Physical Education LAB MANUAL XII

60 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XII VIVA VOCE Q. 1. What are the dimensions of a football field? Q. 14. What is another name of football? Ans. Length 90 to 120 m and breadth vary from 45 Ans. Soccer. to 90 m. Q. 2. How far is penalty spot from the goal line? Q. 15. Can the goalkeeper of defending team move Ans. 11 m. his feet at the time of penalty kick? Q. 3. What is the duration of a football match? Ans. 45-5-45 minutes. Ans. Yes. Q. 4. How many players are there in a team? Ans. 18. Q. 16. What are the basic skills of football? Q. 5. What is the weight of football? Ans. 410 to 450 g. Ans. Kicking, receiving, stopping, heading, tackling, Q. 6. What is width and height of goal post? passing, dribbling and goalkeeping. Ans. 7.32 m width and 2.44 m height. Q. 7. What is the circumference of the ball? Q. 17. If after tie break score is equal, how is the Ans. 68 to 70 cm. winner decided? Q. 8. How many substitutions can be done at a time Ans. By sudden-death penalty shootout. in a match of football? Ans. 3. Q. 18. When was All India Football Federation Q. 9. Name the famous players of India. formed? Ans. Shahid Mahmuddin, Chandra Shekhar Ans. 1937. Prasad Singh, Madan Singh, P. Banerjee, Subhir Karmakar, Shanti Malik and Subroto Q. 19. In which year the First World Cup of football Bhattacharya. was organised? Q. 10. You make a serious foul and do not obey the rules, what punishment is given? Ans. 1930. Ans. Warning with yellow card. Q. 11. What is the height of corner flags? Q. 20. In which year football was included in Asian Ans. 1.50 m above the ground. Games? Q. 12. Who are the officials in a football match? Ans. Referee-1, Linemen-2, Table official-1. Ans. 1951. Q. 13. From which spot the penalty kick is taken? Ans. The penalty kick is taken from the spot 12 yards Q. 21. Which organs of the body can be used in in front of the centre of the goal line. stopping the ball? Ans. Feet, thighs, belly, head and chest can be used in stopping the ball. Q. 22. Can a goalkeeper run holding the ball without bouncing? Ans. Yes. Q. 23. Where was football included the first time in the Olympic games and in which year? Ans. 1908 at London. Q. 24. Name the first award started in the field of sports and in which year. Ans. Arjuna Award—1961.

11130 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XII UNIT Cricket INTRODUCTION Cricket is one of the oldest games in the world and it continues to thrive today. The game is said to have originated in the 16th century with international matches being played since 1844. There is really no official documentation as to when cricket started or even where it started. Much of the information that has been piece together has stated that cricket was a game that was thought up in the Saxon or Norman times by children living in the Weal in the South East area of England that is across Kent and Sussex. Cricket has been played as a recognised sport since the early 18th century. The first recorded match was played in Sussex, England in 1697. In 1719, the first “County” match was played, with the Londoners (Middlesex) vs. the Kentish. It gained publicity in the southern counties of England, but was eventually transplanted to be mainly in the London grounds of wealthy patrons. During this time, crowds were often rowdy, with high monetary stakes on important matches. The Hambledon Club, a small club in Hampshire, was founded in about 1750 and brought attention to the sport, as they challenged the larger clubs with a run for their money. Their historian, John Nyren, wrote prose literature on the subject of cricket. This team played its final recorded match in 1793 at Lord’s in London, the most important cricket site in cricket history. This club played a significant role in the evolution of the game. Lord’s was begun in Dorset Square as a private cricket field by Thomas Lord, a Yorkshire man who bowled for the club. In 1813, the club was moved from its second location at St. John’s Wood to its present field. However, the original Dorset Square turf was relaid with each change. The Hambledon Club was superseded by the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), with its headquarters at Lords, London. The Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) with Lord’s as its ‘home base’, is considered the international cricket authority. In 1835, the MCC gave cricket its first formal laws, which still stand largely intact today. A major boost for the sport of cricket was provided by public schools such as Eton, Harrow, and Winchester. The sport proved so popular among the well-to-do students that an annual match called “Gentlemen vs. Players” took place at Lord’s from 1806–1963. The amateur “Gentlemen” from the schools and universities played their semi-professional counterparts; the “Players” in a match that was a highlight of the season. Major cricket matches can last as long as 5 days, with each side having two “innings”, or turns at bat. A recent alternative to the longer matches are “limited over” matches. These events may take a relatively short 3–5 hours during the course of one day. 130

Cricket 131 In 1873, the official country championship began in England and it became Imperial Cricket Conference (ICC). Australia and England used to play friendly matches but the first official test match in Melbourne (Australia) was played between the two countries in 1877. In 1956, the name of Imperial Cricket Conference was changed to International Cricket Conference to enable countries outside the Commonwealth to become its members. The game of cricket is now played worldwide, and despite occasional successes, it is fair to say that the real power in the game has shifted from England to nations such as South Africa, Australia, India, Pakistan, and the West Indies. In 1969, cricket administration underwent a dramatic change. The Cricket Council was formed at this point, including the MCC, the Test and County Cricket Board (TCCB), and the National Cricket Association. The MCC still holds responsibility for the laws, but it is no longer the sole governing body. The TCCB controls both the county matches and the international tests. Cricket was brought to Indian Subcontinent by the British, Cricket has been played in India since the early part of the 18th century. The earliest record of cricket goes back to 1721 in India when the English merchants played cricket in CAMBAY. The Calcutta Cricket Club, the second oldest Cricket Club of the world, was started in 1792 by officials of the East India Company in India. It was started at present day Eden Gardens. Ranjit Singh Ji (RANJI) was the first indian to play for MCC in 1895. The national championship, Ranji Trophy, began in 1935. The first all India team to tour England was lead by Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala in 1911. In 1928, Board of Cricket Control of India (BCCI) was established and E.M. Grant Govan became its first President. India played its first official test against England in 1932. On June 25, 1932, in England at Lords, India played their first official test. The team was led by C.K. Naydu. India played its first one day international on 13 July 1974, against England. Since then a total of 250 players have represented the team. Since 1974, India has played 1026 ODIs, resulting in 538 victories, 436 defeats, 9 ties and 43 no results. India registered their first series victory against England in a 3-match series by 2–1 in 1981. India won the Cricket World Cup twice in 1983 and 2011 and was runner-up in 2003. India won the ICC Champions Trophy in the year 2013 and had earlier shared once with Sri Lanka in 2002 because rain washed out the attempt to complete the final twice. India was also runner-up in 2000 against New Zealand. India have won the Asia Cup a total of six times in 1984, 1988, 1990, 1995, 2010 and 2018. The first T-20 match was played on 17 February 2005 between Australia and New Zealand at Auckland. Australia won by 44 runs and India won the T-20 World Cup in 2007–08. Since 2006, India has played 199 T-20 matches, resulting in 131 victories, 62 defeats, 1 tie and 5 no results. GENERAL RULES The general rules of the game are as follows: 1. A cricket match may consist of one or two innings. One Day Cricket matches and T-20 matches have one innings whereas Test matches have two innings. 2. Toss: The match starts with a toss. The captains shall toss on the field of play not earlier than 30 minutes nor later than 15 minutes before the start of the match. The team which wins toss, is given opportunity to decide about the team who will bat first. 3. A match is played between eleven players of each of the two sides with one captain shall be nominated from each team before the toss. There are four substitutes. Thus, there are 15 players in all in each team. 4. Substitutes will be allowed in the field for any player who is injured/ill, but the substitute cannot bat, bowl, keep wicket or act as captain. 5. There are two umpires (Striker or non-striker ends umpire), who make all the decisions and inform or signals the decisions to the scorer. 6. There are two scorers who keep the score and respond to the signals of the umpires. 7. Only one ball is used at a time and if it is lost, it is replaced by a ball of similar wear. After every innings it has to be replaced by a new ball in one inning match and in days cricket it is replaced after minimum 80 overs bowled by the fielding side. 8. The blade of the bat has to be made of wood and shall not exceed 4 cm (1.56 inches) in thickness. Hand or gloves holding the bat count as part of the bat.

132 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XII 9. The umpires finally decide if a pitch is fit to play or not, if they decide that a pitch is not fit for play they can change the pitch with the consent of both the captains. 10. The pitch should be covered wherever possible in adverse conditions, i.e., weather. 11. Before the game, the teams agree whether there are to be one or two innings and whether they are to be limited by time or by overs. But in practice these decisions are likely to be made by competition’s regulations rather than a pre-game arrangement. The teams bat alternately unless the follow on is enforced. 12. In a 2 innings match if the team which bats second has a much lower score than the team which batted before them, then the first batting team can force them to bat immediately. 13. The captain of the batting can declare an innings closed anytime when the ball is dead and can forfeit his innings before it has started. 14. The duration of intervals has to be agreed upon before the match begins. The interval and its duration can be shifted in exceptional circumstances. 15. Play after an interval commences with the umpire’s call of ‘Play’ and at the end of the session by ‘Time’. The last hour of the game must contain at least 20 overs. 16. There may be no batting or bowling practice on the pitch except before the day’s play starts and after the day’s play has ended. 17. Runs are scored when two batsmen run to each other’s end of the pitch. Many runs can be scored from one all. 18. A boundary is marked round the edge of the field of play. If the ball rolls over this boundary 4 runs are awarded or 6 runs if the ball did not hit the ground before crossing the boundary. 19. If the ball in play is lost or cannot be found, the fielding side can call lost ball. The batting side keeps any penalty runs and scores the higher of the six runs and the number of runs actually run whosoever is greater. 20. The team which scores the maximum number of runs is declared the winner, but if the number of runs is equal then it is a tie. 21. An over consists of 6 consecutive balls bowled excluding wides and no balls penalty. A bowler cannot bowl two overs consecutively. The ball shall be bowled from each end alternately in an over of 6 balls. The over as counted by the umpire shall stand if an umpire miscounts the number of balls. 22. The ball comes into play when the bowler begins his run up and becomes dead when the action from that ball is over. The ball also becomes dead when a batsman is dismissed. When the ball is dead, no runs scored or batsman can be dismissed. The ball becomes dead when • It is finally settled in the hands of the wicket keeper or the bowler. • A boundary is scored. • A batsman is dismissed. • Whether played or not it lodges in the clothing or equipment of a batsman or the clothings of an umpire. • It lodges in a protective helmet worn by a member of the fielding side. • Lost ball is called. • The umpire calls over or time. 23. A ball can be no ball for the following reasons: • Bowler bowls from the wrong place. • Straightens his elbow during delivery. • Bowling is dangerous, e.g., beamer. • Ball bounces more than twice/rolls along the ground before reaching the batsmen/fielders who are standing in the illegal places. • A no ball adds one run penalty additional to runs scored by the batsmen to the batting team’s score.

Cricket 133 24. A ball can be called wide by the umpire • if in his opinion the batsman did not have reasonable opportunity to score off the ball. • when a bowler bowls a bouncer that goes over the head of the batsman. A wide adds one run to the batting team’s score, in addition to any other runs which are scored off it, and the batsman can’t be dismissed off a wide except by being run out or stumped, or by handling the ball, hitting his wicket, or obstructing the field. 25. Bye and Leg Byes: If a ball isn’t a no ball or wide and passes the striker and runs are scored, they are called byes. If a ball that isn’t a no ball hits the striker not the bat and runs are scored, they are called leg byes. However, leg byes cannot be scored if the striker is neither attempting a stroke nor trying to avoid being hit. Byes and leg byes are credited to the team’s total and not to batsman’s total. 26. Appeals: If the fielders believe a batsman is out, they may ask the umpire “how’s that”, with arms raised, before the next ball is bowled, and the umpire will decide whether the batsman is out. The captain of the fielding side may withdraw an appeal with the consent of the umpire within whose jurisdiction the appeal falls and before the outgoing batsman has left the field of the play. 27. Wicket is Down: It means the wicket is hit by the ball, or the batsman, or the hand in which a fielder is holding the ball. 28. Batsman Out: A batsman is ruled out in the following circumstances: • Caught: A batsman is caught out if he hits the ball and it is caught by a fielder without touching the ground. • Run out: A batsman is run out while taking the run, if any part of him or his bat is on the ground behind the crease and a fielder or wicket keeper knock off his wicket with the ball. If both the batsmen are in the middle of the pitch when a wicket is put down, the batsman closer to that end is run out. • Stumped: A batsman is out when the wicket keeper knocks off the bails/wicket with ball or with gloves holding the ball, while the batsman striking the ball is out of his crease and not attempting a run. • Bowled: A batsman is out if his wicket is put down by a ball delivered by the bowler. It is irrelevant whether the ball has touched the bat, glove, or any part of the batsman before going on to put down the wicket, though it may not touch another player or an umpire before doing so. • Handled the Ball: If a batsman intentionally handled the ball with a hand that is not touching the bat without the consent of the opposition, he is out. • Hit the Ball Twice: If a batsman hits the ball twice, he is out. • Hit Wicket: If after the bowler has entered his delivery stride and while the ball is in play, a batsman puts his wicket down by his bat or his person he is out. The striker is also out if he puts his wicket down by his bat or his person in setting off for a first run. • Leg Before Wicket (LBW): It the ball hits the batsman, without first hitting the bat, but would have hit the wicket if the batsman would not have been there, and the ball does not pitch on the leg side of the wicket the batsman will be out. However, if the ball strikes the batsman outside the line of the off-stump and the batsman was attempting to play a stroke, he is out. • Obstructing the Field: If a batsman intentionally obstructs the opposition by word or action, he is out. 29. Power Play: Power play is a feature concerning field restrictions applied on the fielding team. There are two power plays in an ODI cricket innings starting from October 30, 2012. In it only 2 or 3 players are allowed outside the 30-yard circle which depends upon the type of power play. The first 10 overs of an innings will be a mandatory power play. The other power play is a block of five overs which will be at the discretion of either of the batsmen at the wicket. It is often referred to as the batting power play. During the mandatory power play only two fielders are allowed outside the 30-yard circle and there

134 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XII must be a minimum of two stationary fielders within the applicable fielding restriction area measured from the striker’s end at the instant of delivery. During batting power play overs, only three fielders are allowed outside the 30-yard circle. During the non-power play overs, no more than four fielders shall be permitted outside the fielding restriction area. SPECIFICATIONS 1. Playing area = 68.58 m (75 yards) from playing pitch to boundary line 2. Players Total players in each team = 16 (11 players + 5 extra) Total players playing in the ground = 13 (11 players from the fielding side + 2 players from the batting side) 3. Pitch Shape of the pitch = Rectangular Length of the pitch (wicket to wicket) = 20.12 m (22 yards) Length of playing surface = 17.68 m Breadth of the pitch = 3.05 m (10 feet) Popping (batting) crease = 1.22 m (4 feet) in front of stumps (on either side) Bowling crease length = 2.64 m (8 feet 8 inch) Sight screen 2 9 Third man Fine leg RESTRICTION MAR 1 FIEL D KING 30 yds Slip 10 10 ft W. keeper 3 8 Sq. leg Boundary marking Point Boundary line Cover 66 yds 7 Mid Wkt. Max. 90 yards Pitch Min. 60 yards 30 yds 30 yds 30 yds 11 6 5 Bowler Mid on Mid off Sight screen CCrriicckkeett Ggrroouunndd

Cricket 135 Cricket field dimensions Long stop Fine leg Third man Long leg Backward Fly slip Short fine leg Deep point backward First square leg Second slip slip Wicketkeeper Short backward square leg Deep Third slip square Fourth slip Leg slip leg Sweeper Gully Batsman (striker) Deep Deep Point Silly Square leg midwicket cover Cover point point Short Square-leg Cover Silly leg umpire mid-off Short Silly Midwicket mid-off mid-on Extra Mid-off Batsman (non-striker) cover Bowler Umpire Mid-on Deep Cow extra corner cover Long off Long on Cricket field positions Cricket Field Positions Cricket Pitch

136 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XII 4. Ball Weight of the ball = 155.9 to 163 g (5½ to 5¾ ounces) Circumference of the ball = 22.4 to 22.9 cm (8 to 9 inches) Colour (during day/night) = Red/white 5. Bat Maximum length = 96.5 cm (38 inches) Maximum width = 10.8 cm (4.25 inches) Maximum thickness = 4 cm (1.56 inches) Weight = 40 ounces 6. Stumps (wickets) Number of stumps required = 6 (3 on each end) Height of the stumps from the ground = 71.1 cm (28 inches) Width of the wickets = 22.86 cm (9 inches) 7. Bails Number of bails = 4 (2 + 2) Length of each bail = 10.95 cm 8. Types of matches = 20 overs match (T-20 match), 50 overs match (One day match), 5 days match (Test match) 9. Distance of small circle from wickets = 27.4 m (30 yards) 10. Officials = 5 [3 umpires (2 on field, 1 third umpire); 2 scorers] EQUIPMENT AND SPORTS GEAR Proper equipment with clear specifications is must for a good game. Discard and replace damaged sporting equipment or protective gear. There are quite a few important cricket equipment of interest, which are explained below. Helmet Clothing Batting gloves Thigh pads Stumps Box Pads Keeper Bat Ball Shoes pads Keeping gloves Cricket Equipment

Cricket 137 Cricket Bat Bat is made of wood and has a long handle. It cannot be longer than 38 inches or wider than 4.25 inches. The front portion of the bat is flat and back portion has as lender curve, which gives the bat thickness and balance. The bat weighs 40 ounces. Cricket Bat Cricket Ball The ball is made of cork at its center, wrapped in twine and covered with leather, which is stitched to form a seam. The standard circumference of the ball is 9 inches and weighs 5.5 ounces. Cricket Cap Cricket Ball Cricket Cap A cricket cap is a type of soft cap, often made from felt that is a traditional form of head Cricket Uniform wear for players of the game of cricket, regardless of age or gender. It is usually a tight- Cricket Gloves fitting skullcap, usually made of six or eight sections, with a small crescent shaped brim that points downwards over the brow to provide shade for the eyes. It is often, but not always, elasticised at the rear to hold it in place upon the wearer’s head. Cricket Uniform Cricket clothing is fashioned in such a way, so that it is comfortable and at the same time provides the proper protection to the players. Earlier the requirement was to wear white pants and white shirt but now the trend has changed and colourful clothes are being worn. Apart from T-shirts with collar, pants, hats, caps, spiked shoes, and sunglasses, pads, gloves etc. are also wore in the game of cricket. Now professionals either wear shorts, pants, shirts, pullovers, slipovers or sweat shirts. If game is played with a red ball, clothing must be white or cream coloured and if the ball is white then a solid colour must be worn. Cricket Gloves There are two types of gloves, one used by batsmen which has thick padding above the fingers. Wicket keeper wears the other gloves, which are larger in size with web between thumb and forefinger. Wicket keepers like to wear a pair of cotton inners underneath the main gloves. They should have adequate padding, which is usually foam, especially in the fingers and the back of the hand. The gloves should fit properly and comfortably and should be lightweight.

138 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XII Cricket Helmet Helmet is worn by batsmen and a maximum of one close fielder or keeper. Helmet is a must to avoid any accident in the field be it full toss, top-edged or a throw, which can land on the player’s head. Helmets are made of lightweight hard composite exterior and are designed to keep one cool with a ventilation or sweat absorbent liner. Cricket Helmet Cricket Pads These are worn by batsmen and wicket keepers to protect themselves against the pace of the ball. Today’s pads are very light in weight but are still great protection for the batsmen. Wicket keeper’s pads are similar to batting pads, but they are shorter and lighter in weight, making them easier to move and dive around in. . Cricket Pads Cricket Shoes They should be lightweight and comfortable with added shock absorbing properties. Shoes are made of leather or synthetic uppers and the soles have removable metal spikes or studs in them. Bowlers should wear shoes which can withstand rigorous constant action and wicket keepers should wear well padded shoes. Cricket Shoes Wickets-Stumps-Bails These are three wooden poles of height 28 inches. It has a conical bottom and a horizontal groove across the top end. There are three stumps at each end, with two bails sitting across the top of them and are equally spaced to cover a width of nine inches. Cricket Stumps and Bails Boundary A rope which demarcates the perimeter of the cricket field is known as boundary line. Sight Screen It is the screen outside the boundary exactly parallel to the width of the pitch and behind both pairs of stumps for better visibility.

Cricket 139 Abdominal Guard It is high density plastic with smooth edge worn to protect the “privates” when batting against a cricket ball or other hard ball. Wicket keepers and fielders close to the wicket should also wear it. It is also called box, cup or cricket box. Other equipment used by batsmen are leg guard, thigh pad, elbow pad and rib guard/chest guard for the protection of groin, thigh, elbow and chest respectively. If you’ve ever been hit by a quick delivery, you’ll know it’s always better to use the guards in the game of cricket, as much as you can so that the game becomes more fun. FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS 1. Batting Skills: Given the goals of batting, a batsman must possess good hand-eye coordination, reflexes, strength, running speed, sound judgment, and of course knowledge of cricket rules and an understanding of cricket strategy and tactics. These basic skills are put to use in specific actions such as: (a) Preventing the ball from hitting the wicket (which would result in the batsman being out bowled). (b) Avoiding being hit in the legs in front of the wicket (which may result in the batsman being out leg before wicket). (c) Avoiding hitting catches to any fielders (which would result in the batsman being out caught). (d) Avoiding being hit by the ball in a way that might cause injury. (e) Hitting the ball with the bat with precise placement, timing, and strength to avoid fielders. (f) Judging when it is safe to take a run, and taking the run. The act of hitting the cricket ball is called a shot or stroke. Batting involves knowledge and skill in several different types of shot. Good batsmen usually also have what is called “balance”, which more or less involves stability of the body with synchronized movements of the shoulders and feet. There are a variety of shots a batsman can play. The famous shots are: Forward defence, backward defence, on drive, straight drive, cover drive, off drive, square cut, hook shot, pull shot, sweep shot, leg glance, lofted shot, leg cut, etc. The basics of batting are grip, stance, position of the bat, back lift and defensive batting. (a) Grip: Both hands together (i) left hand near to the top of the handle of the bat. (ii) The back of the left hand is held up right and face somewhere between mid-off and extra- cover. (iii) The fore-fingers and thumbs of both hands are well around the handle of the bat. (iv) The V form by the first finger and thumb of the left hand is directly over the corresponding V of the right hand. (v) The line of the V’s is half way between the outer edge of he bat and splice. (vi) Both these Vs are almost in one line. (b) Stance: Should be easy, relaxed and comfortable and well balanced. (i) Both toes should be in one line. (ii) Gap between two should be 6’’ to 9’’ (it varies from individual to individual). (iii) Both knees should be slightly bent. (iv) Body weight equally distributed on both the feet. (v) Head should be kept up straight and eyes on the ball. Batting Stance (vi) Bat should be kept near the right toe.

140 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XII (c) Back Lift: Normal and top of the stumps: (i) Bat should be lifted by left hand and supported by right hand. (ii) Bottom hand relaxes into thumb and forefinger. 2. Bowling Skills: In cricket, bowling is the action of propelling the ball toward the wicket defended by a batsman. A player skilled at bowling is called a bowler. The basic goal of a bowler is to get batsman out and prevent batsman from scoring runs. The basics of bowling are: (a) Grip: It is the ability of the hand to maintain a hold over the grip and being able to move or rotate as required. (b) Run-up: It is the bowlers approach to the wicket prior to delivering the ball. (c) Delivery Stride: It is the stage when the bowler starts to propel (take position) to bowl. (d) Follow Through: The bowler moves several paces to reduce the force of the body generated through the Run-up and Delivery Stride. The technique/skill of throwing cricket ball toward the wicket defended by a batsman is called bowling. Bowling can be divided into two categories as: (i) Spin Bowling: Its types are—Leg spin, Off spin, Googly, Carrom ball, Top spin, Flipper etc. (ii) Fast Bowling or Medium Pace Bowling: Its types are—Good length, Inswing, Outswing, Short pitch, Bouncer, Reverse swing, Leg cutter, Off cutter, Yorker etc. Bowling 3. Fielding Skills: Fielding is the most spontaneous of cricketing skills. The better fielding side is usually one which wins the matches. It is impossible to overlook the importance of fielding. Every cricketer must try to become at least a reliable fieldsman. Ground fielding is divided into two parts— Defensive and Offensive. (a) Defensive: In defensive mode of fielding, the fielder Catching a Ball waits for the ball. His aim is to save the boundary. Fielder should come in line of the ball rather than attacking the ball. (b) Offensive: In offensive mode of fielding, the fielder attacks the ball. His aim is to save singles. Fielder does not wait for the ball, picks up as early as possible. 4. Wicket-keepers Skills: The wicket-keeping is a very specific skill of fielding. The wicket-keeper’s major function is to stop deliveries that pass the batsman (in order to prevent runs being scored), but often he can also attempt to dismiss the batsman in various ways. The most common dismissal effected by the wicket-keeper is for him to catch a ball that has nicked the batsman’s bat, called an edge, before it bounces. Sometimes, the keeper is also in the best position to catch a ball which has been hit high in the air. The keeper can also stump the batsman by using the ball to remove the bails from the stumps if the batsman has come out of his crease during a delivery. Finally, when the ball is hit into the outfield, the keeper

Cricket 141 moves close to the stumps to catch the return throw Wicket-keeper in Action from a fielder and, if possible, to run out a batsman. The position of the wicket-keeper is significant and it depends upon the pace of the ball and nature of the pitch. (a) He should feel comfortable and have a balanced body position. (b) He must stand either right up to the stumps or right back. (c) He should move as little as possible. (d) He should be behind the line of the ball. (e) He should always keep his eyes on the ball. (f) He should avoid straining himself. SPECIFIC EXERCISES Cricket involves three main skills—bowling, batting and fielding. Each has its own mental and physical demands. However, all three require good balance, concentration and sudden bursts of pace. Cricket games can last for up to five days, so you also need high endurance and all-round fitness. Improve your overall game with general fitness and flexibility exercises. Specific cricket exercises will develop your core playing skills. The following exercises are must for a cricket player. 1. Running with the Bat: Cricketers run with the bat between the wickets to score runs. Measure a distance of 66 feet on a grass pitch and leave markers at each end. This is the distance between two cricket wickets. Try timing how long it takes to run between these points three times in a row. If possible, wear your full cricket pads to help you get used to them. 2. Stomach Muscle Core Training: Core muscle strength plays a big role in all cricket skills, from bowling to wicket-keeping. Suck in your stomach muscles as though you were hollowing out your belly. Your ribs should stick out as much as possible. Hold in your stomach for five seconds, then let it out gently. Try increasing the duration to 10, then seconds and longer unity you can comfortably hold in your stomach for minutes at a time. 3. Long Catching Exercising: All cricketers whether batsmen or bowlers need to learn how to catch. You never know when the ball might arrive near you when fielding. Practice standard long catching with a friend. Spread your fingers wide and touch your hands together, with your little fingers crossed over. Keep your knees bent and legs in a wide, solid stance. Ask your friend to throw the ball at head height or higher. Reach to catch the ball. As it hits your palms, close your fingers around it and bring your hands into your chest, cradling the ball and cushioning the impact. Start throwing close together, then walk one pace back after five catches in that position. INJURIES The most common cricket injuries are sprains, fractures and bruising. Cricket players most frequently suffer injuries to the upper limbs, followed by injuries to the lower limbs and the head. Direct contact injuries such as a blow to the face or hand from a ball travelling at a high speed are the most common types of cricket injury. These blows can cause fractures and severe bruising. Injuries to the teeth and jaw can occur when a ball hits the face. These injuries can be severe if a mouth guard is not worn. Overuse injuries in cricket are also common. Overuse injuries are gradually appearing pains, aches, stiffness or injury brought on by repeated, mild physical stress to a particular area of the body. Fast bowlers often suffer overuse injuries in the lower back region. These are caused by repeated stress to this area of the spine during the bowling action.

142 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XII TERMINOLOGY •• Over: In this, player has to deliver or bowl for 6 times (legal) successively from one end. •• Dead Ball: When ball is in the hands of the bowler after throw. •• No Ball: When the bowler commits some non-legal action to bowl. •• Wide Ball: When the bowler bowls the ball out of the batsman’s reach, towards the sideward of wickets. •• Bye: When the batsman takes run due to misfielding (without the ball touching his bat). •• Leg Bye: When the batsman takes the run by the snick of pads. •• Appeal: It is request or shout by fielding players in anticipation of batsman to be given out by the Umpire. •• Bouncer: When the bowler bowls the ball above the shoulder level of the batsman. •• Maiden Over: The over in which not even a single run is scored. •• Duck: The batsman gets ‘out’ without a single score. •• Century: A batsman scoring ton or one hundred runs. •• How’s That: An appeal by the fielding-players to Umpire to consider the delivery of ball carefully. This appeal pressurises the Umpire to consider them. •• Declaration: A process in which the captain of the batting side may call the batsman off the field irrespective of the scores and discontinue their innings. •• Bodyline Bowling: A type of negative bowling in which the ball is aimed at hitting the body of the batsman. •• Over Throw: If a fielder throws the ball whereas no other fielder is able to stop the throwing ball, thus batsman is able to score runs or a boundary is scored; such runs are termed as over-throw. •• Stance: It is a position or posture of a batsman at the crease before facing a delivery. •• Toss: It is the procedure before the match to decide which team will perform the batting or fielding. •• China Man: When a left arm spinner delivers a off-break bowling, it is termed as China-man. •• Runner: A supplement player to the batsman who run for the batsman in case of injury, illness while playing. •• Hat-Trick: A bowler gets three wickets in three successive balls, i.e., the bowler dismisses three batsmen on three consecutive balls. •• Follow-On: It is given in a test match when batting team cannot score sufficient runs and the lead is more than 200 runs, it may be given follow-on or to bat again. •• Sweep: In this the batsman hits the ball to deep angle while kneeling down. •• Reverse Sweep: A ball is played like seep but towards the opposite side of his normal hands. •• Ball Tempering: It is the international damage to the ball by the fielding players to get undue advantage in the swing of the ball during bowling. •• Googly: A ball bowled in such a way that it turns opposite than what it seems to be. •• On Side: It is the right side area of the right handed batsman (facing bowler). •• Dot Ball: A good length ball (bowled by bowler) on which batsman cannot score runs. •• Lofted: A hit by the batsman on which ball is lifted up in the air. •• Full Toss: A ball delivered by bowler lifted above up in air. •• Boundary for Six: A ball hitted by batsman in the air which lands outside the boundary line, it is given with six runs.

Cricket 143 •• Substitute: A player from batting/fielding side is replaced with a new player. In super substitute this replaced player can bat or field or bowl (with certain conditions). This is on trial bases. This is also referred as twelfth man. •• Pitch: The place or ground between the wickets where bowler bowls the ball is called pitch. It is 22 yards long and 10 feet wide. •• Drive: It is hitting the ball in front field. •• Danger Area: An area close to batsman where ball can cause accident if player is not active or without guard. This area is generally known as Silly-Point. •• Hook Shot: It is hitting the high raised ball with force towards the leg side. •• Pull Shot: It is hitting the ball forcefully with good back lift and follow-through action of bat goes towards the on side of field. •• Square Cut: It is hitting straight coming ball towards the sides making ball to go perpendicular. It is performed with good batting technique by tilting the bat at last stage. It is towards both side known as ‘On Square-Cut, Let Square-Cut’. •• Bad Light: Due to some condition there is low intensity of light which creates problem to batsman, as they are not able to see the coming ball properly. In this condition umpire can declare bad light. The match is supposed to stop. •• Sight Screen: It is specified white or coloured screen kept behind the stumps (especially behind bowling stump) over the boundary line, to provide visibility of approaching bowler towards batsman. It is with the dimension of 6 meter in length and 3 meter high. •• Ball Dead: Ball finally settles in the hands of wicket-keeper or bowler; batsman is out; ball reaches over the boundary; ball lodges in clothes of players; Umpire calls for ‘over’ or ‘time’. •• 30-Yard-Circle: An inner circle marked at 30 yards around the stumps. This circle is used during power play to retain 9 fielders inside the 30 yard circle. •• Lewis Douglas-Formula: It is a statistical calculation in which a revised target is given to the opposite team. It is calculated by deducting slow rate overs or low scoring over from first batting team, which has to be achieved within certain overs. •• Bump Ball: It is a hard hit to the ball over the ground by which the ball raised above the ground. When this ball is fielded it seems like a catch. Ball is played just under the lower edge of bat which gives appearance as the ball is hitted in air. •• Short Leg: An extremely close leg-side fielding position between the square leg and the mid wicket. •• Out Fields: The grass area around the boundaries. •• Run Up: An approach run taken by bowler during bowling. •• Cover Drive: A batting stroke in which over pitched ball is played with full swing of bat towards the off- side area (between mid off and point fielding positions). •• Straight Drive: An over pitched ball is hitted straight with full control of bat. •• Cut: Batting skill where ball is played between slip and cover fielding positions. •• Glance: Batting skill in which ball is angled between square-leg and fine-leg. •• In-Swing: Fast paced ball which turns (after the bounce or after the release from hand) inside towards leg stump. •• Out-Swing: Fast paced ball which turns away towards off-side stump. •• Off Spin: In this the spinner makes the ball to turn towards leg stump (on-side). It is also known as off- break. •• Leg Spin: In this, ball is turned towards off-side of stumps by the spinner. It is also known as leg-break.

144 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XII IMPORTANT TOURNAMENTS 1. World Cup 2. Asia Cup 3. ICC Trophy (One day) 4. Champions Trophy (One day) 5. Bensen and Hedges Cup 6. Challenge Cup 7. Coca-Cola Cup 8. Sharjah Cup 9. Wills Trophy 10. Ashes Cup (Australia–England Test Series) 11. Australia Cup (One day) 12. World Cup Twenty-20 13. Duleep Trophy (Inter-Zonal Tournament) 14. Devdhar Trophy (Limited over Inter–Zonal Tournament) 15. Irani Trophy (Ranji Winner–Rest of India) 16. Ranji Trophy (State vs State) 17. Poly Umrigar Trophy (Under 15) 18. Rothmens Cup 19. C.K. Naidu Trophy 20. Vijiay Merchant Trophy (Boys under 17 years) 21. Rani Jhansi Trophy (Inter-Zonal Tournament, Women) 22. Indira Priyadarshini Trophy (One day, Women) 23. Cooch Bihar Trophy (Inter–Zone Tournament for boys under 19 years) etc. AWARDS Padma Shri Awardees 1960 Jasu Patel, Vijay Samuel Hazare 1962 Nari Contractor, Polly Umrigar 1963 1965 Mushtaq Ali 1964 M.J. Gopalan 1969 1970 D.B. Deodhar 1967 Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi 1972 1975 Chandu Borde 1970 Bishan Singh Bedi 1984 1986 EAS Prasanna 1971 G.R. Viswanath 1987 Ajit Wadekar, B.S. Chandrasekhar 1973 Farokh Maneksha Engineer Pankaj Roy 1982 Kapil Dev, Syed Kirmani Chuni Goswami Swaroop Kishan Reu (Test Umpire), Mohammad Shahid Dilip Vengsarkar 1988 Mohammad Azharuddin

Cricket 145 1999 Sachin Tendulkar 2003 Srinivasaraghvan Venkatraghavan 2004 Anil Kumble 2009 Rahul Dravid, Sourav Ganguly 2005 2010 V.V.S. Laxman 2012 Harbhajan Singh, Mahendra Singh Dhoni Anjum Chopra, Yuvraj Singh 2015 Sushil Doshi (Commentator) 2017 Ramakant Achrekar, Virender Sehwag 2011 Gautam Gambhir 2020 Gurcharan Singh Jhulan Nishit Goswami 2014 Mithali Raj 2016 Virat Kohli, Shekhar Naik (Blind Cricketer) 2019 Zaheer Khan 2023 Arjuna Awardees 1961 Salim Durani 1964 Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi 1965 Vijay Manjreker 1966 Chandu Borde 1967 Ajit Wadeker 1968 E.A.S. Prasanna 1969 Bishan Singh Bedi 1970 Dilip Sardesai 1971 Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan 1972 Eknath Solkar, B.S. Chandrashekhar 1974 Anjan Bhattacharjee 1975 Sunil Gavaskar 1976 Shantha Rangaswamy 1977–78 Gundappa Vishwanath 1979–80 Kapil Dev 1980–81 Chetan Chauhan, Syed Kirmani 1981 Dilip Vengsarkar 1982 Mohinder Amarnath 1983 Diana Edulji 1984 Ravi Shastri 1985 Shubhangi Kulkarni 1986 Mohammad Azharuddin, Sandhya Agarwal 1989 Madan Lal 1993 Manoj Prabhakar, Kiran More 1994 Sachin Tendulkar 1995 Anil Kumble 1996 Javagal Srinath 1997 Sourav Ganguly, Ajay Jadeja 1998 Nayan Mongia, Rahul Dravid 2000 Venkatesh Prased 2001 V.V.S. Laxman 2002 Virender Sehwag 2003 Harbhajan Singh, Mithali Raj 2005 Anju Jain 2006 Anjum Chopra 2009 Gautam Gambhir 2010 Jhulan Goswami 2011 Zaheer Khan 2012 Yuvraj Singh 2013 Virat Kohli 2014 Ravichandran Ashwin 2015 Rohit Sharma 2016 Ajinkya Rahane 2017 Cheteshwar Pujara, Harmanpreet Kaur 2018 Smriti Mandhana 2019 Ravindra Jadeja, Poonam Yadav 2020 Ishant Sharma, Deepti Sharma 2021 Shikhar Dhawan

146 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XII *Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Awardees 1997–98 Sachin Tendulkar 2007–08 Mahender Singh Dhoni 2018 Virat Kohli 2021 Mithali Raj 2020 Rohit Sharma Dronacharya Awardees 1986 Desh Prem Azad 1987 Gurcharan Singh 1990 Ramakant Achrekar 2004 Sunita Sharma 2016 Raj Kumar Sharma 2018 Tarak Sinha (Life-time Category) 2019 Sanjay Bhardwaj (Life-time Category) 2021 Sarkar Talwar (Life-time Category) 2022 Dinesh Jawahar Lad (Life-time Category) VIVA VOCE Q. 1. What are the main types of spin bowling? Q. 9. What is wide ball? Ans. Off break, Leg break, Googly, Carrom ball, Ans. The ball which is too high or too away from the Flipper and Top spin. sides of wickets and is normally beyond the Q. 2. Can a batsman make run on a no-ball? reach of batsman. Ans. Yes. Q. 3. What is no-ball? Q. 10. What is the maximum time limit for a new Ans. When a ball is not delivered according to the batsman to come on the ground? rules. Ans. 2 minutes. Q. 4. What is the height of stumps? Ans. 28” above the ground. Q. 11. What is the maximum length of the bat? Q. 5. What is the length of cricket pitch? Ans. 22 yards (20.12 m). Ans. 38 inches. Q. 6. What is the colour of cricket ball in day and Q. 12. Who was the India’s first official test captain? night matches? Ans. Red (Day matches) and White (Night matches). Ans. C.K. Nayudu. Q. 7. What is the length of the bowling crease? Ans. One side total 8 feet 8 inch. Q. 13. In which year did India played their first Q. 8. What is the weight of the ball? official Test match? Ans. 155.9 to 163 g. Ans. June 25, 1932 in England at Lord’s ground. Q. 14. Name the player who scored three tons in his first 3 test. Ans. Mohammad Azharuddin. Q. 15. Name the Indian player who scored a triple century against Pakistan in Multan Test. Ans. Virender Sehwag. * Formerly it was known as the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award.

Cricket 147 Q. 16. Name the only Indian bowler who took Q. 31. To promote and develop cricket in India, 10 wickets in an innings. which National championship began in 1934. Ans. Anil Kumble. Ans. Ranji Trophy. Q. 32. Name the player who holds the records of Q. 17. In which year did India win the World Cup? maximum Man of the Match Awards. Ans. 1983 and 2011. Ans. Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar. Q. 33. What is the total number of players in a cricket Q. 18. In which year did the National Championship (Ranji Trophy) begin? team? Ans. 11 players. Ans. 1935. Q. 34. How many umpires are in a cricket match? Ans. Three (2 Ground Umpires + 1 Third Umpire). Q. 19. Name the first Indian batsman who scored a Q. 35. What is circumference of the cricket ball? double test ton. Ans. 22.4–22.9 cm. Ans. Polly Umrigar. Q. 36. What is the width of wicket in cricket? Ans. 9 inches (28.86 cm). Q. 20. Name the Indian player who was declared Q. 37. What is the height of the wicket from the man of the match in the 1983 world cup. ground? Ans. Mohinder Amarnath. Ans. 71.1 cm (28 inches). Q. 38. What is the measurement of cricket bat? Q. 21. In which year was BCCI formed? Ans. Length = 38 inches, Width = 4¼ inches. Q. 39. What is the weight of cricket bat? Ans. 1927–28. Ans. 40 ounces. Q. 40. When was the first ICC Twenty-20 World Cup Q. 22. In which century do we have the earliest reference to cricket being played on Indian Cricket started? soil? Ans. In 2007. Q. 41. When was the first One-Day match played? Ans. 17th Century. Ans. In 1971. Q. 42. When was Melbourne Cricket Club (MCC) Q. 23. Name the bowler who first took hat-trick in the World Cup? established? Ans. In 1787. Ans. Chetan Sharma. Q. 43. Which stadium is called the ‘Mecca of Cricket’? Ans. Lords Cricket Stadium. Q. 24. Name the Indian player who is well known as Q. 44. When was Imperial Cricket Club established? Haryana hurricane. Ans. In 1909. Q. 45. How is a player declared ‘LBW’? Ans. Kapil Dev. Ans. If a batsman’s leg comes between the ball and Q. 25. Name the first batsman who scored 10,000 the wicket, then he is declared LBW (Leg Before runs in test cricket? Wicket). Q. 46. When does an umpire signals ‘No Ball’? Ans. Sunil Gavasker. Ans. If a bowler puts his foot, more than half, on the bowling crease, the umpire signals ‘No Ball’. Q. 26. Name the player who scored the maximum centuries in test as well as in ODI. Ans. Sachin Tendulkar. Q. 27. What is “gully”? Ans. The position on off side fielding between slip and point. Q. 28. What is half volley? Ans. The light pitch ball before the batsman. Q. 29. How much time is given to a batsman to enter into the field in a twenty-20 match? Ans. 90 seconds. Q. 30. Can a batsman not be out on a no-ball delivery except in case of run out? Ans. Yes.

148 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XII Q. 47. What is the gain for the batting team for the Q. 49. How much time is given to each team to finish bowling of ‘No Ball’ and ‘Wide Ball’? the match of Twenty-20? Ans. The score increases by one run in each case. Ans. 75 minutes to each team is provided to each team to finish their innings in the match of Q. 48. Is ‘No Ball’ or ‘Wide Ball’ counted in an over? Twenty-20. Ans. No. ‘No Ball’ and ‘Wide Ball’ are not counted in Q. 50. What are different pace bowling? an over. Ans. Out Swing, In Swing, Off Cutter, Leg Cutter.

Part–C GAMES/SPORTS FOR CWSN (CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS–DIVYANG)



12 UNIT Bocce / Boccia INTRODUCTION Bocce is an Italian game. It is a ball sport belonging to the boules family. The object of the game is to roll your bocce balls (larger balls) closer to the pallino ball (smaller ball) than your opponent. The pallino is the target ball, which is also called a jack, pallina, cue, beebee, etc. Bocce can be played on most surfaces (grass or sand) as long as they are fairly smooth and flat. The bocce court is 26.5 m long, 4 to 4.5 m wide, and has a raised barrier of 20 cm height; however, the court size can be accommodated to fit the playing space available. The Federation Internationale de Boules (FIB) is the highest governing body of this game. The Bocce World Championships have been held continuously since their inception in 1947. Bocce as a Special Olympics sport provides people with special needs the opportunity to have social contact, develop physically and gain self-confidence. Next to soccer and golf, bocce is the third most participated sport among Special Olympics athletes in the world. The following is a list of official events available in Special Olympics. •• Singles (one player per team) •• Doubles (two players per team) •• Mixed Doubles (two players per team) •• Team Competition (four players per team) •• Mixed Team Competition (four players per team) •• Unified Sports Bocce Doubles (two players per team) •• Unified Sports Bocce Mixed Doubles (two players per team) •• Unified Sports Bocce Team (four players per team) •• Unified Sports Bocce Mixed Team (four players per team) •• Singles Ramp (one player per team using a ramp) 151

152 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XII Bocce, an ancient sport little known in the United States, has finally begun to take root in the American sports culture. Bocce is a word stemming from the vulgar Latin, “Bottica”, a direct root of the Italian word “Bocce”. Bocce ball was first documented in a 5200 B.C. painting of two boys playing, which was discovered by an English scientist, Sir Francis Petrial, in an Egyptian tomb. Bocce ball spread throughout Palestine and into Asia Minor. In 600 B.C., Bocce was picked up by the Greeks and passed to the Romans. It was played everywhere, from the churches and castles to the city streets. People from all walks of life could play the game; young or old, man or woman. In 1319 A.D., Bocce ball was actually prohibited to people of lesser nobility because it was felt that it diverted attention from more important tasks, such as archery and war training. In 1519, Bocce became a public game. It was played in Flanders, Holland and Belgium. Greek colonists brought Bocce with them to what is now modern Italy. It became so popular that it was once again threatened with prohibition, as people who were playing Bocce in the streets were hitting the knees of passing noblemen with the Bocce balls. Although unfortunate for the humbler people who played Bocce, this problem drew widespread attention of the sport to Italian noblemen and Bocce immediately became a favourite pastime. It was Giussepi Garibaldi, who, while unifying and nationalising Italy, popularised the sport as it is known today. Bocce frequently lost and gained popularity throughout the ages. In 1896, during a resurgence of popularity, the first Bocce Olympiad was held in Athens, Greece. Bocce has been a part of international sports ever since. Bocce has seen many changes throughout the ages. It has evolved from being a crude sport played with rounded rocks, or even coconuts, to the modern game with composite or metal balls. Bocce has been known under many names—lawn bowling, nine pins, skittles, pentanque, to name a few—and has seen many rule changes. The popularity of Bocce in America has been on the rise since it swept California in 1989. There are more than 25,000,000 Bocce enthusiasts that have heard of the sport, play recreationally, or play on structured courts in the United States today. Bocce has also become a tournament sport. Tournaments are held weekly, some carrying large cash awards for their winners. Bocce is now a part of the World Corporate Games, is an event in the Special Olympics, and is being proposed to be in the Olympics. Bocce can be played upon any level surface by anyone who is willing to try. It is a game for all ages, genders and athletic ability. It is a very versatile game in which the rules may be changed according to the players. Play may range from a nearly non-existent set of rules to the strictest of tournament rules. Bocce for the average players is very simple. There may be anywhere from two to four to eight players on a team. Each player is given two balls (boccia). A player continues to roll their balls until they get closer than the opponent’s ball. Players are awarded one point for each ball closer than the opponent’s closest ball nearest to the pallino ball (the smallest ball, which has already been thrown onto the field). Players may also throw on the fly (volo), striking the ball to move the point ball. Balls, including the pallino, may also be displaced by the balls of other players. Bocce is an inexpensive game of thought and strategy that brings families and friends together with the enjoyment of a game that everyone can play. There are many ways that you and your family can become involved with Bocce. Besides being able to play it in the neighbourhood park or your own backyard, now many other locations are also springing up at country clubs and commercial recreational centres. GENERAL RULES The general rules of the game are as follows: 1. Game or Match: A game is conducted between two players, or two teams of two, three, or four players. The game consists of several frames. A frame starts with a team tossing the Pallino ball toward the opposite end of the playing court. The game (frame) is complete after the balls have been thrown and points have been awarded. Balls are tossed or rolled underhand, i.e., players are permitted to throw the ball in the air using an underarm action. 2. Number of Ball Played by a Player: Singles: One-Player Team (One player per team) — four balls per player

Bocce / Boccia 153 Doubles: Two-Player Team (Two players per team) — two balls per player Triples: Three-Player Team (Three players per team) — two balls per player Fours: Four-Player Team (Four player per team) — one ball per player 3. Coin Toss Procedure: A coin toss by the referee determinesthe team that throws out the pallino first and selects the team’s ball colour. In the absence of a referee, the two team captains will execute the coin toss. The coin toss should take place on the court. 4. Placing the Pallino: The first team (having won the coin toss) has two attempts to place the pallino past the half-court line (centre line) and before the foul line (4-metre line) on the opposite end, i.e., a zone 5 metres in length, ending 4 metres from the far end of the court. If the pallino comes to rest on or before the half-court line or on or past the foul line on the opposite end, it is to be deemed an unsuccessful attempt. (Note: the same player must make all two attempts.) If the first team (the toss winning team) misses twice, the other team is awarded the opportunity to place the jack anywhere they choose within the prescribed zone. If this attempt is unsuccessful, the referee will place the pallino in the centre of the court at the 13.25-metre mark. (Note: In Special Olympics, the toss winning team (the first team) has three attempts to place the pallino.) 5. Playing Bocce: The first team (having won the toss) starts the game (frame) by placing the pallino on the playing area. Once the pallino is in position, the first team throws the first ball. The player rolling the pallino must deliver the first ball. Once the first bowl has taken place, the other side has the opportunity to bowl. From then on, the side which does not have the ball closest to the jack has a chance to bowl, up until one side or the other has used their four balls. At that point, the other side bowls its remaining balls. Each team throws their balls toward the pallino to (a) get their ball closest to the pallino, (b) move the pallino closer to their ball, or (c) move the opponent’s ball. The winning team begins the next frame. Frames are played alternately from one end of the court to the other. 6. Scoring: In each frame, only one team scores. The team with the closest ball to the pallino (jack) is the only team that can score points in any frame. One point is given for each bocce ball that is closer to the pallino than the opposing team’s bocce balls. The pallino distance marker can be used to determine which balls are closer. The game continues until 12 points are scored or to pre-determined points set by the players before the game starts. (Note: Safety should be observed when playing bocce. It is recommended that players stay outside the playing area when balls are being tossed.) 7. Ball Delivery: A player has the option of rolling, throwing, bouncing, banking, etc., his ball down the court, provided it does not go out of bounds or the player does not violate the foul markers. A player may also strike out any ball in play in order to score a point or reduce the opposing team’s points. A player can grip the ball by placing his/her hand over or under the ball, as long as the ball is released in an underhand delivery. An underhand delivery is defined as releasing the ball below the waist. 8. Substitutions: (a) Official notification: Officials must be notified of substitutions prior to a scheduled game time or it will result in forfeiture of the match. (b) Substitution of Players: Only one substitute may be allowed per team per game. Substitutes may take the place of any player on the team and may substitute for different players on the same team during different games. (c) Limitations: Once a player has registered to substitute for one team during the tournament, he/she may not substitute for any other team during that tournament. In Special Olympics, substitutes should have a divisioning score equal to or higher than the person they are substituting. (d) Substitution During Game: Only in the event of medical or other verified emergencies may a player be substituted during a game. Emergency substitutions will only be made at the end of a frame; if this is not possible, the frame will be considered dead. However, once the substitution has been made, the substitute must complete the game.

154 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XII (e) Entry of a Substitute: Substitutes may enter a match at the end of a frame. If the referee is unable to determine the “in” ball, he/she may measure at any time. However, the referee may not measure to determine the 2nd “in” ball while other balls remain to be played. Measuring may only occur to determine the closest ball. 9. Forfeiture: Teams with less than the prescribed number of players will forfeit the match. 10. Other Rules: (a) Player(s) or all team members must be on the court 5 minutes prior to the start of the match. Practising will only be permitted 5 minutes prior to the scheduled match. Referees will toss a coin to determine who goes 1st and which colour. The team that reaches 12 points will be declared the winner. (b) In the event the match is still in process after the allotted time (50 min), the frame will be completed and the team with the most points is declared the winner. (c) An additional frame will be permitted if the score is tied. All balls must be delivered in an underhand manner without crossing the foul line. Fouls will result in penalties being assessed after the team has fouled more than two occasions. (d) Two 30-second time outs will be allotted per match per team. A pallino toss will be attempted by a team no more than twice. In the event they are unsuccessful, the other team may toss the pallino. If this results in a failed placement of the pallino, the referee will place the pallino in the centre of the court an equal distance from the side boards and the centre and back lines. (e) Only one player per team shall be permitted beyond the foul line for coaching and/or measuring. At the time of delivery, all players must be behind the foul line (keep in mind the 30 seconds delivery rule). ( f ) Measurements will only be made by the referee. In the event a ball is accidentally moved by the referee (while balls remain to be played) and that ball is in contention, a dead frame is declared. If a ball is moved that is not in contention, the referee will place it back in its original spot. ( g) In the event the referee inadvertently moves the pallino, a dead frame will result unless all balls have been thrown and the referee is clearly able to acknowledge which team was “in”. (h) Unsportsmanlike conduct will not be tolerated. Behaviour deemed as poor sportsmanship may lead to a team’s disqualification. Footwear must be worn while playing bocce for safety and health- related reasons. Semi-final and final matches will be played to 16 with no time limit. (i) Referees will refer all questions and/or rule clarifications to the Tournament Director so designated for the Bocce Classic. All decisions made by the Tournament Director are final. SPECIFICATIONS 1. Playing Court = Rectangle (enclosed by wooden or other non-metallic sides) Shape of playing court = Natural soil or Asphalt court Types of court = 26.5 m (variation from 24.5–27.5 m is allowed) Length of the playing court = 4 m to 4.5 m Width of the playing court = 20 cm high Raised barrier of Bocce court = 18.29 m (60 ft) long by 3.66 m wide (12 ft) Court dimensions in Special Olympics

Bocce / Boccia 155 2. Bocce Balls Types of ball = Spherical and made of metal or various kind of plastics Set of Bocce balls = 8 (4 green and 4 red) + 1 Target ball (Bigger one) (Smaller one) Small ball used as a target ball = Pallino or Jack Weight of Bocce ball = 920 g Diameter of Bocce balls (Bigger balls) = 107 mm to 110 mm (4.20 into 4.33 in) Diameter of Pallino/Jack = 40 mm to 60 mm (1.57 in to 2.36 in) Bocce Court / Play Field EQUIPMENT The following are the important equipment in a bocce/boccia game. Bocce Balls and Pallino A set of bocce balls is composed of 8 large bocce balls (4 green and 4 red) and one smaller target ball called a “pallino” or “jack”. Bocce balls may be manufactured of wood or a composition material and must be of equal size. Official tournament ball sizes may be from 107 millimetres (4.20 in) to 110 millimetres (4.33 in) in diameter. The colour of the balls is immaterial provided that the four balls of one team are clearly and visibly distinct from the four balls of the opposing team. Bocce is played with eight balls and one smaller target or object ball called the pallino (jack, cue, beebee, etc.). There are four balls to a side or team, and they are generally made in two colours to distinguish the balls of one team from those of the opposing team. The bocce balls may also be inscribed with distinctive lines to identify the balls of the players on the same team. The pallino must not be larger than 60 millimetres or smaller than 40 millimetres in diameter and should be of a colour visibly distinct from both teams’ bocce ball colours. Measuring Device A measuring device may be any device that has the capacity to accurately measure the distance between two objects, and is acceptable to tournament officials.

156 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XII Ramps 1. Ramps are used when an athlete does not have the physical ability to roll with their hand or hands. 2. Ramps and other assistance devices may be used with the approval of the Competition Committee. 3. No mechanical aids shall be used to propel the bocce ball or pallino. 4. Athletes using ramps must be placed in separate divisions from other players only for singles competition. 5. All other tournament rules shall apply to athletes in the ramp divisions. Flags Flags may be any device that has the ability to represent the colours of the bocce balls being used, and acceptable to tournament officials. It should also be large enough to be clearly visible at least 50 feet away. FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS Some of the fundamental skills required for bocce sport are listed below: 1. Gripping the ball 2. Correct Athletic Stance 3. Pointing Shot 4. Hitting 5. Bank shot (Rebounding shot) TERMINOLOGY •• Advantage: The first team that gets to throw the pallino has an ‘advantage’ or a ‘pallino advantage’ over the other team. This is because they have the freedom to place the pallino wherever they want in the court and they also have a clear shot at throwing the first bocce ball. •• Backboards: These are the shorter court walls that you’ll find at the opposite ends of a bocce ball court. Some people call these the end boards, the end walls or the back walls of the court. •• Bank or Rebound Shot: This is a shot in which you roll the ball so that it hits either the sideboards or the backboard and bounces against it to move as close to the pallino as possible. You can also refer to this shot as ‘banking.’ •• Bocce: Bocce is the name of the sport and is the plural form of ‘boccia,’ which is Italian for ‘ball.’ •• Bocce Balls: Bocce balls are the eight balls used to play bocce. These are the larger playing balls. You roll these balls and try to get them as close to the pallino a possible to score points. •• Dead Ball: When an official has disqualified or forfeiteda ball because of some technicality or infringement, the ball becomes a “dead ball”. •• Doubles: A doubles game is when there are two teams playing against each other with two players in each team. •• Frame or Round: The period in the game in which all players have their turns to play their balls from one side of the court to the other and points are awarded to the scoring team for that frame before starting another frame. •• Foul: A rule infraction for which a penalty is prescribed. Generally, this is a foot foul or a line foul and involves a player violating the bocce ball game rules. It can be stepping over the foul line or releasing the ball after crossing the foul line. The team that commits the foul will receive a penalty based on the type and frequency of the foul. •• Foul Line: It is the line in a court that a player should not cross before releasing the ball. They must remain behind the foul line regardless of whether they’re playing a pointing shot or a hitting shot. •• Fours: This is a game in which there are two teams playing against each other, with four players in each team. Some people would also refer to this type of game as ‘teams.’ •• Half Court Marker: It is a line or marker that divides the court exactly in half.

Bocce / Boccia 157 •• Hitting/shooting: Hitting is a shot that involves hitting other bocce balls or pallino on the court in an attempt to displace them. These shots are typically forceful, because they’re supposed to carry the ball to the far end of the court. If these shots miss the target, they will hit the backboard. •• In Contention: Used across any section of the rule book means, balls that an official would deem to be balls that he/she will potentially need to measure or award as scoring balls. •• Inbound Lines: These are the lines that define the boundary that the pallino must not cross during the initial throw. •• Initial Point: This refers to the first ball that you roll towards the pallino at the beginning of a frame. As it is the first ball, it is also closest to the pallino at that moment. Therefore, it establishes the initial point of that frame. The player that tosses the pallino should also make the first roll to establish the initial point. •• In Team: The in team is the team that has their ball closest to the pallino and holds the point. They will continue to be the in team for that frame unless the opposition gets ahead of them and becomes the in team. •• Jack: Also known as a ‘pallino.’ A jack is the smaller white ball that’s thrown at the beginning of each game. •• Live Ball: Any ball in play that has been delivered i.e., any ball that is legitimate and in play. Some people also call this a ‘good’ ball. •• Measure: This is the act of measuring the distance between the bocce balls and the pallino to determine which of them will get to score for that frame. This comes in handy when two or more balls appear to be in the same distance from the pallino. In this case, you’ll need to measure which of them is actually closer to the pallino. •• No Point: Also known as a “tie.” This occurs when the closest balls from the two teams are at an equal distance from the pallino. In this case, the team that delivered the last ball will have to re-attempt their throw. If all the balls have been played for that frame, however, neither team gets a point. •• Out Team: As opposed to the in team, the out team is the team whose ball is farther from the pallino and does not hold the point at that moment. They will continue to be the out team until one of their balls surpasses their opponent’s closest ball and they eventually become the in team. •• Penalty: This is where you’ll find similarities between bocce ball glossary and other sport terminologies. A penalty in bocce refers to the consequence of committing a foul or violating a game rule. It can be against a team or against a specific player. •• Pointing: The action of rolling a ball to obtain a point close to the pallino. •• Rule of Advantage: A rule of advantage refers to the option that a team gets when their opponents commit a foul. The team will get to make a choice depending on their ball position and the state of the game. •• Sideboards: Sideboards refer to the boards that enclose the length of the court to keep the balls from rolling out of court. They are typically 6–12 inches high. •• Volo: Volo refers to a hard and long throw in the air so that your bocce ball lands beyond the center line. The main goal of this throw is to spock another ball. However, volo is generally not permitted in court bocce because you could end up damaging the court surface or breaking other bocce balls. It could also be a safety risk for other players. IMPORTANT TOURNAMENTS International 2. World Bocce Championships 1. Special Olympics 3. Oberto Bocce Tournament, Italy

158 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XII 4. The Pat O’Brien Cleveland Challenge Cup of Bocce tournament 5. Mad Hatter’s Bocce Tournament 6. United States Bocce Federation Tournament 7. International Bocce Tournament 8. United States Bocce Tournaments 9. Bocce Ball Gold Cup Trophy National None, as this game is not officially played in India. VIVA VOCE Q. 1. What is bocce? (4.20 in) to 110 mm (4.33 in) in diameter. The colour of the balls is immaterial, provided that Ans. Bocce is a strategic but relaxed game that can be the four balls of one team are clearly and visibly played on most surfaces (grass or sand) as long distinct from the four balls of the opposing as they are fairly smooth and flat. team. Q. 2. Which other sport is closely related to bocce? Q. 9. What do you mean by pallino? Ans. It is a lawn bowl. Ans. The pallino is the small ball used as a target ball in Bocce. It must not be larger than 60 mm or Q. 3. Where did the primitive bocce game start? smaller than 40 mm in diameter, and it should be of a colour visibly distinct from both teams’ Ans. Egypt. bocce ball colours. Q. 4. Who made bocce most popular in Italy? Q. 10. Which measuring device is used in bocce? Ans. It was Guiseppe Garibaldi who made bocce Ans. A measuring device may be any device that famous in Italy. has the capacity to accurately measure the distance between two objects and is acceptable Q. 5. When and where was the first Olympic bocce to tournament officials. game held? Q. 11. Define ramps. Ans. The first Bocce Olympiad was held in Athens, Greece, in the year 1896. Ans. Ramps are sports equipment used when an athlete does not have the physical ability to roll Q. 6. What are the dimensions of a bocce court? with his/her hand or hands. Ans. Court is 26.5 m long by 4– 4.5 m wide; however, Q. 12. Name the small white or yellow ball, which is the court size can be accommodated to fit the thrown first to start the game. playing space available. Ans. It is known as Pallino or Jack. Q. 7. How is scoring be done in Bocce? Q. 13. When is a dead ball considered? Ans. In each frame, only one team scores. One point is given for each bocce ball that is closer to the Ans. When a bocce ball hits a black wall or blackboard, pallino than the opposing team’s bocce balls. it is considered dead. The pallino distance marker can be used to determine which balls are closer. The game Q. 14. What is the distance between the foul line and continues until 12 points have been scored or to the backstop? pre-determined points set by the players before the game starts. Ans. It is generally 4 metres. Q. 8. What are bocce balls? Q. 15. How many points would a side score when they had two balls close to pallino? Ans. Bocce balls are spherical in shape, may be manufactured of wood or a composition Ans. 2 points. material, and must be of equal size. Official tournament ball sizes may range from 107 mm

Unified Badminton 15179 UNIT Unified Badminton INTRODUCTION Unified sports are team sports that bring people with and without intellectual disabilities together to train and compete as teammates. Special Olympics Badminton includes Unified Badminton as a competitive sport. Unified badminton is a modified version of badminton specially designed for physically disabled players. The Badminton World Federation (BWF) regulates badminton and unified badminton tournaments. Unified Badminton Players in Action The Special Olympics Movement was founded in the USA in 1968 by the late Eunice Kennedy Shirer, sister of President John F. Kennedy. Millions of children and adults with disabilities have participated in Special Olympics since 1968 when Eunice Kennedy Shriver organised the first International Special Olympics Games at Soldier Field in Chicago. Since the 1990s, Special Olympics Unified Sports has been promoting social inclusion through shared sports training and competition. This initiative has expanded globally. Unified Badminton is one of the favorite sports for the Special Olympics Unified Sports initiative, where players with and without intellectual disabilities form teams to play other unified teams. Badminton (including unified badminton) has been a part of the Special Olympics World Games since 1995. Special Olympics Unified Sports combines people with and without intellectual disabilities on sports teams for training and competition. People with intellectual disabilities are classified as Special Olympic athletes and people without intellectual disabilities are classified as Unified Partners. At the World Games level, all unified sports are meant to be competitive. 179

180 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XII Special Olympics Badminton includes the following events: Singles Doubles Individual Skills Competition Unified Sports Doubles* Mixed Doubles Unified Sports Mixed Doubles* Special Olympics also have meaningful competitions for athletes who have lower abilities levels. These competitions include Return Volley and Return Serve. GENERAL RULES Unified badminton shares many of the rules of badminton, particularly the rules for scoring, racket standards, and the change of ends. Differences exist only in equipment, parts of the court that can be occupied and service rules, etc. Unified badminton has several classes where players with varying physical disabilities can compete. The Official Special Olympics Sports Rules for Badminton shall govern all Special Olympics competitions. Special Olympics have created these rules based upon the Badminton World Federation (BWF) rules for standard badminton. BWF or National Governing Body (NGB) rules shall be employed except when they are in conflict with the Official Special Olympics Sports Rules for Badminton. The Official Special Olympics Sports Rules for Badminton shall apply in such cases. The following are the competition rules for the Special Olympic Games: 1. Modifications: The rules of competitions include some modifications; for example, (a) Special Olympics wheelchair athletes have the option of serving an overhead serve from either the left or right serving area. (b) The serving area is shortened to half the distance for Special Olympics wheelchair athletes. 2. Unified Sports Doubles: In unified doubles, (a) Each Unified Badminton Doubles team consists of one (Special Olympics) athlete and one Unified partner. (b) Each team determines its own order of service and selection of courts. 3. Individual Skills Competition: In Individual Skills Competition, (a) Hand Feeding The feeder (usually the coach) holds five shuttles at one time in his/her arm and throws the shuttles, one at a time, to the athlete like a dart would be thrown. The athlete tries to hit the shuttles with his/her racquet and is awarded one point each time he/she hits the shuttle. (b) Racquet Feeding (for Overhead Strokes) The feeder (coach) holds five shuttles and hits one at a time with an underhand stroke, high to the athlete. The athlete is awarded one point if he/she hits the shuttle. Whether the athlete misses or hits the shuttle, another is immediately hit and the count continues. (c) The “Ups” Contest The shuttle is repeatedly hit in the air by the athlete. One point is awarded for each hit within a 30-second time frame. If the shuttle hits the floor, another shuttle is given and the count continues. * Unified Badminton sports in Special Olympics.

Unified Badminton 181 (d) Forehand Stroke The athlete stands in the centre of the court, with the feeder (coach) positioned on the opposite side of the net. The feeder, using an underhand serve, hits the shuttle to the forehand side of the athlete. The athlete has five attempts and receives one point for each successful forehand stroke that goes over the net and into the court. (e) Backhand Stroke This is served and scored in the same way as the forehand stroke, except when the feeder 4. (coach) hits the shuttle to the athlete’s backhand side. 5. (f) Serve 6. The athlete has five attempts to serve from either side of the service court. 7. If unable to serve the underhand serve, the overhand serve may be used. 1 point is received for each serve landing in the correct service box. Zero points are given for any serve outside the service box. (g) Final Score The final score is determined by adding all the scores together for each of the six Individual Skills Competitions. Shuttlecock and Racket: The shuttlecock and the racket are the same for both unified badminton and badminton. Unified badminton is not very specific in this regard; only two other pieces of equipment can be included, namely, wheelchairs and crutches. However, there are a few differences, especially in the rules and regulations. Service: Service rules are also similar in both sports. Beside a couple of differences, service begins with the head of the racket pointed downward. During service, the server needs to strike the shuttlecock below the level of the armpit. In singles, the service needs to be beyond the short service line and within the boundary lines. In Doubles, the service should be beyond the short service line but it’s the long service line that acts as the marker on the backcourt. In doubles, the serve length is shorter than in singles. Match: Unified badminton and badminton matches are both best-of-three matches, which indicate that whoever wins the match depends on the winner of two out of three games. In both sports, each game is played for a score of 21 points, unless there’s a tie. Faults and Scores: Faults can be committed during service or when players fail to keep the round going. Faults result in the fellow contestant scoring a point. If there are faults in the game, the fellow contestant scores a point. Besides giving away a point, guilty players also give the rival the right to serve in the next round. SPECIFICATIONS 1. Court = 13.40 m × 5.18 m (44 feet × 17 feet) = 13.40 m × 6.10 m (44 feet × 20 feet) Size of court for singles = 6.70 m (22 feet) Size of court for doubles = 40 mm Length of halves = 1.98 m (6 feet 6 inches) Width of lines Short service line from the net = 3.96 m (13 feet) Long service line from short service line = 4.72 m (15 feet 6 inches)  – for doubles = 0.72 m (2.26 feet) = 3.88 m × 2.53 m (12.72 feet × 8.3 feet)  – for singles Distance between singles and doubles service lines Left or right service court

182 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XII 2. Net = 1.55 m (5 feet 1 inch) Height of net from the floor = 1.524 m (5 feet) Height of net from the floor at the centre = 0.76 m (2 feet 6 inches) Width of the net = 6.1 m (20 feet) Length (Singles/Doubles) = 75 mm Top of net with white cloth tape 3. Racket = 27 inches (680 mm) Overall length = 9 inches (230 mm) Overall width = 11 inches (290 mm) Length of head = 280 mm × 220 mm (Maximum) String area = 85 g to 140 g Weight 4. Shuttle = 4.74 g to 5.50 g Weight = 14 to 16 Number of feathers = 6.4 cm to 7 cm Length of feathers = 5.8 cm to 6.8 cm Diameter of circle at top = 2.5 cm to 2.8 cm Diameter at the base = 1.55 m (5 feet 1 inch) 5. Height of posts from the floor 6. Players = 1 Number of players each side for singles = 2 Number of players each side for doubles = 21 points 7. Points for Men and Women both = Best of 3 8. Game Badminton Court for Singles and Doubles

Unified Badminton 183 Badminton Net UNIFIED BADMINTON EVENTS The different unified badminton events are listed below: 1. Doubles: Men’s Doubles or Women’s Doubles events (two players each side) 2. Mixed Doubles: Pair of one male and one female player each side EQUIPMENT AND SPORTS GEAR Proper equipment with clear specifications is a must for a good game. Discard 280 mm 230 mm and replace damaged sporting equipment or protective gear. The racket and 220 mm the shuttlecock are the two important pieces of equipment in badminton. In wheelchair badminton, racket, shuttlecock, para-badminton wheelchair and Head crutch are the four important pieces of equipment. As needed, players may wear sports gear as protective equipment. 680 mm (Maximum) Racket Frame Throat It is used to hit the shuttle. It is shaped like a tennis racket and has strings, but Stringed Shaft weighs much less. The frame of the racket, including the handle, is not to exceed Area Handle 680 mm (26.75 inches) in overall length, and 230 mm (9 inches) in overall width. The overall length of the head is not to exceed 290 mm. Most rackets are made from light man-made materials such as aluminium or graphite, and are strung with synthetic material such as nylon. Many top badminton players today use stiff shaft rackets to inject pace and Racket power into the shuttle. They return the shuttle so quickly that their opponents are usually not ready to defend those shots. A stiff racket head is for badminton players who would like to perform the advanced skills of badminton. Shuttlecock Tips of the feathers from a circle with a diameter from 58–68 mm Shuttlecock (also called as birdie) is a sports equipment, which 23–25 mm 62–70 mm is used for playing badminton game. Shuttlecock is thrown on the Thread opponent’s half of the field through the use of badminton racket. It consists of a head and a tail. It has a small ball at the front to give it speed, and feathers protruding from it to help it float when it is hit high into the air. An official shuttlecock must have 14-16 feathers and is usually made from a goose or duck and from the left wing of the bird only. Shuttlecock

184 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XII Para-Badminton: Wheelchair A player’s body is fixed with the wheelchair with an elastic belt or a strap around the waist and/or across the thighs and feet must be attached to the footrest of the wheelchair. Para-Badminton—Prosthetic limbs (Non-wheelchair) Amputee players belonging to categories SL3, SL4 and WH may use a prosthetic limb; for category SU5, these are not allowed. The prosthetic limb must be of the same length as the players’ existing limb and in proportion with the players’ other limbs.  Crutch Leg amputees (upper or lower both) may use a crutch while playing which must not extend the players’ natural height from the armpit to the ground. FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS Some of the fundamental skills required for unified badminton are listed below: 1. Gripping the racket 2. Serves 3. Strokes 4. Blocks 5. Shuttlecock Grip 6. Footwork Basic skills such as hand-eye coordination, timing, perception, and anticipation are also very useful skills to excel in badminton. SPECIFIC EXERCISES If you want to improve your fundamental skills and move to a higher level, then follow these skills to score better in unified badminton. Here is a list of specific exercises for beginners: 1. Drive step in forehand/backhand 2. Net shot and recover forehand/backhand 3. High lift with recovery forehand/backhand 4. Push defence forehand/backhand 5. You want to drive the shuttle past the front service line and into the mid-court.  6. Forehand clear with recovery 7. Forehand smash with recovery 8. Drop shot with recovery forehand/backhand INJURIES Although unified badminton is one of the safest sports to play, there are hardly any chances to get injured but injuries can still happen at anytime. The common unified badminton injuries are usually torn muscle and ligaments. The torn muscles and ligament usually arise from an awkward twist of the body, foot or arm. Common areas affected are shoulder, elbow, ankle, wrist and knee. The common unified badminton injuries are listed below: 1. Wrist strain 2. Ankle strain 3. Calf achilles tendon injury 4. Straining of the back 5. Tennis elbow (elbow injury) 6. Knee injuries 7. Shoulder injuries

Unified Badminton 185 Prevention and Treatment Most of the injuries common in unified badminton are preventable by practising good habits. Footwork training would be an essential basic for injury prevention. Many players simply pick up their badminton rackets and start playing with no warm-up. It certainly puts them at a higher risk of getting hurt. With tense, stiff, or cold muscles, a single explosive badminton motion can result in injury. In the case of minor injuries, it is recommended to follow the PRICE therapy principle. This method can be applied at home for 2–3 days. PRICE stands for Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation. In the case of acute injuries, it is recommended to seek medical assistance from doctors. TERMINOLOGY •• Alley: A side extension of the court by 1.5 feet on both sides, which is used in badminton’s doubles match, is known as an alley. •• Back Alley: The area between the back boundary line and the long service line for doubles is said to be the back alley. •• Backcourt: It’s the back third of the court, in the area of the back boundary lines. •• Back Gallery: It is the back area of the court where long service is considered out during doubles game. It is also known as a back alley. This area is between two long service lines at the back of the court. •• Baseline: The back boundary line at each end of the court, which runs parallel to the net. •• Bird or Birdie: Another name for the shuttlecock. •• Carry: An illegal strategy, also known as a sling or throw, in which the shuttle is caught and held on the racket and then slung while implementing a stroke. •• Centre Line: It is the line perpendicular to the net that separates the left and right service courts. •• Clear: A shot hit deep into the opponent’s back court. •• Court: Area of play, as defined by the outer boundary lines. •• Double-Hit: When the shuttle is hit twice in a continuous action, it is a fault. •• Drive: A fast and low shot that makes a horizontal air journey over the net. •• Drop: A shot that hit slowly and expertise to fall rapidly and close to the net on the opponent’s side. •• Fault: Violation of the playing rules either in serving, or receiving, or during play. •• Flick: A quick wrist and forearm rotation that astonishes an opponent by directly changing a soft shot into a faster glancing one; used mainly on the place of serve and at the net. •• Foot Fault: The illegal position or movement of the feet either by the server or the receiver. •• Forecourt: The front third part of the court, between the net and the short service line. •• Hairpin Net Shot: A shot made from below and very close to the net with the shuttle rising, just clearing the net, and then dropping sharply down the other side is known as a hairpin shot. The flight of a shuttle is approximately being the shape of a hairpin. •• Half-court Shot: It is a shot hit low and to the midcourt, used effectively in doubles against the up-and- back formation. •• Game-Point: It is the last point in the game (set) at which the winner is decided. •• Kill: A fast, downward shot which cannot be returned is known as a kill.

186 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XII •• Let: A legal ending of play to allow a reassemble to be replayed. •• Long Service Line: In singles, it’s the back boundary line. In doubles, it’s a line 2.5 feet inside the back boundary line. The serve cannot go beyond this line. •• Match: A series of games to decide a winner is known as a match. •• Match-point: It is the last point in the deciding game by which the match winner is decided. •• Midcourt: It is the middle third part of the court, halfway between the net and the back boundary line. •• Net Shot: It is a shot hit from the forecourt that is just away from the net and drops sharply. •• Push Shot: It is a gentle shot played by pushing the shuttle with a little wrist pace, usually from the net or midcourt to the opponent’s midcourt. •• Racket: Equipment used by players to hit the shuttlecock in badminton and tennis. •• Rally: It is the continuous return of strokes by both players over the net before one side scores a point. •• Service: It is the delivery of the shuttle to the opponent’s court to begin the rally. •• Service Court: An area into which the service should be delivered. It is different for singles and doubles badminton play. •• Short Service Line: A line which is 6.5 feet from the net that a serve must reach to be lawful. •• Shuttlecock: It is a name given to an object that players hit, generally a ball of cork or rubber with a crown of feathers in an open conical shape. •• Smash: When a shuttle is floated high into the air, a player has time to unleash a powerful overhand shot straight to the floor of the opposing court. •• Side-gallery: It is the area between the two side lines of singles and doubles court. This area used in doubles court is also known as the side alley. •• Testing-mark: A special mark over the side line of doubles court to check the flight of the shuttlecock. •• Waist-fault: It is the fault if service is delivered over the waist line. •• Wood Shot: A shot that results when the base of the shuttle is hit by the frame of the racket. Once illegal, this shot was ruled acceptable by the International Badminton Federation in 1963. IMPORTANT TOURNAMENT 1. Special Olympic Games VIVA VOCE Q. 1. What are unified sports? Q. 4. A unified badminton doubles team has how many players? Ans. Unified sports are team sports that bring people with and without intellectual disabilities Ans. Each Unified Badminton Doubles team consists together, to train and compete as teammates. of one (Special Olympics) athlete and one Unified partner. Q. 2. Is badminton a part of the Special Olympics? Q. 5. How is hand feeding done in Individual Ans. Yes, badminton is a part of the Special Olympics. Skills Competitions? Q. 3. In which year was badminton included in the Ans. In Individual Skills Competitions, hand feeding Special Olympics World Games? is done in such a manner that the feeder (usually the coach) holds five shuttles at one time in his/ Ans. In 1995, badminton was included in the Special Olympics World Games.

Unified Badminton 187 her arm and throws the shuttles, one at a time, Q. 13. What are the length and width of a racket? to the athlete like a dart would be thrown. Ans. The length of the frame of a racket should be Q. 6. What is the rule of racket feeding for overhead no longer than 680 mm or wider than 230 mm. strokes in Individual Skills Competitions? Q. 14. What is the weight of the racket? Ans. In Individual Skills Competitions, racket Ans. 85–140 g. feeding for overhead strokes is done in such a Q. 15. What are the length and width of a stringed way that the feeder (coach) holds five shuttles and hits the shuttle high to the athlete using an area? underhand stroke. Ans. The dimension of the stringed area must not Q. 7. What is a bird? exceed 280 mm in length or 220 mm in width. Ans. A bird or birdie is another name for the Q. 16. What is distance between short and long lines shuttlecock. to the centre line? Q. 8. What is centre line? Ans. Short distance is 1.98 m and long distance is 3.88 m. Ans. The centre line is the line perpendicular to the net that separates the left and right service Q. 17. What are the dimensions of the net in unified courts. badminton? Q. 9. What do you understand by baseline? Ans. Height is 0.76 m and width is 1.55 m. Q. 18. What is the weight of the shuttle? Ans. Baseline is the back boundary line at each end Ans. 4.74–5.50 g. of the court, which runs parallel to the net. Q. 19. How many feathers are there in a shuttle? Ans. 14–16. Q. 10. Which is the international governing body for Q. 20. What is the length of a feather? the sport of badminton? Ans. 6.4–7 cm. Q. 21. What is the diameter of the shuttle’s top circle? Ans. BWF is the international governing body for Ans. 5.8–6.8 cm. the sport of badminton, recognised by the Q. 22. What is the diameter of the shuttle’s base International Olympic Committee (IOC). circle? Q. 11. What are the dimensions of the unified Ans. 2.5–2.8 cm. badminton court for singles? Ans. 13.4 m × 5.18 m (44 feet × 17 feet). Q. 12. What are the dimensions of the unified badminton court for doubles? Ans. 13.4 m × 6.10 m (44 feet × 20 feet).

22228 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XII UNIT Wheelchair Throws INTRODUCTION Throwing events in para athletics include four different events that require athletes to demonstrate their power, strength, and accuracy. The four throwing events are: shot put, discus throw, javelin throw, and club throw. Both ambulant athletes (who compete from a standing position) and seated athletes (who compete from a seated position) participate in all throws. In this chapter, we shall focus on the seated throwers, who come under the classifications F31–34 and F51–57. SEATED (WHEELCHAIR) THROWING EVENTS The four seated throwing events—shot put, discus throw, javelin, and club throw—which fall under the classifications F31–34 and F51–57 are briefly discussed below. Shot Put Throw The shot put is a throwing event involving putting (throwing in a pushing motion) a spherical object (made of metal or other suitable material)— the shot—as far as possible from a designated circular throwing area. The athlete who throws the shot is called a shot putter. The shot put was introduced for both men and women at the first 1960 Summer Paralympic Games. The shot must be “put” instead of “thrown” from the shoulder with one hand only. The shot rests on the base of the fingers, with the thumb and little finger providing lateral support and the other fingers spreading out slightly over the surface of the shot. At the time an athlete takes a stance in the throwing circle to commence a put, the shot must touch or be in close proximity to the neck or the chin region, and the hand must not be dropped below this position during the action of putting. In a healthy throw, the athlete begins by facing away from the throwing field, as in discus throw. Punch the shot away from the neck. The thrower must not bring the shot behind the shoulder line. All throws must fall within the landing area. The landing area forms a throwing sector of 34.92°. 228

Wheelchair Throws 229 For men and women, the shots used in seated throwing events weigh between 2.00 kg and 4.00 kg, depending on the category. •• For Sport Classes F33–34, F52–57 from start to finish, the movement of the shot must be a straight, continuous putting action from start to finish. •• For Sport Class F32, lateral movement of the shot away from the chin or neck during putting action is allowed. Discus Throw The discus throw is a throwing event in which an athlete throws a circular biconvex disc—called a discus—as far as possible from a selected circular throwing area. In a healthy throw, the seated athlete begins by facing away from the throwing field before forcefully spinning and then throwing the discus in a sidearm fashion, allowing the discus to spin-off the fingers. In discus throw, the seated athletes use a motionless seating technique, depending completely on trunk and upper end rotation to produce torque, as they throw from a motionless throwing frame. In discus throw, all throws are made from an enclosure/cage/enclosed box designed to ensure the safety of the spectators, other athletes and officials. For a throw to count, the discus must land within a marked landing area. The facility for discus throw includes a throwing circle, protective cage and landing sector. The discus throw is conducted from a circle with a diameter of 2.135 m (±0.005 m) using a 34.92° sector. The discus used by both men and women in seated throwing events weighs 1.00 kg with an outside diameter of 180–182 mm, including the metal rim. The discus throw was introduced for both men and women at the second 1964 Summer Paralympic held in Tokyo. Javelin Throw The javelin throw is a throwing event in which a spear-like object—the javelin—is thrown as far as possible from a designated circular throwing area. The javelin is made of metal, fibre glass, carbon fibre or other suitable material. The facility for the seated javelin throw includes a throwing frame, a throwing circle and a landing sector. The javelin was introduced for both men and women at the first 1960 Summer Paralympic Games. For seated throwing events, seated athletes throw the javelin from a motionless throwing frame. The javelin is held by a single hand at the grip site near the centre of the javelin. It must be thrown over the shoulder or upper part of the throwing arm and does not be slung or hurled. Non-orthodox styles are not permitted. For a valid throw, the tip (metal head) of the javelin must be the first part of it to land on the ground within the designated landing area, before any other part of it. The javelins used in seated throwing events are 2.2–2.3 m in length and 600 g in weight, for all men and women categories (F31–34 and F51–57). Club Throw The club throw is a throwing event in which the objective is to throw a wooden club as far as possible from a designated circular throwing area. The result is decided by a points score using the Raza Points System, which considers athletes’ relative levels of disability. The athlete sits in a rigid throwing frame in a throwing area which is within a marked circle between 2.135 and 2.50 metres in diameter. The club is held at its neck and/or head with one hand only. It is thrown either from a position facing the landing sector or from a position facing backward and throwing overhead. The sport is contested at the Paralympics by athletes in the F31, F32 and F51 classes (individuals with the most significant impairment in hand function).

230 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XII The sport is currently practiced only by disabled athletes. It is the Paralympic equivalent of the hammer throw. The club throw was introduced for both men and women at the first 1960 Summer Paralympic Games. It was dropped from the women’s programme for the 1992 Paralympics in Barcelona but was reinstated for London 2012. GENERAL RULES The general rules of all Seated Throwing Events (Shot put, Javelin throw, Discus throw and Club throw) in Paralympic athletics are as follows: 1. Seated Throwing Technique, Lifting and Failure: (a) In Seated Throw Events, all athletes (Sport Classes F31–34, F51–57) shall throw implements from a throwing frame (chair) in a seated position. The seated position is defined as follows: (i) The athlete must sit so that both legs are in contact with the seat surface from the back of the knee to the back of the buttock (Ischial tuberosity). For athletes with lower limb above and through knee amputation, the residual length of the leg(s) must be in contact with the seat surface till the back of the buttock (Ischial tuberosity). (ii) The sitting position must be maintained throughout the throwing action until the implement has landed or been marked. Strapping across the upper thighs and/or pelvis is encouraged. (b) An athlete shall commence his/her trial from a stationary seated position. (c) It is considered a foul or failure if an athlete moves from the seated position from the time the athlete takes the implement into the starting position of the trial until the implement has landed or been marked. 2. Assistance: (a) The following shall be considered assistance and are therefore not allowed: (i) The taping of two or more fingers together. If taping is used on the hands and fingers, it may be continuous provided that, as a result, no two or more fingers are taped together in such a way that the fingers cannot move individually. The taping should be shown to the Chief Judge before the event starts. (ii) The use of any device of any kind, including weights attached to the body, which in anyway provides assistance when making a trial. (iii) Use of gloves except for athletes in Classes F31–33 and F51–53 that is not in contravention of Rule 2 (b) (iv). (b) The following shall not be considered assistance and are therefore allowed: (i) The use by an athlete, in order to obtain a better grip, of a suitable substance on his hands only. Shot putters may use such substances on their neck. (ii) The placement by an athlete, in the Shot Put, Discus Throw and Club Throw, on the implement, chalk or a similar substance. All substance used on the hands and on the implements shall be easily removable from the implement using a wet cloth and shall not leave any residue. (iii) The use of taping on the hands and fingers that is not in contravention of Rule 2. (a) (i); (iv) The use of gloves that is not in contravention of Rule 2. (a) (iii); Athletes in Sport Classes F31–33 and F51–53 (i.e., quadriplegic athletes) use strapping or a glove on their non-throwing hand and anchor/attach that hand to any part of the throwing frame within the vertical plane of the throwing circle. 3. Throwing Circle: (a) The rim of the circle shall be made of band iron, steel or other suitable material, the top of which shall be flush with the ground outside. The ground surrounding the circle may be concrete, synthetic, asphalt, wood or any other suitable material.

Wheelchair Throws 231 The interior of the circle may be constructed of concrete, asphalt or some other firm but not slippery material. The interior surface shall be level and 2 cm ± 6 mm lower than the upper edge of the rim of the circle. (b) All Seated Throwing Events (Shot Put, Discus Throw, Javelin Throw and Club Throw) should be conducted from a circle with a diameter of 2.135 m ± 0.005 m or 2.50 m ± 0.005 m, using a 34.92� sector. The rim of the circle must be at least 6 mm thick and be white. The use of movable platforms meeting these specifications is permissible. 4. Trials and Measurement: (a) In all Seated Throwing Events, it shall be a foul or failure: (i) if the shot, the discus, the club, or the head of the javelin in contacting the ground when it first lands, touches the sector line, or the ground or any object (other than the cage) outside the sector line. (ii) if an athlete touches any holding straps outside the vertical plane of the rim of the throwing circle. (b) In all Seated Throwing Events, distances shall be recorded to the nearest 0.01 m, rounded down to the nearest 0.01 m if the distance measured is not a whole centimetre. (c) The measurement of each throw shall be made immediately after each valid trial: (i) from the nearest mark made by the fall of the shot or discus to the inside of the circumference of the circle along a line to the centre of the circle; (ii) from where the head of the javelin first struck the ground to the inside of the circumference of the circle along a line to the centre of the circle; (iii) from the first point of contact by any part of the club to the inside of the circumference of the circle along a line to the centre of the circle. 5. Seated Throwing Requirements: (a) Throwing Frame Specifications: (i) The maximum height of the seat surface, including any cushioning, shall not exceed 75 cm. (ii) Each throwing frame must have a seat which is square or rectangular in shape and each side at least 30 cm in length. The seat surface must be level or with the front higher than the back (i.e., inclined backwards). (iii) The throwing frame may incorporate side, front and back rests for the purposes of safety and stability. They can either be made of non-elastic fabric (e.g., non-elastic canvas) or be a rigid construction that does not move (e.g., rigid steel or aluminium). The backrest may incorporate cushioning that must not exceed 5 cm in thickness. (iv) The side, front and back rests should not incorporate springs or movable joints or any other feature that could assist with the propulsion of the throwing implement; (v) The throwing frame may have a rigid vertical bar. The vertical bar must be a single, straight piece of material without curves or bends, and with a cross-sectional profile that is circular or square, not oval or rectangular. It must not incorporate springs or movable joints or any other feature that could assist with the propulsion of the throwing implement. (vi) No part of the throwing frame, including any vertical bar, shall move (save for incidental movement that cannot reasonably be eliminated) during the throwing action. The corner(s) of, or notches in, the seat surface may be cut to accommodate side, front, back rests and/or a vertical bar into the main throwing frame. The size of these cuts shall not be appreciably more than the space needed to insert the rests or the vertical bar in them. The overall shape of the seat shall remain square or rectangular. (vii) Footplates, if used, are for support and stability only. (viii) A daily wheelchair that satisfies these criteria is acceptable (including the requirement that it must not move during the throwing action).

232 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XII (b) Positioning of the Throwing Frame: When positioning and securing the throwing frame inside (c) the competition area, all parts of the throwing frame, including the vertical bar and footplates, must remain inside the vertical plane of the rim of the throwing circle throughout the trial. Time Allocation for Securing Frames: A reasonable amount of time will be permitted for an (d) athlete’s throwing frame to be secured in the circle before the athlete attains a seated position on the throwing frame. The maximum time allowed is for athletes to secure themselves to the chair and have as many warm-up throws as time permits is: (i) 4 minutes for Sports Classes F32–34 and F54–57 Or (ii) 5 minutes for classes F31 and F51–53 Tie-down Device Failure (Sport Classes F31–34, F51–57): If a tie-down device should break or fail during the execution of a throw, then the overseeing official should: (i) If the athlete does not fail, offer the athlete the option of re-taking that trial (i.e., if the athlete is happy with the distance and they haven’t failed, then the athlete has the option of counting the affected trial), Or (ii) If the athlete fails, then the trial should not be counted and the athlete should be allowed to retake the affected trial. SPECIFICATIONS 1. Throwing Circle (for All Seated Throwing Events) Inner diameter of throwing circle = 2.135 m ± 0.005 m or 2.50 m ± 0.005 m Thickness of rim of the circle = 6 mm (white in colour) Angle of throwing circle = 34.92� Thickness of extended lines both sides = 75 cm (Minimum) Width of white lines and extended lines = 50 mm (5 cm) Centre line 34.92° 50 mm White lines 0.75 m min. 50 mm 90° m 0.005 m 2.m1±350.O0mr0±5 2.50 Layout of Throwing Circle for All Seated Throwing Events

Wheelchair Throws 233 2. Shot /Shot Ball (Classes F31 and F51 are not applicable for Shot Put Throw) Weight of the shot for Women—  – Classes: F32, F52 = 2.00 kg  – Classes: F33, F34, F53, F54, F55, F56, F57 = 3.00 kg Diameter of the shot for Women—  – Classes: F32, F52 = 80–100 mm  – Classes: F33, F34, F53, F54, F55, F56, F57 = 85–110 mm Weight of the shot for Men—  – Classes: F32, F52 = 2.00 kg  – Classes: F33, F53 = 3.00 kg  – Classes: F34, F54, F55, F56, F57 = 4.00 kg Diameter of the shot for Men—  – Classes: F32, F52 = 80–100 mm  – Classes: F33, F53 = 85–110 mm  – Classes: F34, F54, F55, F56, F57 = 95–110 mm Stop Board = Not required 3. Discus ( For Men and Women) Weight = 1.00 kg Outside diameter with metal rim = 180–182 mm Diameter of metal plate or flat centre area = 50–57 mm Thickness of metal plate or flat centre area = 37–39 mm Thickness of metal rim (6 mm from edge) = 12–13 mm 12 mm min. Y 13 mm max. approx. 6 mm radius axis D 45 mm + 1 mm for Men 38 mm + 1 mm for Women 50–57 mm 0.220 m + 0.001 m for Men 0.181 m + 0.001 m for Women Discus 4. Javelin (For Men and Women) = 600 g Weight = 2200–2300 mm Overall length (L0) Distance from tip of metal head to centre of = 800–920 mm  gravity (L1) = 1280–1500 mm Distance from tail to centre of gravity (L2) = 250–330 mm Length of metal head (L3) = 140–150 mm Width of cord grip (L4) = 20–25 mm (in front of grip – D0) Diameter of shaft at thickest point = Not required Javelin Throw Runway

234 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XII Centre of gravity L0 L1 L2 1/2L1 1/2L1 1/2L2 1/2L2 L3 L4 0.m15 0.15 40° m max. enlarged tip D2 D3 D4 D5 D0 D6 D1 D7 D8 D9 Javelin 5. Club Throw (For Men and Women) = 397 g Minimum Weight = 350–390 mm Overall length (including metal end) = 18–20 mm Diameter of neck = 50–60 mm Diameter of widest part of the body = 38–39 mm Diameter of metal end = 12.5–13 mm Thickness of metal end 350–390 mm 12.5–13 mm 50–60 mm 38–39 mm 18–20 mm Club EQUIPMENT AND SPORTS GEAR The following are equipment and sports gear for seated throwing events: Shot A shot or shot ball is made of solid iron, brass or any metal not softer than brass, or a shell of such metal filled with lead or other solid material. It is spherical in shape with a smooth surface finish. For seated throwing events, its weight varies between 2 kg and 4 kg, depending on the sports class of athletes. Its diameter also varies depending on the weight of the shots. 4KG 3KG 2KG Discus The body of the discus may be solid or hollow. It is made of plastic, wood, fiberglass, carbon fibre, metal or other suitable material, with a metal rim, and a metal core to attain the weight. The edge of a discus is circular in shape. The cross section of the edge must be rounded into a true circle having a radius of approximately 6 mm. There may be circular plates set flush into the centre of the sides. Alternatively, the discus is made without metal plates,

Wheelchair Throws 235 provided that the equivalent area is flat and the measurements and total weight of the implement correspond to the specifications. For both men and women seated throwing events, the discus is 1 kg in weight and 180–182 mm in diameter, including the metal rim. Each side of the discus is identical and is made without indentations, projections or sharp edges. The sides must taper in a straight line from the beginning of the curve of the rim to a circle with a radius of 25 mm to 28.5 mm from the centre of the discus. The discus, including the surface of the rim, has no roughness and the finish must be smooth and uniform throughout. Javelin A javelin consists of three main parts: a shaft, a head, and a cord grip. The shaft can be solid or hollow, and it is made of metal or another suitable material. The shaft’s surface has no dimples or pimples, grooves or ridges, holes, or roughness, and the finish must be smooth and uniform throughout. A metal head (ending in a sharp point) is attached to the shaft. It contains a reinforced tip of other metal alloy welded on to the front end of the head, provided that the completed head is smooth and uniform along the whole of its surface. The angle of the tip shall not exceed 40 degrees. The cord grip, which covers the centre of gravity, does not exceed the diameter of the shaft by more than 8 mm. It has a regular, nonslip pattern surface without thongs, notches, or indentations of any kind. The grip shall be of uniform thickness. The size, shape, minimum weight, and centre of gravity of the javelin are all defined by World Para Athletics rules. In international competition, both men and women throw a javelin between 2.2 and 2.3 m in length and 600 g in weight. The javelin has a grip, between 140 and 150 mm wide, made of cord and located at the javelin’s centre of gravity (0.8 to 0.92 m) from the javelin tip. Wooden Club The club for men and women is 397 g (minimum) in weight and 350–390 mm in overall length. It is normally made from wood with a metal base. The club has four main parts: a head, a neck, a body and an end (base). The head, neck and body must be solid and made of wood so as to constitute a fixed and integrated whole. The surface of the head, neck and body must be smooth and have no dimples or pimples, grooves or ridges, holes or roughness. The head is spherical or cylindrical in shape and immediately taper towards the neck. The diameter of the widest part of the body does not exceed 60 mm and is cylindrical in shape. The club taper is regular toward the neck and slight toward the metal end (base). Throwing Frame (Chair and Tie Downs) A throwing frame (also called a throwing chair) must have a seat which is square or rectangular in shape. Its each side is at least 30 cm in length. The seat surface must be level or with the front higher than the back (i.e., inclined backwards). The maximum height of the seat surface, with or without cushion, should not exceed 75 cm. The throwing chair is tied down to the ground to provide stability for the thrower. Without tie-downs, the chair can move out from under the thrower as he/she applies a large amount of force on the chair. Tie-downs are ratchet straps and metal stakes that should be used at a minimum on all four corners. Concrete stakes put into the ground at an angle work well, if the ratchet strap has a circle just ahead of the hook. It is not advisable to use aluminium stakes, as a very sharp edge will form on the top.

236 Comprehensive Physical Education Lab Manual—XII 2. World Para Athletics Championships IMPORTANT TOURNAMENTS 1. Paralympic Games 3. Parapan American Games VIVA VOCE Q. 1. Which seated throwing sports are included in discus throw, javelin throw and club throw) Paralympic athletics? is conducted from a throwing circle with a diameter of 2.135 m ± 0.005 m or 2.50 m ± 0.005 m, Ans. Paralympic athletics include four throwing using a 34.92° sector. The rim of the circle must sports: shot put throw, discus throw, javelin be at least 6 mm thick and be white. throw, and club throw. Q. 9. What is the length of the javelin used for Q. 2. What is the angle of the throwing sector for all men and women categories (F31–34 and the seated throwing events? F51–57) in all seated throwing events? Ans. 34.92�. Ans. The javelins used in seated throwing events are 2.2–2.3 m in length, for all men and women Q. 3. In what circumstances is a throw considered categories (F31–34 and F51–57). a failure? Q. 10. In club throw, how the club is thrown? Ans. The throw is considered a failure if the athlete moves from the seated position from the time Ans. The club is held at its neck and/or head with one the athlete takes the implement into the starting hand only. It is thrown either from a position position of the trial until the throw has been facing the landing sector or from a position marked. facing backward and throwing overhead. Q. 4. In seated shot put, how is the shot held? Q. 11. Which sport classes are contested for club throw in the Paralympics? Ans. The shot must be “put” instead of “thrown” from the shoulder with one hand only. The shot Ans. The club throw sport is contested at the rests on the bases of the fingers, with the thumb Paralympics by athletes in the F31, F32 and F51 and little finger providing lateral support and sports classes. the other fingers spreading out slightly over the surface of the shot. Q. 12. When was the club throw introduced in the Summer Paralympic Games? Q. 5. What is the shot diameter for women in classes F32 and F52? Ans. The club throw was introduced for both men and women at the first 1960 Summer Paralympic Ans. For women in classes F32 and F52, the shot Games. diameter is 80–100 mm. Q. 13. How is the throwing frame used in the seated Q. 6. What is the shot diameter for men in classes throwing events? F33 and F53? Ans. The throwing frame (or chair) is tied down to Ans. For men in classes F33 and F53, the shot the ground to provide stability for the thrower. diameter is 85–110 mm. Without tie-downs, the chair can move out from under the thrower as he/she applies a Q. 7. When was the seated shot put first introduced large amount of force on the chair. in the Paralympic Games? Q. 14. What is the height of the seat surface in the Ans. The seated shot put was introduced for both throwing frame used for all seated throwing men and women at the first 1960 Summer events? Paralympic Games. Ans. The height of the seat surface (including any Q. 8. What are the specifications of the throwing cushioning) in the throwing frame used for all area for all seated throwing events? seated throwing does not exceed 75 cm. Ans. All seated throwing events (shot put throw,

Part–D MISCELLANY