sharma (Cricket) •• Aakash Malik (Wrestling 55 kg G/R) •• Ishant Sharma (Cricket) •• Gurpreet Singh (Wrestling Greco-Roman 75 kg) •• Sawant Ajay Anant (Equestrian) •• Sandeep Chaudhary (Para Athletics) •• Sandesh Jhingan (Football) •• Manish Narwal (Para Shooting) •• Aditi Ashok (Golf) •• Suyash Jadhav (Para Swimming) •• Deepika Thakur (Hockey) •• Akashdeep Singh (Hockey) •• Amit Rohidas (Hockey) •• Birendra Lakra (Hockey) 2021 •• Sumit Valmiki (Hockey) •• Arpinder Singh (Athletics) •• Nilakanta Sharma (Hockey) •• Simranjit Kaur (Boxing) •• Hardik Singh (Hockey) •• Shikhar Dhawan (Cricket) •• Vivek Sagar Prasad (Hockey) •• C.A. Bhavani Devi (Fencing) •• Gurjant Singh (Hockey) •• Monika Malik (Hockey) •• Mandeep Singh (Hockey) •• Vandana Katariya (Hockey) •• Shamsher Singh (Hockey) •• Sandeep Narwal (Kabaddi) •• Lalit Kumar Upadhyay (Hockey) •• Himani Uttam Parab (Mallakhamba) •• Varun Kumar (Hockey) •• Abhishek Verma (Shooting) •• Simranjeet Singh (Hockey) •• Ankita Raina (Tennis) •• Deepak Punia (Wrestling) •• Dilpreet Singh (Hockey) •• Harmanpreet Singh (Hockey) •• Rupinder Pal Singh (Hockey) •• Surender Kumar (Hockey)

344 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XI •• Harvinder Singh (Para Archery) •• Praveen Kumar (Para Athletics) •• Sharad Kumar (Para Athletics) •• Suhas Lalinakere Yathiraj (Para Badminton) •• Yogesh Kathuniya (Para Athletics) •• Singhraj Adhana (Para Shooting) •• Nishad Kumar (Para Athletics) •• Bhavina Patel (Para Table Tennis) 2022 •• Sagar Kailas Ovhalkar (Mallakhamba) •• Seema Punia (Athletics) •• Elavenil Valarivan (Shooting) •• Eldhose Paul (Athletics) •• Om Prakash Mitharwal (Shooting) •• Avinash Mukund Sable (Athletics) •• Sreeja Akula (Table Tennis) •• Lakshya Sen (Badminton) •• Vikas Thakur (Weightlifting) •• Prannoy H. S. (Badminton) •• Anshu Malik (Wrestling) •• Amit Panghal (Boxing) •• Sarita Mor (Wrestling) •• Nikhat Zareen (Boxing) •• Praveen Kumar (Wushu) •• Bhakti Pradip Kulkarni (Chess) •• Manasi Girishchandra Joshi (Para Badminton) •• R. Praggnanandhaa (Chess) •• Tarun Dhillon (Para Badminton) •• Deep Grace Ekka (Hockey) •• Swapnil Sanjay Patil (Para Badminton) •• Shushila Devi Likmabam (Judo) •• Jerlin Anika (Para Badminton) •• Sakshi Kumari (Kabaddi) •• Nayanmoni Saikia (Lawn Bowl) DRONACHARYA AWARD The general rules of all Seated Throwing Events (Shot put, Javelin throw, Discus throw and Club throw) in Paralympic athletics are as follows: This award is given to those coaches who have successfully trained sportspersons or team and enabled them to achieve outstanding results in international competitions. This eminent award was started in the year 1985. It is given to coaches for their hard work to produce top level sportspersons. This award is named after the legendary guru or teacher ‘Dronacharya’. In this award, the coach is given five lakh rupees cash, scroll of honour and statue of guru Dronacharya. Eligibility for Dronacharya Award This award is given to those coaches who impart coaching temporarily, or permanently to the teams or players. Recipients are selected by a committee constituted by the Ministry and are honoured to have done “outstanding and meritorious work on a consistent basis and enabled sportspersons to excel in international events’ over a period of four years. Two awards are designated for the lifetime contribution in coaching where the achievements in producing “outstanding sportspersons” over a period of 20 years or more are considered. The following conditions are necessary for the eligibility of this award: A. For Individual Events A coach is eligible for Dronacharya Award if any of his/her players has achieved following position: 1. Won gold, silver or bronze medal at Olympic Games or at World Cup Tournament. 2. Won gold, silver or bronze medal at World Championship. 3. Broken a world record. This record should be recognised by the International Sports Federation. 4. Won a gold medal at Asian Games or Commonwealth Games.

National Sports Awards 345 B. For Team Events A coach is eligible for Dronacharya Award if he has trained the following teams: 1. The team, which has won the gold, silver or bronze medals at World Cup, World Championship or Olympic sports. 2. The team which has won two gold medals, i.e., one gold medal in Asian Games and second gold medal in Asian Championship in the year of award or before that year. 3. The team, which has won two gold medals, i.e., one in Asian Games and second in Commonwealth Games in the year of award or before that year. C. For Indigenous Sports The coach, who has been imparting training to a player or a team of a indigenous sports and that team has ameliorated the standard of sports during the last three years, is also eligible for Dronacharya Award. List of Dronacharya Awardees In Seated Throw Events, all athletes (Sport Classes F31–34, F51–57) shall throw implements from a throwing frame (chair) in a seated position. The seated position is defined as follows: 2020 Regular category: Lifetime category: •• Jude Felix (Hockey) •• Yogesh Malviya (Mallakhamb) •• Dharmendra Tiwary (Archery-Lifetime) •• Jaspal Rana (Shooting) •• Kuldeep Kumar Handoo (Wushu) •• Purushotham Rai (Athletics-Lifetime) •• Gaurav Khanna (Para Badminton) •• Shiv Singh (Boxing-Lifetime) •• Romesh Pathania (Hockey-Lifetime) •• Krishan Kumar Hooda (Kabaddi-Lifetime) •• Vijay Bhalchandra Munishwar (Para Powerlifting-Lifetime), •• Naresh Kumar (Tennis-Lifetime) •• Om Parkash Dahiya (Wrestling-Lifetime) 2021 Lifetime category: Regular category: •• T. P. Ouseph (Athletics-Lifetime) •• Sarkar Talwar (Cricket-Lifetime) •• Radhakrishnan Nair P (Athletics) •• Sarpal Singh (Hockey-Lifetime) •• Sandhya Gurung (Boxing) •• Ashan Kumar (Kabaddi-Lifetime) •• Pritam Siwach (Hockey) •• Tapan Kumar Panigrahi (Swimming-Lifetime) •• Subramanian Raman (Table Tennis) •• Jai Prakash Nautiyal (Para Shooting) 2022 Lifetime category: Regular category: Dinesh Jawahar Lad (Cricket-Lifetime) Jiwanjot Singh Teja (Archery) Bimal Prafulla Ghosh (Football-Lifetime) Mohammad Ali Qamar (Boxing) Raj Singh (Wrestling-Lifetime) Suma Siddharth Shirur (Para Shooting) Sujeet Maan (Wrestling)

346 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XI VIVA VOCE Q. 1. What is Arjuna Award? Q. 4. competitions. This Award was started in Ans. 1985 in the memory of Guru Dronacharya of Arjuna Award is the supreme honour, which is Ans. Mahabharata. A five lakh rupees cheque, a Q. 2. awarded to sportspersons by the Government Q. 5. statue of Guru Dronacharya and a scroll of Ans. of India. This award is given to such sports honour are given to the awardee. persons who have given extraordinary Ans. Q. 3. performance during the past three years. This Q. 6. Who is the first recipient of Major Dhyan Ans. award was started in 1961 in the name of Arjuna Chand Khel Ratna Award (earlier known as (of Mahabharata). This award includes a statue Ans. Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award)? of Arjuna, a diploma and five lakh rupees cash. The President of India presents this award on Viswanathan Anand. 29 August (The birthday of legendary, hockey wizard Late Dhyan Chand, Olympian) every How many sportspersons are awarded with year. Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award till 2022? What is Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award? 56 (Fifty-six). This award was instituted by the Rajiv Gandhi How many cricketers are awarded with Major Trust in the year 1991-92. This award is given for Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award till 2022? most spectacular and outstanding performance by a sportsperson. This award is presented to Five cricketers are awarded with Major Dhyan one sportsperson from individual sports but it Chand Khel Ratna Award. The names of the can be given to more than one person in case cricketers are: of team events. Seven lakh and fifty thousand rupees cheque, a medal and a scroll of honour 1. Sachin Tendulkar (1997–1998) are given to the awardee. 2. Mahendra Singh Dhoni (2007) What is Dronacharya Award? 3. Virat Kohli (2018) It is for the coaches whose athletes perform outstanding performance in international 4. Rohit Sharma (2020) 5. Mithali Raj (2021)

Venue of Games 1347 APPENDIX Venue of Games OLYMPIC MOVEMENT AND VENUES The modern Olympic Games are the leading international sporting event featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games are considered to be the world’s foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held every four years, with the Summer and the Winter Games alternating, meaning they each occur every four years but two years apart. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894. The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority. OLYMPIC TORCH The Olympic flame is a symbol of the Olympic Games. Commemorating the theft of fire from the Greek god Zeus by Prometheus, its origins lie in ancient Greece, where a fire was kept burning throughout the celebration of the ancient Olympics. The fire was reintroduced at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, and it has been part of the modern Olympic Games ever since. The Olympic torch makes its way through a huge relay to the Opening Ceremony that kicks off the Olympic Games. The runners in cross country relay transports the lighted torch from the valley of Olympia, Greece to the various designated sites of the games. Introduced by Carl Diem at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, the relay starts four weeks before the opening of the games. The runners represent each country that lies between Greece and the host nation. Planes and ships transport the torch across mountains and seas. The final runner carries the torch in the stadium, circles the track and lights the Olympic flame. The flame is kept burning until the games end. OLYMPIC MOTTO The Olympic motto is “Citius, Altius, Fortius”. These three Latin words mean “Swifter, Higher, Stronger.” Baron de Coubertin made it the Olympic motto, pointing out that athletes need ‘freedom of excess’. That is why, we gave them this motto…a motto for people who dare to break records. Coubertin borrowed this motto from Father Henri Martin Dideon, the headmaster of Arcueil College in Paris. Father Dideon used the motto to describe the great achievements of the athletes at his school. Coubertin felt it could be used to describe the goals of great athletes all over the world. 347

348 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XI OLYMPIC FLAG The Olympic flag made its debut at the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp, Belgium. Flag consisting of a white field bearing five equal interlocking rings of blue, dark yellow, black, green, and red with separations wherever two rings intersect. The five Olympic rings signify the unity of the five continents. The colours (white, red, blue, green, black and yellow) were chosen such that each nation had at least one on its national flag. The white flag signifies peace, serenity and purity of spirit. Olympic Flag OLYMPIC OATH The Olympic oath is a solemn promise made by one athlete—as a representative of each of the participating Olympic competitors; and by one judge—as a representative of each officiating Olympic referee or other official, at the opening ceremonies of each Olympic Games. The athlete, from the team of the organising country, holds a corner of the Olympic flag while reciting the oath: “In the name of all the competitors I promise that we shall take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them, committing ourselves to a sport without doping and without drugs, in the true spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sport and the honour of our teams.” VENUES OF OLYMPIC GAMES Year City Country 1896 Athens Greece 1900 Paris France 1904 St. Louis United States 1908 London United Kingdom 1912 Stockholm Sweden 1916 Scheduled for Berlin Germany* 1920 Antwerp Belgium 1924 Paris France 1928 Amsterdam Netherlands 1932 Los Angeles United States 1936 Berlin Germany 1940 Scheduled for Tokyo Japan** 1944 Scheduled for London United Kingdom** 1948 London United Kingdom 1952 Helsinki Finland *The Olympic games could not be held in 1916 due to World War I. **The Olympic games could not be held in 1940 and 1944 due to World War II.

Appendix—1 349 1956 Melbourne Australia 1960 Rome Italy 1964 Tokyo Japan 1968 Mexico City Mexico 1972 Munich West Germany (now Germany) 1976 Montreal Canada 1980 Moscow USSR (now Russia) 1984 Los Angeles United States 1988 Seoul South Korea 1992 Barcelona Spain 1996 Atlanta United States 2000 Sydney Australia 2004 Athens Greece 2008 Beijing China 2012 London United Kingdom 2016 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 2020 Tokyo (held in 2021) Japan 2024 Scheduled at Paris France 2028 Scheduled at Los Angeles United States VENUES OF ASIAN GAMES Country India Year City Philippines 1951 New Delhi Japan 1954 Manila Indonesia 1958 Tokyo Thailand 1962 Jakarta Thailand 1966 Bangkok Iran 1970 Bangkok Thailand 1974 Tehran India 1978 Bangkok South Korea 1982 New Delhi China 1986 Seoul Japan 1990 Beijing Thailand 1994 Hiroshima Qatar 1998 Bangkok China 2006 Doha South Korea 2010 Guangzhou 2014 Incheon

350 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XI 2018 Jakarta and Palembang Indonesia 2022 Hangzhou China 2026 Scheduled at Nagoya Japan VENUE OF COMMONWEALTH GAMES Year City Country 1930 Hamilton Canada 1934 London England 1938 Sydney Australia 1942 No games were held due to World War II 1946 No games were held due to World War II New Zealand 1950 Auckland Canada 1954 Vancouver Wales 1958 Cardiff Australia 1962 Perth Jamaica 1966 Kingston Scotland 1970 Edinburgh New Zealand 1974 Christchurch Canada 1978 Edmonton Australia 1982 Brisbane Scotland 1986 Edinburgh New Zealand 1990 Auckland Canada 1994 Victoria Malaysia 1998 Kuala Lumpur England 2002 Manchester Australia 2006 Melbourne India 2010 New Delhi Scotland 2014 Glasgow Australia 2018 Gold Coast United Kingdom 2022 Birmingham Australia 2026 Scheduled at Victoria

Athletics Records 2351 APPENDIX Athletics Records NATIONAL RECORDS MEN S. N. Events Records Name of the Athlete Date Venue 1. 100 m 10.26 s (+1.2 m/s) Amiya Kumar Mallick 28 April 2016 New Delhi, India 2. 200 m 20.63 s (+1.5 m/s) Muhammed Anas 15 August 2018 Jablonec nad Nisou, Czech Rep. 3. 400 m 45.24 s Muhammed Anas 21 July 2018 Nové Město nad Metují, Czech Rep. 4. 800 m 1:45.65 s Jinson Johnson 27 June 2018 Guwahati, India 5. 1,500 m 3:37.86 s Jinson Johnson 14 April 2018 Gold Coast, Australia 6. 3,000 m 7:50.31 s Surendra Singh 4 June 2008 Twickenham, UK 7. 5,000 m 13:29.70 s Bahadur Prasad 25 June 1992 Birmingham, United Kingdom 8. 10,000 m 28:02.89 s Surendra Singh 12 July 2008 Vigo, Spain 9. 110 m hurdles 13.48 s (–0.9 m/s) Siddhanth Thingalaya 10 June 2017 Mesa, United States 10. 400 m hurdles 48.96 s Ayyasamy Dharun 27 August 2018 Jakarta, Indonesia 11. 3000 m 8:30.88 s Gopal Saini 5 June 1981 Tokyo, Japan steeplechase 38.89 s India Relay Team: 12 October 2010 New Delhi, India 12. 4 × 100 m relay Rahamatulla Molla (CWG 2010) 3:00.91 s Suresh Sathya 10 July 2016 13. 4 × 400 m relay Shameer Mon Bangalore, India A. Qureshi (3rd Indian Grand Prix) India Relay Team: Kunhu Muhammed Muhammed Anas Ayyasamy Dharun Arokia Rajiv 351

352 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XI 14. Marathon 2::12:00 s Shivnath Singh 28 May 1978 Jalandhar, India 15. 20 km walk London, Great Britain 1::20:21 s Irfan Kolothum Thodi 4 August 2012 Nomi, Japan 16. 50 km Walk Taichang, China 17. High jump Devender Singh 20 March 2016 Lubbock, United States 18. Pole vault Patiala, India 19. Long jump 3::56:22 Sandeep Kumar 2014 Almaty, Kazakhstan 20. Triple jump Bangalore, India 2.29 m Tejaswin Shankar 27 April 2018 21. Shot put Jakarta, Indonesia 22. Discus throw 5.15 m Subramani Siva 5 March 2018 Norman, United States 23. Hammer throw Hyderabad, India 24. Javelin throw 8.19 m (+0.1 m/s) Ankit Sharma 26 June 2016 Jakarta, Indonesia 25. Decathlon Bangalore, India 17.30 m (+1.8 Renjith Maheswary 11 July 2016 1. 100 m m/s) Bangalore, India 20.75 m Tejinder Toor 25 August 2018 66.28 m Vikas Gowda 12 April 2012 70.73 m Neeraj Kumar 29 June 2016 88.06 m Neeraj Chopra 27 August 2018 7658 pts Bharatinder Singh 11–12 June 2011 Best performances but was not accepted as National Record 10.21 s Anil Kumar P. S. N. Events Records WOMEN Date Venue 1. 100 m 11.29 s (+0.5 m/s) 29 June 2018 Guwahati, India 2. 200 m 22.82 s (+0.8 m/s) Name of the Athlete 28 August 2002 Ludhiana, India 3. 400 m 50.79 s Dutee Chand 26 August 2018 Jakarta, Indonesia 4. 800 m 1:59.17 s Saraswati Saha 4 Sept 2010 Split, Croatia 5. 1,500 m 4:06.03 s Hima Das 10 Oct 2002 Busan, South Korea 6. 3,000 m 9:06.42 s Tintu Luka 24 April 2016 Hiroshima, Japan 7. 5,000 m 15:15.89 s Sunita Rani 26 Nov 2010 Guangzhou, China 8. 10,000 m 31:50.47 s Molly Chacko 21 Nov 2010 Guangzhou, China 9. 100 m hurdles 13.38 s (+0.4 m/s) Preeja Sreedharan 8 Sept 2002 New Delhi, India 10. 400 m hurdles 55.42 s Preeja Sreedharan 8 August 1984 Los Angeles, United States 11. 3000 m Anuradha Biswal steeplechase 9:19.76 s P. T. Usha 13 August 2016 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 12. 10,000 m walk 48:10.0 s 13 March 2012 New Delhi, India 13. 20,000 m walk 1::40:35.70 s Lalita Babar 11 Feb 2015 Thiruvananthapuram, India 14. 4 × 100 m relay 43.42 s Gaurav Kumari 4 July 2016 Almaty, Kazakhstan Sapna Punia 15. 4 × 400 m relay 3:26.89 s India Relay Team: 27 August 2004 Athens, Greece Merlin Joseph H. M. Jyothi Srabani Nanda Dutee Chand India Relay Team: Chitra K. Soman Rajwinder Kaur K. M. Beenamol Manjit Kaur

Appendix—2 353 16. 10 km run 34:32 s Kavita Raut 31 May 2009 Bangalore, India New Delhi, India 17. Half marathon 1::10:31 s Suriya Loganathan 19 Nov 2017 Beijing, China Taicang, China 18. Marathon 2::34:43 s O. P. Jaisha 30 August 2015 New Delhi, India Hyderabad, India 19. 10 km walk 44:42 s Khushbir Kaur 3 May 2014 New Delhi, India Athens, Greece 20. 20 km walk 1::31:29 s Baby Soumya 18 Feb 2018 Kobe, Japan Jinhua, China 21. High jump 1.92 m Sahana Kumari 23 June 2012 Maui, United States Patiala, India 22. Pole vault 4.15 m V. S. Surekha 4 Nov 2014 New Delhi, India New Delhi, India 23. Long jump 6.83 m (+1.2 m/s) Anju Bobby George 27 August 2004 Bangalore, India 24. Triple jump 14.11 m (+0.9 m/s) Mayookha Johny 9 July 2011 Record/Performance 25. Shot put 18.86 m Manpreet Kaur 24 April 2017 9.58 sec 19.19 sec 26. Discus throw 64.76 m Krishna Poonia 8 May 2012 43.03 sec 27. Hammer throw 65.25 m Sarita Singh 1 June 2017 1:40:91 sec 2:11:96 sec 28. Javelin throw 58.64 m Hardeep Kaur 3:26:00 sec 12:37:35 sec 29. Heptathlon 6211 pts J. J. Shobha 6–17 March 2004 26:17:53 sec Best performance but was not accepted as National Record 12:80 sec 46:78 sec 1. 100 m 11.26 s Rachita Mistry 7:53:17 sec 2::01:39 sec WORLD RECORDS 1::17:25 sec MEN 1::16:36 sec 3::35:27 sec Events Name Country 3::32:33 sec 100 m Usain Bolt Jamaica 36:84 sec 200 m Usain Bolt Jamaica 2:54:20 sec 400 m Wadye Van Niekerk RSA 800 m David Rudisha Kenya 2.45 m 1000 m Noah Ngeny Kenya 6.16 m 1500 m El. Guereje Hicham Morocco 8.96 m 5000 m Kenenisa Bekele Ethopia 18.29 m 10,000 m Kenenisa Bekele Ethopia 23.12 m 110 m Hurdle Aries Merritt USA 400 m Hurdle Kavin Young USA 3000 m Steeplechase Brahim Boulami Morocco Marathon Eliud Kipchogi Kenya 20,000 m Race Walk Barnardo Segura Mexico 20 km Run Walk Yusuke Suzuki Japan 50,000 m Run Walk Yohann Diniz France 50 km Walk Yohann Diniz France 4 × 100 m Relay Team Jamaica 4 × 400 m Relay Team USA High Jump Xavier Sotomayor Cuba Pole Vault Renaud Lavillenie France Long Jump Ivan Pedroso Cuba Triple Jump Jonathan Edwards UK Shot-Put Randy Branes USA

354 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XI Discus Throw Jurgen Schult Germany 74.08 m Javelin Throw Jan Zelezny Czech. Rep. 98.48 m Hammer Throw Yuri Sedyakh USSR 86.74 m Decathlon Kevin Mayer Czech. Rep. 9126 pts WOMEN Events Name Country Record/Performance 100 m Florence Griffith Joyner USA 10.49 sec 200 m Florence Griffith Joyner USA 21.34 sec 400 m Marita Koch Germany 47.60 sec 800 m Jarmila Kratochvilona Czech. Rep. 1000 m Svetlana Masterkova Russia 1:53.28 sec 1500 m Genzebe Dibaba Ethiopia 2:28:98 sec 3000 m Wang Junxia China 3:50.07 sec 5000 m Tirunesh Bibaba Ethiopia 8:06.11 sec 10,000 m Almaz Ayana Ethiopia 14:11.15 sec Marathon Paula Radcliffe UK 29:17.45 sec l00 m Hurdle Kendra Harrison USA 2::15.25 sec 400 m Hurdle Dalilah Muhammad USA 10,000 m Run Walk Nadezhda Ryashkina Russia 12:20 sec 4 × 100 m Relay Relay Team USA 52.20 sec 4 × 400 m Relay Relay Team USSR 41:56.23 sec High Jump Stefka Kostadinova Bulgaria 40.82 sec Long Jump Glina Chistyakova Russia 3:15.17 sec Triple Jump Inessa Kravets Ukraine Pole Vault Yelena Isinbayeva Russia 2.09 m Shot-Put Natalya Lisovaskaya Ukraine 7.52 m Discus Throw Gabriele Reinsch Germany 15.50 m Javelin Throw Petra Falke Germany 5.05 m – A fter change in specification 22.63 m for Javelin throw Barbara Spotakova Czech Rep. 76.80 m Anita Wlodarczylk Poland 80.00 m Hammer Throw Jackie Joyner Karsee USA Haptathlon Austra Skujyte Lithuania 72.28 m Decathlon 82.98 m 7291 pts 8358 pts

Appendix—2 INDIA’S PERFORMANCE IN THE OLYMPIC GAMES 1928–2020 355 At Glance 1. Total Overall Gold Silver Bronze 33 Men 10 7 16 25 Women 10 5 10 8 – 2 6 12 2. Hockey 813 1 Athletics 1–– 1 Tennis ––1 2 Weightlifting –11 7 Wrestling –25 4 3 Shooting 121 3 Boxing ––3 Bandminton –12 Total 1 3. Year & Place Gold Silver Bronze 1 Amsterdam 1928 1 × × 1 Los Angeles 1932 1 × × 1 Berlin 1936 1 × × 2 London 1948 1 × × 1 Helsinki 1952 1 × 1 1 Melbourne 1956 1 × × 1 Rome 1960 × 1 × 1 Tokyo 1964 1 × × 1 Mexico 1968 × × 1 × Munich 1972 × × 1 1 Montreal 1976 × × × × Moscow 1980 1 × × × Los Angeles 1984 × × × × Seoul 1988 × × × 1 Barcelona 1992 × × × 1 Atlanta 1996 × × 1 1 Sydney 2000 × × 1 3 Athens 2004 × 1 × 6 Beijing 2008 1 × 2 2 London 2012 × 2 4 7 Rio 2016 × 1 1 Tokyo 2020 1 2 4