Darshini Hindi Pathmala for Class 7

2- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ y?kq mÙkj nhft,µ (d) foosdkuan th osQ eu esa dkSu&ls iz'u ckj&ckj mBrs Fks\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) jkeÑ\".k ijegal n~okjk Li'kZ fd, tkus ij ujsanzukFk dks D;k vuqHkwfr gqbZ\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (x) xq# osQ lekf/LFk gksus osQ ckn foosdkuan th us D;k fd;k\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (?k) Lokeh foosdkuan th us fdl fe'ku dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj mlosQ D;k mn~ns'; Fks\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ nh?kZ mÙkj viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk esa nhft,µ (d) Lokeh foosdkuan th us viuk ,oa vius /eZ dk ifjp; fdl izdkj fn;k\\ ([k) ^Lokeh foosdkuan th dks vius ns'k osQ izfr vuU; izse FkkA* ikB osQ vk/kj ij bl dFku dh iqf\"V dhft,A 4- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mi;qDr mÙkj ij () dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) Lokeh foosdkuan th osQ pfj=k dh D;k fo'ks\"krk,¡ Fkha\\ (i) os iz[kj cqn~f/ osQ Lokeh FksA (ii) mUgsa nhu&nqf[k;ksa ls fo'ks\"k vuqjkx FkkA (iii) vius ns'k osQ izfr muosQ eu esa vxk/ izse FkkA (iv) mijksDr lHkhA Lokeh foosdkuan 73

([k) foosdkuan th dh HksaV Jh jkeÑ\".k ijegal ls oSQls gqbZ\\ (i) foosdkuan th us ,d iM+kslh osQ ?kj esa jkeÑ\".k ijegal dks ,d xhr lquk;k ftlls os lekf/LFk gks x,A (ii) vesfjdk osQ f'kdkxks 'kgj esa loZ/eZ lEesyu osQ nkSjku nksuksa dk ifjp; gqvkA (iii) foosdkuan th jkeÑ\".k dk mins'k lquus muosQ eafnj x, FksA (iv) jkeÑ\".knso ijegal foosdkuan ls izHkkfor gksdj muls feyus Lo;a muosQ ?kj vk, FksA (x) ^lHkh /eks± dk xarO; ,d gSA* bldk D;k vFkZ gS\\ (i) lHkh /eZ foyqIr gks tkrs gSaA (ii) lHkh /eZ ,d /eZ esa lek tkrs gSaA (iii) lHkh er&erkarj ijekRek dh vksj ys tkrs gSaA (iv) lHkh /eks± dk er ,d gks tkrk gSA (?k) foosdkuan th dks vesfjdk esa fdl dkj.k izfln~f/ feyh\\ (i) mudh n;kyqrk osQ dkj.kA (ii) muosQ fopkjksa vkSj mins'kksa osQ dkj.kA (iii) mudh ns'kHkfDr osQ dkj.kA (iv) mudh xq#HkfDr osQ dkj.kA 1- uhps fn, 'kCnksa ls milxZ o izR;; vyx djosQ fyf[k,µ vuqjkx µ ----v---u--q --------- ------j--k-x--------- fo\"kerk µ ------------------ ------------------ la;ksx µ ----l--e--- --------- ------;--k-sx--------- lekurk µ ------------------ ------------------ lEeksgu µ ------------------ ------------------ izHkkfor µ ------------------ ------------------ lfEefyr µ ------------------ ------------------ mnklhurk µ ------------------ ------------------ varjkZ\"Vªh; µ ------------------ ------------------ izpfyr µ ------------------ ------------------ 2- uhps fn, okD;ksa esa js[kkafdr dkjdksa osQ Hksn crkb,µ -----l---ac--aè--k-d---k-j--d------- -------------------------- (d) jkeÑ\".k ijegal nf{k.ks'oj esa dkyh eafnj osQ iqtkjh FksA ([k) jkeÑ\".k ujsanzukFk ls cgqr izse djrs FksA 74 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&7

(x) cafnuh Hkkjrekrk dh nSU;ewfrZ ns[kdj mudk eu d#.kk ls Hkj x;kA -------------------------- -------------------------- (?k) mudh ok.kh esa vikj 'kfDr FkhA -------------------------- (Ä) mudh vk¡[kksa ls vkuankJq Nyd iM+sA 3- fyax cnfy,µ mPpkdkaf{k.kh µ ------------------------------ Lokeh µ ------------------------------ ;qorh µ ------------------------------ o`n~èk µ ------------------------------ iafMr µ ------------------------------ lk¡i µ ------------------------------ fon~oku µ ------------------------------ iqtkfju µ ------------------------------ 4- uhps fn, okD;ksa eas loZuke 'kCnksa ij yxkb, vkSj muosQ Hksn Hkh fyf[k,µ -------------------------------- (d) os vk/qfud Hkkjr osQ fuekZrk FksA -------------------------------- ([k) mudk O;fDrRo cgqeq[kh FkkA -------------------------------- (x) ml le; esjh vk¡[ksa [kqyh gqbZ FkhaA -------------------------------- (?k) ge igys Hkkjrh; gSaA (Ä) mUgksaus lqudj gh O;kdj.k osQ lHkh lw=k oaQBLFk dj fy, FksA -------------------------------- • ;fn Lokeh foosdkuan ek¡ dh bPNkiw£r dks gh loksZifj ekudj viuk fu.kZ; cny ysrs rks D;k gksrk\\ • ;fn izHkq osQ lk{kkr~ n'kZu gksus yxsa rks D;k gksxk\\ dYiuk osQ vk/kj ij mÙkj nhft,A • ^Lons'k izse* ij viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk esa ,d vuqPNsn fyf[k,A • ^Ekkuo lsok gh lPph lsok gS* bl fo\"k; ij vius fopkj O;Dr dhft,A • ^jkeÑ\".k fe'ku* uked laLFkk osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh ,d=k dhft,A irk yxkb, fd ;g laLFkk fuèkZu Nk=kksa osQ fy, fdl izdkj dh lgk;rk miyC/ djkrh gS\\ • oqQN yksx ,sls gksrs gSa tks vius ns'k vkSj yksd&dY;k.k osQ fy, thou dk ,d&,d {k.k v£ir dj nsrs gSaA ,sls yksxksa dh thouh if<+, vkSj muosQ xq.kksa dks thou esa vkRelkr~ dhft,A Lokeh foosdkuan 75

vkvks ekfpl dh rhfy;ksa ls oqQN dykRed cuk,¡A lkexzh µ dkxt oSaQph] iSQfodkWy] ekfpl dh rhfy;k¡] isafly] oSaQph vkfnA fof/ µ ,d lisQn dkxt ysaA mls xksykbZ esa dkV ysaA fiQj mlosQ osaQnz fCaknq ij fp=k uacj ,d osQ vuqlkj ekfpl dh rhfy;k¡ fpidk,¡A è;ku jgs elkys okyh lkbM ckgj dh vksj j[ksaA vc bloQs ckgjh fMtkbu ij flrkjs vkfn fpidkdj vkd\"kdZ :i nAas rhfy;kas dh lgk;rk ls vki viuh bPNkulq kj vU; fp=k Hkh cuk ldrs gAaS tlS s uhps eNyh dk fp=k fn;k x;k gAS • ;fn cM+s gksdj vkiosQ lkeus thou&iFk ij vkxs c<+us osQ fy, nks ekxZ [kqys gksa] ,d vksj Hkksx&foykflrk osQ lk/u vkSj lalkj osQ lkjs lq[k vkSj nwljh vksj vlgk; o fu/Zu yksxksa dh lsok esa jr ijksidkjh thouA ,sls esa vki dkSu&ls ekxZ dk p;u djsaxs vkSj D;ksa\\ 76 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&7

12 lksuk esjs ifjfpr dh ikS=kh lqfLerk us fy[kk gS] ¶xr o\"kZ vius iM+kslh ls eq>s ,d fgju feyk FkkA chrs oqQN eghuksa esa ge mlls cgqr Lusg djus yxs gSa] ijarq vc eSa vuqHko djrh gw¡ fd l?ku taxy ls laca/ j[kus rFkk cM+s gks tkus osQ dkj.k mls ?kweus osQ fy, vf/d foLr`r LFkku pkfg,A D;k vki Ñik djosQ mls Lohdkj djsaxh\\ eSa vkidh cgqr vkHkkjh jgw¡xh D;ksafd vki tkurh gSa fd eSa mls ,sls O;fDr dks ugha nsuk pkgrh tks mlls cqjk O;ogkj djsA esjk fo'okl gS fd vkiosQ ;gk¡ mldh Hkyh&Hkk¡fr ns[kHkky gks losQxhA¸ vkt vpkud lksuk dh Le`fr gks vkus dk dkj.k ;gh gSA dbZ o\"kZ iwoZ eSaus fu'p; fd;k Fkk fd vc fgju ugha ikyw¡xh] ijarq vkt ml fu;e dks Hkax fd, fcuk bl dksey izk.k tho dh j{kk laHko ugha gSA lksuk Hkh blh izdkj vpkud vkbZ Fkh ijarq og viuh 'kS'kokoLFkk Hkh ikj ugha dj ldh FkhA lqugjs jax osQ js'keh yPNksa dh xk¡B osQ leku mldk 'kjhj dksey vkSj y?kq FkkA NksVk&lk eq¡g vkSj cM+h&cM+h ikuhnkj vk¡[ksaA ns[krh Fkh rks yxrk Fkk fd vHkh Nyd iM+saxhA yacs dku] iryh lqMkSy Vk¡xsa] ftUgsa ns[krs gh muesa izlqIr xfr dh fctyh dh ygj ns[kus okyksa dh vk¡[kksa esa dkSa/ tkrh FkhA lc mlosQ ljy f'k'kq :i ls brus izHkkfor gq, fd fdlh paido.kkZ :ilh osQ fy, iz;qDr lksuk] lqo.kkZ] Lo.kZys[kk vkfn uke mldk ifjp; cu x,A euq\"; e`R;q dks vlqanj gh ugha vifo=k Hkh ekurk gSA mlosQ fiz;re •  cPpksa dks crk,¡ fd ;g laLej.k izfln~/ ¯gnh ysf[kdk egknsoh oekZ n~okjk fy[kk x;k gSA •  ikB dk okpu jkspd <ax ls djokrs gq, cPpksa esa i'kqvksa osQ izfr n;k dk Hkko tkx`r djsaA i;kZoj.k larqyu esa i'kq&if{k;ksa dh egÙkk le>krs gq, muosQ laj{k.k osQ mik; Hkh crk,¡A 84 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&7

vkReh; tu dk 'ko Hkh mlosQ fudV vifo=k] vLi`'; rFkk Hk;tud gks mBrk gSA tc e`R;q bruh vifo=k vkSj vlqanj gS rks mls ck¡Vrs gq, ?kweuk D;ksa vifo=k vkSj vlqanj dk;Z ugha gS] ;g eSa le> ugha ikrhA vkdk'k esa jax&fcjaxs iwQyksa dh NVkvksa osQ leku mM+rs gq, vkSj oh.kk] oa'kh] eqjt] tyrjax vkfn dk o`anoknu djrs gq, i{kh fdrus lqanj tku iM+rs gSa! euq\"; us canwd mBkbZ] fu'kkuk lk/k vkSj xksyh pyk nh ftlls dbZ xkrs&mM+rs i{kh <sys osQ leku /jrh ij vk fxjsA fdlh dh yky&ihyh pksap okyh xjnu VwV xbZ] fdlh osQ ihys lqanj iats Vs<+s gks x, vkSj fdlh osQ banz/uq\"kh ia[k fc[kj x,A mu {kr&fo{kr jDrLukr e`r&v/Ze`r y?kq nsgksa esa u vc laxhr gS] u lkSan;Z] ijarq fiQj Hkh ekjus okyk viuh liQyrk ij ukp mBrk gSA i{kh txr esa gh ugha] i'kq txr esa Hkh euq\"; dh èoalyhyk ,slh gh fu\"Bqj gSA i'kq txr esa fgju tSlk fujhg vkSj lqanj i'kq nwljk ugha gSA mldh vk¡[ksa rks ekuks d#.kk dh fp=kfyfi gSa ijarq bldk xfre; ltho lkSan;Z Hkh euq\"; dk euksjatu djus esa vleFkZ gSA ekuo dks tks thou dk Js\"Bre :i gS] thou osQ vU; :iksa osQ izfr bruh for`\".kk] fojfDr vkSj e`R;q osQ izfr bruk eksg vkSj bruk vkd\"kZ.k D;ksa gS\\ lksuk Hkh euq\"; dh blh fu\"Bqj euksjatufiz;rk osQ dkj.k vius vj.; ifjos'k vkSj Lotkfr ls nwj ekuo&lekt esa vk xbZ FkhA iz'kkar ouLFkyh esa tc e`x&lewg f'kdkfj;ksa dh vkgV ls pkSaddj Hkkxk] rc lksuk dh ek¡ us viuh larku dks vius 'kjhj dh vksV esa lqjf{kr j[kus osQ iz;kl esa izk.k x¡ok fn,A irk ugha n;k osQ dkj.k ;k dkSrqdfiz;rk osQ dkj.k f'kdkjh e`r fgjuh osQ lkFk fpiosQ gq, 'kkod dks thfor mBk yk,A muesa ls fdlh osQ ifjokj dh x`fg.kh vkSj cPpksa us mls ikuh feyk nw/ fiyk&fiykdj nks&pkj fnu thfor j[kkA lqfLerk olq osQ leku gh fdlh ckfydk dks esjk Lej.k gks vk;k vkSj og ml vukFk 'kkod dks eqew\"kZq voLFkk esa esjs ikl ys vkbZA 'kkod vokafNr rks Fkk gh] mlosQ cpus dh vk'kk Hkh /wfey Fkh ijarq eSaus mls Lohdkj dj fy;kA fLuX/ lqugys jax osQ dkj.k lc mls lksuk dgus yxsA nw/ fiykus dh 'kh'kh] Xywdks”k] cdjh dk nw/ vkfn lc&oqQN ,d=k djosQ] mls ikyus dk dfBu vuq\"Bku vkjaHk gqvkA mldk eq[k bruk NksVk Fkk fd mlesa 'kh'kh dk fuIiy lekrk gh ugha Fkk] ml ij mls ihuk Hkh ugha vkrk FkkA fiQj /hjs&/hjs mls ihuk gh ugha] nw/ dh cksry igpkuuk Hkh vk x;kA vk¡xu esa owQnrs&iQk¡nrs gq, Hkh HkfDru dks cksry lki-Q djrs ns[kdj og nkSM+ vkrh vkSj viuh rjy&pfdr vk¡[kksa ls mls ,sls ns[kus yxrh ekuks og dksbZ ltho fe=k gks! mlus jkr esa esjs iyax osQ ik;s ls lVdj cSBuk lh[k fy;k Fkk ijarq ogk¡ xank u djus dh vknr oqQN fnuksa osQ vH;kl ls gh iM+ ldhA v¡/sjk gksrs gh og esjs iyax osQ ikl vk cSBrh vkSj fiQj losjk gksus ij gh ckgj fudyrhA mldk fnuHkj dk dk;Zdyki Hkh ,d izdkj ls fuf'pr FkkA fon~;ky; vkSj Nk=kkokl osQ fon~;k£Fk;ksa osQ fy, igys rks og dkSrqd dk dkj.k cUkh jgh ijarq oqQN fnu chr tkus ij og mudh ,slh fiz; lkfFku cu xbZ_ ftlosQ fcuk mudk fdlh dke esa eu ugha yxrk FkkA nw/ ihdj vkSj Hkhxs pus [kkdj lksuk oqQN nsj rd oaQikmaM esa pkjksa iSjksa dks larqfyr dj pkSdM+h Hkjrh] fiQj og Nk=kkokl igq¡prh vkSj izR;sd dejs dk Hkhrj&ckgj ls fujh{k.k djrhA lksuk 85

mlosQ esl esa igq¡prs gh Nk=kk,¡ gh ugha] ukSdj&pkdj Hkh nkSM+s vkrs vkSj lHkh mls oqQN&u&oqQN f[kykus dks mrkoys jgrs ijarq fcLoqQV dks NksM+dj vU; [kkn~;&inkFkZ mls de ilan FksA Nk=kkokl dk tkxj.k vkSj tyiku vè;k; lekIr gksus ij og dHkh ?kkl osQ eSnku esa nwc pjrh vkSj dHkh ml ij yksVrh jgrhA esjs Hkkstu osQ le; dks og fdl izdkj tku ysrh Fkh] ;g le>kus dk dksbZ mik; ugha gS ijarq og Bhd mlh le; Hkhrj vk tkrh vkSj rc rd eq>ls lVh gqbZ [kM+h jgrh tc rd esjk [kkuk lekIr u gks tkrkA oqQN pkoy] jksVh vkfn mldks Hkh izkI; Fkk ijarq mls lCth dPph gh Hkkrh FkhA ?kaVh ctrs gh og fiQj ls izkFkZuk osQ eSnku esa igq¡p tkrh vkSj mlosQ lekIr gksus ij Nk=kkokl osQ leku gh d{kkvksa osQ Hkhrj&ckgj pDdj yxkuk vkjaHk dj nsrhA mls NksVs cPps vf/d fiz; Fks D;ksafd muosQ lkFk [ksyus dk mls vf/d volj feyrk FkkA os iafDrcn~/ [kMs+ gksdj lksuk&lksuk iqdkjrs vkSj og muosQ Åij ls Nyk¡x yxkdj ,d vksj ls nwljh vksj owQnrh jgrhA ljdl tSlk og [ksy dHkh&dHkh ?kaVksa rd pyrk D;ksafd [ksy osQ ?kaVksa esa cPpksa dh ,d d{kk osQ mijkar nwljh d{kk vkrh jgrh FkhA esjs izfr Lusg&izn'kZu osQ dbZ izdkj FksA ckgj [kMs+ gksus ij og lkeus ;k ihNs ls Nyk¡x yxkrh vkSj esjs flj osQ Åij ls nwljh vksj fudy tkrhA izk;% ns[kus okyksa dks Hk; gksrk Fkk fd mlosQ iSjksa ls esjs flj ij pksV u yx tk, ijarq og iSjksa dks bl izdkj fldksM+s jgrh vkSj esjs flj dks bruh Å¡pkbZ ls yk¡?krh Fkh fd pksV yxus dh dksbZ laHkkouk gh ugha jgrh FkhA Hkhrj vkus ij og esjs iSjksa ls viuk 'kjhj jxM+us yxrhA esjs cSBs jgus ij og lkM+h dk Nksj eq¡g esa Hkj ysrh vkSj dHkh pqipki ihNs [kM+s gksdj pksVh gh pck MkyrhA Mk¡Vus ij og viuh cM+h] xksy vkSj pfdr vk¡[kksa esa vfuopZuh; ftKklk Hkjdj ,dVd ,sls ns[kus yxrh fd g¡lh vk tkrhA i'kq euq\"; osQ fu'Ny Lusg ls ifjfpr gksrs gSa] mldh Å¡ph&uhph lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa ls ughaA ;g lR; eq>s lksuk ls vuk;kl gh izkIr gks x;kA vusd fon~;k£Fk;ksa dh Hkkjh&Hkjde xq# th ls lksuk dks D;k ysuk&nsuk Fkk\\ og rks ml n`f\"V dks igpkurh Fkh ftlesa mlosQ fy, Lusg >ydrk FkkA og mu gkFkksa dks tkurh Fkh ftUgksaus ;RuiwoZd nw/ dh cksry mlosQ eq[k ls yxkbZ FkhA oqQÙkk] Lokeh vkSj lsod dk varj tkurk gS vkSj Lokeh osQ Lusg ;k Øks/ dh izR;sd eqnzk ls ifjfpr gksrk gSA Lusg ls cqykus ij og 86 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&7

xn~xn~ gksdj fudV vk tkrk gS vkSj Øks/ djrs gh lHkhr vkSj n;uh; cudj nqcd tkrk gSA fgju ;g varj ugha tkurk! vr% mldk ikyus okys ls Mjuk dfBu gSA ;fn ml ij Øks/ fd;k tk, rks og viuh pfdr vk¡[kksa esa vkSj vf/d foLe; Hkjdj ikyus okys dh n`f\"V&ls&n`f\"V feykdj [kM+k jgsxk] ekuks iwNrk gksµ D;k ;g mfpr gS\\ og osQoy Lusg igpkurk gS ftldh LohÑfr trkus osQ fy, mldh fo'ks\"k ps\"Vk,¡ gSaA o\"kZHkj dk le; chr tkus ij lksuk] gfj.k&'kkod ls gfj.kh esa ifjofrZr gksus yxhA mlosQ 'kjhj osQ ihrkHk jks,¡ rkezo.khZ >yd nsus yxsA Vk¡xsa vf/d lqMkSy vkSj [kqjksa osQ dkysiu esa ped vk xbZA xzhok vf/d cafde vkSj yphyh gks xbZA ihB esa Hkjko okyk mrkj&p<+ko vkSj fLuX/rk fn[kkbZ nsus yxh ijarq lcls vf/d fo'ks\"krk rks mldh vk¡[kksa vkSj n`f\"V esa feyrh FkhA vk¡[kksa osQ pkjksa vksj ¯[kph dTtydksj esa uhys xksyd vkSj n`f\"V ,slh yxrh Fkh ekuks uhye osQ cYcksa esa mtyh fon~;qr dk LiqQj.k gks! mlh o\"kZ xfeZ;ksa esa esjk cnzhukFk dh ;k=kk dk dk;ZØe cukA izk;% eSa vius ikyrw thoksa osQ dkj.k izokl esa de jgrh gw¡A mudh ns[k&js[k osQ fy, lsod jgus ij Hkh eSa mUgsa NksM+dj vk'oLr ugha gks ikrhA HkfDru] vuq:i vkfn rks lkFk tkus okys Fks gh] ikyrw thoksa esa ls eSaus Ýyksjk dks lkFk ys tkus dk fu'p; fd;k D;ksafd og esjs fcuk jg ugha ldrh FkhA Nk=kkokl can Fkk vr% lksuk osQ fuR;&uSfefÙkd dk;Zdyki Hkh can gks pqosQ FksA esjh mifLFkfr dk Hkh vHkko FkkA vr% vkuanksYykl osQ fy, Hkh de volj FkkA gsear vkSj olar esjh ;k=kk vkSj rTtfur vuqifLFkfr ls ifjfpr gks pqosQ FksA gksYMky fcNkdj fcLrj Ikj j[krs gh os nkSM+dj ml ij ysV tkrs vkSj HkkSadus rFkk ozaQnu dh èofu;ksa osQ lfEefyr Loj esa eq>s ekuks mikyaHk nsus yxrsA ;fn mUgsa ck¡/dj u j[kk tkrk rks os dkj esa ?kqldj cSB tkrs ;k mlosQ ihNs&ihNs nkSM+dj LVs'ku rd tk igq¡prs ijarq tc eSa pyh tkrh rc os mnkl Hkko ls esjs ykSVus dh izrh{kk djus yxrsA lksuk dh lgt psruk esa u rks esjh ;k=kk tSlh fLFkfr dk cks/ Fkk vkSj u gh izR;korZu dkA blh ls mldh fujk'kk] ftKklk vkSj foLe; dk vuqeku esjs fy, lgt FkkA iSny tkus&vkus osQ fu'p; osQ dkj.k cnzhukFk dh ;k=kk esa xzh\"ekodk'k lekIr gks x;kA 2 tqykbZ dks ykSVdj tc eSa c¡xys osQ n~okj ij vk [kM+h gqbZ] rc fcNqMs+ gq, ikyrw thoksa esa dksykgy gksus yxkA xks/wfy owQndj esjs da/s ij vk cSBh] gsear&olar esjs pkjksa vksj ifjØek djosQ g\"kZ dh èofu;ksa ls esjk lksuk 87

Lokxr djus yxs ij esjh n`f\"V lksuk dks [kkstus yxhA D;ksa og viuk mYykl O;Dr djus osQ fy, esjs flj osQ Åij ls Nyk¡x ugha yxk jgh\\ lksuk dgk¡ gS\\ iwNus ij ekyh vk¡[ksa iksaNus yxk vkSj pijklh] pkSdhnkj ,d&nwljs dk eq[k ns[kus yxsA os yksx vkus osQ lkFk gh eq>s dksbZ nq[kn lekpkj ugha nsuk pkgrs Fks ijarq ekyh dh Hkkoqdrk us fcuk cksys gh ns MkykA Kkr gqvk fd Nk=kkokl osQ lUukVs vkSj Ýyksjk osQ rFkk esjs vHkko osQ dkj.k lksuk bruh vfLFkj gks xbZ Fkh fd b/j&m/j oqQN [kkstrh&lh og izk;% oaQikmaM ls ckgj fudy tkrh FkhA bruh cM+h fgjuh dks ikyus okys rks de Fks ijarq [kkn~; vkSj Lokn izkIr djus osQ bPNqd O;fDr;ksa dk ckgqY; FkkA blh vk'kadk ls ekyh us mls eSnku esa ,d yach jLlh ls ck¡/uk vkjaHk dj fn;k FkkA ,d fnu u tkus fdl LrC/rk dh fLFkfr esa ca/u&lhek Hkwydj og cgqr Å¡pkbZ rd mNyh vkSj jLlh osQ dkj.k eq[k osQ cy /jrh ij vk fxjhA ogh mldh vafre lk¡l vkSj vafre mNky FkhA ml lqugys js'ke dh xBjh&ls 'kjhj dks lsod xaxk esa izokfgr dj vk, vkSj bl izdkj fdlh futZu ou esa tUeh vkSj tu&laoqQyrk esa iyh lksuk dh d#.k dFkk dk var gqvkA lc lqudj eSaus fu'p; fd;k Fkk fd vc fgju ugha ikyw¡xh ij la;ksx ls fiQj fgju ikyuk iM+ jgk gSA µegknsoh oekZ izlqIr µ xgjh uhan esa lksbZ gqbZ :ilh µ lqanjh o`anoknu µ okn;~ ;=a kkas dks lkefw gd :i ls ctkuk <sys µ iRFkj {kr&fo{kr µ vR;f/d ?kk;y vkjS ygyw gq ku jDrLukr µ [kwu ls Hkhxk gqvk v/Ze`r µ vk/s ejs gq, nsg µ 'kjhj èoalyhyk µ u\"V djus dh izfØ;k for`\".kk µ r`\".kk dk vHkko fojfDr µ mnklhurk] f[kUurk vj.; µ taxy] ou 'kkod µ f'k'kq vukFk µ vlgk;] ftldk dkbs Z ekfyd u gks vokafNr µ ftldh bPNk u dh xbZ gks fLuX/ µ fpduk vuq\"Bku µ fof'k\"V fozQ;k] iwtk&ikB vfuopZuh; µ vdFkuh;] ftls dgk u tk loQs ftKklk µ tkuus dh bPNk] Kku dh pkg vuk;kl µ fcuk iz;kl osQ] ljyrk ls cafde µ Vs<+k] frjNk LiqQj.k µ gjdr vk'oLr µ ftls vk'oklu fn;k x;k gks gksYMky µ fcLrj can mikyaHk µ f'kdk;r] mykguk izR;korZu µ iyV osQ vkuk] ykSVuk ckgqY; µ vf/drk tu&laoqQyrk µ yksxksa dh HkhM+ 88 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&7

1- if<+, vkSj cksfy,µ 'kS'kokoLFkk jDrLukr dkSrqdfiz;rk vfuopZuh; 2- lkspdj crkb,µ (d) lqfLerk fdlh vU; O;fDr dks fgju D;ksa ugha nsuk pkgrh Fkh\\ ([k) f'kdkjh e`r fgjuh osQ 'kkod dks thfor gh D;ksa mBk yk, Fks\\ (x) lksuk dks NksVs cPps vf/d fiz; D;ksa Fks\\ 1- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ y?kq mÙkj nhft,µ (d) euq\"; dh èoalyhyk dk D;k ifj.kke gksrk gS\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) lksuk dk fnuHkj dk dk;Zdyki D;k Fkk\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (x) l---k-su--k---y---sf-[--k-d---k---o---sQ---i--zf-r----v---i--u--k---L--u--sg----f-d---l-----i--zd---k-j----i--zn--f-'--k-Zr----d---j-r--h----F-k-h-\\------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (?k) lksuk dk var oSQls gqvk\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- lksuk 89

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mi;qDr mÙkj ij (3) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) ysf[kdk us viuk fu;e D;ksa Hkax fd;k\\ (i) ysf[kdk fu;e osQ ca/u ls NqVdkjk ikuk pkgrh FkhA (ii) fu;e dks Hkax fd, fcuk dksey izk.k tho dh j{kk laHko ugha FkhA ( iii) ysf[kdk vius fopkjksa ij n`<+ ugha FkhA ([k) vkReh; tu dk 'ko euq\"; dks vifo=k] vLi`'; vkSj Hk;tud D;ksa yxrk gS\\ (i) D;ksafd euq\"; e`R;q dks vlqanj vkSj vifo=k ekurk gSA (ii) D;ksafd 'ko Hk;kud :Ik ys ysrk gSA (iii) D;ksafd 'ko ls nqx±/ vkus yxrh gSA (x) ^lksuk Hkh euq\"; dh blh fu\"Bqj euksjatufiz;rk osQ dkj.k vius ifjos'k vkSj tkfr ls nwj ekuo&lekt esa vk xbZ FkhA* ikB osQ lanHkZ esa bldk vFkZ gSµ (i) f'kdkjh vius euksjatu osQ fy, mls idM+dj ys vk, FksA (ii) f'kdkjh mldh ek¡ dk f'kdkj dj] mls dkSrwgyo'k mBk yk, FksA ( iii) lksuk taxy ls Hkkxdj Lo;a ekuo&lekt esa vk xbZ FkhA (?k) ysf[kdk osQ Mk¡Vus ij lksuk D;k djrh Fkh\\ (i) ysf[kdk osQ flj osQ vkj&ikj owQnus yxrh FkhA (ii) ysf[kdk osQ iSjksa ls viuk 'kjhj jxM+us yxrh FkhA ( iii) viuh cM+h] xksy vkSj pfdr vk¡[kksa esa vfuopZuh; ftKklk Hkjdj ns[kus yxrh FkhA 3- uhps fn, xn~;ka'k dks i<+dj iz'uksa osQ lgh mÙkj viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk esa fyf[k,A i'kq euq\"; osQ fu'Ny Lusg ls ifjfpr gksrs gSa] mldh mQ¡ph&uhph lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa ls ughaA ;g lR; eq>s lksuk ls vuk;kl gh izkIr gks x;kA vusd fon~;k£Fk;ksa dh Hkkjh&Hkjde xq# th ls lksuk dks D;k ysuk&nsuk Fkk! og rks ml n`f\"V dks igpkurh Fkh ftlesa mlosQ fy, Lusg >ydrk Fkk vkSj mu gkFkksa dks tkurh Fkh ftUgksaus ;RuiwoZd nw/ dh cksry mlosQ eq[k ls yxkbZ FkhA ;fn lksuk dks 90 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&7

vius Lusg dh vfHkO;fDr osQ fy, esjs flj osQ mQij ls owQnuk vko';d yxsxk rks og owQnsxh ghA esjh vU; fdlh ifjfLFkfr ls izHkkfor gksuk] mlosQ fy, laHko gh ugha FkkA (d) ysf[kdk dks dkSu&lk lR; lksuk ls vuk;kl gh izkIr gks x;k Fkk\\ ([k) lksuk ysf[kdk osQ fo\"k; esa D;k ugha tkurh Fkh\\ (x) lksuk viuh Lusg&vfHkO;fDr fdl izdkj djrh Fkh\\ (?k) ^og rks ml n`f\"V dks igpkurh Fkh ftleas mlosQ fy, Lusg >ydrk FkkA* bl okD; esa js[kkafdr dkjd dk dkSu&lk Hksn gS\\ nks o.kks± osQ esy ls 'kCnksa esa tks fodkj mRiUu gksrk gS] mls laf/ dgrs gSaA 1- uhps fn, 'kCnksa dk laf/&foPNsn dhft,µ (d) 'kS'kokoLFkk µ 'kS'ko $ voLFkk ([k) fon~;ky; µ -------------------------- $ -------------------------- (x) Nk=kkokl µ -------------------------- $ -------------------------- (?k) fon~;kFkhZ µ -------------------------- $ -------------------------- (Ä) vkuanksRlo µ -------------------------- $ -------------------------- (p) xzh\"ekodk'k µ -------------------------- $ -------------------------- (N) izR;korZu µ -------------------------- $ -------------------------- 2- ikB esa vk, 'kCn&;qXe <¡w<+dj fyf[k,A -------------------- µ -------------------- µ -------------------- µ -------------------- µ -------------------- -------------------- µ -------------------- µ -------------------- µ -------------------- µ -------------------- 3- fn, x, 'kCnksa esa mfpr LFkku ij vuqLokj (µa ) ;k vuqukfld (µ¡ ) yxkb,µ llkj µ -------------------------- dkiuk µ -------------------------- diu µ -------------------------- vk[k µ -------------------------- fpfM+;k µ -------------------------- ep µ -------------------------- gluk µ -------------------------- ikp µ -------------------------- lksuk 91

4- uhps fn, 'kCnksa ls milxZ vyx djosQ fyf[k,µ vifo=k ----v--- ------------- -------i--f-o--=--k------ vLi`'; -------------------- -------------------- fo{kr -------------------- -------------------- ifjos'k -------------------- -------------------- vokafNr -------------------- -------------------- vfHkO;fDr -------------------- -------------------- vuqifLFkfr -------------------- -------------------- vuq:i -------------------- -------------------- ifjØek -------------------- -------------------- ltho -------------------- -------------------- • ljdkj n~okjk i'kq&if{k;ksa dh lqj{kk fdl izdkj dh tkrh gS\\ • ;fn i'kqvksa esa Hkh euq\";ksa dh rjg lkspus&le>us dh 'kfDr gksrh rks D;k gksrk\\ fiQj i'kqvksa dk O;ogkj euq\";ksa osQ izfr oSQlk gksrk\\ lkspdj crkb,A • egknsoh oekZ n~okjk fy[kh iqLrd ^esjk ifjokj* if<+, vkSj i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ js[kkfp=kksa dh tkudkjh izkIr dhft,A • vius ikyrw i'kq ;k i{kh osQ :i&lkSan;Z dk o.kZu dhft,A • ;fn i'kq&i{kh Hkh euq\";ksa dh rjg cksy ikrs rks D;k gksrk\\ fiQj fLFkfr D;k curh\\ fdlh f'kdkjh rFkk fgju osQ dkYifud okrkZyki dks ys[kuhcn~/ dhft,A µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ fgju f'kdkjh µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ fgju µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ f'kdkjh µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ fgju µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 92 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&7

f'kdkjh µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ fgju µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ f'kdkjh µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ • ;fn vkiosQ ?kj ;k fon~;ky; osQ vkl&ikl canjksa dk vkrad Nk;k gks vkSj vkiosQ lkeus fdlh NksVs cPps dks canj dkV ys rks vki D;k djsaxs\\ • ;fn vkiosQ {ks=k esa vkokjk oqQÙkksa dks idM+us osQ fy, ljdkjh xkM+h vkbZ gks vkSj dksbZ oqQÙkk muls cpus osQ fy, vkiosQ ?kj esa ?kql tk, rks vki D;k djsaxs\\ • vkvks eq[kkSVk cuk,¡µ lksuk 93

14 jkuh psUuEek jkuh psUuEek dukZVd esa csyxke (csyxkoh) osQ ikl ,d xk¡o ddrh esa 23 vDVwcj] 1778 dks iSnk gqbZA os dukZVd osQ fdRrwj jkT; dh jkuh FkhaA lu 1857 osQ Hkkjr osQ Lora=krk laxzke ls Hkh 33 o\"kZ iwoZ lu 1824 esa mUgksaus gM+i uhfr osQ fo#¼ vaxzstksa ls l'kL=k la?k\"kZ fd;kA Hkkjr esa Lora=krk osQ fy, la?k\"kZ djus okys lcls igys 'kkldksa esa mudk uke fy;k tkrk gSA psUuEek osQ thou esa izo`Qfr us dbZ ckj vU;k; fd;kA igys dk Hkh fu/u gks x;kA rks ifr dk fu/u gks x;k fiQj oqQN lky ckn bdykSrs iq=k cpiu ls gh ?kqM+lokjh] ryokjckth vkjS rhjna kth esa fo'ks\"k #fp j[kus okyh jkuh psUuEek dh 'kknh csyxke osQ fdRrwj jkt?kjkus eas gbq Z FkhA muoQs ifr jktk eYykljrk FksA ifr o iq=k dh e`R;q osQ ckn jkuh us f'kofyaxIik dks viuk mÙkjkf/dkjh cuk;kA vxa tsz kas us bl ckr dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k vkSj f'kofyaxIik dks in ls gVkus dk vkns'k fn;kA ;gha ls mudk vaxzstksa ls Vdjko vkjaHk gqvkA •  cPpksa dks jkuh psUuEek osQ thou o dukZVd izkUr dh tkudkjh nsaA •  vaxzstksa }kjk fd, x, gLr{ksi osQ ckjs esa Hkh cPpksa dks le>k,¡A 102 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&7

vaxzstksa dh uhfr osQ varxZr nÙkd iq=kksa dks 'kklu djus dk vf/dkj izkIr ugha FkkA ,slh fLFkfr esa vaxzst ml jkT; dks vius lkezkT; esa feyk ysrs FksA 1857 osQ vkanksyu esa Hkh bl uhfr dh izeq[k Hkwfedk jgh vkSj vaxzstksa dh bl uhfr lfgr fofHkUu uhfr;ksa dk fojks/ djrs gq, dbZ jtokM+ksa us Lora=krk laxzke esa Hkkx fy;kA jkuh psUuEek vaxzstksa dh dj uhfr dk Hkh fojks/ djrh FkhaA jkuh psUuEek ,slh igyh efgyk Fkh ftUgksaus vuko';d gLr{ksi vkSj dj laxzg iz.kkyh dks ysdj vaxzstksa dk fojks/ fd;kA jkuh psUuEek osQ lkgl ,oa mudh ohjrk osQ dkj.k ns'k osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa fo'ks\"kr;k dukZVd esa mUgsa fo'ks\"k lEeku izkIr gSA mudk uke lEeku osQ lkFk fy;k tkrk gSA >kalh dh jkuh y{ehckbZ osQ la?k\"kZ ls igys gh jkuh psUuEek us ;q¼ esa vaxzstksa osQ nk¡r [kVs ð dj fn, FksA gkykafd mUgsa ;q¼ esa liQyrk ugha feyh vkSj mUgsa oSQn dj fy;k x;kA vaxzstksa osQ fo#¼ ;q¼ esa jkuh psUuEek us viwoZ 'kkS;Z dk izn'kZu fd;k ysfdu og yacs le; rd vaxzsth lsuk dk lkeuk ugha dj ldhA mUgsa oSQn djosQ cSygksaxy fdys esa j[kk x;k tgk¡ 21 iQjojh] 1829 dks mudh e`R;q gks xbZA iq.ks&csaxyq# jk\"Vªh; jktekxZ ij csyxkoh osQ ikl fdRrwj dk jktegy rFkk vU; Hkou vkt Hkh muosQ xkSjo'kkyh vrhr dh ;kn fnykrs gSaA nÙkd µ xksn fy;k gqvk iq=k jtokM+k µ ns'kh fj;klr] ns'kh jkT; gLr{ksi µ nwljksa osQ dk;Z esa n[ky nsuk nk¡r [kV~Vs djuk µ ijkLr djuk] gjk nsuk viwoZ 'kkS;Z µ vn~Hkqr ohjrk cSygksaxy µ dukZVd osQ csyxkoh osQ fudV ,d uxj jkuh psUuEek 103

1- if<+, vkSj cksfy,µ csyxkoh jtokM+k gLr{ksi laxzg iz.kkyh cSygksaxy 2- lkspdj crkb,µ (d) jkuh psUuEek us dkSu&lh uhfr osQ fo#¼ vaxzstksa ls la?k\"kZ fd;k\\ ([k) mudk vaxzstksa ls Vdjko gksus dk D;k dkj.k Fkk\\ 1- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj ,d 'kCn esa nhft,µ (d) jkuh psUuEek dk tUe dc gqvk\\ ------------------------------------------------------ ([k) os dkSu&ls jkT; dh jkuh Fkha\\ ------------------------------------------------------ (x) muoQs ifr dk D;k uke Fkk\\ ------------------------------------------------------ (?k) i=q k dh eR` ;q oQs ckn jkuh us fdls viuk m-Ù-k-j--k-f-/--d---k-j--h---c--u--k-;--k-\\-- ------ ------ ------ -------- (M-) vxa tsz kas dh uhfr oQs vra xrZ fdldks 'kklu -d---j-u--s --d---k---v---f-/---d---k-j---i--kz -I-r----u--g--h-a --F--k-k\\-- -- --- 2- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ y?kq mÙkj nhft,µ (d) -j-k-u--h---p---sU-u--E--e--k---u--s --v---ax--zst---k-sa --l--s--g---M--+i----u--h-f-r-----o--sQ---f-o--#---¼-----d---c----l---a?-k-\"-k-Z--f-d----;--k-\\-------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) -j-k-u--h---d---h---'--k-k-n--h---d---g--k-¡--g---qb-Z\\----m---u--o--sQ---i--f-r----d---k---D--;---k---u--k-e----F--k-k-\\------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 104 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&7

(x) -m--u--d---h---e--`R--;--q --d---c----v----kSj----d---g--k-¡ --g--qb--Z\\------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ nh?kZ mÙkj viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk esa nhft,µ (d) Lora=krk osQ fy, la?k\"kZ djus okys lcls igys 'kkldksa esa jkuh psUuEek dk uke D;ksa fy;k tkrk gS\\ ([k) jkuh osQ thou esa D;k&D;k ?kVuk,¡ ?kVh\\ (x) mUgksaus vaxzstksa dh dkSu&dkSu lh uhfr dk fojks/ fd;k\\ 1- uhps fn, okD;ksa esa fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa ij yxkb,µ (d) mUgksaus gM+i uhfr osQ fo#¼ vaxzstksa ls la?k\"kZ fd;kA ([k) oqQN lky ckn bdykSrs iq=k dk Hkh fu/u gks x;kA (x) nÙkd iq=kksa dks 'kklu djus dk vf/dkj ugha FkkA (?k) jkuh us ;q¼ esa vaxzstksa osQ nk¡r [kV~Vs dj fn, FksA (Ä) og yacs le; rd vaxzsth lsuk dk lkeuk ugha dj ldhA (p) jktegy rFkk vU; Hkou vkt Hkh muosQ xkSjo'kkyh vrhr dh ;kn fnykrs gaSA (i) rRle 'kCnµtks 'kCn laLÑr ls ”;ksa&osQ&R;ksa ¯gnh Hkk\"kk esa iz;ksx esa yk, tkrs gSa] os rRle 'kCn dgykrs gSaA tSlsµvkez] LoIu] liZ] fHk{kk vkfnA (ii) rn~Hko 'kCnµtks 'kCn ewy :i ls laLÑr osQ gSa ijarq ¯gnh esa FkksM+s ls :i ifjorZu osQ lkFk iz;ksx eas yk, tkrs gSa] os rn~Hko 'kCn dgykrs gSaA tSlsµ vkez & vke     LoIu & liuk       liZ & lk¡i     fHk{kk & Hkh[k 2- fuEufyf[kr rR-----l----------e-------------------------'----------k-----C-----n---------------k-----sa ----------o---------------sQ---------------r----------n----- ~Hko :i fyf[k,µ --------------------------- vxz µ nqXèk µ --------------------------- vkJ; µ izLrj µ --------------------------- oaQd.k µ okuj µ --------------------------- dksfdy µ e;wj µ --------------------------- ?kV µ ?k`r µ jkuh psUuEek 105

3- uhps fn, mnkgj.k osQ vuqlkj 'kCn ifjokj cukb,µ mRlkg mRlkfgr mRlkgo/ZoQ -------------K--k-u-------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ -----------L--o--L--F--k----------- ------------f--p--=--k------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------d---y---k------------ ----------f--p--=--kd----k-j--------- ----------f-p---=--kd----k-j-h-------- -------------i--=--k------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ -----------n--qd----k-u------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ • ;fn jkuh psUuEek vaxzstksa dh uhfr dk fojks/ u djrh rks D;k gksrk\\ • ^Lons'k izse* ij viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk esa ,d vuqPNsn fyf[k,A • jkuh psUuEek] jkuh y{ehckbZ] csxe gtjr egy tSlh ohjkaxukvksa dk ,d pkVZ rS;kj dhft, ftUgksaus vaxzstksa osQ fo#¼ yM+kb;k¡ yM+hA 106 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&7

16 cw<+h dkdh cq<+kik cgq/k cpiu dk iqujkxeu gqvk djrk gSA cw<+h dkdh esa thHk osQ Lokn osQ flok u rks dksbZ ps\"Vk gh 'ks\"k Fkh vkSj u gh vius d\"Vksa dh vksj vkd£\"kr djus dk jksus osQ vfrfjDr dksbZ nwljk lgkjkA leLr bafnz;k¡] gkFk vkSj iSj tokc ns pqosQ FksA pkjikbZ ij iM+h jgrhsa vkSj ;fn ?kj okys dksbZ ckr mudh #fp osQ fo#n~/ djrs] Hkkstu dk le; Vy tkrk ;k mldh ek=kk de gksrh vFkok ck”kkj ls dksbZ oLrq vkrh vkSj mUgsa u feyrh rks os jksus yxrh FkhaA mudk jksuk&fllduk lk/kj.k jksuk u Fkk] os xyk iQkM+&iQkM+dj jksrh FkhaA muosQ ifr dks LoxZ fl/kjs cgqr le; gks pqdk FkkA csVs r#.k gks&gksdj py cls FksA ,d Hkrhts osQ flok; vkSj dksbZ u FkkA mlh Hkrhts osQ uke mUgksaus viuh lkjh laifÙk fy[k nh FkhA cqn~f/jke us lkjh laifÙk vius uke fy[kokrs le; [kwc yacs&PkkSM+s okns fd, Fks ¯drq os lHkh okns osQoy oqQyh fMiks osQ nykyksa osQ fn[kk, gq, lqugjs lius FksA ;n~;fi ml laifÙk dh ok£\"kd vk; de u Fkh rFkkfi cw<+h dkdh dks isVHkj Hkkstu Hkh dfBukbZ ls feyrk FkkA yM+dksa dk cw<+ksa ls LokHkkfod fon~os\"k gksrk gh gS vkSj fiQj tc ekrk&firk dk ;g jax ns[krs rks os cw<+h dkdh dks vkSj vf/d lrk;k djrsA dksbZ pqVdh dkVdj Hkkxrk] dksbZ mu ij ikuh dh oqQYyh dj nsrkA dkdh ph[k ekjdj jksrha] ijarq ;g ckr izfln~/ Fkh fd os osQoy [kkus osQ fy, jksrh gSa] vr,o muosQ larki vkSj vkÙkZukn ij dksbZ è;ku ugha nsrk FkkA •  fon~;k£Fk;ksa dks le>k,¡ fd o`n~/ yksxksa dks Lusg ,oa lEeku nsuk pkfg, D;ksafd ekrk&firk osQ R;kx ,oa cfynku ls gh cPps liQyrk izkIr dj ikrs gSasA •  cPpksa dks crk,¡ fd o`n~/koLFkk thou dk vafre iM+ko gksrk gSA ;g yxHkx lHkh euq\";ksa osQ thou esa vkrk gSA vr% o`n~/ksa dh mis{kk vkSj vieku ugha djuk pkfg,A cw<+h dkdh 113

laiw.kZ ifjokj esa ;fn dkdh ls fdlh dks vuqjkx Fkk rks og cqn~f/jke dh NksVh csVh ykMyh FkhA ykMyh vius nksuksa Hkkb;ksa osQ Mj ls vius fgLls dh feBkbZ ;k pcsuk cw<+h dkdh osQ ikl cSBdj [kk;k djrh FkhA ;gh mldk j{kkxkj FkkA ;n~;fi dkdh dh 'kj.k mudh yksyqirk osQ dkj.k eg¡xh iM+rh Fkha rFkkfi Hkkb;ksa osQ vU;k; dh rqyuk esa dgha lqyHk FkhA bl LokFkkZuqowQyrk us mu nksuksa esa lgkuqHkwfr dk vkjksi.k dj fn;k FkkA jkr dk le; FkkA cqn~f/jke osQ n~okj ij 'kgukbZ ct jgh Fkh vkSj xk¡o osQ cPPkksa dk >qaM foLe;iw.kZ us=kksa ls xkus dk jlkLoknu dj jgk FkkA vkt cqn~f/jke osQ cM+s csVs eq[kjke dk fryd vk;k FkkA ;g mlh dk mRlo FkkA ?kj osQ Hkhrj fL=k;k¡ xk jgh Fkha vkSj :ik vfrfFk;ksa osQ fy, Hkkstu dk izca/ djus esa O;Lr FkhA HkV~fB;ksa ij dM+kg p<+s gq, FksA ,d esa iwfM+;k¡&dPkkSfM+;k¡ fudy jgh FkhaA nwljs cM+s irhys esa elkysnkj lCT+kh id jgh FkhA ?kh vkSj elkyksa dh lqxa/ pkjksa vksj iSQyh gqbZ FkhA cw<+h dkdh viuh dksBjh esa cSBh gqbZ FkhaA ;g lqxa/ mUgsa cspSu dj jgh FkhA os eu&gh&eu lksp jgh Fkha] bruh nsj gks xbZ] dksbZ Hkkstu ysdj D;ksa ugha vk;k\\ Kkr gksrk gS] lc yksx Hkkstu dj pqosQ gSaA ;g lkspdj mUgsa jksuk vk;k ijarq vi'koqQu osQ Mj ls os jks u ldhaA cw<+h dkdh dh dYiuk esa iwfM+;ksa dk fp=k ukpus yxkA [kwc yky&yky] iwQyh&iwQyh] uje&uje o [kLrk gksaxh! dpkSfM+;ksa ls vtokbu vkSj byk;ph dh lqxa/ vk jgh gksxhA ,d iwM+h feyrh rks rfud gkFk esa ysdj ns[krhA D;ksa u pydj dM+kg osQ Lkkeus gh cSBw¡A ;g fu.kZ; djosQ cw<+h dkdh mdM+w¡ cSBdj gkFkksa osQ cy ljdrh gqbZ cM+h dfBukbZ ls pkS[kV ls mrjha vkSj /hjs&/hjs jsaxrh gqbZ dM+kg osQ ikl vk cSBhaA ;gk¡ vkus ij mUgsa mruk gh /S;Z gqvk ftruk Hkw[ks oqQÙks dks [kkus okys osQ lEeq[k cSBus ij gksrk gSA cqn~f/jke dh iRuh :ik ml le; dk;Z&Hkkj ls ijs'kku FkhA dHkh bl dejs esa tkrh dHkh ml dejs esa] dHkh dM+kg osQ ikl vkrh rks dHkh HkaMkj eas tkrhA cspkjh vosQyh nkSM+rs&nkSM+rs O;koqQy gks jgh Fkh] >q¡>ykrh Fkh] [khtrh Fkh ijarq Øks/ izdV djus dk volj u ikrh FkhA bl voLFkk esa mlus cw<+h dkdh dks dM+kg osQ ikl cSBs ns[kk rks ty mBhA Øks/ #d u ldkA ftl izdkj esa<d osaQpq, ij >iVrk gS] mlh izdkj og cw<+h dkdh ij >iVh vkSj mUgsa nksuksa gkFkksa ls >Vddj cksyh] ¶,sls isV esa vkx yxs] isV gS ;k HkkM+\\ dksBjh esa cSBrs gq, D;k lk¡l ?kqVrk Fkk\\ vHkh vfrfFk;ksa us ugha [kk;k] Hkxoku dks Hkksx ugha yxk] rc rd /S;Z u gks ldk\\¸ cw<+h dkdh us flj mBk;k_ u jksb± vkSj u cksyhaA pqipki jsaxrh gqbZ viuh dksBjh esa pyh xb±A Hkkstu rS;kj gks x;kA vk¡xu esa iÙkysa iM+ xb± vkSj vfrfFk [kkus yxsA cw<+h dkdh viuh dksBjh esa tkdj i'pkrki dj jgh Fkha fd eSa D;ksa pyh xbZ\\ mUgsa :ik ij Øks/ ugha Fkk cfYd viuh tYnck”kh ij nq%[k FkkA lp gh rks gS] tc rd vfrfFk yksx Hkkstu ugha dj ysaxs] ?kj okys oSQls [kk,¡xs\\ eq>ls bruh nsj Hkh u jgk x;k! vc tc rd dksbZ cqykus u vk,xk] u tkÅ¡xhA eu&gh&eu fopkj dj og cqykos dh izrh{kk djus yxhA og eu dks cgykus osQ fy, ysV xbZ vkSj èkhjs&/hjs xhr xquxqukus yxhA tc mUgsa Kkr gqvk fd eq>s xkrs&xkrs nsj gks xbZ rks lkspus yxha D;k bruh nsj rd yksx Hkkstu dj jgs gksaxs! 114 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&7

fdlh dh vkok”k lqukbZ ugha nsrhA vo'; gh yksx [kk&ihdj pys x, gksaxsA eq>s dksbZ cqykus ugha vk;kA :ik fp<+ xbZ gS] D;k irk u cqyk,A cw<+h dkdh pyus osQ fy, rS;kj gqb±A ;g fo'okl Fkk fd ,d feuV esa iwfM+;k¡ vkSj elkysnkj lfC”k;k¡ lkeus vk,¡xh] mudh Loknsafnz;k¡ xqnxqnkus yxhaA mUgksaus eu esa rjg&rjg osQ ealwcs ck¡/sµ igys lC”kh ls iwfM+;k¡ [kkÅ¡xh] fiQj ngh vkSj 'kDdj ls] dpkSfM+;k¡ jk;rs osQ lkFk e”ksnkj yxsaxhA pkgs dksbZ cqjk ekus pkgs Hkyk] eSa rks ek¡x&ek¡xdj [kkÅ¡xhA yksx ;gh dgsaxs fd bUgsa fopkj ughaA dgk djas] brus fnuksa osQ ckn iwfM+;k¡ fey jgh gSa rks eq¡g twBk djosQ FkksM+s gh mB tkÅ¡xhA og mdM+w¡ cSBdj gkFkksa osQ cy ljdrh gqbZ fiQj ls vk¡xu esa vkbZaA ijarq gk; nqHkkZX;! vfrfFk eaMyh vHkh cSBh gqbZ FkhA dksbZ [kkdj m¡xfy;k¡ pkVrk Fkk] dksbZ frjNs us=kksa ls ns[krk Fkk fd vkSj yksx vHkh rd [kk jgs gSa ;k ughaA brus esa cw<+h dkdh jasxrh gqbZ muosQ chp esa tk igq¡phaA cqn~f/jke dkdh dks ns[krs gh Øks/ ls fryfeyk mBsA yiddj mUgksaus dkdh osQ nksuksa gkFk idM+s vkSj ?klhVrs gq, v¡/sjh dksBjh esa ykdj /e&ls iVd fn;kA vfrfFk;ksa us Hkkstu fd;k] ?kjokyksa us Hkkstu fd;k] cktsokys] /ksch] ukbZ Hkh Hkkstu dj pqosQ] ijarq cw<+h dkdh dks fdlh us u iwNkA cqn~f/jke vkSj :ik nksuksa gh cw<+h dkdh dks mudh fuyZTtrk osQ fy, naM nsus dk fu'p; dj pqosQ FksA muosQ cq<+kis vkSj nhurk ij fdlh dks n;k u vkbZA ,d vosQyh ykMyh muosQ fy, fpark dj jgh FkhA ykMyh dks dkdh ls vR;ar izse FkkA og >q¡>yk jgh Fkh fd os yksx dkdh dks cgqr&lh iwfM+;k¡ D;ksa ugha ns nsrs\\ D;k vfrfFk lc&dh&lc [kk tk,¡xs\\ ;fn dkdh us vfrfFk;ksa ls igys [kk fy;k rks D;k fcxM+ tk,xk\\ og dkdh osQ ikl tkdj mUgsa /S;Z nsuk pkgrh Fkh ijarq ek¡ osQ Mj ls u tkrh FkhA mlus vius Hkkx dh iwfM+;k¡ fcyoqQy u [kkbZ FkhaA mu iwfM+;ksa dks dkdh osQ ikl ys tkuk pkgrh FkhA mldk ân; v/hj gks jgk FkkA cw<+h dkdh esjh ckr lqurs gh mB cSBsaxh] iwfM+;k¡ ns[kdj oSQlh izlUu gksaxh! eq>s [kwc I;kj djsaxhA jkr osQ X;kjg ct x, FksA :ik vk¡xu esa iM+h lks jgh FkhA ykMyh dh vk¡[kksa esa uhan u FkhA dkdh dks iwfM+;k¡ f[kykus dh izlUurk mls lksus u nsrh FkhA tc fo'okl gks x;k fd vEek¡ lks xb± gSa] rks og pqiosQ ls mBh vkSj cw<+h dkdh dh dksBjh dh vksj py nhA cw<+h dkdh dks osQoy bruk ;kn Fkk fd fdlh us esjs cw<+h dkdh 115

gkFk idM+dj ?klhVs vkSj fiQj ,slk Kkr gqvk fd tSls dksbZ igkM+ ij mM+k, fy, tkrk gSA muosQ iSj ckj&ckj iRFkjksa ls Vdjk, rc fdlh us mUgsa igkM+ ij ns iVdk] os ew£Nr gks xb±A tc os lpsr gqb± rks fdlh dh rfud Hkh vkgV u FkhA mUgksaus le>k fd lc yksx [kk&ihdj lks x,A ;g fopkj dj dkdh fujk'kke; larks\"k osQ lkFk ysV xb±A i'pkrki ls xyk Hkj&Hkj vkrk Fkk] ijarq vfrfFk;ksa osQ Mj ls jksrh u FkhaA lglk muosQ dkuksa esa vkok”k vkbZ] ¶dkdh mBks_ eSa iwfM+;k¡ ykbZ gw¡A¸ dkdh us ykMyh dh cksyh igpkuhA >ViV mB cSBhaA nksuksa gkFkksa ls ykMyh dks VVksyk vkSj mls xksn eas cSBk fy;kA ykMyh us iwfM+;k¡ fudkydj nhaA dkdh us iwNk] ¶D;k rqEgkjh vEek¡ us nh gSa\\¸ ykMyh us dgk] ¶ugha] ;s esjs fgLls dh gSaA¸ dkdh iwfM+;ksa ij VwV iM+haA ik¡p feuV esa fiVkjh [kkyh gks xbZA ykMyh us iwNk] ¶dkdh] isV Hkj x;k\\¸ tSls FkksM+h&lh o\"kkZ BaMd osQ LFkku ij xehZ iSnk dj nsrh gS] mlh rjg FkksM+h iwfM+;ksa us dkdh dh {kq/k vkSj bPNk dks vkSj mÙksftr dj fn;k FkkA og cksyh] ¶ugha csVh] tkdj vEek¡ ls vkSj ek¡x ykvksA¸ ykMyh us dgk] ¶vEek¡ lks xbZ gSa] txkÅ¡xh rks ekjsaxhA¸ dkdh us fiVkjh dks fiQj VVksykA mlesa oqQN [kqjpu fxjs FksA mUgsa fudkydj [kk xb±A ckj&ckj gksaB pkVrh Fkha] pV[kkjsa Hkjrh FkhaA ân; nq[kh gks jgk Fkk fd vkSj iwfM+;k¡ oSQls ikÅ¡\\ dkdh dk v/hj eu bPNk osQ izcy izokg esa cg x;kA mfpr vkSj vuqfpr dk fopkj tkrk jgkA os oqQN nsj rd ml bPNk dks jksdrh jghaA lglk ykMyh ls cksyha] ¶esjk gkFk idM+dj ogk¡ ys pyks] tgk¡ vfrfFk;ksa us cSBdj [kkuk [kk;k gSA¸ ykMyh mudk vfHkizk; u le> ldhA mlus dkdh dk gkFk idM+k vkSj ys tkdj twBs iÙkyksa osQ ikl cSBk fn;kA dkdh iÙkyksa ls iwfM+;ksa osQ VqdM+s pqu&pqudj [kkus yxhaA vkgk! ngh fdruh Lokfn\"V Fkh] dpkSfM+;k¡ fdruh lyksuh] [kLrk vkSj fdruh eqyk;eA dkdh cqn~f/ghu gksrs gq, Hkh bruk tkurh Fkha fd eSa og dke dj jgh gw¡] tks eq>s dnkfi u djuk pkfg,A eSa nwljksa dh twBh iÙky pkV jgh gw¡ ijarq cq<+kik r`\".kk jksx dk ,slk vafre le; gS] tc laiw.kZ bPNk,¡ ,d gh osaQnz ij vk yxrh gSaA cw<+h dkdh esa ;g osaQnz mudh Loknsafnz;k¡ FkhaA Bhd mlh le; :ik dh vk¡[ksa [kqyhaA mls Kkr gqvk fd ykMyh esjs ikl ugha gSA og pkSadh vkSj pkjikbZ osQ b/j&m/j ns[kus yxh fd dgha uhps rks ugha fxj iM+hA mls ogk¡ u ikdj og mBh rks D;k ns[krh gS fd ykMyh twBs iÙkyksa osQ ikl pqipki [kM+h gS vkSj cw<+h dkdh iÙkyksa ij ls iwfM+;ksa osQ VqdM+s mBk&mBkdj [kk jgh gSaA :ik dk ân; lUu jg x;kA ;g og n`'; Fkk ftls ns[kdj ns[kus okyksa osQ ân; dk¡i mBrs gSaA ,slk izrhr gksrk Fkk ekuks /jrh Fke xbZ] vkleku pDdj [kk jgk gSA lalkj ij dksbZ foifÙk vkus okyh gSA :ik dks Øks/ u vk;kA 'kksd osQ lEeq[k Øks/ dgk¡\\ d#.kk vkSj Hk; ls mldh vk¡[ksa Hkj vkb±A bl v/eZ osQ iki dk Hkkxh dkSu gS\\ mlus lPps ân; ls xxu&eaMy dh vksj gkFk mBkdj dgk] ¶gs ijekRek!] esjs cPpksa ij n;k djksA bl v/eZ dk naM eq>s er nsuk] ugha rks esjk lR;kuk'k gks tk,xkA¸ 116 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&7

:ik dh LokFkZijrk vkSj vU;k; bl izdkj izR;{k :i ls dHkh u nh[k iMs+ FksA og lkspus yxh] ¶gk;! fdruh funZ;h gw¡\\ ftldh laifÙk ls eq>s nks lkS #i;k ok£\"kd vk; gks jgh gS] mldh ;g nqxZfr! vkSj esjs dkj.k! gs n;ke; Hkxoku! eq>ls cM+h Hkkjh xyrh gqbZ gS] eq>s {kek djksA¸ :ik us nh;k tyk;k] vius HkaMkj dk n~okj [kksyk vkSj ,d Fkkyh esa lkjk Hkkstu ltkdj fy, gq, cw<+h dkdh dh vksj pyhA mlus oaQBko#n~èk Loj esa dgk] ¶dkdh mBks] Hkkstu dj yksA eq>ls vkt cM+h Hkwy gqbZ] mldk cqjk u ekuukA ijekRek ls izkFkZuk dj nks fd os esjk vijkèk {kek dj nsaA¸ Hkksys&Hkkys cPps dh Hkk¡fr] tks feBkb;k¡ ikdj ekj vkSj frjLdkj lc Hkwy tkrk gS] cw<+h dkdh lc Hkqykdj cSBh gqbZ [kkuk [kk jgh FkhaA muosQ ,d&,d jks,¡ ls lPph lfnPNk,¡ fudy jgh Fkha vkSj :ik bl Lo£xd n`'; dk vkuan ysus esa fueXu FkhA µeqa'kh izsepan iqujkxeu µ okil vkuk ps\"Vk µ iz;Ru fon~os\"k µ ?k`.kk] ui- Qjr vkÙkZukn µ nq[kHkjh iqdkj j{kkxkj µ lqjf{kr txg jlkLoknu µ lq[k ysuk] jl p[kuk lqxa/ µ [kq'kcw Loknsafnz;k¡ µ LOkkn dk Kku djkus okyh bafnz;k¡] thHk ealwcs µ dYiuk,¡] ;kstuk,¡ frjNs µ Vs<+s fuyZTtrk µ cs'kehZ ew£Nr µ csgks'k {kq/k µ Hkw[k vfHkizk; µ vk'k;] eryc r`\".kk µ ykylk LokFkZijrk µ viuh HkykbZ dh lksp bUgsa ,sls Hkh fy[k ldrs gSaµ laifRr µ laifÙk cqn~f/jke µ cqf¼jke izfln~/ µ izfl¼ fon~os\"k µ fo}s\"k iRry µ iÙky oaQBko#n~/ µ oaQBko#¼ cw<+h dkdh 117

1- if<+, vkSj cksfy,µ bafnz;k¡ LokFkkZuqowQyrk lgkuqHkwfr foLe;iw.kZ fuyZTtrk 2- lkspdj crkb,µ (d) dkdh dh n;uh; fLFkfr dk D;k dkj.k Fkk\\ ([k) dkdh osQ vkÙkZukn ij dksbZ Hkh è;ku D;ksa ugha nsrk Fkk\\ (x) ykMyh vius fgLls dh feBkb;k¡ dkdh osQ ikl cSBdj D;ksa [kkrh Fkh\\ 1- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj ,d 'kCn ;k ,d okD; esa nhft,µ --------------------------------------------- (d) cq<+kik fdldk iqujkxeu gksrk gS\\ ([k) dkdh vius d\"Vksa dh vksj lcdk è;ku fdl izdkj --------------------------------------------- vkd£\"kr djrh Fkh\\ --------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- (x) cqn~f/jke osQ ?kj esa 'kgukbZ D;ksa ct jgh Fkh\\ (?k) D;k ns[kdj :ik dk ân; lUu jg x;k\\ (Ä) dkdh dks twBs iÙky pkVrs ns[k :ik us D;k fd;k\\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ y?kq mÙkj nhft,µ (d) cq<+kis dks cpiu dk iqujkxeu D;ksa dgk x;k gS\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) dkdh us viuh lkjh laifÙk cqn~f/jke osQ uke D;ksa dj nh Fkh\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 118 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&7

(x) ykMyh D;ksa fpUrk esa Fkh\\ jkr esa lcosQ lks tkus osQ ckn mlus D;k fd;k\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (?k) [kkus dks ysdj dkdh D;k&D;k dkeuk,¡ dj jgh Fkh\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Ä) :ik dk ân; fdl izdkj ifjofrZr gqvk\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ nh?kZ mÙkj viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk esa nhft,µ (d) ?kj osQ yksx dkdh ls mis{kkiw.kZ O;ogkj D;ksa djrs Fks\\ o`n~/ksa dks ,slh fLFkfr ls fdl izdkj cpk;k tk ldrk gS\\ oqQN lq>ko nhft,A ([k) ikB osQ vk/kj ij ykMyh dk pfj=k&fp=k.k dhft,A (x) ikB osQ vk/kj ij :ik dk pfj=k&fp=k.k dhft,A 4- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mi;qDr mÙkj ij (3) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (iv) Hkrhth oQs (d) dkdh fdlosQ lkFk jgrh Fkh\\ (i) Hkrhts osQ (ii) csVs osQ (iii) csVh osQ ([k) ykMyh fdlosQ Mj ls vius fgLls dh feBkb;k¡ dkdh osQ ikl cSBdj [kkrh Fkh\\ (i) iM+ksfl;ksa osQ (ii) Hkkb;ksa osQ (iii) dkdh osQ (iv) ek¡ oQs (x) :ik dh fpUrk dk D;k dkj.k Fkk\\ (i) cw<+h dkdh (ii) dk;Z oQk Hkkj (iii) chekjh (iv) ykMyh cw<+h dkdh 119

(?k) dkdh dks vk¡xu esa ns[kdj cqn~f/jke us D;k fd;k\\ (i) dkdh dks lEekuiwoZd vfrfFk;ksa ls feyok;kA (ii) dkdh osQ nksuksa gkFk idM+dj ?klhVrs gq, dksBjh esa ys x;kA (iii) dkdh dks Hkyk&cqjk dgus yxkA (iv) dkdh dk è;ku u j[kus ij :ik dks MkV¡ us yxkA (Ä) dkdh dks Hkkstu D;ksa ugha fn;k x;k Fkk\\ (i) dk;Z dh vf/drk osQ dkj.k Hkwy x, FksA (ii) dkdh elkysnkj Hkkstu ipk ugha ikrh FkhA (iii) cqn~f/jke vkSj :ik dkdh dks naM nsus dk fu'p; dj pqosQ FksA (iv) lHkh dkdh ls ?k.` kk djrs FkAs (p) ^FkksM+h&lh o\"kkZ BaMd osQ LFkku ij xjeh iSnk dj nsrh gSA* ikB osQ lanHkZ esa bldk D;k vFkZ gS\\ (i) mRlo osQ fnu FkksM+h&lh ckfj'k gksus osQ ckn mel gks xbZ FkhA (ii) dkdh I;kj osQ cnys ykMyh dh feBkbZ [kk tkrh FkhA (iii) :ik dkdh dks igys Mk¡Vrh Fkh] fiQj I;kj djrh FkhA (iv) FkkMs h+ &lh ifw M;+ kas us dkdh dh {k/q k dks vkjS mÙkfs tr dj fn;k FkkA nks 'kCnksa osQ esy ls mRiUUk fodkj dks laf/ dgrs gSaA laf/ rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSµ (1) Loj laf/ (2) O;atu laf/ (3) folxZ laf/ laf/;qDr 'kCnksa dks vyx djuk laf/&foPNsn dgykrk gSA 1- uhps fn, 'kCnksa dk laf/&foPNsn dhft,µ iqujkxeu ¾ iqu% $ vkxeu jlkLoknu ¾ ----------------------------- $ ----------------------------- ;n~;fi ¾ ----------------------------- $ ----------------------------- Loknsafnz;k¡ ¾ ----------------------------- $ ----------------------------- oaQBko#n~/ ¾ ----------------------------- $ ----------------------------- lfnPNk,¡ ¾ ----------------------------- $ ----------------------------- 120 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&7

2- uhps fn, 'kCnksa ls Hkkookpd laKk cukb,µ cPpk µ ----------------------------- cw<+k µ cq<+kik------------------- cspSu µ ----------------------------- dfBu µ ----------------------------- O;koqQy µ ----------------------------- fuyZTt µ ----------------------------- vuqowQy µ ----------------------------- v/hj µ ----------------------------- 3- uhps fn, okD;ksa esa fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa ij yxkb, o Hksn dk uke Hkh crkb,µ (d) mlosQ eu eas tks vkrk gS] og lh/s&lh/s dg nsrk gSA ([k) esjh ckr lqudj og ”kksj&ls g¡lus yxkA fØ;kfo'ks\"k.kµfØ;k dh fo'ks\"krk (x) dNqvk /hjs&/hjs pyus yxkA crkus okys 'kCn fØ;k&fo'ks\"k.k (?k) vodk'k osQ dkj.k og nsj rd lksrk jgkA dgykrs gSa] tSlsµde [kkvksA (Ä) ';ke dc rd vk,xk\\ Hksnµ(d) jhfrokpd   ([k) LFkkuokpd   (x) dkyokpd (p) os xyk iQkM+&iQkM+dj jksrh FkhaA   (?k) ifjek.kokpd (N) dkdh èkhjs&èkhjs jsaxrh gqbZ dM+kg osQ ikl vk cSBhA (t) dkdh cgqr I;kj djsaxhA • ;fn dkdh Hkrhts dh ckrksa esa vkdj lkjh laifÙk mlosQ uke u djrh rks D;k gksrk\\ fiQj dgkuh D;k curh\\ lkspdj crkb,A • ;fn cw<+h dkdh osQ n~okjk cqn~f/jke vkSj mldh iRuh :ik osQ nqO;Zogkj dh f'kdk;r iapk;r esa dj nh tkrh rks D;k gksrk\\ • ;fn ykMyh cw<+h dkdh osQ fy, iwfM+;k¡ ysus gsrq :ik dks txk nsrh rks D;k gksrk\\ • iesz pna dh dgkfu;kas dk lxa gz dhft,A mueas ls tks dgkuh vkidks lcls vPNh yx]s mls d{kk eas luq kb,A • ^cq<+kik cpiu dk iqujkxeu gksrk gSA* ;g ckr dgk¡ rd lgh gS\\ vius vkl&ikl osQ o`n~/ yksxksa ls irk yxkb, vkSj d{kk eas crkb,A • fdlh o`n~/kJe esa tkdj ogk¡ jgus okyksa ls ckrphr dhft, vkSj vius vuqHko d{kk esa lqukb,A cw<+h dkdh 121

• fp=k dks ns[kdj viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk esa ,d vuqPNsn fyf[k,A • ;fn vkiosQ iM+ksl esa fdlh o`n~/ ls misf{kr O;ogkj fd;k tk jgk gks rks vki D;k djsaxs\\ • ;fn dksbZ o`n~/ lM+d ikj djus esa Lo;a dks vleFkZ vuqHko dj jgk gks rks vki D;k djsaxs\\ 122 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&7

22 lkSj mQtkZ% dy dh mQtkZ lw;Z vuUr mQtkZ dk lzksr gSA Hkkjr esa vukfndky ls gh lw;Z dks mQtkZ osQ lzksr osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS o bldh iwtk dh tkrh gSA vk/fq ud ;xq eas l;w Z ls feyus okyh mQtkZ ls fo|rq mRiknu dh ;fq Dr lkjS idz k'k okYs Vh; i.z kkyh ij vk/kfjr ,d gkbVds ikz nS ;~ kfs xdh g]S ftldk i;z kxs vkt vuds idz kj oQs dk;ks± eas gks jgk gAS chloha lnh oQs egku oKS kfud vYcVZ vkbLa Vkbu us l;w Z oQs idz k'k dks fo|rq dh /kjk eas cnyus dh ;fq Dr dh [kkts dh FkhA vk/qfud ;qx esa lkSj mQtkZ lw;Z ls nks izdkj ls mQtkZ izkIr dh tkrh gSA lw;Z osQ rki dks osQfUnzr dj] ?kjsyw midj.kksa tSls_ xhtj] owQdj vkfn esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA nwljh Js.kh esa lkSj ÅtkZ dks izdk'k oksYVh; i¼fr ls fo|rq dh /kjk esa cnyk tkrk gSA lkSj mQtkZ dk rkih; iz;ksx vktdy cktkj esa lkSj mQtkZ ls pyus okys vusd midj.k vk x;s gSaA muesa ls ,d gS ^lkSj ty mQ\"ed*A blosQ }kjk ty dks 60 fMxzh lsfYl;l rd xeZ fd;k tk ldrk gS ftldk mi;ksx ?kjksa vkSj m|ksxksa esa gksrk gSA ^lksyj oqQdj* dk iz;ksx Hkkstu idkus esa gksrk gSA lksyj oqQdj vkt 'kgjksa vkSj xk¡okas esa lHkh txg yksdfiz; gSaA blesa ,d lkFk pkj izdkj dh Hkkstu&lkexzh tSlsµpkoy] nky] lfCT+k;k¡ vkfn de le; esa o /hjs&/hjs idkbZ tkrh gaSA /hjs&/hjs idus osQ dkj.k blesa idus okys HkksT; inkFkks± esa iks\"kd rRo lqjf{kr jgrs gSaA ;g ^gkWV osQl* dk Hkh dke djrk gS ftlls blesa cuus okyk Hkkstu nsj rd xeZ vkSj rkTkk jgrk gSA lkSj mQtkZ% dy dh mQtkZ 143

izdk'koksYVh; (iQksVksoksYVsbd ) fo|qr dh fo'ks\"krk lkSj iSuyksa }kjk fo|qr mRiknu esa fdlh izdkj dk iznw\"k.k ugha gksrk gSA bldks yxkus esa vkjEHk esa /u yxrk gSA ijUrq mlosQ j[kj[kko esa o fo|qr mRiknu esa O;; ugha osQ cjkcj vkrk gSA vktdy ?kj dh Nrksa ij] [ksrksa esa o lqnwj bykdksa esa tgk¡ fctyh ugha igq¡prh] lkS;Z iSuy yxkdj fctyh izkIr dh tkrh gSA lkSj ykyVsu dks lw;Z osQ izdk'k ls 6 ls 8 ?kaVs rd /wi esa pktZ dj rhu ?kaVs rd fcuk fdlh O;; osQ izdk'k ik;k tk ldrk gSµdksgjs vkSj cnyh esa /wi u feyus osQ dkj.k pkft±x xfr /heh gks tkrh gSA 144 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&7

vkleku esa ?kweus okys ekuo fu£er mixzgksa esa lkSj mQtkZ ls gh fo|qr vkiwfrZ dh tkrh gSA bl izdkj osQ lksyj iSuy osQ lsy 20 ls Hkh vf/d o\"kks± rd dk;Z djrs gaSA lksyj iai lkSj iai % lkSj iaiksa ls /jrh osQ uhps HkwxHkhZ; ty dks ljksoj] unh vkSj vU; ty Ïksrksa ls ikuh [khapdj mldk mi;ksx flapkbZ rFkk is;ty osQ :i eas fd;k tkrk gSA lkSj mQtkZ dk fodkl&ozQe % orZeku le; esa lkSj iz.kkyh ls fctyh cukus dh izfozQ;k dk [kpZ fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, egaxk iM+rk gSA ijUrq le; osQ lkFk&lkFk] ubZ rduhdh fodflr gksus ij ;g [kpZ Hkh cgqr vf/d de gksuk vkjEHk gks x;k gS] o Hkfo\"; esa cgqr de gksus dh laHkkouk gSA mQtkZ µ 'kfDr Ïksr µ /kjk] T+kfj;k vukfn µ ftldk vkfn&var u gks midj.k µ lk/u] ;a=k ;qfDr µ ;kstuk lkSj ty mQ\"ed µ lksyj okVj ghVj@xhT+kj ekuo fu£er µ euq\"; }kjk cuk, x, vkiwfrZ µ nsuk] igq¡puk HkwxHkhZ; µ /jrh osQ vanj tek is;ty µ ihus okyk ty lkSj mQtkZ% dy dh mQtkZ 145

1- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ lgh mÙkj Ikj () yxkb,µ (d) vuar ÅtkZ dk lzksr gSµ (ii) lw;Z (i) panzek (iii) rkjs (iv) i`Foh ([k) vkbaLVkbu us lw;Z osQ izdk'k dks fo|qr /kjk esa cnyus dh rduhd dh [kkst dkSu&lh lnh esa dh Fkh\\ (i) vBkjgoha (ii) mUuhloha (iii) chloha (iv) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA (x) lkSj ty Å\"ed osQ }kjk ty dks fdrus fMxzh rd xeZ dj ldrs gSa\\ (i) 40° (ii) 50° (iii) 80° (iv) 60° (?k) lw;Z ls fdrus izdkj ls ÅtkZ izkIr dh tkrh gS\\ (i) 2 (ii) 3 (iii) 4 (iv) 5 (Ä) lksyj oqQdj dk iz;ksx D;k idkus esa gksrk gS\\ (i) Hkkstu (ii) pk; (iii) jksVh (iv) dkWiQh (p) ^gkWV osQl* dk dk;Z dkSu djrk gS\\ (i) lksyj iai (ii) lkSj ykyVsu (iii) lksyj oqQdj (iv) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA (N) lkSj iai ls /jrh osQ uhps osQ ------------ dks [khapk tkrk gSA (i) ÅtkZ (ii) feV~Vh (iii) [kkn (iv) ty 146 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&7

23 oqQN cgknqj cPps ohj ckyd uanu uanu oqQekj dk tUe te'ksniqj esa gqvkA mUgksaus vkxjk ls dkuwu dh i<+kbZ dhA 1997 esa mUgksaus iVuk esa ,d ?kj esa vkx esa f?kjs rhu O;fDr;ksa] ,d o`¼k vkSj nks cPpksa dks e`R;q dh xksn ls cpk;k] ftlosQ fy, mUgsa 17 o\"kZ dh vk;q esa rRdkyhu iz/kuea=kh banz oqQekj xqtjky us 1997 dk ohjrk iqjLdkj iwoZ iz/kuea=kh Jh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h dh vuq'kalk ij iznku fd;kA blh o\"kZ rRdkyhu jk\"Vªifr Jh osQñ vkjñ ukjk;.ku }kjk thou j{kk ind (flfofy;al vokMZ) iznku fd;k x;kA orZeku esa uanu oqQekj >k ,d jk\"Vªh; if=kdk ^ikoj dksfjMksj* osQ iz/ku laiknd gSa o lkFk gh ^ipa k;rh VkbEl (fMftVy :jy U;tw puS y)* oQs iQkmMa j Hkh gAaS os ^pfS Ei;la vkWiQ ptas (ifz rf\"Br jk\"Vhª ; vokM)Z * vkjS ^xk/¡ h&eMa ys k iQkmMa 's ku* oQs tud gAaS os oQq N iez [q k ikz boVs U;tw puS ykas oQs lhñbñZ vkñs Hkh jgs gAaS ns'k dk xkSjo fiz;e fo'kk[kkiVuð e osQ jgus okys 16 o\"khZ; fiz;e VkVsM us varjkZ\"Vªh; LosQVj cudj ns'k dk xkSjo c<+k;k gSA 3 lky dh mez ls LosQfVax djus okys fiz;e jk\"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ\"Vªh; nksuksa Lrjksa ij LosQfVax osQ {ks=k esa yxkrkj vPNk izn'kZu dj jgs gSaA mUgksaus Hkkjr osQ fy, 7 varjkZ\"Vªh; vkSj 34 jk\"Vªh; ind thrs gSa vkSj oqQN cgknqj cPps 147

fiNys 5 o\"kksZa ls yxkrkj jk\"Vªh; Lrj ij Lo.kZ ind thr jgs gSa] ;g vius&vki esa ,d jsdkMZ gSA mlh osQ eísutj fiz;e dks ns'k osQ egkefge jk\"Vªifr }kjk cky iqjLdkj 2019 (jk\"Vªh; cky iqjLdkj 2019) ls lEekfur fd;k tk pqdk gSA fiz;e dks ekuuh; iz/kuea=kh Jh ujsanz eksnh osQ lkFk muosQ fuokl vkjlhvkj ij ckrphr djus dk volj feykA vka/z izns'k osQ [ksy izkf/dj.k us 2019 osQ fy, fiz;e dks vtZqu iqjLdkj osQ fy, ukfer fd;k FkkA dksjksuk tSlh egkekjh osQ ekgkSy esa Hkh fiz;e us izsfjr gksdj 14 vizSy 2020 ls yxkrkj twe ij vius twfu;j LosQVlZ dks eqÝr fiQVusl izf'k{k.k nsuk 'kq: fd;k FkkA mUgksaus 2020 osQ 30 vDVwcj rd 200 fnu iwjs fd;s FksA 50&60 twfu;j LosQVj vkSj Nk=k blesa Hkkx ys jgs FksA mUgsa 4 yk[k #Ik;s dh o`fRrdk vkbl LosQfVax ,lksfl,'ku vkWiQ bafM;k }kjk iznku dh xbZ FkhA bl jkf'k dk mi;ksx muosQ izf'k{k.k osQ fy, fd;k x;kA fo'kk[kkiVuð e dk lkSHkkX; gS fd fiz;e VkVsM ns'k osQ pqus x, mu 4 loZJs\"B LosQVjksa esa ls ,d gS ftls ns'k us izf'k{k.k osQ fy, pquk gSA ;gk¡ ;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS fd fiz;e osQ HkkbZ izFke vkSj cgu fnO;k Hkh [ksyowQn osQ {ks=k esa fofHkUu jk\"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ\"Vªh; iqjLdkj o ind izkIr dj pqosQ gSaA rhuksa cPps jk\"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ\"Vªh; Lrj ij fur ubZ liQyrk,¡ gkfly dj vius ekrk&firk dk uke jks'ku dj jgs gSaA dkuwu µ fo/k] fu;e rRdkyhu µ ml le; dk vuq'kalk µ flI+kQkfj'k iQkmaMj µ laLFkkid vokMZ µ iqjLdkj izn'kZu µ fn[kykuk jks'ku µ Å¡pk izfrf\"Br µ lEekfur vtqZu iqjLdkj µ [ksy osQ {ks=k esa fn;k tkus okyk ,d iqjLdkj 148 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&7

1- if<+, vkSj cksfy,µ rRdkyhu vokMZ izfrf\"Br izn'kZu LosQfVax iqjLdkj lkSHkkX; jks'ku 2- lkspdj crkb,µ (d) ohj ckyd uanu us dkuwu dh i<+kbZ dgk¡ ls dh Fkh\\ ([k) fiz;e dks fdlls ckrphr djus dk volj feyk\\ 1- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj ,d 'kCn ;k ,d okD; esa nhft,µ (d) uanu oqQekj >k dk tUe dgk¡ gqvk Fkk\\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) orZeku esa uanu oqQekj >k fdl jk\"Vªh; if=kdk osQ iz/ku laiknd gSa\\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (x) iapk;rh VkbEl (fMftVy :jy U;wt pSuy) osQ iQkmaMj dkSu gSa\\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (?k) fiz;e fdl [ksy ls lacaf/r gSa\\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Ä) vka/zizns'k osQ [ksy izkf/dj.k us fiz;e dks fdl iqjLdkj osQ fy, ukfer fd;k Fkk\\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (p) fiz;e dks egkefge jk\"Vªifr }kjk dkSu&lk iqjLdkj feyk\\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- oqQN cgknqj cPps 149

2- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ y?kq mÙkj nhft,µ (d) uanu oqQekj >k dkSu&dkSu&lh laLFkkvksa ls tqM+s gq, gSa\\ os fdl U;wt pSuyksa osQ lhñ bZñ vksñ Hkh jgs gSa\\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) dksjksuk tSlh egkekjh osQ ekgkSy esa fiz;e us D;k fd;k\\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ nh?kZ mÙkj viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk esa nhft,µ (d) ohj ckyd uanu dks fdl dkj.k ls ohjrk iqjLdkj feyk\\ mlh o\"kZ jk\"Vªifr }kjk dkSu&lk iqjLdkj iznku fd;k x;k\\ ([k) ns'k dk xkSjo fiz;e dh miyfC/;ksa dk o.kZu djsaA 4- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mi;qDr mÙkj ij (3) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) uanu dks ohjrk iqjLdkj dc feyk Fkk\\ (i) 1990 (ii) 1991 (iii) 1997 (iv) 1998 ([k) uanu dks ohjrk iqjLdkj fdlus iznku fd;k Fkk\\ (i) banz oqQekj xqtjky (ii) vVy fcgkjh oktis;h (iii) eueksgu flag (iv) Jh oQs ñ vkjñ ukjk;.ku 150 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&7

(x) ^xk¡/h&eaMsyk iQkmaMs'ku* osQ tud dkSu gSa\\ (i) fiz;e (ii) uanu oqQekj >k (iii) fnO;k (iv) iFz ke (?k) fiz;e dks jk\"Vªh; cky iqjLdkj 2019 fdlus iznku fd;k gS\\ (i) iz/kuea=kh (ii) jk\"Vªifr (iii) x`gea=kh (iv) bueas ls dkbs Z ugh a (Ä) vka/zizns'k osQ [ksy izkf/dj.k us 2019 osQ fy, vtZqu iqjLdkj osQ fy, fdldks ukfer fd;k Fkk\\ (i) uanu dks (ii) fiz;e dks (iii) izFke dks (iv) fnO;k dk s 1- ikB esa vk, gq, fdUgha ik¡p laKk 'kCnksa dks pqudj fyf[k,A ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- 2- uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ ,d&,d lekukFkhZ 'kCn fyf[k,µ dkuwu ---------------------------------- vuq'kalk ---------------------------------- jks'ku ---------------------------------- cPpk ---------------------------------- iqjLdkj ---------------------------------- 3- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa ls ewy 'kCn vkSj izR;; vyx dhft,µ if=kdk ---------------------------------- izfrf\"Br ---------------------------------- jk\"Vªh; ---------------------------------- lEekfur ---------------------------------- oqQN cgknqj cPps 151

• ;fn uanu oqQekj us rhu O;fDr;ksa dks e`R;q dh xksn ls ugha cpk;k gksrk rks D;k gksrk\\ • ohj ckyd uanu osQ ckjs esa vkius tkudkjh izkIr dhA viuh tkudkjh ls dksbZ vU; ohj ckyd osQ ckjs esa viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk esa ,d vuqPNsn fyf[k,A • fiz;e lfgr fdUgha ik¡p LosQVlZ osQ fp=k ,d=k djosQ viuh izkstsDV iQkby esa fpidkb,A • ;fn fdlh ?kj esa vkx yxh gks] rks vki D;k djsaxs\\ 152 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&7

iz'u&i=kµ1 vifBr xn~;ka'k ([kaM ^d*) iw.kk±d&80 (vad% 10) (5) 1- xn~;ka'k dks i<+dj uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft,A uhyoaQB us vius vkidks fpfM+;k?kj osQ tho&tarqvksa dk lsukifr vkSj laj{kd fu;qDr dj fy;k FkkA losjs gh og [kjxks'k] dcwrj vkfn dh lsuk ,d=k dj ml vksj ys tkrk tgk¡ nkuk fn;k tkrk FkkA fiQj ?kwe&?kwedj ekuks lc dh j[kokyh djrk FkkA fdlh us xM+cM+ dh rks vius rh[ks papq izgkj ls mls naM nsus osQ fy, nkSM+ iM+rkA [kjxks'k osQ NksVs cPPkksa dks og pksap ls muosQ dku idM+dj Åij mBk ysrk Fkk vkSj tc rd os jksus&ph[kus u yxrs] mUgsa v/j esa yVdk, j[krkA naM fo/ku osQ leku gh mu tho&tarqvksa osQ izfr mldk izse Hkh vlk/kj.k FkkA izk;% og feV~Vh esa ia[k iSQYkkdj cSB tkrk vkSj os lc mldh yach iw¡N vkSj l?ku ia[kksa esa Nqvk&NqvkSvy dk [ksy [ksyrs jgrs FksA (d) tho&tarqvksa dk laj{kd dkSu cu x;k Fkk\\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) lqcg&losjs uhyoaQB D;k djrk Fkk\\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (x) tc dksbZ xM+cM+ djrk rks uhyoaQB D;k djrk Fkk\\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (?k) uhyoaQB [kjxks'k osQ NksVs cPPkksa dks oSQls naM nsrk Fkk\\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Ä) tarq Nqvk&NqvkSvy dk [ksy dgk¡ [ksyrs Fks\\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- dkO;ka'k dks i<+dj uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft,A (5) vkneh dk LoIu gS og cqycqyk ty dk] vkt mBrk vkSj dy fiQj iwQV tkrk gSA ¯drq fiQj Hkh /U;] Bgjk vkneh gh rks] cqycqyksa ls [ksyrk] dfork cukrk gSA euq ugha] euq&iq=k gS ;g lkeus] ftldh dYiuk dh thHk esa Hkh /kj gksrh gSA iz'u&i=kµ1 155

ck.k gh gksrs fopkjksa osQ ugha osQoy] LoIu osQ gkFk esa ryokj gksrh gSA (d) -v---kn--e---h---d---k---L--o--I-u----D--;---k---g--S\\-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) -f-d---l--d----h---d---Y--i--u--k---d---h---t---h-H--k---e--sa --H--k-h---/--k-j----g--k-sr--h---g--S\\-- ---------------------------------------------------------------- (x) -v---kn--e---h---d---k-s --/---U-;----D--;--k-sa--d----g--k---x--;--k---g--S\\-- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (?k) -e--u--q&--i--q=--k---d---h---D--;--k---f-o---'-k-s\"--k-r--k,---¡ --c--r--k-b--Z --x--b--Z --g--Sa\\-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (Ä) -t--h-H--k---e--sa--H--k-h---/---k-j---g--k-su--s--d---k---D--;---k---v---F-k-Z--g--S\\-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([kaM ^[k*) (vad% 30) 3- i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ (2) gkFkh  ---------------------------  --------------------------- diM+k  ---------------------------  --------------------------- 4- fn, x, rRle 'kCnksa osQ rn~Hko :i fyf[k,A (2) ?k`r µ -------------------------- ik\"kk.k µ -------------------------- 5- foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ ln~xq.k --------------------------- (2) mi;ksxh --------------------------- 6- milxZ vkSj izR;; vyx djosQ fyf[k,µ (4) vuqjkx ¾ ------------------ $ ------------------ fyf[kr ¾ ------------------ $ ------------------ izHkkfor ¾ ------------------ $ ------------------ nqdkunkj ¾ ------------------ $ ------------------ 7- eqg((k(od[xjk)))ksa o fbvsQ---l±V------kvj---¡[---l---kF---ke---saks ---Zsa---eb---fl---±Vsay------i[----[---csQ+k---nwu---kt---dh------km---uvj------rk--- k---juo------k---k v---D------;k---u--------kk-----sa ----------e-------------sa------------i-----------------z;-------------k------sx-----------------------------d-------------------h------f-----------t------------------,-------------µ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(------------3------------)----------- (3) 8- Hkkookpd laKk esa cnfy,µ pedhyk ----------------------------- ?keaMh  -----------------------------   ehBk ----------------------------- 156 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&7

9- laKk 'kCn Nk¡Vdj Hksn crkb,µ (3) ----------------------------- (i) og vkxjk tk,xkA ----------------------------- ----------------------------- (ii) lSfud yM+ jgs gaSA ----------------------------- (iii) xUus esa cgqr feBkl FkhA (3) L=kh --------------------------- (4) 10- ¯yx cnfy,µ fon~oku --------------------------- o`n~èk --------------------------- (4) ----------------------------------------- 11- fjDr LFkku esa mfpr loZuke Hkfj,µ ----------------------------------------- (d) --------------------------- O;fDrRo cgqeq[kh FkkA ----------------------------------------- ([k) igys --------------------------- Hkkjrh; gSaA ----------------------------------------- (x) --------------------------- esjk ?kj gSA (?k) njok”ks ij --------------------------- [kM+k gS\\ 12- dkjd 'kCnksa dks js[kkafdr dj Hksn crkb,µ (d) mudh ok.kh esa vikj 'kfDr FkhA ([k) jkeÑ\".k ujsanzukFk dks cgqr izse djrs FksA (x) vk¡[k esa frudk fxj x;kA (?k) jktk n'kjFk dh rhu jkfu;k¡ FkhA ([kaM ^x*) (vad% 30) 13- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj ,d 'kCn ;k ,d okD; esa nhft,A -----------------------------------------(3) (d) fo'o dk igyk loZ/eZ lEesyu dgk¡ gqvk Fkk\\ ----------------------------------------- ([k) phaVh dks D;k ugha v[kjrk\\ ----------------------------------------- (x) Lokeh foosdkuan osQ xq# dkSu Fks\\ 14- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ y?kq mÙkj nhft,A (dksbZ rhu) (6) (d) lsB us pkS/jh osQ lkFk D;k pkykdh dh\\ ('kg vkSj ekr) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) frudk fudyus ij dfo dh le> esa D;k vk;k\\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iz'u&i=kµ1 157

(x) vk¡xu esa HkhM+ ns[kdj fcyoklh us D;k fd;k\\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (?k) ys[kd us ekSle foHkkx osQ Hkou dks fof'k\"V D;ksa dgk\\ (ftusok) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ nh?kZ mÙkj viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk esa nhft,A (dksbZ rhu) (9) (d) ^Lokeh foosdkuUn th dks vius ns'k osQ izfr vuU; izse FkkA* ikB oQs vk/kj ij bl dFku dh ifq \"V dhft,A ([k) pkS/jh osQ csVs us lsB dks oSQls lcd fl[kk;k\\ (x) >kÅyky dh ¯prk dk D;k dkj.k Fkk\\ mldh leL;k dk fuokj.k oSQls gqvk\\ (?k) ftusok dh >hy dh lqanjrk dk o.kZu dhft,A 16- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iw£r mfpr 'kCn n~okjk dhft,µ (4) (i) efgykvksa us exjePN ij ------------------------------------------- dh o\"kkZ dhA (ii) pkSèkjh 'kgj esa ------------------------------------------- cspus x;k FkkA (iii) frudk dfork osQ dfo dk uke ------------------------------------------- gSA (iv) cpiu esa Lokeh foosdkuan dk uke ------------------------------------------- FkkA 17- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk okD; esa iz;ksx dhft,µ (4) (i) eqyk;e µ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (ii) vleFkZ µ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (iii) thou µ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (iv) tkudkjh µ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18- fn, x, 'kCnksa dks 'kqn~èk djosQ iqu% fyf[k,µ (4) lt~tu µ -------------------------- fcekfj µ -------------------------- vkXKk µ -------------------------- feBkb µ -------------------------- ([kaM ^?k*) (vad% 10) 19- fdlh ,d fo\"k; ij yxHkx 80&100 'kCnkas eas vuPq Nns viuh mÙkj ifq Lrdk eas fyf[k,µ (5) (i) ns'kizse (ii) ekuork 20- NkVs s HkkbZ dks oQq lxa fr ls cpus dh lykg nrs s g,q viuh mÙkj ifq Lrdk eas i=k fyf[k,A (5) 158 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&7

iz'u&i=kµ2 vifBr xn~;ka'k iw.kk±d&80 ([kaM ^d*) (vad% 10) (5) 1- xn~;ka'k dks i<+dj uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft,A tc y{e.k us jko.k dh cgu 'kwiZ.k[kk dh ukd dkV yh rks viuh cgu osQ vieku dk cnyk ysus osQ fy, jko.k us lk/q dk os'k cukdj NyiwoZd lhrk dk vigj.k dj fy;kA jkepanz th us lhrk dks okil Hkstus osQ fy, lans'k Hkstk ysfdu ?keaM esa pwj jko.k us mls Bqdjk fn;kA varr% jkepanz th us jko.k dk lagkj djosQ yadk dk jkT; mlosQ HkkbZ foHkh\"k.k dks lkSai fn;kA bl rjg lR; dh vlR; ij fot; gqbZA (d) 'kwiZ.k[kk fdldh cgu Fkh\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) -l--h-r--k---d---k---v---i--g---j-.--k---f-d---l---u--s --f-d---;--k---F--k-k-\\--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (x) jko.k dgk¡ dk jktk Fkk\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (?k) varr% jkepanz th us D;k fd;k\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Ä) bl xn~;ka'k ls D;k lh[k feyrh gS\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- in~;ka'k dks i<+dj uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft,A (5) Nsndj dk¡Vk fdlh dh v¡xqfy;k¡] IkQkM+ nsrk gS fdlh dk oj oluA I;kj&Mwch frrfy;ksa dk ij drj] HkkSajs dk gS cs/ nsrk ';ke ruA IkwQy ysdj frrfy;ksa dks xksn esa] HkkSajs dks viuk vuwBk jl fiykA iz'u&i=kµ2 159

fut lqxa/ksa vkSj fujkys jax ls] gS lnk nsrk dyh th dks f[kykA (d) frrfy;ksa osQ ij dkSu drjrk gS\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) HkkSajs dk o.kZ oSQlk gksrk gS\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (x) -H-k-k-Saj--k-sa --d---k-s --v---i--u--k---v---u--wB--k---j--l----d---k-Su----f--i--y--k-r--k---g---S\\---------------------------------------------------------------------- (?k) iwQy D;k djrs gSa\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Ä) -d---k-sb-Z--n--k-s--f-o---'--k-s\"-k-.--k--'--k-C--n----<--w¡<--+d---j----f-y---f-[--k-,- A  -------------------------------------------------------------- ([kaM ^[k*) (vad% 20) 3- lekukFkhZ 'kCn fyf[k,µ --------------------------- (2) 'kjhj --------------------------- --------------------------- ¯l/q --------------------------- 4- uhps fn, eqgkojksa osQ vFkZ fy[kdj okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ (2) 'ks[kh c?kkjuk µ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- lfB;k tkuk µ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5- foykse 'kCn µfy f-[---k-,--µ--- --------------------    O;oLFkk  µ ------------------------------ (1) ldkjkRed 6- laf/&foPNsn dhft,µ (3) vkuanksRlo µ ---------------------------------------- xzh\"ekodk'k µ ---------------------------------------- iqujkxeu µ ---------------------------------------- 160 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&7

7- milxZ vyx djosQ fyf[k,µ (2) vuqifLFkr µ ------------------------------ vfHkO;fDr µ ------------------------------ 8- izR;; vyx djosQ fyf[k,µ (2) fLuX/rk µ ------------------------------ v¯gld µ ------------------------------ 9- uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ vyx&vyx vFkZ fy[kdj okD; cukb,µ (2) tx -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- tx -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10- 'kCnksa osQ rn~Hko :i fyf[k,µ (2) mPp --------------------------- vfXu --------------------------- 11- fn, x, fØ;k&fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa dks js[kkafdr dj Hksn dk uke crkb,µ (4) ---------------------------------------- (i) dNqvk èkhjs&èkhjs pyrk gSA ---------------------------------------- (ii) og vpkud fxj x;kA ---------------------------------------- (iii) [kwc i<+ksA ---------------------------------------- (iv) canj Åij cSBk FkkA ([kaM ^x*) (vad% 30) 12- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj ,d 'kCn ;k ,d okD; esa nhft,A (4) (d) iq+=k dh e`R;q osQ ckn jkuh psUuEek us fdls viuk mÙkjkf/dkjh cuk;k\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) cqn~f/jke osQ ?kj ij 'kgukbZ D;ksa ct jgh Fkh\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iz'u&i=kµ2 161

(x) lw;Z osQ osaQnz dk rkieku fdruk gS\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (?k) ,fiQe vkSj ,fy'kk rhFkZ;k=kk ij dgk¡ tkuk pkgrs Fks\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ y?kq mÙkj nhft,A (8) (d) tks yksx fcuk lksps&le>s dk;Z djrs gSa] mudk D;k gksrk gS\\ (oqaQMfy;k¡ ) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) lksuk ysf[kdk osQ izfr viuk Lusg fdl izdkj iznf'kZr djrh Fkh\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (x) cq<+kis dks cpiu dk iqujkxeu D;ksa dgk x;k gS\\ (cw<+h dkdh) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (?k) tc oL=k ugha Fks rc euq\"; vius 'kjhj dks oSQls <drk Fkk\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ nh?kZ mÙkj viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk esa nhft,A (6) (d) js'kksa osQ fuekZ.k esa vfHkektZu dk D;k egÙo gS\\ bl izfØ;k dk o.kZu dhft,A ([k) Xykscy okfe±x osQ dkj.k vkSj fuokj.k osQ mik; crkb,A 15- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iw£r mfpr 'kCn n~okjk dhft,µ (4) (d) dkdh vius --------------------------- osQ lkFk jgrh FkhA ([k) i`Foh osQ c<+rs rkieku dks --------------------------- dgrs gSaA (x) ,fiQe dks fxjtk?kj osQ Hkhrjh Hkkx esa --------------------------- [kM+k fn[kkbZ fn;kA (?k) fuLLokFkZ Hkko ls izse djus dks --------------------------- dgrs gSaA 162 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&7

16- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fyf[k,µ :ilh µ ------------------------------ (4) laiUu µ ------------------------------ iqujkxeu µ ------------------------------ tx µ ------------------------------ 17- okD;&iz;ksx dhft,µ (4) izfln~èk µ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- cq<+kik µ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- izkÑfrd µ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- oSKkfud µ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([kaM ^?k*) (vad% 20) 18- fgj.k o f'kdkjh osQ chp gqbZ okrkZyki dks yxHkx 25&30 'kCnksa esa viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk esa fyf[k,A (6) 19- fn, x, fo\"k; esa ls fdlh ,d ij yxHkx 80&100 'kCnksa esa viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk esa vuqPNsn fyf[k,A (7) (i) eèkqj opu gSa vkS\"kfèk (ii) esjk fiz; f[kykM+h 20- ,y-bZ-Mh- Vh-oh- dh f'kdk;r osQ fy, miHkksDrk izdks\"B [kaM vf/dkjh dks viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk esa i=k fyf[k,A (7) iz'u&i=kµ2 163

bl 'kCndks'k esa ckb± vksj dfBu 'kCn rFkk nkb± vksj mldk vFkZ fn;k x;k gSA 'kCn dk vFkZ nsus ls igys ewy 'kCn osQ ckn dks\"Bd esa ,d laosQrk{kj fn;k x;k gSA O;kdj.k dh n`f\"V ls dksbZ 'kCn laKk] loZuke] fo'ks\"k.k] fozQ;k vkfn 'kCnksa esa ls fdl Hksn dk gS] ;g lwpuk vkidks bl laosQrk{kj ls feysxhA ;gk¡ tks laosQrk{kj vFkok laf{kIr :Ik iz;qDr gq, gSa] os bl izdkj gSaµ vñ µ vO;; vñ fozQñ µ vdeZd fozQ;k lañ µ laKk loZñ µ loZuke fozQñ µ fozQ;k fozQñ foñ µ fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k eqñ µ eqgkojk lñ fozQñ µ ldeZd fozQ;k iqñ µ iqfYayx L=khñ µ L=kh¯yx foñ µ fo'ks\"k.k bl 'kCndks'k eas visf{kr 'kCn dk vFkZ <w¡<+us ls igys ;g mfpr gksxk fd vki 'kCndks'k ns[kus dh lgh fof/ tku ysaA blosQ fy, uhps fy[ks ¯cnqvksa dks è;ku esa j[kuk gksxkA 1- ftl 'kCn osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr djuh gS] mlosQ izkjaHk dk o.kZ ns[kk tkrk gSA mlosQ vk/kj ij gh 'kCn <w¡<+k tkrk gSA 2- 'kCndks'k esa 'kCnksa dks bl o.kZ&vuqozQe esa fn;k tkrk gSµv] vk] b] bZ] m] mQ] Í] ,] ,s] vks] vkS osQ i'pkr~ d ls g rd ozQe osQ vuqlkj] lHkh o.kZA 3- {k] =k] K] dks g osQ ckn ugha <w¡<+uk pkfg,A {k] o~Q vkSj \"k dk la;qDr :Ik gSA vr% d ls 'kq: gksus okys 'kCnksa osQ lekIr gksus ij {k ls izkjaHk gksus okys 'kCn <w¡<+s tk ldrs gSaA 4- =k] r~ vkSj j dk la;qDr :Ik gSA vr% =k ls 'kq: gksus okys 'kCn r ls 'kq: gksus okys 'kCnksa osQ ckn gh <w¡<+s tkus pkfg,A tc R; ls lacaf/r 'kCn lekIr gks tkrs gSa rc =k ls vkjaHk gksus okys 'kCn ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA 5- K] t~ vkSj ×k dk la;qDr :Ik gSA vr% K ls 'kq: gksus okys 'kCnksa dks t ls 'kq: gksus okys 'kCnksa osQ ckn gh <w¡<+uk pkfg,A t ls la;qDr gksdj cuus okyk igyk o.kZ K gh gSA vr% tkSgjh osQ ckn gh K ls cuus okys 'kCn ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA K osQ ckn T; ls cuus okys 'kCn vkrs gSaA 'kCn vFkZ 'kCn vFkZ varè;kZu (foñ) µ xk;c] vn`'; vfHkeku (iqñ) µ xoZ v[kjuk (vñ fozQñ) µ cqjk yxuk vfHkektZu (fozQñ) µ js'kksa dh èkqykbZ djus dh vnc (iqñ) µ fou;] lEeku izfØ;k vukFk (foñ) µ vlgk;] ftldk dksbZ vj.; (iqñ) µ taxy] ou ekfyd u gks v/Ze`r (foñ) µ vk/s ejs gq, vuk;kl (fozQñ foñ) µ fcuk iz;kl osQ] ljyrk ls volj (iqñ) µ ekSdk vuko`f\"V (L=khñ) µ lw[kk vokafNr (foñ) µ ftldh bPNk u dh xbZ gks vfuopZuh; (foñ) µ vdFkuh; vlarks\"k (iqñ) µ cslczh] yksHk vuqu; (iqñ) µ fourh vleFkZ (foñ) µ tks leFkZ u gks vuqefr (L=khñ) µ vkKk vlqjf{kr (foñ) µ lqj{kk jfgr vuqjkx (iqñ) µ izse vfLrRo (iqñ) µ lÙkk] fon~;eku gksuk vuq:i (foñ) µ leku] vuqowQy vkdyu (iqñ) µ fxuuk] iwokZuqeku n~okjk x.kuk vuq\"Bku (iqñ) µ fof'k\"V fozQ;k] iwtk&ikB djuk vfHkizk; (iqñ) µ vk'k;] eryc vkozQked (foñ) µ geyk djus okyk 164 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&7

'kCn vFkZ 'kCn vFkZ vkink,¡ (L=khñ) µ ladV] vki- Qr] eqlhcr rkuk    (iqñ) µ mykguk vkeksn&izeksn (iqñ) µ lq[k&pSu] Hkksx&foykl rky   (iqñ) µ rkykc vkÙkZukn (foñ) µ nq[kHkjh iqdkj frjNs (fozQñ) µ Vs<+s vk'oLr (foñ) µ ftls vk'oklu fn;k x;k gks frjLÑr (foñ) µ viekfur bZtkn (iqñ) µ [kkst] vkfo\"dkj rqudfe”kkth (L=khñ) µ fpM+fpM+kiu mRltZu (iqñ) µ R;kx djuk] NksM+uk r`fIr (L=khñ) µ larqf\"V mi;ksxh (foñ) µ ykHknk;d r`\".kk (L=khñ) µ I;kl miy{; (iqñ) µ laosQr] vuqeku] mn~ns'; R;kxuk (lñ fozñ) µ NksM+uk migkl (iqñ) µ f[kYyh =kklnh (L=khñ) µ nq[kkar ?kVuk oaQBLFk (foñ) µ ”kckuh ;kn fd;k gqvk nfjnz (foñ) µ xjhc dVkSrh (L=khñ) µ dkVk gqvk] deh djuk niZ    (iqñ) µ ?keaM deh&cs'kh (L=khñ) µ de&”;knk nhfIr (L=khñ) µ jks'kuh] vkHkk Ñf=ke (foñ) µ cukoVh nqx±/ (L=khñ) µ cncw dksf'k'k (L=khñ) µ iz;Ru nqcZy (foñ) µ de”kksj dks\"k (iqñ) µ 'kCndks'k /uk<~; (foñ) µ /uoku {kr&fo{kr (foñ) µ vR;f/d ?kk;y vkSj /hjt (iqñ) µ /S;Z ygwyqgku èoalyhyk (L=khñ) µ u\"V djus dh izfozQ;k {kq/k (L=khñ) µ Hkw[k u[kf'k[k (iqñ) µ iSj osQ uk[kwu ls flj rd [kafMr (foñ) µ VqdM+s&VqdM+s fudVorhZ(foñ) µ ikl dh [kkfl;r (L=khñ) µ fo'ks\"krk fu;eu (iqñ) µ fu;a=k.k] fu;e esa ck¡/uk [kqD[k (foñ) µ nfjnz] [kks[kyk] [kkyh fu;eiwoZd (fozQñ foñ) µ fu;fer :Ik ls [kqjki-Qkrh (L=khñ) µ 'kjkjrh fujhg (foñ) µ vlgk;] fuf\"Ø;] ps\"Vkjfgr xarO; (foñ) µ eaf”ky] y{; fuyZTtrk (L=khñ) µ cs'kehZ xjy (iqñ) µ fo\"k fuokZg (iqñ) µ xq”kkjk xkr (iqñ) µ 'kjhj] nsg fufoZ?u (foñ) µ ck/kjfgr xkonh (foñ) µ ew[kZ] x¡okj UkkSdk (L=khñ) µ uko ?kfu\"B (foñ) µ xgjk] varjax ixkj (L=khñ) µ osru ?keaM (iqñ) µ vfHkeku innfyr (foñ) µ jkSank gqvk] iSjksa ls oqQpyk pqukSrh (L=khñ) µ yydkj gqvk ps\"Vk (L=khñ) µ dksf'k'k] iz;Ru ikgquk (iqñ) µ esgeku tx (iqñ) µ lalkj iqujkxeu (iqñ) µ okil vkuk tu&laoqQyrk (foñ) µ yksxksa dh HkhM+ ttZj (foñ) µ de”kksj ,oa csdkj iqjLdkj (iqñ) µ buke ftKklk (L=khñ) µ tkuus dh bPNk] Kku dh iwoZ    (foñ) µ igys pkg izdkaM (foñ) µ fo'kky] foLr`r fuokZg djuk (iqñ) µ xq”kkjk djuk iz[kj (foñ) µ rh{.k] rs”k tq>k: (foñ) µ tw>us] la?k\"kZ djus okyk izfrfozQ;k (L=khñ) µ fozQ;k osQ foijhr LokHkkfod <sys    (iqñ) µ iRFkj fozQ;k reke (foñ) µ lkjh izfr\"Bk (L=khñ) µ eku&e;kZnk] b””kr rYyhu (foñ) µ eXu izR;korZu (iqñ) µ iyV osQ vkuk] ykSVuk rkdks (loZñ) µ rqEgkjk iz'kalk (L=khñ) µ rkjhi- Q 'kCndks'k 165