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1 LADY WILLINGDON INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED STUDY IN EDUCATION B.ED 2021-2023 NAME : V.ABINAYA REG NO. : 2021BED201 BATCH. : II YEAR. :II SUBJECT :PEACE AND VALUE EDUCATION ACTIVITY: 5

2 PEACE PROMOTERS IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES S.NO CONTENT PAGE NO 1 2 Introduction 3 3 4 Peace 3 5 6 Definition of peace 4 7 8 Multiple components of peace 5 9 10 Peace education 6 Importance of imbibing peace in education 7 Various peace promoting organizations 8 Peace promoters of various countries 12 Conclusion 19 Reference 20

3 INTRODUCTION: Peace is a most fundamental asset to community building, to personal growth, and to the very survival of our planet. At the heart of many faiths, practices, and cultures, advancing peaceful co-existence is essential to ensuring productive, meaningful lives and sustainable societies. Peace education activities promote the knowledge, skills and attitudes that will help people either to prevent the occurrence of conflict, resolve conflicts peacefully, or create social conditions conducive to peace. Core values of nonviolence and social justice are central to peace education. Nonviolence is manifested through values such as respect for human rights, freedom and trust. Social justice is realised by principles of equality, responsibility, and solidarity. PEACE : Peace is a concept of societal friendship and harmony in the absence of hostility and violence. In a social sense, peace is commonly used to mean a lack of conflict (such as war) and freedom from fear of violence between individuals or groups. • Peace is more than just the absence of war and violence • Peace is not the absence of conflict – but the ability to manage conflict constructively, as an important opportunity for change and increased understanding • Peace is a commitment to understanding, celebrating and learning from difference • Peace is a commitment not to harm, but also to nurture, all individuals.

4 DEFINITION OF PEACE: Every language has a word to describe “peace” but defining it is hardly straight- forward. In the English language, for example, the Oxford English Dictionary(link is external) provides these primary definitions: Freedom from … ➢ civil unrest or disorder; public order and security ➢ quarrels or dissension between individuals, especially in early use, between an individual and God; a state of friendliness; amity, concord ➢ anxiety, disturbance (emotional, mental, or spiritual), or inner conflict; calm, tranquility ➢ external disturbance, interference, or perturbation, especially as a condition of an individual ➢ absence of, or cessation of war or hostilities; the condition or state of a nation or community in which it is not at war with another ➢ absence of noise, movement, or activity; stillness, quiet

5 THE MULTIPLE COMPONENTS OF PEACE : Peace can be defined through the following four components: 1. Peace is an outcome (e.g., it is assessed by the absence or cessation of violence). 2. Peace is a process (e.g., peacebuilding is characterized by efforts to negotiate freedom from violence through the creation of social bonds within and across groups of people.) 3. Peace is a human disposition (e.e., it is a personal and social orientation to secure freedom from distress and to foster a capacity to act, predicated on a fundamental recognition of freedom and dignity of all people). 4. Peace is a culture (i.e., it is distinctive from a culture of violence, and fosters a sense of global citizenship.)

6 PEACE EDUCATION : • According to Albert Einstein “Peace is not mearly the absence of war but the presence of justice, of law, of order – in short, of government. • According to Freire (2006) “Peace education is a mechanism for the transformation from a culture of violence to a culture of peace through a process of “conscientisation” • Betty Reardon defines “Peace Education is the attempt to promote the development of an authentic planetary consciousness that will enable us to function as global citizens and to transforms the present human condition by changing the social structures and patterns of thought that have created it”. • “Peace Education is an attempt to respond to problems of conflict and violence of scale ranging from the global and national to the local and personal. It is about exploring ways of creating more just and sustainable futures said by Laing.R.D.(1978) • According to John Dewey “Peace education is grounded in active citizenship, preparing learners for assiduous participation in a democracy, through problem – posing and problem – solving education, and a commitment to transformative action in our societies.”

7 IMPORTANCE OF IMBIBING PEACE IN EDUCATION : ❖ Our future depends on how well we nurture the best qualities of children — instinctive empathy, curiosity and an eagerness to express themselves. ❖ Empathy brings sensitivity, compassion and acceptance. ❖ Curiosity brings a willingness to learn about others and to explore new solutions to old problems. ❖ Encouraging the impulse to self-expression can go beyond an individual articulation of feelings and grievances when we also model honesty, thoughtful speech, listening, discussion, debate and conflict resolution through dialogue. ❖ These everyday habits, or ways of being, make us citizens inclined to choose peace-promoting behaviours.

8 VARIOUS PEACE PROMOTING ORGANIZATIONS : • American Friends Service Committee Founded in 1917, the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) is a Quaker organization that promotes lasting peace with justice, as a practical expression of faith in action. Drawing on continuing spiritual insights and working with people of many backgrounds, we nurture the seeds of change and respect for human life that transform social relations and systems. • Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) Since 1915, the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) has carried on programs and educational projects concerned with domestic and international peace and justice, nonviolent alternatives to conflict, and the rights of conscience. An interfaith, tax-exempt organization, FOR promotes active nonviolence and has members from many religious, spiritual, and ethnic traditions. FOR is a U.S. based branch of the International Fellowship of Reconciliation (IFOR) with affiliates in over 50 countries. • IFCO/Pastors for Peace The Interreligious Foundation for Community Organization (IFCO) is a multi-issue national ecumenical agency, which was founded in 1967 by progressive church leaders activists. For more than four decades, the Interreligious Foundation for Community Organization (IFCO) has assisted hundreds of

9 community organizations and public policy groups – by providing technical assistance, training organizers, making and administering grants, and using our global network of grassroots organizers, clergy, and other professionals to advance the struggles of oppressed people for justice and self-determination. • International Court of Justice (ICJ) The Court is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. It was established by the United Nations Charter, signed in 1945 at San Francisco (United States), and began work in 1946 in the Peace Palace, The Hague (Netherlands). The Court, which is composed of 15 judges, has a dual role: in accordance with international law, settling legal disputes between States submitted to it by them and giving advisory opinions on legal matters referred to it by duly authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies. • International Criminal Court The International Criminal Court (ICC) investigates and, where warranted, tries individuals charged with the gravest crimes of concern to the international community: genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity. • International Peace Institute The International Peace Institute (IPI) is an independent, international not-for-profit think tank dedicated to managing risk and building resilience to promote peace, security, and sustainable development. To achieve its purpose, IPI employs a mix of policy research, strategic analysis, publishing, and convening. Seeds for Peace We inspire and cultivate new generations of global leaders in communities divided by conflict. • Servicewomen's Action Network (SWAN) Founded in 2007, the Service Women’s Action Network (SWAN) is the voice of all military women – past, present and future. We are a member-driven community networkadvocating for the

10 individual and collective needs of service women. SWAN is guided by the priorities of our members, who include thousands of women and men, service members and civilians alike. We are committed to seeing that all service women receive the opportunities, protections, benefits and respect they deserve. Our goal is to ensure all service women have access to the information, tools and support they need to reach their personal and professional goals during and following their years of service. • Tanenbaum Group- Religious Conflict Resolution Tanenbaum’s Peacemaker in Action Network is at the center of our activist and academic work in conflict resolution/transformation, and peacebuilding. We count on the Peacemakers to sow the seeds of peace among raging violence. • United for Peace and Justice Today, UFPJ continues to serve as a network of hundreds of peace and justice organizations around the US and world. Together we are working to end war and oppression, shift resources toward human needs, protect the environment and promote sustainable alternatives. Our long-term goal is to grow a culture of justice, peace, equality, cooperation and respect. We value diversity and respect the earth. We encourage member groups and individuals to engage in wide range of activities from educating their elected officials and the public to public witness actions, protests, street theater, nonviolent direct action and mass mobilization. • United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Under the Charter, the Security Council has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. It has 15 Members, and each Member has one vote. Under the Charter, all Member States are obligated to comply with Council decisions. The Security Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression. It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it by peaceful means and recommends methods of

11 adjustment or terms of settlement. In some cases, the Security Council can resort to imposing sanctions or even authorize the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and security. • United States Institute for Peace Congress established the U.S. Institute of Peace in 1984 following years of proposals for the creation of a national “peace academy,” notably from a nationwide grassroots movement and from World War II combat veterans elected to legislative office. • War Resisters League The United States’ oldest secular pacifist organization, the War Resisters League has been resisting war at home and war abroad since 1923. Our work for nonviolent revolution has spanned decades and been shaped by the new visions and strategies of each generation’s peacemakers. • Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) The Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) is an international non-governmental organisation (NGO) with National Sections covering every continent, an International Secretariat based in Geneva, and a New York office focused on the work of the United Nations (UN). Since our establishment in 1915, we have brought together women from around the world who are united in working for peace by non-violent means and promoting political, economic and social justice for all.

12 Our approach is always non-violent, and we use existing international legal and political frameworks to achieve fundamental change in the way states conceptualise and address issues of gender, militarism, peace and security. • World Peace Council The WORLD PEACE COUNCIL ( WPC) is an anti-imperialist, democratic, independent and non-aligned international movement of mass action. It is an integral part of the world peace movement and acts in cooperation with other international and national movements. The WPC is the largest International Peace structure, based in more than 100 countries. PEACE PROMOTERS OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES : In human history, innumerable peacemakers have dedicated their entire lives to fighting against violence, abuse, dictatorships and terror. They have put themselves at risk to support the lives of others and to establish equal relationships through conflict resolution. As such, we devote this space to the following ten remarkable peacemakers.

13 1. Aung San Suu Kyi (1945 – ) Aung San Suu Kyi is a Burmese opposition political leader and chairperson of the National League for Democracy (NLD). In 1988, she addressed half a million people at a mass rally, calling for democracy and reform after General Ne Win stepped down. When the military Junta took control, she continued to fight for human rights and equality. She would have been the new Burmese leader in 1990, if the military junta had not detained her under house arrest before the general election and later nullified the electoral results. In 1991, Aung San Suu Kyi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for “her unflagging efforts and to show its support for the many people throughout the world who are striving to attain democracy, human rights and ethnic conciliation by peaceful means.” After passing almost 15 years under house arrest from 1989 to her recent release in 2010, this brave woman was elected to the lower house of the Burmese parliament in 2012, announcing her intention to run for the presidency in Myanmar’s 2015 elections one year after. Although Parliament voted against most constitutional amendments on in June 2015, meaning that Aung San Suu Kyi could become president in the election, the party which she led, the National League for Democracy, won an absolute majority in both houses of the Assembly in November 2015,

14 paving the way to democracy after decades of military rule in the country. Aung San Suu Kyi’s core beliefs are rooted in nonviolence and the rule of law, under the influence of both Mahatma Gandhi and more specifically Buddhist precepts. Burma’s Iron Butterfly said: “Democracy, like liberty, justice and other social and political rights, is not ‘given’, it is earned through courage, resolution and sacrifice.” 2. Tegla Laroupe (1973 – ) Tegla Laroupe is a Kenyan long-distance track and road runner, and she also actively advocates for peace, human rights and education, through her Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation. In 1994, Loroupe became the first woman from Africa to win the New York City Marathon. Consequently, she inspired many women all over the world as well as young Africans, as a woman champion to run against the many of the world’s strongest and successful male runners. She won the competition again in 1995 and later on in London, Boston, Rotterdam, Hong Kong, Berlin, Rome, and many of other cities. Until today, she still holds the world records for 20, 25 and 30 kilometers.

15 In 2003, Loroupe created the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation, whose mission is “to improve peace building, livelihoods and resilience of poor people affected by and vulnerable to conflicts and civil strife in the world.” At the same time came the creation of an annual series of Peace Marathons, named \"Peace Through Sports,\" wherein presidents, prime ministers, ambassadors and government officials run with warriors and nomadic groups in her native Kenya, in Uganda and in Sudan, to bring peace to an area plagued by raiding warriors from battling tribes. The races have become an important and significant athletic event, and her efforts and achievements in promoting peace amongst African tribes were lauded by the Kenyan Government in 2010. Moreover, Loroupe has also established a school (Tegla Loroupe Peace Academy) and orphanage for children from the region in Kapenguria, a high-mountain town in north-west Kenya. 3. Benazir Bhutto (1953 – 2007) Benazir Bhutto was the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan, serving two non- consecutive terms in 1988– 90 and then 1993–96. In 1982, three years after the execution of her father, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a former prime minister himself who founded the center-left Pakistan Peoples Party

16 (PPP), 29-year-old Bhutto became the chairperson of the PPP, making her the first woman in Pakistan to head a major political party. Six years later, she became the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan and of any Muslim majority country. Today parties from across Pakistan’s political spectrum allow women to be part of their organization and to fully participate in elections. Noted for her charismatic authority and political astuteness, Bhutto drove initiatives for Pakistan’s democracy, economy and national security, and implemented economic policies for industrial development and growth, with an emphasis on deregulation, flexible labor markets, denationalization of state-owned corporations, and withdrawal of subsidies to other corporations. Furthermore, she supported fundamental human rights and stood strong against martial law and the human-rights violations by the regime of Zia-ul-Haq. Since 2007, she condemned terrorist acts allegedly committed by the Taliban and their supporters. Her re-election in 2008 could have been a means for hope for positive change to a country faced with political, religious and cultural strife, but unfortunately she was assassinated before the elections. In spite of controversy and corruption scandals, Bhutto is often seen as a symbol of women’s empowerment, and her struggle to save her father and democracy remains a lasting legacy that is deeply respected even among her rivals.

17 4. Leo Tolstoy (1828 – 1910) Leo Tolstoy was a Russian writer best known for the long novels War and Peace (1869) and Anna Karenina (1877). In the 1870s, Tolstoy experienced a profound moral crisis, followed by what he regarded as an equally profound spiritual awakening, as outlined in his non-fiction work A Confession. His literal interpretation of the ethical teachings of Jesus led to the creation of his non- violent philosophy. He said: “Those who neither struggle against violence nor take part in it can no more be enslaved than water can be cut. They can be robbed, prevented from moving about, wounded or killed, but they cannot be enslaved: that is, made to act against their own reasonable will.” Regarded as one of the greatest writers of all time, Tolstoy had a profound influence on nonviolent resistance movements such as those of as Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr. and James Bevel, and the political strategies of Nelson Mandela. In particular, his writing had a significant impact on Gandhi, who then kept correspondence with the writer during one year until Tolstoy’s death in November 1910, and acknowledged Tolstoy as “the greatest apostle of non-violence that the present age has produced.”

18 5. Susan B. Anthony (1820 – 1906) Susan Brownell Anthony was an American abolitionist, educational reformer, labor activist, temperance suffragist and woman’s rights campaigner. She notably played a pivotal role in the women’s suffrage movement in the US, and her famous quote “Failure is impossible” encouraged thousands and thousands of women to continue to fight. Born into a Quaker family committed to social equality, Anthony collected anti-slavery petitions at the age of 17. After an early life in teaching, she partnered with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who would later be her lifelong friend and co-worker, and founded several famous social associations, including the National Woman Suffrage Association. In 1872, Anthony was arrested for illegal voting in her hometown of Rochester, New York, and convicted in a widely-publicized trial. During the trial, she spoke in all 29 towns and villages of New York, asking, “Is it a Crime for a U.S. Citizen to Vote?” proclaiming her right by the

19 Fourteenth Amendment, “We no longer petition legislature or Congress to give us the right to vote, but appeal to women everywhere to exercise their too long neglected ‘citizen's right.” When she was sentenced to pay a fine of $100, she refused, saying: “I shall never pay a dollar of your unjust penalty,” and indeed she never did. Before her retirement, when asked whether women would be given the right to vote in her lifetime, Anthony replied: “It will come, but I shall not see it...It is inevitable. We can no more deny forever the right of self-government to one- half our people…but come it will, and I believe within a generation.” Fourteen years after her death, on August 26, 1920, the 19th Amendment to the US Constitution was passed, giving all women the right to vote. CONCLUSION : . Promoting peace is not a solitary activity. We are joined in the effort by the vast majority of people in the world who yearn for peace, and work to live together peaceably. For those times when you may find yourself overwhelmed, there is a saying beautifully voiced by the musical group Sweet Honey in the Rock: “Drops of water turn a mill, singly none, singly none.” If we keep moving forward step by step, together we will carve out the path toward peace dreamed of by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., alongside so many others. From finding peace within one's life to demonstrating the greatest compassion and commitment to social justice, extending the principles and the practice of peace to others can guide us to a richer, more secure coexistence

20 REFERENCE : https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/peace- justice/ ❖ https://www.legacyias.com/peace-at-the-heart-of- education/ ❖ https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/spirituality- and-community-building/promoting- peace/main#:~:text=Expanding%20outward%2C%20p eace%20entails%20agreement,this%20planet%20depe nds%20upon%20it. ❖ https://www.leadersleague.com/en/news/10- peacemakers-who-have-promoted-world-peace-part-i ❖ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Main-peace- promoters-under-different-peacebuilding- contexts_fig1_303324645