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Home Explore Darshini Hindi Pathmala for Class 4

Darshini Hindi Pathmala for Class 4

Published by Laxmi Publications (LP), 2021-11-29 12:45:03

Description: Darshini Hindi Pathmala for Class 4

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1- if<+, vkSj cksfy,µ oLrq,¡ uxj fpYyk;k vn`'; O;koqQy 2- lkspdj crkb,µ (d) cw<+k vosQyk D;ksa jgrk Fkk\\ ([k) Nkrs osQ Nsnksa ls ikuh D;ksa ugha Vid jgk Fkk\\ (x) ckSus us Nkrs ij yxk tknqbZ ysi D;kas gVk;k\\ 1- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft,µ (d) c--w<--+s--d---k--N--k-r--k--o--SQ-l--k---F-k-k-\\------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) cw<+s us Nkrk >kfM+;ksa esa D;ksa isaQd fn;k\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (x) Nkrs dks fdlus Bhd fd;k Fkk vkSj oSQls\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 80 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4

(?k) cw<+s us D;ksa dgk fd ;g esjk Nkrk ugha gS\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- uhps fn, 'kCnksa dh lgk;rk ls fjDr LFkku Hkfj,µ Nkrk] njok”ks] vn`';] nq[k] fofp=k (d) ,slk --------------------- Nkrk uxj esa fdlh osQ ikl ugha FkkA ([k) cw<+k --------------------- ysdj ?kj ls ckgj fudykA (x) cw<+s dks Nkrk [kks tkus dk cgqr --------------------- FkkA (?k) cw<+s dk Nkrk --------------------- osQ ikl gh j[kk FkkA (Ä) cw<+s dks --------------------- ckSus dh gh g¡lh jg&jgdj lqukbZ ns jgh FkhA 3- uhps fn, okD;kas oQs lkeus lgh (3) vFkok xyr (7) dk fpgu~ yxkb,µ (d) Nkrs esa ls o\"kkZ dh cw¡nsa Vi&Vi Vid jgh FkhaA ([k) pksj us Nkrs osQ Nsnksa esa uhys vkSj ihys jax osQ iScan yxk fn, FksA (x) ,d yM+dh us cw<+s n~okjk isaQosQ x, Nkrs dks mBk fy;kA (?k) ckSus us Nkrs osQ Nsnksa ij ,d tknqbZ ysi yxk fn;k FkkA 4- uhps fn, okD;kas dks ikB oQs vulq kj lgh Øe eas yxkb,µ o\"kkZ esa tc cw<+k Nkrk ysdj fudyrk rks Nkrs osQ Nsnksa ls ikuh Vidrk jgrk FkkA pksj dks Hkh esjk gh Nkrk feyk FkkA cw<+k ,d NksVs&ls uxj esa vosQyk jgrk FkkA ckSus us Nkrs osQ Nsnksa ij ,d tknqbZ ysi yxk fn;k FkkA Nkrs osQ Nsnksa ls ikuh dh ,d cw¡n Hkh ugha Vid jgh FkhA Nkrs okyk cw<+k 81

ckSus us Nkrs osQ Nsnksa ij yxk tknqbZ ysi gVk fn;kA cw<+k izlUurk ls ph[k jgk Fkkµ¶esjk Nkrk fey x;k] esjk Nkrk fey x;kA¸ cw<+s dks yxk fd Nkrs esa dksbZ Hkwr ?kql x;k gSA 1- ikB eas vk, fo'k\"s k.k 'kCnkas dks fo'k\"s ; osQ lkeus fyf[k,µ  (((dÄx)))fo 'k------s\"---k---.------k------------------------ fo'ks\"; fo'ks\"k.k fo'ks\"; O;fDr ------------------------------------------ diM+s ?kj ([k) ysi Nkrk (?k) iScan (p) 2- o\"kkZ dh cw¡nksa osQ Vidus ls Vi&Vi dh èofu vkrh gSA uhps nh xbZ èofu;ksa dk lgh feyku dhft,µ VjZ&VjZ ?kM+h Vu&Vu fpfM+;k fVd&fVd es<+d pha&pha eD[kh fHku&fHku ?kaVk • ;fn ckSuk cw<+s osQ Nkrs ls tknqbZ ysi u gVkrk rks D;k gksrk\\ • o\"kkZ ls cpus osQ fy, vki fdu&fdu oLrqvksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa\\ 82 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4

• tc euq\"; cw<+k gks tkrk gS rks yksx mlosQ ikl cSBuk O;FkZ le>rs gSa ijarq okLrfodrk ;g gS fd ge muosQ vuqHkoksa ls cgqr oqQN lh[k ldrs gSaA vki Hkh o`n~/ksa osQ lkFk oqQN le; fcrkb, vkSj viuk vuqHko d{kk esa lqukb,A • ;fn vkids ?kj esa dksbZ o`n~/ vLoLFk gks rks vkiµ (d) muosQ ikl ugha tk,¡xsA ([k) mUgsa rax djsaxsA (x) ckrphr djosQ mudk eu cgyk,¡xsA • ;fn Vsyhfo”ku ij vki viuk #fpdj dkVwZu dk;ZØe ns[kuk pkgrs gSaA mlh le; vkiosQ firk th lekpkj ns[kdj fo'o dh n'kk tkuuk pkgrs gSa rks vkiµ (d) firk th dks lekpkj ugha ns[kus nsaxsA ([k) viuk dkVwZu dk;ZØe iqu% izlkfjr gksus ij ns[k ysaxs] ;g lkspdj fjeksV firk th osQ gkFk esa ns nsaxsA ;g Hkh tkusa! ] • usd pUn lSuh gSA 83 Nkrs okyk cw<+k

12 eSa lcls NksVh gksÅ¡ eaS lcls NkVs h gkÅs ]¡ nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4 rjs h xkns h eas lkÅs ]¡ rjs k vpa y idM&+ idMd+ j fiQ:¡ lnk ek!¡ rjs s lkFk] dHkh u NkMs ¡w+ rjs k gkFk! cMk+ cukdj igys gedks rw ihNs Nyrh gS ekr! gkFk idM+ fiQj lnk gekjs lkFk ugha fiQjrh fnu&jkr! vius dj ls f[kyk] /yq k e[q k] /yw ikNas ] lfTtr dj xkr] Fkek f[kykuS ]s ugha luq krh geas l[q kn ifj;kas dh ckr! ,ls h cMh+ u gkÅs ¡ eaS rjs k Lugs u [kkÅs ¡ e]aS rjs s vpa y dh Nk;k eas fNih jg¡w fuLig` ] fuHk;Z ] dg&¡w fn[kk ns pna kz ns ;! µlqfe=kkuanu iar •  dfork Lej.k djokdj d{kk esa okpu djok,¡A •  cPpksa dk lqanj ifj;ksa dh dFkk lquk,¡A •  ek¡&cPps osQ vVwV Lusg osQ ckjs esa crk,¡A 84

xksnh µ igyw] xksn vapy µ vk¡py] diM+s dk dj µ gkFk fdukjs dk fgLlk lfTtr µ ltk gqvk Lusg µ izse fuLi`g µ fuyksZHk fuHkZ; µ fuMj 1- if<+, vkSj cksfy,µ vapy lfTtr Nyrh f[kykSus fuHkZ; panzksn; 2- lkspdj crkb,µ (d) dfork esa fdldh euksHkkouk izxV gqbZ gS\\ ([k) lq[kn ifj;ksa dh ckr dkSu ugha lqukrh gS\\ 1- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj fyf[k,µ (d) -x-k-sn--h--e--sa--l--k-su--s -d---h---c--kr----d--k-Su---d---j-r--h---g-S\\-------------------------------------------- ([k) -N--ksV--h---c--P-p--h---v--a-p--y----i--d--M--+d---j---D--;--k--d---j-u--k--p--k-g--r--h--g--S\\--------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- eSa lcls NksVh gksÅ¡ 85

(x) dfork esa ^,slh cM+h u gksÅ¡ eSa * D;ksa dgk x;k gS\\ D;k vki Hkh lnk N---ksV--s--c--u--s -j-g--u--k--p---kg--r--s --g-Sa\\------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- ,r-ud-----sjslh--gps--h--w¡&---s---f-----nn--------[---h------k---k---x---------bn--------Zs--------d-------------------f-----o-------------r------------k-------------d------uf---u--h----L--[-i-iN-k-`gkaf-esÅkD-];-Sa-r¡k-f-e;u-e-HSa]-k-sa¡k-Z;i]!wjh dhft,µ 3- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mi;qDr mÙkj ij (3) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) xksnh esa dkSu lksuk pkgrh gS\\ (i) NksVh cPph (ii) NksVk cPpk (iii) HkkbZ ([k) NksVh cPph fdlosQ lkFk ?kweuk pkgrh gS\\ (i) ek¡ (ii) cgu (iii) nknh (x) NksVh cPph fdldh Nk;k esa fNih jguk pkgrh gS\\ (i) iMs + (ii) vpa y (iii) Nkrk 86 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4

1- uhps fn, 'kCnkas oQs foykes 'kCn fyf[k,µ -------------------------- NksVk & -------------------------- lq[kn & -------------------------- fuHkZ; & -------------------------- fnu & -------------------------- mn; & -------------------------- ihNs & 2- uhps fn, lekukFkZd 'kCnksa dk lgh feyku dhft,µ ^d* ^[k* fuHkZ; xksn lfTtr izse vapy fuMj Lusg ltk gqvk xksnh vk¡py 3- ikB esa vk, fozQ;k 'kCn <w¡<+dj fyf[k,µ -------------------------- -------------------------- -------------------------- -------------------------- -------------------------- -------------------------- • vkidh ek¡ vki yksxksa osQ fy, D;k&D;k dke djrh gaS\\ • ^cMk+ cukdj ek¡ cPps dks Nyrh g*S & ,ls k D;kas dgk x;k g\\S eSa lcls NksVh gksÅ¡ 87

• d{kk esa cPpksa dks nks lewgksa esa ck¡Vsa& (d) ,d lewg esa os cPps tks NksVs cus jguk pkgrs gSasA ([k) nwljs lewg esa os cPps tks cM+s gksuk pkgrs gSasA & bu nksuksa lewg osQ cPps ckjh&ckjh ls crk,¡xs fd os NksVk ;k cM+k gksuk D;ksa pkgrs gSa\\ • ijh dk fp=k cukdj mlesa jax Hkfj,A 88 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4

15 ok;qeaMy ok;eq Ma y us iF` oh oQs ckgjh vkoj.k dks ?kjs j[kk gAS ;g ,d idz kj ls iF` oh dk ljq {kk&dop Hkh gAS ;g l;w Z oQs rhoz idz k'k vkjS xehZ ls iF` ohokfl;kas dh j{kk djrk gAS ok;eq Ma y eas mifLFkr vk”s kkus uked ijr l;w Z dh gkfudkjd fdj.kkas vkjS muoQs n\"q iHz kko ls gekjh j{kk djrh gAS ;fn ok;eq Ma y eas ;g ijr u gkrs h rks iF` oh ij thou lekIr gks x;k gkrs kA ok;eq Ma y ok;q dh og ekVs h iVV~ h g]S ftleas ge fyiVs g,q gAaS iRz ;ds tho/kjh ij ok;q dk ncko iMr+ k g]S ftlls mldk lra yq u cuk jgrk gAS tc ge ok;eq Ma y oQs ncko ;k ?kjs s ls ckgj tkrs gaS rks gekjk lra yq u fcxM+ tkrk gAS ogk¡ u rks iF` oh dk x#q Rokd\"k.Z k cy gkrs k gS vkjS u gh ok;eq Ma y dk ncko] ftlls fd ge ,d LFkku ij fVoQs jg loQas A ok;q oQs blh ncko dks ^ok;eq Ma yh; nkc* dgrs gAaS ok;eq Ma y vuds idz kj dh xlS kas vkjS ikuh dh ok\"i ls feydj cuk gAS iF` oh ls yxHkx 50 fdúehú dh mQ¡ pkbZ rd okrkoj.k eas 78 ifz r'kr ukbVkª ts u vkjS 21 ifz r'kr vkDW lhtu gAS buoQs lkFk gh vkxuZ ] dkcuZ MkbvkDW lkbM] fu;kus ] ghfy;e] ehFkus vkfn xlS kas dh FkkMs h+ &FkkMs h+ ek=kk Hkh feyh gbq Z gAS iF` oh oQs okrkoj.k eas ikuh oQs d.k feys jgrs gAaS budh vf/dre ek=kk ,d ifz r'kr rd gkrs h gAS Hkys gh ;g ek=kk vfr vYi gS ijra q okrkoj.k eas ikuh oQs d.kkas dk gkus k cgrq egÙo j[krk gS D;kfas d buoQs fcuk iF` oh ij ikuh dh dYiuk Hkh ugha dh tk ldrhA •  ok;qeaMy ls lacaf/r tkudkjh nsrs gq, cPpksa ls ikB dk okpu djok,¡A •  ok;qeaMy dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjdksa osQ ckjs esa cPpksa dks crk,¡A •  ok;qeaMy dks oSQls lqjf{kr j[kk tk ldrk gS\\ bldh Hkh tkudkjh nsaA ok;qeaMy 109

ok;q eas ikuh oQs cgrq gh l{w e d.k gkrs s gAaS bUgha ls ckny curs gAaS ;s d.k brus gyoQs gkrs s gaS fd iF` oh ij Lo;a ugha fxj ldrAs ikuh oQs d.k ok;eq Ma y ;k gok oQs jFk ij lokj gkds j gh o\"kkZ oQs :i eas iF` oh ij cjlrs gAaS /yw oQs d.k buoQs Hkkj dks c<k+ nrs s gAaS vkdk'k eas pedrh fctyh iF` oh ls rjfa xr gkrs h gS vkjS ok;q oQs l;a kxs ls pedrh gS vFkkrZ ok;q ls gh ped mRiUu gkrs h gAS blh fctyh ls okrkoj.k xeZ gkrs k gS vkjS FkkMs h+ njs ckn BMa k gkus s ij muoQs vkil eas Vdjkus ls vkdk'k eas xMx+ Mk+ gV luq kbZ nrs h gAS ;g ok;q oQs xeZ gkds j iQS yus vkjS BMa k gkds j floQq Mu+ s ls mRiUu èofu gAS oLrrq % ok;eq Ma y rhu Lrjkas eas cV¡ k gvq k gAS iF` oh oQs fudV dh xeZ ok;iq VV~ h dks {kkHs keMa y dgrs gAaS ok;eq Ma y dh bl iVV~ h oQs dkj.k gh eklS e curs vkjS fcxMr+ s gAaS ;g iVV~ h tgk¡ lekIr gkrs h g]S mls {kkHs klhek dgrs gAaS bloQs mQij nks vkjS iVf~ V;k¡ g&aS lerkieMa y vkjS vk;ueMa yA lerkieMa y oQs dkj.k gh vkdk'k dk jxa xgjk uhyk fn[kkbZ nrs k gAS 110 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4

ok;q oQs ncko oQs dkj.k gh ge ykxs iF` oh ij jg ikrs gAaS T;k&as T;kas mQij tkrs g]aS ok;q dk ncko de gkrs k tkrk gAS ge ftruk mQij tkrs g]aS ok;q mruh gh gydh gkrs h tkrh gµS pæa ek ij ge iF` oh dh vi{s kk dbZ xuq k vf/d yca s Mx Hkj ldrs gAaS ,ls k ok;q oQs ncko dh deh oQs dkj.k gkrs k gAS ok;q oQs ncko oQs lkFk&lkFk bl ckr ij Hkh è;ku nus k vko';d gS fd iF` oh ij ok;q lo=Z k iQS yh gbq Z g]S ;gk¡ rd fd gekjs 'kjhj eas HkhA ;fn gekjs 'kjhj eas ok;q u gkrs h vkjS mloQs ncko ls 'kjhj eas jDr ?kew ugha jgk gkrs k rks lHa kor% ge ckgj dh ok;q oQs ncko dks lgu u dj ikrs vkjS gekjk 'kjhj ckgj dh ok;q oQs ncko ls pjw &pjw gks tkrkA gekjs 'kjhj oQs vna j dh ok;q vkjS mloQs ncko ls ioz kfgr jDr oQs dkj.k ncko eas lra yq u mRiUu gks tkrk gS blfy, ge ckgj oQs ok;eq Ma y oQs ncko dks lg ikrs gAaS lkjS eMa y oQs iF` oh lfgr vkB xgz kas dh tkudkjh ikz ;% lHkh dks gS yfs du iF` oh tlS k ok;eq Ma y vU; fdlh xgz ij ugha gAS iF` oh dh lcls cMh+ fo'k\"s krk bldk ok;eq Ma y gh gS ftloQs fcuk tho/kjh thfor ugha jg ldrAs gkfudkjd µ uqdlkunk;d tho/kjh µ ftlesa thou gks xq#Rokd\"kZ.k µ og 'kfDr ftloQs }kjk dkbs Z fiMa nlw js fiMa dks viuh vkjs vkoQ` \"V djrk gAS vf/dre µ lcls vf/d lw{e µ cgqr NksVk rjafxr µ ygjkrk gqvk la;ksx µ ;ksx] tksM+ xM+xM+kgV µ cknyksa dh èofu Mx µ dne loZ=k µ lc txg izokfgr µ cgrk gqvk bUgsa ,sls Hkh fy[k ldrs gSaµ e.My µ eaMy B.Mk µ BaMk lEHkor% µ laHkor% lUrqyu µ larqyu ok;qeaMy 111

1- if<+, vkSj cksfy,µ jDr tho/kjh mifLFkr ok;qiV~Vh larqyu 2- lkspdj crkb,µ (d) ok;qeaMy fdlls feydj cuk gS\\ ([k) ;fn gekjs 'kjhj esa ok;q u gksrh rks D;k gksrk\\ (x) i`Foh dks lcls vuks[kk xzg D;ksa ekuk x;k gS\\ 1- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft,µ (d) v---k-s”-k-k-su---i--j-r----d--k---D--;--k--e--g--Ù-o----g-S\\--------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) o--k-;--qe--aM--y----e--sa--f-d--u--&--f-d---u---x--Sl--k-sa -d---k---fe--J---.-k---g-S\\------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (x) -o-k-;--qe--aM--y----d---k-Su-&--d---k-Su---l--s--L-r--j-k-sa--e--sa -c--¡V--k---g-qv---k--g--S\\--------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 112 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4

(?k) -p--æa -e--k--i--j---e--u-\"q-;----v--f-/--d----y--ca--s--M--x---D--;-k-as--H-k-j--i--k-r-k---g-\\S------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Ä) gekjs 'kjhj eas ok;q D;k dk;Z djrh g\\S ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mi;qDr mÙkj ij (3) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) ok;qeaMy esa lcls vfèkd ek=kk esa dkSu&lh xSl ikbZ tkrh gS\\ (i) ehFksu (ii) vkWDlhtu (iii) ukbVªkstu ([k) ok;q osQ xeZ gksdj iSQyus vkSj BaMk gksdj floqQM+us dh èofu dks D;k dgrs gSa\\ (i) ljljkgV (ii) ?kM+?kM+kgV (iii) xM+xM+kgV (x) fdloQs dkj.k vkdk'k dk jxa xgjk uhyk fn[kkbZ nrs k g\\S (i) {kksHkeaMy osQ dkj.k (ii) lerkieaMy osQ dkj.k (iii) vk;ueaMy osQ dkj.k (?k) izR;sd tho/kjh ij fdldk ncko iM+rk gS\\ (i) ok;qeaMy dk (ii) i`Foh dk (iii) lwjt dk 3- uhps fn, 'kCnksa dh lgk;rk ls okD; iwjs dhft,µ rhu] ok;q] i`Foh] ok;qeaMy okrkoj.k (d) -------------------------- vuds idz kj dh xlS kas vkjS ikuh dh ok\"i ls feydj fuferZ gAS ([k) i`Foh osQ -------------------- esa ikuh osQ d.k feys jgrs gSaA ok;qeaMy 113

(x) ok;qeaMy -------------------- Lrjksa esa c¡Vk gqvk gSA (?k) -------------------- osQ ncko osQ dkj.k gh ge yksx i`Foh ij jg ikrs gSaA (Ä) -------------------- dh lcls cM+h fo'ks\"krk bldk ok;qeaMy gh gSA 4- mfpr feyku dhft,µ (d) {kksHkeaMy osQ dkj.k gh vkdk'k dk jax xgjk uhyk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ([k) lerkieaMy ok;q dk nckoA (x) ok;qeaMy tgk¡ {kksHkeaMy dh iV~Vh lekIr gksrh gSA (?k) {kksHklhek i`Foh osQ fudV dh xeZ ok;qiV~VhA 1- uhps fn, 'kCnkas eas ^br* iRz ;; yxkdj u, 'kCn cukb,µ ------------------------------------------------------ lqj{kk $ br & -l-----qj----f--{----kr------------ -------- izokg $ br & izHkko $ br & tho $ br & vis{kk $ br & rjax $ br & 2- uhps fn, 'kCnksa esa jaxhu o.kZ dh txg vuqLokj yxkdj fyf[k,µ B.Mk & ------------------------------ ok;qe.My & ok;qeaMy lEHkkouk & ------------------------------ lqUnj & ------------------------------ fnlEcj & ------------------------------ bUp & ------------------------------ • ;fn vks”kksu ijr u gksrh rks D;k gksrk\\ • dkSu&dkSu lh xSlsa vks”kksu ijr dks gkfu igq¡pkrh gSa\\ 114 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4

• viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk esa ok;qeaMy ls lacaf/r fp=k cukb, rFkk ok;qeaMy esa mifLFkr fofHkUu xSlksa osQ uke Hkh fyf[k,A • i`Foh dk ok;qeaMy fo\"kSyh xSlksa ls izHkkfor gks jgk gSA bls lqjf{kr j[kus osQ fy, vkiµ (d) i;kZoj.k lqj{kk ij Hkk\"k.k nsaxsA ([k) iz/kuea=kh dks i=k fy[ksaxsA (x) cPpksa osQ lkFk feydj isM+&ikS/s yxk,¡xsA • fp=k ns[kdj oqQN okD; fyf[k,µ -------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ok;qeaMy 115

16 paæ'ks[kj osadVjeu pna 'z k[s kj ooas QVjeu dk tUe 7 uoca j] 1888 dks rfeyukMq oQs fr#fpjkiYyh ftys oQs ,d xko¡ eas gvq k FkkA muoQs firk pna 'z k[s kj vÕ;j FkAs ek¡ dk uke ikorZ h vÕ;j Fkk] og ,d xf` g.kh FkhA jeu cpiu ls gh i<k+ bZ eas loJZ \"s B FkAs d{kk eas muoQs no~ kjk iNw s x, i'z ukas ij vè;kid pfdr jg tkrs FkAs 1930 eas mUgas ukcs ys ijq Ldkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA ukcs ys ijq Ldkj ikus okys jeu iFz ke Hkkjrh; ,oa iFz ke ,f'k;kbZ oKS kfud FkAs fon;~ kFkhZ thou ls gh jeu vR;f/d ftKklq ioz f` Ùk oQs FkAs ek=k lkys g o\"kZ dh voLFkk eas gh mUgkuas s HkkfS rd foKku eas u, 'kk/s dj fy, FkAs tc idz k'k oQs x.q kkas ls lca fa /r mudk y[s k yna u ls idz kf'kr gvq k rks mudh dhfrZ pkjkas vkjs iQS y xbAZ lu~ 1921 eas jeu dks f'kdkxks eas gbq Z fo'ofon;~ ky; dkUW iQasz l eas dydÙkk fo'ofon;~ ky; oQs ifz rfuf/ oQs :i eas Hkts k x;k FkkA dkUW iQasz l ls ykVS rs le; jeu dk è;ku lenq z oQs ikuh dh vkjs x;kA mUgkuas s fi”z e ls >kd¡ dj n[s kk rks ik;k fd lenq z dk jxa vkdk'k oQs iHz kko ls uhyk ugha g]S vfirq ikuh oQs Hkhrj ls uhfyek >ydrh gAS ogk¡ ls ykVS dj jeu us idz k'k oQs iHz kkokas ij fopkj djuk 'k:q dj fn;kA fujra j vulq /a ku djoQs mUgkuas s bl ckr dks fln/~ dj fn;k fd vyx&vyx ekè;ekas ls gkds j tkus ij idz k'k dh fdj.kkas dk :Ik •  cPpksa dks panz'ks[kj osaoQVjeu osQ ckjs esa crk,¡A ftKklq izo`fÙk osQ dkj.k gh osaoQVjeu brus cM+s oSKkfud cu losQA cPpksa dks ftKklq cuus osQ fy, izsfjr djsaA •  cPpksa ls vkl&ikl dh oLrqvksa ls tqM+s D;k] D;ksa] oSQls vkfn iz'u iwNsaA cPpksa osQ efLr\"d esa ;fn ,sls iz'u Lor% gh mBsaxs rHkh os oqQN u;k dj losaQxs] ,slk mUgsa le>k,¡A 116 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4

ifjofrrZ gks tkrk gAS ups j if=kdk eas ^idz k'k oQs iHz kko* ij Nis y[s k ls nfq u;kHkj eas bl 'kk/s dh /ew ep xbAZ bloQs fy, mUgas 1930 eas fo'o oQs lokPZs p lEeku ^ukcs ys ijq Ldkj* ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA idz k'k iHz kko dks ^jeu iHz kko* oQs uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gAS jeu dks Hkkjrh; gkus s ij xoZ FkkA mUgkuas s uohure vkfo\"dkjkas oQs fy, Hkkjr oQs ;oq k oKS kfudkas dks ifsz jr djus vkjS mudk ekxnZ 'kuZ djus eas egÙoi.w kZ ;kxs nku fn;kA lu~ 1954 eas mUgas ^Hkkjr jRu* dh mikf/ ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA Hkkjrh; ;oq k oKS kfudkas oQs ijsz .kk&lkz rs jeu 21 uoca j] 1970 dks eR` ;q dh xkns eas lkds j lnk oQs fy, vej gks x,A loZJs\"B µ lcls vPNk lEekfur djuk µ vknj iznku djuk ftKklq µ tkuus dk bPNqd dhfrZ µ [;kfr] izfln~f/ loksZPp µ lcls m¡Qpk izsfjr djuk µ izksRlkfgr djuk ekxZn'kZu djuk µ jkg fn[kkuk 1- if<+, vkSj cksfy,µ oSKkfud izo`fÙk dkWUizsaQl fr#fpjkiYyh vÕ;uisVS 2- lkspdj crkb,µ (d) osaoQVjeu fdl izo`fÙk osQ Fks\\ ([k) dydÙkk fo'ofon~;ky; dh vksj ls jeu dks dgk¡ Hkstk x;k Fkk\\ (x) fo'o dk loksZPp lEeku dkSu&lk gS\\ paæ'ks[kj osadVjeu 117

1- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft,µ (d) -p--an-z'--k-s[--kj---o--sao--Q-V--j-e--u---d---k---t--U-e---d---c----v--k-Sj---d---g-k-¡ --g--qv--k---F-k-k-\\---------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) panz'ks[kj osadVjeu dks ukscsy iqjLdkj D;ksa fn;k x;k Fkk\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (x) osadVjeu n~okjk ^izdk'k izHkko* ij fd, x, 'kks/ dks fdl uke ls tkuk tkrk gS\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- lgh 'kCn pqudj fjDr LFkku Hkfj,µ xoZ Hkkjrh; ekxZn'kZu yanu jeu izHkko (d) osadVjeu ukscsy iqjLdkj ikus okys izFke -------------------- FksA ([k) osadVjeu dk izdk'k lacaf/r ys[k -------------------- ls izdkf'kr gqvk FkkA (x) izdk'k izHkko dks -------------------- osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA (?k) jeu dks Hkkjrh; gksus ij -------------------- FkkA (Ä) osadVjeu us ;qok oSKkfudksa dk -------------------- fd;kA 118 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4

3- mfpr feyku dhft,µ (d) osadVjeu dks ukscsy iqjLdkj izkIr gqvkA 1954 esa ([k) jeu us fo'ofon~;ky; izfrfuf/ osQ :i esa dWkUizsaQl dhA uspj if=kdk esa (x) izdk'k osQ izHkko ij ys[k NikA 1970 esa (?k) osadVjeu dks HkkjrjRu feykA 1930 esa (Ä) osadVjeu th dk LoxZokl gqvkA f'kdkxks esa 4- uhps fn, okD;ksa osQ lkeus lgh (3) vFkok xyr (7) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) jeu cpiu ls gh i<+kbZ esa loZJs\"B FksA ([k) 1950 esa osadVjeu dks ukscsy iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;k (x) osadVjeu us HkkSfrd foKku esa u, 'kks/ dj fy, FksA (?k) odas Vjeu us v/a dkj oQs iHz kkokas ij fopkj djuk ikz jEHk dj fn;kA 1- uhps fn, '------k---C------n------k---as------o------Qs---------l---------eku kFiifikzgddZ rykk 'k' k kCn---------f---y---------f---[------k------,------µ------------ leku vFkZ okys 'kCnksa dks iqjLdkj lekukFkhZ ;k i;kZ;okph leqnz 'kCn dgrs gSa_ tSlsµikuh] vè;kid ty vkfnA 2- dks\"Bd esa fnnzk,s.kkp'kkC;nZ kusa sovsQ ifuos y--k-s-e----'--k-C-n-- Hkjdj okD; iwjs dhft,µ fy;kA (d) xq# dk izfr'kks/ ikaMoksa osQ n~okjk ([k) -o---sQ--------------------------------v---k-foj\"Rdukska jdksa kosQHkaMfykj, gSA oSKkfudksa dks (lEeku) (x) leqnz ;qok (ckgj) jeu izsfjr djrs (?k) FksA dks -------------------- osQ izHkko osQ 'kks/ osQ fy, ukscsy (izkphure) jeu iqjLdkj fn;k x;kA (va/dkj) paæ'ks[kj osadVjeu 119

• ukscsy iqjLdkj fdu&fdu {ks=kksa esa vkSj D;ksa fn, tkrs gSa\\ • ;fn osadVjeu ftKklq izo`fÙk osQ ugha gksrs rks D;k u, iz;ksx laHko Fks\\ • fp=k ns[kdj buosQ ckjs esa oqQN iafDr;k¡ fyf[k,A ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • ukscsy iqjLdkj ikus okys ik¡p Hkkjrh; ;k Hkkjrh; ewy osQ O;fDr;ksa osQ uke viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk esa fyf[k,A • ;fn vkiosQ fo|ky; esa fdlh dks iqjLdkj feyrk gS rks vkiµ (d) izlUu gkasxsA ([k) bZ\";kZ djsaxsA (x) izsfjr gkasxsA 120 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4

18 cdklqj dk o/ yk[k oQs ?kj eas tyus ls cpus oQs ckn ikp¡ kas ikMa o o's k cnydj ek¡ oQaq rh oQs lkFk fdlh xko¡ eas ,d ckz ge~ .k oQs ?kj jgus yxAs fnuHkj eas mUgas tks Hkh fHk{kk feyrh os mls fey&ckV¡ dj [kk yrs As ,d fnu tc ikMa o lkds j mBs rks mUgas ckz ge~ .kh vkjS mloQs ifjokj oQs lnL;kas oQs jkus s dh èofu luq kbZ nhA oQaq rh us n[s kk fd ckz ge~ .kh jkrs &s jkrs s rjg&rjg oQs idoku cuk jgh FkhA ckz ge~ .k flj idMs+ vkl¡ w cgk jgk FkkA cPps Hkh firk ls fyiVdj jks jgs FkAs oQaq rh us ckz ge~ .kh ls iNw k] ¶cgu! D;k dkj.k gS tks vki jks jgh gks vkjS idoku Hkh cuk jgh gk\\s ¸ ckz ge~ .kh oQq N u ckys h rks ckz ge~ .k us dgk] ¶bl xko¡ oQs ckgj cdkljq uke dk ,d jk{kl jgrk gAS og ykxs kas dks idM&+ idMd+ j [kk tkrk FkkA rc xko¡ oQs ykxs kas us mlls fuons u fd;k fd og geas bl rjg u [kk,A ge mloQs Hkkts u dh O;oLFkk Lo;a dj nxas As rc ls ;g fu;e cu x;k fd iRz ;ds lIrkg ,d O;fDr cyS xkMh+ eas <js lkjs idoku Hkjdj mloQs ikl ys tkrk gAS jk{kl oQs ikl tks O;fDr Hkkts u yds j tkrk g]S jk{kl mls vkjS cyS xkMh+ oQs nkus kas cyS kas •  cPpksa dks egkHkkjr dh dFkk ls lacaf/r tkudkjh nsaA •  cPpksa dks le>k,¡ fd fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa /S;Z ugha [kksuk pkfg,A 128 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4

dks ekjdj [kk tkrk gAS oQz e'k% iRz ;ds ?kj ls ,d lnL; tkrk gAS nHq kkXZ ;o'k] vkt ejs k oQz e gAS ejs s mijkra ejs s cPpkas dk D;k gkxs k\\ ;g lkps dj ejs s ikz .k Lor% gh fudyus dks vkrjq gks jgs gAaS ¸ ¶Hkxoku ij Hkjkls k jf[k,] lc Bhd gks tk,xkA¸ ;g lkRa ouk nds j oQaq rh vius d{k eas ykVS vkbAZ oQq N lkps &fopkjdj og Hkhe ls ckys h] ¶i=q k! ckz ge~ .k dk Í.k mrkjus dk vPNk volj feyk gAS ¸ mlus ikMa okas dks lkjh ckr crk nhA Hkhe cgrq cyoku FkkA fdrus gh jk{klkas dks mlus eR` ;q oQs ?kkV mrkj fn;k FkkA og ilz Uu gkds j ckys k] ¶Bhd g]S ek!¡ vkt Hkkts u yds j eaS tkmQ¡ xkA blh cgkus HkjiVs Hkkts u Hkh feyxs kA¸ lHkh ikMa okas ls fopkj&foe'kZ djoQs oQaq rh us ckz ge~ .k ls dgk] ¶vkioQs LFkku ij vkt ejs k cVs k Hkhe Hkkts u yds j tk,xkA¸ ;g luq dj ckz ge~ .k ckys k] ¶ugh&a ugh]a vki lc ejs s vfrfFk gaS vkjS vfrfFk Hkxoku dk :Ik gkrs s gAaS eaS vius LFkku ij vkioQs i=q k dks eR` ;q oQs eg¡q eas oQS ls Hkts ldrk g\\¡w ¸ tc oQaq rh us mUgas vk'oklu fn;k rks ckz ge~ .k ifjokj us ilz Uurkiow dZ Hkhe dks idokukas ls Hkjh cyS xkMh+ oQs lkFk fonk dj fn;kA Hkhe idokukas ls Hkjh xkMh+ dks yds j xko¡ oQs ckgj igp¡q kA idokukas dh lxq /a ls og Lo;a dks jkds u ldk cdklqj dk o/ 129

vkjS lhek oQs ikj igp¡q rs gh idoku [kkus yxkA jk{kl dh oQa njk xko¡ oQs ckgj FkhA idokukas dh lxq /a ikrs gh og oQa njk ls ckgj vk;kA Hkhe cMs+ vkjke ls Lokfn\"V O;ta ukas dk vkuna ys jgk FkkA vius fy, vk, Hkkts u dks fdlh vU; no~ kjk [kkrk n[s kdj jk{kl dks oQz k/s vk x;kA og oQz k/s ls ijS iVdrk gvq k Hkhe oQs lkeus vkdj [kMk+ gks x;kA Hkhe fuMjrk ls Hkkts u djrk jgkA Hkhe dh dkbs Z ifz rfoQz ;k u n[s k jk{kl dk oQz k/s vkjS c<+ x;kA mlus Hkhe oQs flj ij ?kl¡w k ns ekjk ijra q Hkhe us nlw jh vkjs eg¡q ?keq k;k vkjS idoku [kkus yxkA jk{kl us mldh ihB ij dbZ ?kl¡w s ekjAs fiQj Hkh Hkhe ij dkbs Z iHz kko u gvq kA tlS s gh jk{kl us mls mBkdj iVduk pkgk] Hkhe us jk{kl oQs eg¡q ij ,d ykr tek nhA cdkljq njw tkdj fxjkA og rhorz k ls mBdj vius lhxa kas ls vkoQz e.k djus oQs fy, Hkhe dh vkjs nkMS k+ A Hkhe rhorz k ls gV x;k] cdkljq iMs + ls tk Vdjk;k vkjS mldk ,d lhxa VVw x;kA vc Hkhe mBdj [kMk+ gks x;k vkjS dgus yxk] ¶eaS igys viuh {k/q k 'kkra djuk pkgrk Fkk yfs du req us ejs s Hkkts u eas fo?u Mkydj vPNk ugha fd;kA vc eaS igys rEq gha ls fuiVrk g]¡w Hkkts u ckn eas dj yx¡w kA¸ fiQj rks Hkhe us mls iVd&iVddj /jrh ij ns ekjkA jk{kl xjq k;Z k] fpYyk;k vkjS Hkhe dks ekjus dk Hkjld i;z kl fd;k ij Hkhe oQs lkeus mldh ,d u pyhA vR;f/d ifjJe oQs mijkra vra r% Hkhe us mls ekj fxjk;kA iuq % mloQs 'ko dks xko¡ okykas oQs lkeus ykdj iVd fn;kA jk{kl dks ejk gvq k n[s kdj lHkh xko¡ okys ilz Uurk ls mNy iMAs+ xko¡ okykas us oQaq rh vkjS mloQs i=q kkas dks vk'kh\"k vkjS /U;okn fn;kA 130 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4

nqHkkZX;o'k µ cnfdLerh osQ dkj.k Hkjkslk µ fo'okl rhozrk µ rs”kh {kq/k µ Hkw[k vk'kh\"k µ vk'khokZn 1- if<+, vkSj cksfy,µ izfrfozQ;k vkozQe.k lkaRouk vk'oklu Lokfn\"V 2- lkspdj crkb,µ (d) czkg~e.kh D;ksa jks jgh Fkh\\ ([k) yksx jk{kl osQ ikl idoku ysdj D;ksa tkrs Fks\\ 1- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft,µ (d) -o-aqQ-r--h---u-s--H--kh-e----d--k-s--j-k-{-k-l----o--sQ---i-k-l----D--;--ksa--H-k-st--k-\\------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) -H-k-h-e---i--zl--U-u----D-;--k-sa --g-k-s--j-g--k--F--k-k\\------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (x) xk¡o dh lhek osQ ikj tkrs gh Hkhe us D;k fd;k\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- cdklqj dk o/ 131

(?k) xk¡ookyksa dh izlUurk dk D;k dkj.k Fkk\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- fdlus] fdlls dgkµ (d) ¶cgu! D;k dkj.k gS tks vki jks jgh ---f-d---l--u--s --d--g--k--- ---f-d--l---l--s --d---g--k-- gks vkSj idoku Hkh cuk jgh gksA¸ ([k) ¶nqHkkZX;o'k] vkt esjh ckjh gSA¸ -------------------- -------------------- (x) ¶rqeus esjs Hkkstu esa fo?u Mkydj -------------------- -------------------- vPNk ugha fd;kA¸ 3- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mi;qDr mÙkj ij () dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) vKkrokl esa ikaMo fdl :i esa jg jgs Fks\\ (i) jktk osQ (ii) czkg~e.k osQ (iii) fHk{kqd osQ ([k) jk{kl dk D;k uke Fkk\\ (i) cdklqj (ii) HkLeklqj (iii) Vdklqj (x) jk{kl dgk¡ jgrk Fkk\\ (i) egy esa (ii) oaQnjk esa (iii) xk¡o esa (?k) cdklqj dk o/ fdlus fd;k\\ (i) vtqZu us (ii) ;qf/f\"Bj us (iii) Hkhe us (Ä) xk¡ookyksa us ikaMoksa dks D;k fn;k\\ (i) migkj (ii) /u (iii) vk'kh\"k vkSj /U;okn 132 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4

1- i;k;Z okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ ?kj -------------- -------------- o\"kZ -------------- -------------- jk{kl -------------- -------------- cPpk -------------- -------------- Hkxoku -------------- -------------- vfrfFk -------------- -------------- 2- uhps fn, 'kCnksa dks lgh ozQe esa yxkrs gq, okD; cukb,µ (d) -g-k-j---x--,--@--t--q,----e--sa @--l--c---o--qQ-N---@-;--qf-/--f-\"-B--j--@-v---i--u--kA------------------------------------ ([k) -j-g--r-k---g-S-@-x--k-¡o----o--sQ-@-u--k-e----d--k-@--c--k-g-j--@-,--d-----j-k-{-k-e--@--c--d--k-l--qj-A------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (x) -t--k-r-k---g-S-@-o--zQ-e--'--k%--@-i--zR-;--sd---@-l--n--L-;---@-?-k-j---l--s-@-,--d--A------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (?k) -d--j-r--k---j-g--k-@-f-u--M--j-r--k--l---s @--H-k-h-e--@-H--k-kst---u-A----------------------------------------------- • ;fn czkg~e.k osQ LFkku ij Hkhe jk{kl osQ ikl u tkrk rks D;k gksrk\\ cdklqj dk o/ 133

• vè;kid@vè;kfidk dh lgk;rk ls egkHkkjr dh dFkk osQ fdlh ,d izlax dk ukVd osQ :i esa eapu djsaA • ;fn vkiosQ fe=k osQ lkFk d{kk dk vU; Nk=k >xM+k djs rks vkiµ (d) nksuksa dks le>kdj >xM+k lekIr djk nsaxsA ([k) vius fe=k dk i{k ysdj nwljs Nk=k ls >xM+k djsaxsA (x) vè;kid ls nksuksa dh f'kdk;r djsaxsA • ;fn [ksyrs le; dksbZ ckyd vkils Vdjkdj fxj iM+s rks vkiµ (d) mls ozQks/ ls Mk¡VsaxsA ([k) {kek ekx¡ rs g,q mBus eas mldh lgk;rk djxas As (x) mldh vksj è;ku u nsdj vius [ksy esa yx tk,¡xsA ;g Hkh tkusa! - • • • • • 134 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4

• fp=k ns[kdj dqN okD; fyf[k,µ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- cdklqj dk o/ 135

19 csisanh dk yksVk (osQoy i<+us osQ fy,) ea=kh th] dk'kh osQ n'kZu fd, gq, ea=kh th] dk'kh cgqr nwj gSA cgqr fnu chr x, gSaA D;ksa u bl dkSu&lh lokjh mfpr jgsxh\\ fjDr le; dk ykHk mBk;k tk,\\ D;k gkFkh ij pyk tk,\\ okg egkjkt! eSa Hkh ;gh lksp jgk Fkk gk¡ egkjkt] gkFkh dh lokjh dk fd bl volj dk ykHk mBk;k tk,A D;k dguk! BkV&ckV dh lokjh gSA ij ea=kh th] gkFkh rks phaVh jktkvksa dh lokjh rks gkFkh gh gSA dh pky ls pysxkA eghuksa yx tk,¡xs] dk'kh igq¡pus esaA okg! D;k ckr gSA jsfxLrku dk tgk”kA ehyksa dh nwjh ?akVksa esa r; dj ysxkA m¡QV dh lokjh gh mfpr jgsxh] egkjkt! fcyoqQy Bhd dgrs gSa] egkjkt! ea=kh th] mQ¡V dh lokjh gkFkh rks viuh erokykiu esa pysxkA oSQlh jgsxh\\ cgqr vkylh i'kq gksrk gS] gkFkhA 136 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4

ea=kh th] ?kksM+s dh gk¡ egkjkt] ?kksM+k rks lnk ls lokjh oSQlh jgsxh\\ jktkvksa osQ dke vkrk jgk gSA eSnku gks ;k igkM+] ljiV nkSM+k pyk tkrk gSA gk¡ egkjkt! mQ¡V dh lokjh Hkh gk¡ egkjkt! fcyoqQy Bhd] eSa dksbZ lokjh gS\\ oqQ:i mQ¡V ij Hkh ;gh lksp jgk FkkA jktk lokjh djs] ;g vPNk ugha yxsxkA ea=kh th] yach nwjh gSA dbZ fnu rd pyuk iM+sxkA pyrs gq, mQ¡V bruk fgyrk gS fd gekjh rks dej gh VwV tk,xhA ea=kh th] ?kksM+s ij rks l/dj cSBuk iM+sxkA oqQN ?kaVs rks Bhd gS ij ogk¡ rks dbZ fnuksa rd pyuk gksxk] fiQj /wi vkSj o\"kkZ lc oqQN >syuk gksxkA fcyoqQy egkjkt! lksyg vkus ea=kh th] esjk fopkj gS fd D;ksa lp gSA ?kksM+s ij vkjke ls vkus&tkus dk fljnnZ ikyk tk,\\ ugha cSBk tk ldrkA D;ksa uk Hkou esa jgdj gh euksjatu fd;k tk,A csisanh dk yksVk 137

(d) foeku dh fn'kk rFkk nwjh lwpd ;a=k dkSu&lk gS\\ (i) iSjk'kwV (ii) jMkj (iii) ,sehVj (iv) jsfM,Vj ([k) nwj dh oLrq dks ns[kus osQ dke vkus okyk ;a=k dkSu&lk gS\\ (i) nwjchu (ii) VkpZ (iii) oSQejk (iv) osQcy ( x) ok;q;ku ls owQnrs le; fdldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\\ (i) oSQyoqQysVj dk (ii) nwjchu dk (iii) Vsyh¯izVj dk (iv) iSjk'kwV dk ( ?k) ;wusLdks dk eq[; dk;kZy; dgk¡ fLFkr gS\\ (i) U;w;koZQ (ii) isfjl (iii) ok¯'kxVu (iv) jkse ( Ä) la;qDr jk\"Vª la?k dk eq[; dk;kZy; dgk¡ fLFkr gS\\ (i) U;w;koZQ (ii) isfjl (iii) eksLdks (iv) ¯lxkiqj ( p) varjkZ\"Vªh; U;k;ky; dgk¡ fLFkr gS\\ (ii) phu (i) eysf'k;k (iv) U;w;koZQ (iii) uhnjyS.M ( N) varjkZ\"Vªh; jsMØWkl dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ Fkh\\ (i) 1863 (ii) 1960 (iii) 1905 (iv) 2001 138 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4

(t) 4 ls 10 rd dh la[;kvksa dk osQoy ,d ckj iz;ksx djrs gq, la[;k,¡ bl rjg Hkfj, fd mudk ;ksx 21 gks\\ ( >) bl fp=k esa fdrus vk;r gSa\\ (×k) fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,µ (x) (iv) (>) (7) (t) (N) (i) (×k) ([k) (i) (M-) (i) (p) (iii) (?k) (ii) (d) (ii) mÙkj% D;k vki tkurs gSa\\ 139

iz'u&i=kµ1 vof/µ3 ?kaVs iw.kk±dµ60 1- uhps fn, xn~;ka'k dks i<+dj iwNs x, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft,A (10) ,d fdlku osQ mn~;ku esa iQyksa osQ vusd o`{k yxs gq, FksA mu ij jlhys ehBs&ehBs iQy yxrs FksA fdlku cgqr ljy LoHkko dk O;fDr FkkA mlus lkspk fd ;g mn~;ku rks esjs Je dh nsu gS ¯drq ftl Hkwfe ij esjk mn~;ku gS og rks HkwLokeh dh gSA bl izdkj bu iQyksa ij mldk Hkh vf/dkj curk gSA ,d fnu og jlhys iQyksa dh Vksdjh Hkjdj HkwLokeh dks ns vk;kA HkwLokeh us tc fdlku osQ mn~;ku osQ iQy p[ks rks og vpafHkr jg x;kA brus ehBs o Lokfn\"V iQyksa dk lsou mlus vkt rd ugha fd;k FkkA mlus lkspk fd ,sls ehBs iQyksa osQ o`{k rks esjs ;gk¡ gksus pkfg,A mlus lsodksa dks vkns'k fn;k fd fdlku osQ ;gk¡ ls o`{kksa dks tM+ksa ls m[kkM+ yk,¡A (d) fdlku osQ mn~;ku osQ iQyksa ij HkwLokeh dk vf/dkj oSQls curk Fkk\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) HkwLokeh iQy [kkdj pfdr D;ksa jg x;k\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (x) HkwLokeh us vius lsodksa dks D;k vkns'k fn;k\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (?k) uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ ehBk µ --------------- lsod µ --------------- tM+ µ --------------- 140 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4

(Ä) u-n-hax-p--s-j-gf-n--,t---keu--qgk--kµ-o--j-s ----d----k------v----F----kZ----f--y----[----k--d------j-----o---k--D----;-------i---z;----k--sx------d------h--f--t----,----µ-------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- vuqPNsn fyf[k,µ (6) esjk fon~;ky; vFkok esjh ek¡ O;kdj.k ls 3- uhps fn, okD;ksa esa O;fDrokpd laKk 'kCnksa dks js[kkafdr dhft,µ (2) (d) jksgu iqQVckWy [ksyrk gSA ([k) og fnus'k dk HkkbZ gSA 4- u((hpd[ks))f n,reqek¡!ok-nD-s[-;-k-kk-s]sa--ec--sak-g-i-j-z'-u----o-----k--p----d-t--k-'--jk-gC-n-h--g-H-kk-s\\fjv,kµ;k gS\\ (2) (2) 5- fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa ij yxkb,µ (d) jke cgqr vkylh gSA ([k) xUuk cgqr ehBk gSA 6- u?ckhdksMpj+hs h fn,µµ 'k--C--n----k--sa ----o----sQ----¯--y------x------c------n-- ydj fyf[k,µ (4) yM+dh µ -------------------------------------------- iRuh µ 7- uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ vuesy 'kCn ij yxkb,µ (3) (d) o`{k isM+ yrk r# ([k) vky; xzg lnu ?kj (x) vk¡[k p{kq u;u vJq 8- izR;; y$$ xbbkrrdj¾¾ 'kC----n------c------u--k--b----,----µ------ ---------- ------------------------------------------(-- 4) izokg rjax $ br ¾ tho lqj{kk $ br ¾ iz'u&i=kµ1 141

9- vius fe=k dks mlosQ tUefnu dh cèkkbZ nsrs gq, i=k fyf[k,A (7) ikB ls 10- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft, (dksbZ pkj)A (8) (d) lrh'k dk vigj.k D;ksa fd;k x;k Fkk\\ ([k) gkWuZ ctkus ls dkSu&lk iznw\"k.k gksrk gS\\ (LoPN Hkkjr) (x) czkã.k us ftUu dks D;k dke djus dks dgk\\ (?k) chjcy us [ok”kk ljk osQ nwljs iz'u dk D;k mÙkj fn;k\\ (Ä) panzek ij euq\"; vf/d yacs Mx D;ksa Hkj ikrk gS\\ 11- uhps fn, 'kCnksa dh lgk;rk ls okD; iwjs dhft,µ (4) ((((H(d[k?xwykk))))] cc;cnlzwqk<nãj~/+s o.dvkk”HkMkkds]wf~M eNk sskr devkfsauih-lDu-H-dHh-k-kh-hMh--]-- --+d-- --n--k --s[--;--k---d---k---sx----j--n------k----u--------)-------------------------------------------o--------sQ-------i-d----k-l--k------v-g-l-uh--jqH-jkkg[ogukkSjhgk;uFqvkkgAkgASAks xbZA 12- fdlus] fdlls dgkµ (2) (d) ¶chjcy Lo;a dks cM+k cqn~f/eku le>rk gSA¸ ([k) ¶tgk¡iukg! vo'; nw¡xkA izlUurk ls iwNsaA¸ 13- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mi;qDr mÙkj ij () dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (4) (d) dchj osQ vuqlkj gesa fdls Js\"B ekuuk pkfg,\\ (i) xq# dks (ii) xksfoan dks (iii) f'k\"; dks ([k) xka/h th D;k igurs Fks\\ (i) iSaV&deh”k (ii) oqQrkZ&iktkek (iii) y¡xksVh&xeNk 14- uhps fn, fdUgha nks 'kCnksa ls okD; cukb,µ (2) iz;kl] oaQB] fueZyA 142 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4

iz'u&i=kµ2 vof/µ3 ?kaVs iw.kk±dµ60 1- uhps fn, xn~;ka'k dks i<+dj iwNs x, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft,A (10) xq# je.k osQ vkJe esa lSdM+ksa Nk=k i<+rs FksA oqQN Nk=k cM+s lTtu FksA os dHkh fdlh dh gkfu ugha djrs FksA yksx mUgsa ^ghjk* dgus yxsA oqQN Nk=k cgqr uV[kV FksA os osQoy vius lq[k dh ¯prk djrs FksA mUgsa nwljksa dks rax djus esa vkuan vkrk FkkA ,sls cPpksa dks yksx ^iRFkj* dgus yxsA ,d fnu cPpksa dh lHkk gqbZ mlesa xq# th us dgk& dy lc cPps miou esa ?kweus pysaxsA dbZ cfX?k;k¡ vk,¡xhA gj cX?kh ij nl&nl cPps cSBsaxsA (d) -fd---l--o--sQ---v--k-J--e----e--sa --l--Sd--M---+ksa--N--k-=-k---i-<--+r--s --F-k-sA---------------------------------------- ([k) -y--k-sx---o--SQ-l--s--N--k-=-k-ksa--d---k-s -g--h-j-k---d--g--u--s -y---x--s\\-------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (x) -l--c---c--P--p--s --d--g--k-¡ -?--kwe--u--s--t--k-,--¡x--s\\------------------------------------------------------ (?k) -g-j---c--X-?-k-h---i--j--f-d---r--u-s--c--P--p--s -c--SB--sax--s\\-------------------------------------------------- (Ä) uhps fn, x--,---'--kC--n-k-sa--o--sQ fogykfukse µ'kC-n---f-y---f[--k-,--µ-- lTtu µ lq[k µ --------------- 2- laosQrksa osQ vkèkkj ij vuqPNsn fyf[k,A (fdlh ,d fo\"k; ij) (5) ejs k xko¡ (xko¡ dk uke] dgk¡ o oQS lk] iez [q k ckr]as vkidks D;k vPNk yxrk g\\S ) o\"kkZ dk ,d fnu (dc]] D;k gqvk] vkidks oSQlk yxk] ?kVuk] vkuanA) iz'u&i=kµ2 143

O;kdj.k ls 3- vkidks ”oj gks x;k gSA iz/kukpk;Z dks vodk'k gsrq i=k fyf[k,A (5) 4- foykse 'LmkoUCurnfa=rk f yµµf[ k,----µ---- ------------------------------------ ([k) ljkguh; µ ------------------(--4--) (d) (?k) ,drk µ ---------------------- (x) 5- uhps fn, js[kkafdr 'kCnksa osQ ¯yx cnydj okD; nksckjk fyf[k,µ (3) (d) /ksfcu diM+s ykbZA ([k) pwgk iuhj [kk jgk gSA (x) xk;d lqjhys Loj esa xk jgk gSA 6- fo'ks\"k.k rFkk fo'ks\"; 'kCn Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,µ (3) (d) panzxqIr cgqr ohj FksA ([k) lhrk nks yhVj rsy ykbZA (x) jk/k osQ ?kj ij nks oqQÙks gSaA 7- o.kZ&foPNsn dhft,µ (2) (d) Hkxoku ([k) flikgh 8- mfpr fojke fpg~u fyf[k,µ ([k) v/Z fojke (2) (d) iw.kZ fojke (?k) iz'uokpd fpg~u (x) vYi fojke 9- fj(((Dd[xrk))) LFtlekkuhquSljkhkksra ddkBhvikds MLfi+sØlr--;e-ky-k->--k-'s]e--k-saCo-n---Sl--k---sak----l-------s-----i----g-wj---S-Ak------d-------h--f-t-g--,SA--µA (3) 10- i;kZ;okph 'kCn fy----f-[--k-,---µ--- -------- ---------------------- (3) jk{kl µ ---------------------- ---------------------- ?kj µ ---------------------- ---------------------- Hkxoku µ 144 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4

ikB ls 11- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft,µ (10) (d) ou dk okrkoj.k oSQlk Fkk\\ (pjokgs dk cpiu) ([k) vaxzs”kksa us Hkkjr dks v/hu oSQls cuk;k\\ (Lora=krk fnol) (x) ckyd us ¯lg dks fudkyus osQ fy, D;k fd;k\\ (?k) gekjs 'kjhj esa ok;q D;k dk;Z djrh gS\\ (Ä) Hkhe izlUu D;ksa gks jgk Fkk\\ 12- mfpr 'kCnksa dh lgk;rk ls fjDr LFkku Hkfj,µ (4) ((((r(d[h?xukk))))] gioojz/eksad{;sakkqVeukf]jle aMe a=agyku hHd-yku-k-\"hs k-ky-.;---k-qo]--- -f-k-d- ---o- -y---eSK---s--kk-x-fd--u--Zn--dh--'--kkLiZu-sa-rzk-)dpjkdhksa jej--ulsa--hc-s -¡V--p---k-k--f--gg------q,v----A--k------g----SA--f--d--;nkAsrs gSaA 13- fdlus] fdlls dgkµ (2) (d) ¶eSa bldks ,slh f'k{kk fdl izdkj fnyk ldrh gw¡\\¸ (gksugkj ckyd) ([k) ¶vki lc 'kkar gks tkb,A¸ ('ksj dk U;k;) 14- lgh fodYi ij () dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (4) (d) fgju euq\";ksa ls D;k ysuk pkgrk Fkk\\ (i) vf/dkj (ii) cnyk (iii) Hkkstu ([k) cw<+s osQ Nkrs dks fdlus Bhd dj fn;k Fkk\\ (i) ckSus us (ii) fe=k us (iii) csVs us (x) cdklqj dk o/ fdlus fd;k\\ (i) vtZqu us (ii) ;qf/f\"Bj us (iii) Hkhe us (?k) ckyd dh ek¡ us jktk ls D;k ek¡xk\\ (i) jkT; (ii) ckyd dh f'k{kk (iii) /u iz'u&i=kµ2 145

Resources available on web support: Scan this QR code to get animated App on your Android Mobile nf'kZuh ISBN: 978-93-91162-66-5 9 789391 162665 ewY;: ` 299.00 ADH4-4935-299-DARSHINI HINDI PATHMALA 4


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