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Editor’s Note The Third Edition Hello again readers! Welcome to another issue of Soapbox Magazine, this time delving into discrimination. It is no novel topic, but one that is both pervasive and treacherous. Contributors to the third edition have delved heavily into the every-day struggle against homophobia, racism, misogyny, and sizeism. Though heavy, we explore these topics through personable conversations of lived experience; simultaneously revealing an unseen struggle and the need for others to just listen. Punching through is Tidus Artorius’ call to revisit the limitless imagination and wonder of our childhood, and a variety of opinion pieces investigating gender, isolation, and balance. This edition also includes a founding member’s editorial that challenges us to accept disorder and truly connect our dreams with reality. The central message of Soapbox’s third issue is to strive for meaningful relationships with ourselves, our loved ones, and society. — Liam, on behalf of the Soapbox team P.S. As always, we welcome contributions from anyone in the community who wishes to raise up their perspectives or personal projects. If you would like to contribute, visit our website at https://www.soapbox.sydney/ The Sopbox Magazine occupies a special place within our hearts. As the article discusses important social issues, our talented artists aim to bring these stories to life by featuring hand drawn illustrative work. Each piece of illustration is not random, but rather created with symbols, meanings, and the creative intepretation of the narrative. A film plays the story of a script. An illustration tells the tale of a story. The Soapbox Magazine is more than a magazine. It is a passion project which aims to bring about positive changes to improve societal health. It is a creative community creation. The Soapbox Alpaca - Tidus Artorius 2

Life is so fluid, we stand like rocks in the stream, rolling our own paths based on our shape but also our dreams. Life does not take account of these. It rolls along, over us, smoothing the jagged edges with time, ‘til we all find ourselves, all rounded pebbles, on a wide expanse of beach. What are you going on about, Yearill? I hear you ask. Change, my friends, change, the eternal cliché of thoughtful intros, change, the vital ingredient to a successful merry-go-ride experience. Change, subjecting all of us to the fluctuations of chance, dismantling our well laid-plans. I believe in change, and you’ll find some changed content in this edition. If you are at all interested in participating in Soapbox, here’s my challenge to you; change us. What do you want us to be? What can we be for you? This endeavour is nothing if not for you. It’s the only way we grow; as people, we learn about ourselves most in moments we do not expect, in situations we do not foresee. Sometimes it hurts. But if we make it through, we have something that is only gained on the other side of pain. There are deep deep muscles in our psyche that awaken in growth. I have never tried to play it safe in my writings, I respect you too much for that. There is an innocence and discomfort in human connection; curated perfect moments on Instagram do not count. I believe in holding safe spaces, but not at the expense of discomfort. John A. Shedd said ‘A ship in harbor is safe, but that’s not what ships are for’. Come embrace change together, let us change each other. Let us meet on the open ocean, passing for only a short moment, a genuine moment, rather than in the harbor of stillness, of stagnancy, of safer plans, holding on to each other for dear life. So in the same breath I bid you both hello and goodbye, hoping to communicate again soon. Your local Soapbox blacksmith, Yearill Fam. SOAPBOX MAGAZINE 3

What’s Lived Kicks on a Swing... Who Are You? P.6-7 • Body Around Us Experiences Shaming P.10-11 • Facing Down Homelessness P.12-15 • Fighting Taboos & Normalising P.8-31 P.66-76 Menstruation P.16-17 • Learning to Live with HIV P.18-23 • Rethinking Take Out P.24-27 • Opinion Interpretation A Call to Listen P.29-31 • Isolation Through Pieces Game the Ages P.36-39 • The Social Constructions of Gender P.40-42 • Experiences of Sexual P.34-52 P.80-87 Violence Amongst LGBTQI+ People P.44-48 • Learning to Balance P.50-52 • His Death Put A Breath of References My Life On Pause P.68-70 • Racism is Alive Fresh Air & Well in Australia P.72-73 • Culture Shock & P.88-90 Systemic Discrimination P.74-76 • Community P.53-63 Stories P.78-81 4 CONTENTS

Editor Art Contributor Email Liam Correll Tidus Artorius [email protected] Yearill Fam Franco Hermosilla Avishen Saurty Avishen Saurty Website Tidus Artorius Marcus Cheong www.soapbox.sydney Social Research Address Gopi Subramaniam Suite 803/33 Argyle St, Siphiwe Phororo Parramatta NSW 2150 Rabina Khadka Biva Khatiwada Amelia Shi SOAPBOX MAGAZINE 5

Kicks On a Swing... Who Are You? How can human beings find order in disorder, and disorder in order? Avishen Saurty Society is meant to be a sanctuary from the wild A conversation is a good tool to get clarity on winds of the world; hunger, sleepless nights, and reality. Regardless of what points are valid, being eaten. it still gives you data; this is one possible alternative viewpoint. By opening ourselves Humans have the gift of creation, which features up to conversation, our world becomes 3 two components: ideation and actualisation. dimensional. This is a protection against the Ideation is stepping out of the present into siren song of endless ideation and disconnected a projected world of dreams where we can fantasy. glimpse things that don’t quite exist yet. A better future; a better present. In ideating, we have By creating together, in unity, we bridge ideation a chance to make it real. Actualisation is the and actualisation, which gives permission for harder part; making these dreams come true. more daring ideas. This is how cities become This is both the strength and downfall of our the testing bed for culture reformation, the seat creative tendency; the ability to imagine and of revolutions. the pain of return, with or without our dream, to reality. Yet on the other side of daring is safety, and this 6 EDITORIALS

is society’s primary function. It is a structuring agreed meanings, sounds become words, of the world via rules we create, and we must words become syntax, we articulate complex recognise that these, too, disconnect us from meaning, and, from there, form advanced our nature. As society grows, the more we ways to understand the world. Integrating must create mechanisms of control (rules and multiple voices improves our syntax, and laws), to contain the variety of characters in a from it, society. It allows us to understand and healthy neurodiverse population. The stories support each other’s needs, ensuring society our society tells become more abstract, think of serves all of us. Isolated perspectives can only the economy, think of nation-states. The rules exist reactively or passively. Think of something and laws are a game, an ideation, and the more you might exclaim if the line at the restrooms complex they are, the more disconnected from is unprecedentedly long, or if you suddenly nature we become. stepped on dog poop - It’s hardly a two-way conversation. When we act from this isolated So, our hearts being pulled to the extremes of perspective, we still can exist creatively, but to tall walls and straight lines, we kick out; on the others, it may feel like imposition and division; play set of our hearts, we swing forward. Simply remember, we are creating on a shared world. put, by defining limits, we also define who is To use the example above, it is swearing in a beyond those limits. Order breeds disorder. public space. It’s audible graffiti. It does nothing We seek to rediscover our creative ideation, other than temporarily alleviate discomfort. and it’s important staging ground, our natural What can we do, then, to create in the realm state. Thus, we go further the other way to seek of order? balance; it is a crisis of the spirit in response to excessive control. Ironically, this response is also We all have access to that first essential unnatural as we swing past the middle mark. component of creation; ideation. We all may ideate in the last natural sanctuary available to Society now needs to be a refuge from the us, our mind. That is the safest space to do this fairy-tale wolf, the humans on the lawless in a society plagued by security and division. fringes, ever growing because of the weight and Our dreams, forever unspoken, have little departure from the nature of society itself. We chance to follow us back on our return to reality. kick back, swinging the other way, to the realm Unconnected from others, we are alone in our of safety. The game of society, once a playful creation. See how society itself disconnects us sanctuary that allowed creation, becomes a from reality and our natures. Beautiful dreamer, protector, eliminating risk. To operate at this wake unto me. level, society now requires centralised power to maintain its integrity; this swing is no longer Accept that order and disorder are simply people powered, it protects order. Its equal two elements of a game that we started. We opposing force is dangerous freedom. The two started it because we can create. It continues sides, only ever human-made and only ever as a reaction to our creative nature, but without responding to each other, keep growing until connecting the two with conversation, it takes there is rupture, and the civilization collapses. us further away into the extremes of passivity and destruction. The reinvention of our social This is not our prescribed fate, only a possibility. stories is essential to bridging the two; by creating society together, we may jump in and The solution is in the basics, the creation out of the social game with ease and without blocks of culture and society: language. By remorse. We may be ourselves, and not at the expense of others or their safety structures. We can be safe, and not at the expense of the fundamentals of human experience. The experience of being ourselves lies in the space outside our creation, in the real. Our social roles are not our identity. Like paint on canvas, they are only expressions of it. SOAPBOX MAGAZINE 7

8 CONTRIBUTORS

SOAPBOX What’s Around Us MAGAZINE

Body Shaming appearance, but we rarely understand the real impact of our words. People who suffer Soapbox contributor Rabina interviews from body shaming feel they are not good a dear friend Bimal about their personal enough, that they aren’t living up to society’s experiences with body shaming. expectation, and are never satisfied with their body image. They may feel something needs to Rabina Khadka / Illustration by Franco Hermosilla be fixed with their body in order to be accepted or loved. Body shaming is influenced by the What constitutes body shaming is still an ideal image of what the human body should unfamiliar concept for many, despite its look like which is created and reinforced by frequent appearance in society. It is not unusual media representations, edited social media to jokingly call friends, family members, photos, and other social pressures: you can’t and relatives names based on their physical be too skinny or too fat, you must be a perfect size, have perfect proportions, or symmetrical 10 WHAT’S AROUND US features. I conducted a semi-structured

interview with Bimal to spread awareness about A: Yes definitely, by nature I love to be talk the complex impact body shaming can have on with and just be around people, but I don’t its victims. feel comfortable doing that anymore because of my body image. People kept telling me Q: What is your understanding of ‘body tons of medication and food that could help shaming’? me gain weight. Every single time I met them, A: In my understanding, body-shaming is giving it was a new ‘solution’. I think I love to isolate negative comments about others’ bodies and myself from people now, just to be safe from making others uncomfortable about their body. their comments. They will always point out my It’s not always directed at just large people. It body to me, forcing me to separate myself can be directed at skinny people too, or really from others. I wish I could have a perfect body any body shape that doesn’t fit in with the like others, and I have tried many things, none expected shape. of which helped me. I went to the gym and started eating continuously, constantly trying Q: Tell me about your personal experiences to change myself. Unfortunately, I can’t change with body shaming. myself and recently I started accepting myself A: I was born in a patriarchal society that for what I am. believes men are the strong members of society, and they should have muscles and look Q: Do you think the people are unaware of muscular. They should not be skinny; but I was the consequences of body shaming? Why do too skinny. It was not because I did not eat, or you think people are unaware? that I wanted to be skinny. It was just how it was. A: I think so, because only those who have really I was constantly teased, bombarded with things experienced body shaming can understand the like “don’t your parents feed you?”; “do your way it changes how you think. People without parents throw you out when they are eating?”; lived experience would not know that inner or whenever there was a strong wind outside, feeling. They do it for fun, but those ‘innocent they would say to me “hold on to something jokes’ might not be so funny to people who are otherwise this wind is going to take you away”. going through it. They are not aware because I simply became their entertainment. People people don’t talk about it often, less so to the used to think I was skinny because I did not ones who are shaming them. Personally, I never have enough food to eat, and they used to ask confronted my friends about their comments, if I was that poor. It was a very embarrassing despite how bad they made me feel. I took question for me as a child. There were lots of it and just keep it inside of me, rather than incidents involving mean-spirited comments explaining how I felt. about my body, purely because I was so skinny. Q: What sort of community driven solutions do Q: How has that affected your mental health? you think would help reduce the prevalence A: I started having negative thought patterns of body shaming? about myself because I was not satisfied with A: It would be best if we can educate the my body image. Those comments from my community about body-shaming and its neighbours, friends, and even family made me consequences to prevent it from happening believe I had the worst body and looked bad. in the first place, but I would say it starts with I was uncomfortable with myself. I didn’t want individuals rather than the community. An to be around friends because I knew what they individual should have the courage to speak would say if I was around them. It demotivated for themselves and say how they feel about me every time I thought of doing something, like being commented. I did not do that because I applying for my dream job to join the army. I did not have that courage. I think building self- was not confident about socializing with anyone. confidence will allow people to speak up for People had a whole host of assumptions about themselves, which will help people to reduce me, like that I must be involved with illegal many social issues, not just body shaming. substances, all because I could not gain weight. An awareness program across institutions like Q: Did body shaming change your everyday schools would help make people aware of the behaviour and the way you see yourself? emotional impacts body shaming can have. SOAPBOX MAGAZINE 11

12 WHAT’S AROUND US

Facing Down Homelessness Bohlokoa Phororo / Illustration by Franco Hermosilla With a newborn child, and without a home, Joy shares her story of her struggle with homelessness as an African woman living at a refugee shelter in Lewisham. There is a saying that marriage is like a bed of experiencing homelessness as sleeping near roses; It looks beautiful, yet there are unseen shopping centres with their few possessions, thorns. There are many factors that lead to and mostly asking to be assisted with money homelessness, such as family and domestic to buy food. That being said, I have my private violence, structural and socioeconomic factors room I share with my daughter. There is a that exist in our society, such as low income— kitchen where I can prepare food and there creating barriers for those seeking to escape— is also ready to eat meals that are kept in the as well as racism, misuse of drugs, and many fridge that I can access when need arise.” other factors. Below is a story of a young woman experiencing homelessness. “However,” she continued. “A homeless person is also defined as a person living in crisis “My name is Joy, and I am a thirty-three-year- accommodation like me, in temporary housing old Mosotho woman. I was born and raised in or rough sleepers. I think rough sleepers are Lesotho. I then lived in South Africa, where I met the people I explained earlier who sleep on the my husband. We lived together in South Africa streets. Therefore, whilst I have a place to live, for six years before moving to Australia in 2018. I am homeless, and there are also limitations, We arrived in August 2018, and I ran away from such as not allowing friends to visit or any form our home in Dec 2018. I am presently staying of social relations.” To conclude her explanation at a refugee home in Lewisham with my three- of homelessness and people experiencing it, she month-old daughter.” noted a self-belief that she was not ‘homeless’ as such, because the idea that you can quickly After a brief introduction from Joy, I asked her identify people suffering from homelessness to explain her understanding of homelessness. results in many not realising her situation unless “I know how homelessness is defined here they were in a conversation with her. in Australia, but there are two meanings of homelessness to me because I was not born Joy explained what led to her experiencing and raised here, therefore, whilst I acknowledge homelessness. A. “I ran away from the the Australian definition of homelessness, I matrimonial home, that is, from my husband, also refer to the meaning of homelessness because of his violent behaviour towards from my background. A person experiencing me. When it started, it was just verbal, and homelessness is someone who has no roof I believed he was just angry—things would above their head, that is, someone sleeping on get better. My husband controlled when and the street, unaware of where their next meal will where I could go, and, if I persisted, he would come from, having no clean, private space to do get angry and physical with me. This behaviour their personal care; they can be easily recognised became habitual, and it strained my emotional and identified by the condition they are living in. wellbeing. It would get physical, and when that For example, in the city, we frequently see people became regular, I left my home.” SOAPBOX MAGAZINE 13

We then discussed what Joy thought were she currently lives in. She noted that because the root causes of homelessness. She noted she does not get Centrelink support, she gets that from her observation and experience; it vouchers which can buy groceries and toiletries. is mostly family or domestic violence and can impact both women and men. Most people that “I would say they generally treat me well. live at the same refuge as Joy are people who Mistreatment is not that direct. For example, ran away from their abusive relationships. She one time I was having a chat with one resident further shared that race is another variable and the caseworker called her to the office and that increases the likelihood of people to be asked her to stop talking to me and that lady homeless. She noted that her racial group is less came to tell me she is forbidden to be with me.” favoured by society and finding a job can be Sadly, she explained she was the only resident challenging because of this. Without this source with an African background, and that it likely of income, it was all too easy to experience played into why she was told not to fraternise homelessness. She further noted that Australian with the other women in the shelter. However, citizens are supported through Centrelink, which Joy noted, they can also be kind, because some allows them to live in temporary housing and to workers like to sit with her in the TV room and find suitable permanent accommodation with play with her daughter. less difficulty. “Everyone in the shelter treats each other with I then asked her to explain her living love and respect, and I don’t feel alienated from arrangements and how she found the place. them. However, a couple of times when the She softly responded, “it is generally ok”. She baby has been crying, residents would call the caseworker to come check on me and the baby. “Whilst I have a place to live, I am home- The case worker would come through and ask less, and there are also limitations, such what I have done to the baby or if there is as not allowing friends to visit or any anything wrong. I think and believe the lady that form of social relations.” repeatedly called the caseworker was because she was concerned, and she knew I was a first- then indicated that when she fell pregnant, time mother, and it was out of love and care. she was living in the accommodation houses However, questions asked by the case worker in Petersham, and she went to Royal Prince always left me wondering if she is implying Alfred (RPA) hospital for a check-up when she that I would harm my baby, or that I am not a discovered she was pregnant. This is where the good mother.” She continued to explain that it nurse and doctor asked about her background, is hard to say how the outer community treats and they discovered that Joy had fled away her, because they do not know that she lives in from her matrimonial home. Joy noted that a shelter, they do not know her story and one it was at this point that the social worker was would not know at face value she is homeless. notified, and she started seeing the social worker who supported her in finding the place As she spoke, Joy reflected on how her experience of homelessness had impacted 14 WHAT’S AROUND US her mental health. She noted that more often

than not; she feels completely overwhelmed, “My daughter is the main reason I look especially now that she has a child. Joy often forward to tomorrow. She is a constant feels lost and only desires to return home, but reminder to be a better person.” before that, she must get a passport for her daughter. “When I am overwhelmed, I feel lost be required to address the root causes of and I always switch off my phone and isolate homelessness in society. She firstly noted that myself from people, especially contact with information is particularly important, citing her those back home,” Joy continued, “although I own confusion on where to seek help, or even cannot isolate myself from my daughter. She who to contact; “I strongly believe had I not gives my life meaning, and I want to be the best fell pregnant and went to the hospital, I did not mother I can. Another effect of being homeless understand that there are social workers I could affecting me is that at the shelter, visitors talk to, or work together with finding solutions to or social relationships are not allowed. This my problems or at least better ways to live.” She alienates us from the community so much that observed that homelessness is a very taboo even people who want to meet with me or ask topic, and most of the time when it is discussed, me to come over to visit, I am hesitant to go. I the causes are identified, but no meaningful used to enjoy being around people. I was happy progress is ever made. “The majority of and sociable, but now, I do not want to be in women in shelters have run away from their other people’s company. It only weighs further spouses because of violence, and whilst the on my mental health.” system offers shelter, nothing is done to the perpetrators.” Subsequently, Joy explained that Solutions / With this in mind, I asked Joy how women’s empowerment would be the greatest she copes with the struggles she continues to solution. “What I mean is help to find jobs and face. “There is nothing much to do, but nature make a living for themselves. Living at the walks makes me feel better; just spending time shelter is a good start, as there is no rent, and with myself in a different space. Also, music is they also provided food parcels. What we need therapeutic. It makes me feel better and hopeful is assistance with finding jobs, so that they can for a better life. My daughter is the main reason safely leave the centre and allow others to go I look forward to tomorrow, and she helps me through the process. Joy believes that if they snap out of my misery quickly because she is a design the program in such a way that service constant reminder of why I want to be a better users are encouraged and facilitated to do person.” Joy was given the contact information better, the current levels of people experiencing of a family that comes from the same country as homelessness would decrease.” hers and she thinks visiting them will make her feel better and alleviate a sense of belonging. There is no one trigger of homelessness; She is ecstatic that there is another family from therefore, it is important we look at all the her country she can visit, as there are very few possible precipitating factors, building from the people from Lesotho in Sydney. lived experience of those facing homelessness to create and implement long-lasting and To conclude, we discussed what responses meaningful solutions. on both a social and structural level would SOAPBOX MAGAZINE 15

Fighting Taboos & Normalising Menstruation Biva Khatiwada / Menstruation is still widely considered impure in Nepal. In many parts of the country, women are forbidden to go inside the temple and the kitchen during this time, and many girls have died because of a lack of proper personal hygiene. To learn more about the situation and the impact it has on women socially, physically, and mentally, I interviewed a girl named Bini from Nepal. Bini was ecstatic that she could spread awareness of such a pressing issue. Q: What are the common myths and practices Q: What impact do you think the taboo about periods in Nepal? surrounding menstruation has on women’s A: There is still a taboo about the period in Nepal, wellbeing? followed by many myths and folk practices. A: I am a woman and have felt some of the The myths have no evidence or accuracy at all. consequences myself. However, I never had Bleeding woman cannot enter the premises of a to leave like the girls in rural areas, but as a temple or worship god, and they must follow the woman, I can relate to this. Women suffer chaupadi system, in which women must stay in psychologically and physically. When they most a hut far away from the home and family. It is need emotional support and nutritional food, not uncommon for women to get hurt or die they are not getting it. Everything changed in following some of these practices their body and confronting this difference can be hard on anybody. 16 WHAT’S AROUND US

Q: How does your family view periods? rural areas. If the girls cannot afford them, they A: I belong to a Hindi Nepali family. My should be provided with free sanitary pads, or grandmother considered the period a personal the cost should be decreased (or subsidised) matter, but it changed with my mother. There so that everyone can use those products. are fewer restrictions compared to the older Also, women should not be excluded during generation. Even so, I am not allowed to worship their time, as it is then that they need the most a god or serve food to others while bleeding. support. Home is where the solution starts. The worst experiences are outside of my home. When we create a change in ourselves, we can I live in Kathmandu, and there are still lots of see the change in the world. We can educate people uneducated about menstruation. I kids at home from an early age about period had fewer restrictions in my home that many. safety hygiene. Home should be a place where Once I went to a relative’s house and was on women feel accepted during their periods. In my period, were rude and humiliating towards the rural areas, we need to normalise the fact me. I mistakenly touched their clothes, and she that the period is not impure, and they should immediately took a bath to purify herself and let their children stay inside their house. Every changed her clothes. My parents never treated home should understand that periods can be a me this badly and never washed the clothes gift and praise this process. after I touched them. Yes, I understand they still follow because of the old traditions, but they never were that rude to me. They used to say they know and understand, but it is a tradition. The relative who humiliated me was a woman herself; I feel bad whenever they don’t support other women. Q: Have you witnessed a change in people’s attitudes towards menstruation? A: I feel people’s attitudes towards period have also changed. Nowadays, people even celebrate the bleeding process. People have started to realise the period is standard, which should be expected. People still need awareness and education in this context, however. They are not aware of how they should take care during this time. Hygiene is very much crucial during a period, and they should frequently change sanitary pads. Still, in the rural areas, girls are dying because of not maintaining proper hygiene. They haven’t received adequate education. Girls have significantly less knowledge about reproductive tract infections, which can occur because of improper personal hygiene during menstruation. Also, in rural areas, women don’t have access to sanitary pads and cannot afford those products. Q: What suggestions do you have for responding to this taboo? A: I would like to suggest that everyone recognise the period as a regular thing, nurture the bleeding process, and encourage NGOs and INGOs to start campaigns or awareness programs related to periods and hygiene in SOAPBOX MAGAZINE 17

Learning to Live with HIV Social stigmatization plays a harmful role in deteriorating the mental health and wellbeing of HIV positive individuals. Matthew, a 31-year-old bisexual Malaysian male, wonders - is there a better way for governments and societies to think about HIV? Words by Illustration by Gopi Subramaniam Franco Hermosilla 18 WHAT’S AROUND US

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a had little hope for my future, fearful that I might dangerous virus that targets the body’s immune face death. The healthcare practitioners were system, and, when left untreated, can lead to incredibly supportive, assuring me I should be acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). able to continue a normal life with the proper HIV has several negative consequences, not medications taken continuously.” just for one’s physical health, but also for their emotional and social well-being. Australia’s rate Mathew’s narrative was heartbreaking, and I of new HIV transmissions has declined during continued by asking about his feelings about the last decade, and the country is seeking to informing someone of his HIV status. He politely eliminate novel cases by 2022 (Liotta, 2020). replied, “It has always been difficult for me to For individuals living with HIV, however, they disclose my HIV status with anyone, since I come must confront a variety of social challenges from a society where HIV is a taboo subject daily, including stigma and discrimination. that no one acknowledges or discusses. As a Stigma has long been regarded as a major and damaging aspect of HIV infections result, I was first afraid to discuss my HIV (Centers for Disease Control and status with healthcare practitioners for Prevention, 2021). HIV has historically fear of being judged. However, I will been stigmatised for various reasons, need to disclose my HIV status with including its once mysterious and fatal healthcare professionals, since HIV diagnosis, its association with racial medications may interact with other and sexual minority groups, and the link medications. Furthermore, I believe it between transmission and behaviours that are is essential to disclose my HIV status to a conservatively deemed dangerous, such as homosexual intercourse or drug use (Slavin et person prior to engaging in sexual activity with al., n.d.). The aim of this study is to examine the them. Fear of judgement and rejection have social challenges encountered by adults living kept me from contacting another person for with HIV and identify solutions that respond to sexual activity. Although healthcare providers their lived experience. confirmed that my viral load is undetectable, I was still fearful of transmitting HIV via I began by asking Mathew to introduce himself intercourse. After a few months of diagnosis, and express his thoughts about his HIV status. I notified my female partner (who resides in “My name is Mathew, and I am a 31-year-old Malaysia) and close friends, who consoled me Malaysian male who identifies as bisexual. I emotionally.” Mathew concluded that he still came to Australia in 2017 to apply for refugee has difficulty both hiding and disclosing his HIV status, as I cannot express my sexual orientation status. in Malaysia because of the country’s prohibition of same-sex relationships. I work as an Uber Eats I continued the conversation by inquiring delivery driver and rely on those little earnings about the social challenges he has faced and to support myself. Although I have a college their impact on his mental health. “There are degree from Malaysia, I cannot get suitable several challenges that I continue to encounter, employment because of a language barrier, as including stigma, discrimination, fear of losing English is my third language.” He continued by social position and role, changes in patterns of stating that he has a female partner in Malaysia interactions with friends or partners, losing a job and used to engage in casual sexual activity with and financial difficulties, and failure to access males as well. Sexual activities were typically required medications. Initially, I frequently carried out at a hidden gay bathhouse where experienced feelings of embarrassment, fear he engaged in unprotected sex. “I never used of disclosure, loneliness, and hopelessness. I condoms when having intercourse with male believe this has resulted in internalised stigma, partners, and I was unfamiliar with the concept in which the experience shapes my self-image of HIV in Malaysia. When I moved to Australia negatively. I am afraid that if I disclose my HIV in 2019, I was diagnosed with tuberculosis. My status, I may face discrimination or negative doctor recommended that I undergo a sexually judgement. While Australian culture recognises transmitted infection test, which revealed that the rights of HIV-positive individuals, HIV is I was HIV positive. I was horrified at first and still received differently in disparate countries, communities, religious groups, and individuals. Thus, I believe that stigma and discrimination SOAPBOX MAGAZINE 19

are socially constructed because of how placed on a waiting list. The government should HIV has been portrayed in the media and by play a critical role in educating the public about religious groups.” He further mentioned that HIV/AIDS and the social issues that surround it.” after disclosing his HIV status, his close friends withdrew from him, increasing his fear of being Given Mathew’s mention of presumptions judged. Hence, social challenges have had an and stereotypes, I asked him to elaborate on adverse effect on his mental health. “I commonly the myths and misconceptions surrounding experience stress, anxiety, depression, and HIV. “I believe that stigma and discrimination mood swings because of worrying about HIV occur primarily because of public perceptions and how I will manage with it in the long run.” of stereotypes and misconceptions. The community must grasp the truth of HIV and We then spoke about what the government could do to address the social issues what it is like to live with it. For instance, impacting HIV-positive individuals. many individuals believe HIV is always “I feel the government is doing associated with death, that HIV is a lot to prevent HIV infections, always spread via intercourse, but not nearly enough that HIV can be transmitted to address stigma and through casual contact discrimination. I believe (kissing, touching, and sharing it is essential to provide household), and that HIV is the accurate information same as AIDS. In my case, my and understanding friends expressed concern about HIV infection, about my life expectancy, as how people view and suggesting that I should seek understand their condition has herbal medicine to treat the a significant impact on how they infection. I took guidance from manage the stigma associated health professionals at the time with the illness. Therefore, regarding herbal medicines, and they “It has always been difficult for me to advised that there is no evidence that disclose my HIV status with anyone, herbal medicines have cured HIV. Therefore, I since I come from a society where recognised the importance of educating myself HIV is a taboo subject that no one and my acquaintances about HIV and choosing acknowledges or discusses.” the appropriate resources. Furthermore, education should target marginalised groups educating the public and those living with HIV of people who are more likely to contract HIV, would increase their awareness of the disease. such as gay or bisexual men, sex workers, and Education can take place in a variety of settings, those who inject drugs.” including schools, universities, the workplace, and clinical settings. Additionally, it is critical to Mathew then discussed some strategies that he educate family and friends of people living with believed would be most helpful for others who HIV to raise their understanding of the disease had been diagnosed. “It is important to identify and how they may best support the affected what is causing self-stigma and find solutions to individual. It is difficult to change people’s it before acknowledging other challenges. Self- attitudes around HIV when most people view stigma includes low self-esteem, internalised HIV as a ‘killing disease’. Still, I believe that giving shame, and negative attitudes, which can lead proper training and information over time can to mental illnesses. Many of us are reluctant to help minimise stereotypes and misconceptions. discussing stigma in general, much less self- Expanding mental health support services such stigma. We refuse to acknowledge the extent as counselling and psychology for persons to which stigma affects us. Thus, HIV-positive living with HIV would benefit them by allowing individuals should strengthen their ability to them to access such services rather than being cope with low self-esteem by increasing their self-esteem, empowerment, and help-seeking 20 WHAT’S AROUND US behaviour. Furthermore, self-education benefits by offering accurate information on HIV and avoiding preconceived ideas. For instance,

I use credible sources such as the World Many individuals believe HIV is always Health Organization, NSW Health, and ACON associated with death, that HIV is to show that common examples of stigma always spread via intercourse, that are misleading. Additionally, medication is HIV can be transmitted through casual critical for maintaining a low viral load, and contact (kissing, touching, and sharing the Australian Medicare system covers all household), and that HIV is the same medically necessary treatment for a person as AIDS. living with HIV, which primarily consists of antiretroviral therapy (ART). To add on to that, only be addressed if the community confronts by joining positive networks and engaging in their negative attitudes, discrimination, and their varied activities, individuals had access to preconceived notions about HIV. The public a peer network with whom they could confide should educate themselves and those around and have a sense of belonging. Self-stigma them about HIV stereotypes and myths and can persist despite recovery because there is obtain reliable information. I think everyone always relapse. However, it is critical to maintain should know that people who take their resilience.” medication can’t transmit the virus to anyone else. We can have normal, healthy lives and do Solutions anything that anyone else can do. And I think I proceeded to ask Mathew solution-focused people can only achieve that by being visible questions, prompting him to share how a and talking about it—even if it is just within their supportive environment for persons living with social circle. When the public approaches an HIV could be developed. Mathew responded, individual diagnosed with HIV, there are some “A positive environment should be created to key concepts to learn. These include being enhance the affected individual’s mental and available to have genuine conversations about emotional well-being. This can be achieved HIV, listening attentively, educating oneself through the efforts of the individual, family about HIV, encouraging them to get treatment, members, and friends. Apart from medications, and providing them with social support. it is critical to have a balanced diet, exercise Language is powerful. Some of my friends regularly, keep a healthy weight, abstain from blamed me for contracting the infection, which excessive alcohol or drug use, and maintain increased my self-stigma experience. Hence, social connections. Socioeconomic factors refrain from using overtly stigmatising language such as income, employment, education, and treat the affected individual with respect, housing, and social class can have an influence empathy, and compassion. Finally, individuals on the environment. Individuals who are who do not have HIV can protect themselves disadvantaged in some or all of these areas against HIV by constantly using condoms, may have barriers to health care, which may which also helps prevent other diseases such as have an adverse effect on their overall health and well-being. However, it is important to note that those with fewer social support systems and decreased resilience were more likely to experience poor mental health outcomes regardless of socioeconomic level. I believe that I have gained in confidence and strength, and that I am now pushing myself to achieve things I would not have attempted without being diagnosed. Thus, it is critical to maintain a positive environment through self-education and perseverance.” I concluded the interview by asking Mathew what solutions members of the community may apply to help resolve this social issue. As Mathew summarised, “the social challenges encountered by HIV-positive individuals can SOAPBOX MAGAZINE 21

chlamydia, syphilis, and gonorrhoea.” Mathew’s narrative was fascinating and beautifully portrayed the lived experience and unique challenges of an HIV-positive individual. His narrative, I believe, will serve as a wake- up call for the community on how they can listen and respond to HIV-positive individuals. Society is still unaware of the social difficulties faced by impacted individuals. It is vital to include the lived experiences of those who have contracted the virus, and to respond to the varying socioeconomic barriers to sexual education and health. I hope Mathew’s lived experience empowers readers to affect change on a societal level through increased knowledge of the issue, and in doing so, foster a caring and understanding environment that reduces the strain on HIV-positive individuals. We can have normal, healthy lives and do anything that anyone else can do. 22 WHAT’S AROUND US

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Rethinking Take Out When we order take out food, we sacrifice the planet for our own convenience. It’s important to realise: how do the diet choices we make outside of our own kitchens affect the natural environment? Amelia Shi / Illustration by Marcus Cheong According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics them to access food still, all whilst not having (2020) data, there are 2.5 million tons of plastic to do any dishes at the end! I laughed when I waste in Australia—accounting for 3% of all heard this, and I’m sure many of us agree how waste—with household plastic waste making tiresome the dishes can be. Nicole said that up about 47% of that. With the rise of the “despite this, it sure has its downsides, such as food delivery service industry, ever-increasing its high costs and use of plastics for containers numbers of people choose to use this service and cutlery.” to ease their day-to-day lives. It is difficult to say whether the growing indolence of people Nicole breaks down food delivery in terms of is causing the food delivery service industry both advantages and disadvantages. “I think to grow, or whether the industry’s growth delivery services are very convenient and is causing people to become increasingly especially helpful now that social distancing indolent. Regardless, this part of the food supply may be difficult to maintain when dining in. It is chain is a significant contributor to global also timesaving and convenient, and it is easy to environmental problems. We can no longer order food on demand. It is a great convenience leave our environment vulnerable like this, and for people who do not want to or do not have we need to implement protective strategies in time to cook for themselves.” She continued our lives. I have interviewed Nicole, who is a by talking about the wide variety of food from keen environmental advocate. diverse countries and cultures, and how these delivery services allow everyone to enjoy I began by asking Nicole how often she would different cuisines with rich flavours they may use food delivery services. She answered as never have otherwise tried. “We can all see that expected, “I do not order delivery very often. On the takeaway industry is growing considerably average, I would use a delivery service about today, with more merchants joining more three times a month; I don’t know how to cook platforms to give customers more choices. very well… my parents will often cook for us. I However, there are disadvantages as well. They also love the environment, so try to ensure my are relatively unhealthy, because takeout food actions will not create any further harm.” She is heavy on oil and salt. If people often order continued by explaining that takeout services takeout and live a sedentary life, they will gain are beneficial for those in self-isolation and not weight, and their body’s physical capabilities like keen on cooking for themselves or for people their immune system will continue to degrade”. did not want to leave the house, as it allowed Another downside is the cost, Nicole explained, SOAPBOX MAGAZINE 25

as delivery services add on extra fees not just for the Although food delivery delivery, but to the cost of each item as well. This is services are convenient, because food delivery companies charge commission to they also have a destructive the restaurants, and some items can even rise up to 30% impact on the environment. in price! The last disadvantage Nicole discussed was the environmental impact: “the packaging takeout tableware and plastic bags used are commonly non-biodegradable materials. The future survival of the environment is at stake. After all, we only have one planet.” Our discussion explored several aspects of the potential ecological effects of takeout food, including the potential risk for marine life from increased waste products and the ease at which they enter the environment, and increased demand for plastic and wood or paper-based materials. “Plastics form a significant portion of ocean garbage that animals end up ingesting, and they can be injured or even die from them. The vehicles driven by delivery services also release carbon waste, contributing to atmospheric pollution.” Although food delivery services are convenient, they also have a destructive impact on the environment we depend on for survival. We should protect our environment as well as ourselves. Solutions Towards the end of our interview, we also discussed some proposed solutions to reduce these negative environmental impacts brought by the food delivery services. Nicole believes people can reduce environmental pollution by asking not to use cutlery or straws when ordering takeaway and using as little plastic waste as possible. Of course, as she added, “it is much more difficult to have plastic use eliminated or not used from a food business’ side. Consumers choose not to use it, but it becomes more expensive for businesses not to use it at all.” When I asked Nicole what advice she had for our community further to reduce the environmental impact of food delivery services, she replied, “As consumers, we can use more environmentally friendly materials 26 WHAT’S AROUND US

when using cutlery or bowls to eat. We can also increase our time cooking for ourselves, or, when we are eating out, bringing our bowls and cutlery whenever possible. This will surely decrease the environmental impact of delivery services.” A single person may have little power, but if we can call on the community to come with us and work together, we can make real changes. Whilst most environmental pollution is from corporations, we need to work together to make eco-friendly practices more widespread and practical. However, minimising our waste isn’t enough, and so Nicole suggested that “we join friends or other social groups in voluntary trash collection on the beach to reduce the amount of trash that might harm marine life.” This sort of activity can also help cement that whilst each individual may only put out a little bit of rubbish, the totality of our rubbish can significantly impact the environment. For more corporate-targeted proposals, Nicole suggested that influential organisations in the community could run advertising campaigns or have in-person conversations with food business owners; “in this way, we can offer alternative options for take away containers and cutlery to the business owners and also allow them to know the consequences of producing so much plastic waste daily.” Forming community-driven projects to respond to the complex nature of food and plastic waste is vital to the long-term success of eco-friendly consumption. SOAPBOX MAGAZINE 27

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A CALL TO LISTEN Bohlokoa Phororo/ Illustration by Franco Hermosilla Disability doesn’t mean weakness. Roy, a disabled man living in Regents Park, doesn’t want you to treat him differently than before his injury - because to be honest, he doesn’t feel different. We are born young, strong, and ready to take on the world; some are born with the capacity to do anything, whilst others are born in ways that society has refused to accept. It is not the ability of the individual that disables them, but how society responds—or more accurately, fails to respond—to the specific challenges of their life. Due to negative beliefs, judgements, or stereotypes, those with unique needs are often treated poorly by society, which is only exacerbated in aging populations. To call attention to this social failing, I interviewed Roy. He has been living with a disability for the past 22 years. “I live in Regents Park. It is now 22 years of living with this disability. I have had two injuries to my spine. The first injury was when I was in the army working as an electrician in construction. I fell and broke my vertebrae, but it is not this injury that landed me in the chair. I could still walk and move around. Then I had the second injury that occurred when I was at home. I slipped and hit my head, and this time my spine broke completely. A new chapter of my life began.” Roy explained that when the second injury occurred, he was only 38 years old, married, but with no children. “The injury was not much of a shock, as I already had underlying issues from the previous injury, and quickly accepted how things would be and the journey I was embarking on.” SOAPBOX MAGAZINE 29

“Although I had accepted my new circumstance, said, “it did not affect me at all. I have had so it was hard for my family,” Roy noted, explaining it was harder for his family to adjust to the new many acute injuries in my line of work, the results him. As Roy talked, it was clear the injury itself was not what was challenging for him, but the of which could be worse than how everything response from his family. “I know all they were all trying their best to support me and make life turned out. There was one time where I had easier for me, but I felt like I could not think for myself or ask for what I needed when I needed a fatal electric shock, but I survived that too. it. Almost every two minutes someone will come to ask if I am ok, if I need a cup of coffee, a glass Maybe I could have fallen into depression or a of water, or something. Now this made me feel really disabled.” With a light laugh, he said, “I mental breakdown after the accident. One thing always told them I cannot walk and do much with my hands, but I can speak up when I need that really helped me process it was to reflect something and ask to be helped with something if the need arises so, please, can everybody on my life before the injury. I had ticked almost relax.” He explained that although it took time for all of my boxes: I had travelled and went on the family to adjust, they eventually did and now road trips, I loved, and as I looked back on those he lives alone, after the passing of his wife. memories, realised I have no reason to feel sorry As Roy related his for myself, to wish otherwise.” I asked Roy how experience, he shared that living in the other people, ones that he does not know, treat community was not much of a problem. him. Speaking softly, he explained he believes “People treated me fairly well. There were in realism and his understanding is that people no funny questions and upsetting comments react to others, issues, and situations according directed to me. However, my relationship with to their understanding other people has been affected, especially with of the matter. Adults my friends and former colleagues. I used to go anywhere I wished to, and could meet up with stay neutral, not friends, but now I cannot. Frequently they meet in public places, not at each other’s homes, and showing if they are with my condition I cannot join them there.” When they would visit Roy’s house, he explained curious, scared, they treated him differently, more seriously. Conversations now revolved more about his or have negative disability, his feelings, and his struggles, while Roy wanted normal conversations; a return to thoughts about him; the jokes and teasing that they used to share. “Children, however, Continuing our conversation, I asked Roy if the injury affected him mentally. “To be frank,” he are curious; most of the time they stare or ask their parents what had happened to me. With time I realised that what makes children even more curious is seeing my urine catheter around my leg, so whenever I go in public spaces, I wear long pants that cover my urine bag. I haven’t experienced direct unfair treatment, though.” He further noted that people sometimes communicate by their facial expressions, but that does not affect him, nor is it sufficient to be unfair treatment. I commended Roy for his resilience and asked whether he sees himself as different from other people who do not have a disability but are in the same age group as him. He proudly replied, “no, I do not see myself any different from them. People are different in their own way, and I have and continue to embrace my difference from them and their difference from 30 WHAT’S AROUND US

me.” He further highlighted that maybe he work of my aide less difficult.” would see them differently if he had seen and perceived himself differently after his injury. As Solutions Roy continued, he showed gratitude for his life. Finally, we discussed what sort of solutions “It is really important to understand that we are Roy believed we can implement into daily different. Although I have a disability, people living to ensure support is given, without in my age group that do not have a disability, patronising those who need help. “The major some of them have many chronic diseases problem is miscommunication. I think things that I do not have. However, there is a difference between me and them. would have been a lot smoother They can do everything or maybe do with my transition after the accident things I cannot do because I solemnly had we communicated better as a depend on support for almost family. Even just the simple things everything, but this does not stop me like communicating how I wanted from appreciating life.” He noted that things done, or how they felt, rather one major thing was learning to live than asking whether I wanted a by a planned or routine life. “My life coffee now and then. When families used to be spontaneous, and I did get it right, it gets easier for them to not have to plan everything to be educate others about their family conducted and stick to the plan like member’s disabilities.” Roy stressed I do now. Because I need support, everything that good communication will not must occur as planned. For instance, when I only improve familial relationships but will also go to Service NSW, I have to plan it all out and be of encouragement for those with disabling arrange for transport and the support worker conditions to accept themselves as they are. It that will come with me.” is vital, Roy believes, for people with disabilities to be out there and to be seen, as it spreads The other thing that Roy shared he had to learn awareness and normalises the acceptance of because of his changed life was patience. “All those with disabilities. my life, before I got injured, I did not depend on anyone for anything. Whatever needed to A parting observation he made was that we be done, I would do it myself and did not have live individualistic and self-driven lives, which, to wait for someone to do it and at their own taken to the extreme, can isolate and fragment pace.” While learning to be patient with others, communities. Most Roy’s supportworkers are not Roy also had to learn to be patient with himself. born and raised in Australia and predominantly He made an example of his support worker come from a collective lifestyle, the support of attempting to repair his vacuum cleaner under which is noticeably missing in Australian society. his instructions. Whilst Roy got angry with Gatherings that allow people to come together his support worker for not being able to use without discrimination of age, race, ability, or the tools, he recognised he was also angry at gender to talk about social issues provide the himself for not being able to do the work, despite vital opportunity to not only learn from each knowing exactly what needed to be done. It is other, but to foster social support can have a capacity for independent ability that we too lifelong benefits. often take for granted. Despite these setbacks, Roy still finds joy in the tasks he can accomplish himself. “Although I am supported in almost everything and cannot do a lot of things, I can feed myself. If food is left on the plate, I can take it and put it in the microwave to warm it up and eat without support. Even though I have lost a lot of the functions in my lower body, I can still take a few steps with support, which makes the SOAPBOX MAGAZINE 31

Find forever in the moment. Together we make a society. 32 WHAT’S AROUND US

An Open Letter to Industry Avishen Saurty Industry—business in general—does not exist in and of itself. Historically, it has required workforces. These workforces are used to create value in the business, by meeting some kind of need, and that value is passed down to the workers, in part, as wages. How does this value generate? It does not happen in a vacuum. Like people, businesses interact with the changing world, with people and each other; they acquire information, market research, to meet an identified need. A business, in this sense, is a large-scale social actor, meeting people’s needs at levels impossible by themselves. In a way, a business is its own society; people coming together to achieve more. Within this understanding, there is a fundamental error that we have unwittingly stumbled upon; to engage in this alternate society, one must step out of human society. A person’s ability to function as a citizen is greatly diminished, not only through the loss of time, but also their relationships with others, two vital ingredients for driving society. Their focus in their free time may then be in maintaining their relationships with themselves and others, via quality time and leisure. As a consequence of engaging in the workplace, there is no time or desire to participate in society in a constructive way, other than as a recipient of services and a payer of taxes. By encouraging people to step out of society, it must be recognised that this takes value out of it. Some argue that the value a business takes out, it gives back in the form of products. Let us stop fooling ourselves on this point. The above lack of time also means susceptibility to suggestion; the needs that a business meets can be fabricated. Marketing, a vital business function, is akin to educating the public on means to meet their needs. For this education to occur, marketing is a vessel for communication with society. For all of us, communication both requires and forms society. As an ecosystem, businesses have removed people from the communication process in society; we are prescribed needs (which we accept on account of being unempowered to move society towards our needs) and also given the means to purchase those prescribed needs (wages). This takes value out of a people-driven society at a systemic level. It is a negative feedback loop that ensures humanity remains disconnected from their empowerment. It is a fact that we humans are evolutionarily maladapted to the society in which we exist; we are subject to biases and thought processes that do not empower us, provided these weaknesses are identified and used purely as means to further the economic gains of others. Thus it is important for businesses to re-empower their workers to participate meaningfully in the societies in which the business operates, and to offer education not only on needs, but communication, that we may critically analyse the validity of marketing claims, that we may feel resourced in a way that does not require more work-hours, that we may learn to meet our needs through relationships, and to find time to re-engage with purpose, propelling our society. SOAPBOX MAGAZINE 33

SOAPBOX Opinion Pieces MAGAZINE



Isolation Loneliness and isolation can exist throughout Through the life of each individual, regardless of age, the Ages gender, cultural background, or any number or combination of individual characteristics. Amelia Shi The elderly population, as one of the most vulnerable groups, experiences greater Amelia implores us to think loneliness and isolation because of the decline and listen more empathetically of visual, perceptual, motor, and cognitive about tackling the issue of abilities. People are particularly vulnerable to loneliness and isolation for an experiencing loneliness and social isolation important group in our society in their older years, with approximately 50% - the ederly. of people over the age of 60 at risk of social isolation and another third experiencing some degree of loneliness later in life (Fakoya et al., 2020, p.2). In Australia, this vulnerable subgroup accounts for 15.1% of the total population (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2015). There are many reasons for older people to feel lonely and socially isolated. Aged and Community Services Australia [ACSA] (2015, pp. 6-7) divides these reasons into three 36 OPINION PIECE

categories: socio-demographic risks (such Social isolation and loneliness are of an as living independently), health status risks extraordinarily complex nature and involve (declining physical health), and life event diverse individual experiences with different risks (the loss of loved ones). Under such causes and consequences, thus a wide range circumstances, older people may even feel a of policies, interventions, and strategies are sense of meaninglessness and valuelessness, required when responding to these feelings precipitating a mental health concern. Research (Smith & Victor, 2019, p.1711). Previous research in recent years seeks solutions to this evolving seeking to address the experiences of isolation problem, such as developing programs to help and loneliness of older people has developed older people connect with their community, several strategies that can be implemented creating activities for older people to join in a variety of areas. According to ACSA and talk to each other, establishing volunteer (2015), these strategies must help them build involvement, and making regular phone calls significant and meaningful connections instead or visits to aging population groups. This article of simply linking them together (p.10). Wiles considers some existing strategies which could et al. (2020) introduced a type of service help reduce loneliness and isolation among the called the “befriending services”. This service older population. convenes volunteers to visit older people from a range of backgrounds in need, talking to them, As we age, feelings of loneliness can be taking them out for walks, and listening to their exacerbated by the conditions of our life. stories (Wiles et al., 2020). When older people People may experience functional impairment receive companionship in this way—meaningful or loss, further reducing interactions with their engagement coupled with compassionate surroundings. Physical ability also decreases, support—they feel less isolated. In this service, resulting in limited mobility and travel options, visitors can help older people strengthen their further precipitating physical and social connection to the outside world and build a isolation (Fook & Morgan, 2000, pp. 538-539). two-way and reciprocal relationship, as both For example, many older adults still rely heavily parties gain new knowledge and awareness on driving for daily activities such as shopping, from the experiences of each other. The focus appointments, visiting family and friends, and of this service is on the needs of the older taking part in community events. The day they people, and so what they want from the service, give up driving represents a loss of freedom whether they need to be from the same cultural and control, which can quickly lead to feelings background, or whether they need to share a of loneliness and frustration. As time goes on, common language, are all factors that require the social networks of older people continue to careful consideration (Wiles et al., 2020).  shrink under the combined influence of fewer family and friends visiting and a steady stream Solutions of illnesses and deaths.  Social isolation and Other solutions include encouraging aging loneliness could lead to poorer mental health, populations to exercise not just physically, but physical health, and even death at a younger mentally as well. Physical exercise can improve age. There is a clear association between mental health, as well as boost levels of feelings of loneliness and feelings of sadness, endorphins and eliminate stress. It also provides depression, worthlessness, emptiness and a great opportunity to spend time with others vulnerability, and loneliness and social isolation through joint activity, allowing further social have a significant impact on the mood and well- relationships to develop. At any age, people being of older people (ACSA, 2015, p.9). should continue to learn and enrich themselves SOAPBOX MAGAZINE 37

(Boulton-Lewis, 2010, p.214). In the process of of capability, happiness, sustainability, and continuous learning, they can improve a sense struggles. This creates high-quality data to of self-worth, alongside the proven benefits of analyse and further develop targeted strategies keeping an active mind on preventing cognitive to better address their issues.  impairment (Geda et al., 2011). The process of learning allows participants to both connect Aging is an inevitable part of being human, and with others and find new interests and hobbies people should not have their value diminished to engage in, thus further reducing potential simply because they are getting older. There are loneliness. too many older people in our society who need help. They come from different countries, have Older people who have experienced multiple their own unique cultures, values, experiences, categories of the aforementioned risks and knowledge to share, but have nowhere to proposed by ACSA require more comprehensive engage. Fortunately, attention is increasingly consideration when developing strategies directed to this challenge, and whilst currently and policies. Evolving theories about choice, insufficient, every small action helps improve the autonomy, empowerment, and independence entire system. It is challenging, even impossible, have also inspired the development of to resolve such a complex problem for once and relevant solutions (ACSA, 2015, p.10). Centrally, participation of the population in question is critical to develop strategies, and as such they need to be actively encouraged to take part and contribute. This could involve enabling them to set their own goals and use their skills, knowledge, and experiences in shaping new strategies (ACSA, 2015, p.10). One method of achieving this is to survey the quality of life of older people, focusing in on questions 38 OPINION PIECE

for all. When we conquer one problem, another issue will arise. Our focus cannot be on ‘solving the problem of aging’, but on addressing and meeting the needs of our elders. The first step is simply to listen actively and meaningfully. SOAPBOX MAGAZINE 39

The Social Constructions of Gender Amelia Shi / Illustration by Franco Hermosilla There’s a case to be made that gender is entirely socially constructed - that is, that our historical and cultural backgrounds have educated us to think of gender in harmfully stereotypical manners. 40 OPINION PIECE

Men and women play different roles in society, such differences that distinguish them from that much is true. However, these differences other groups. Therefore, stereotypes can lead are not predetermined but constructed through to an overemphasis on the differences between countless historical and cultural paradigms groups and underestimating the fundamental (Frader, 2021, p.27). Over the centuries, there differences within groups and the similarities has been a striking continuity in gender division between groups (Eagly, 1987, p.14). and gender inequality across the spectrum of professional, cultural, and economic Although many people do not acknowledge or opportunities afforded to men and women are unaware of such gender stereotypes, gender (Jackson, 2006), many of which continue to stereotypes often exist at an unconscious impact our lives today. For instance, men are level and influence individuals’ thinking and frequently deemed professionally responsible reactions. Stereotypes (and our subsequent and more readily promoted, whereas women expectations) continue to shape the imbalance are regarded as responsible for domestic and across today’s society, especially regarding the familiar care. Gender stereotypes can have both unequal treatment of women in the workplace. positive and negative impacts on individual Stereotypically, women are expected to care men and women, but we cannot conceive the for and help others rather than excel, which is restrictions and unfair provisions afforded to inconsistent with the pursuit of performance one gender at the cost of another as anything outcomes in today’s workplace (Eagly, 1987, p.16). but negative for society. Advocacy for gender Likewise, demonstrating competitive behaviour equality has made enormous strides over the and ambition in the workplace is more prevalent past decades, but it is an ongoing process among men, while it is considered inappropriate that demands our continued commitment to for women (Faniko et al., 2016, pp.903-904)., and achieving a truly respectful and egalitarian women are perceived as complainers when they society. express unfairness or point out that gender- stereotypical expectations cause them to be Gender stereotypes are the beliefs people hold disadvantaged (Kaiser and Miller, 2001, p.255). about the assumed characteristics of males This social cost of expressing anger can affect and females. Social role theory is one of the women’s struggle for gender equality through most influential and validated explanations collective action, as whilst anger is a natural of gender stereotypes (Eagly, 1987, p.9). The reaction against gender-prescribed inequality, theory proposes that women and men act it can be instrumentally detrimental (Radke under the social roles assigned to their gender, & Hornsey, 2016). Whilst research continues to so the social roles they play are associated with explore the shifting paradigms around gender- different ways of behaviour and require other stereotypes and how they underlie much of skills (Vogel et al., 2003, pp. 519-520). According to social role theory, females and males identify We cannot conceive the restrictions with gender stereotypes because the different and unfair provisions afforded to one roles place different social demands on them gender at the cost of another as any- (Eagly, 1987, p.13). Gender stereotypes reflect thing but negative for society, existing gender differences and influence how men and women define themselves and society’s structure, we must look to implement how others treat men and women. One might practical and achievable community responses expect gender-type differences between to this social issue that affects us all. men and women to be markedly pronounced given the way stereotypes have shaped our To respond to any socially entrenched understanding of them (Cundiff & Vescio, 2016, conception is difficult, let alone when facing pp.126-127). Stereotypes reflect the general such a pervasive and problematic issue like expectations of members of a particular social gender stereotypes. Detailed below are a few group and are a way of viewing individuals avenues to achieving change, as supported as representatives of different groups (Eagly, by the literature. However, It should be noted 1987, p.13). While differences exist between groups, individuals within groups do not have SOAPBOX MAGAZINE 41

Although many people do not acknowledge or are unaware of such gender stereotypes, gender stereotypes often exist at an unconscious level and influence individuals’ thinking and reactions. that gender stereotypes are a complex and multi-faceted issue, one that is influenced not just by social instruction, but also by the self-characterisation of all genders and the agency available to them (Hentschel, Heilman, & Peus, 2019). Whilst the following propositions are supported, we cannot consider them a panacea, but indicative of the changes required for an egalitarian society. With regards to domestic and cultural education, parents pass on their own gender rules to their children, shaping their children’s behaviours to conform to social norms. Croft et al. (2014, p. 1426) have suggested that the active and equal sharing of household tasks by the father is correlated with daughters demonstrating anti- stereotypical preferences and aspirations. The gender roles of parents naturally influence their attitudes toward the upbringing of their children, which affects the development of the gender role identity of the children. Therefore, the change in parenteral duties within the home— along with how language is used to construct conceptions of gender—can significantly affect the perception of gender stereotypes in children. Solutions Broader responses suggest that conveying knowledge about stereotypes, along with social education on their negative effects, could help raise public awareness and willingness to minimise the role gender stereotypes play in decision-making (Williams and Dempsey, 2014). This undeniably includes reconsidering and reassessing different social roles and the work ‘allowed’ for specific genders (Diekman et al., 2017, p.165). We must interrogate our very conception of labour, and recognise the emotional, physical, and psychological toll of domestic labour, which unfortunately is still very much the subject of gendered division. Gender stereotypes prevent men and women from sharing equally in the care of children and family members and from benefiting equally from interpersonal relationships with others. 42 OPINION PIECE

Trheespwoonrlsidbiilsitoyur and it takes effort to act. SOAPBOX MAGAZINE 43

Experiences of Sexual Violence Amongst LGBTQI+ People In this interview with Lina, a transgender female sex worker who has suffered from shocking episodes sexual assault, we are confronted with an upsetting picture of the state of LGBTQI+ rights in Australia. Gopi Subramaniam / Illustration by Franco Hermosilla Sexual assault can occur regardless of one’s family members did not accept her because of gender or sexuality. However, based on the her identity, causing her to live separately and scarce evidence available, sexual assault in support herself. “I have barely completed high intimate partner relationships substantially school and could not continue my studies given impacts LGBTQI+ persons in Australia (DV to the discrimination I have encountered at Connect, 2022). Members of the LGBTQI+ family, school, and workplace,” Lina continues. community are also more likely to be victims “Because of my sexual orientation and gender of sexual assault than their heterosexual identity, I could not find a job in Malaysia, which counterparts (Australian Institute of Health does not encourage LGBT persons, and I was and Welfare, 2020). However, there is a lack forced to work as a female sex worker in a of awareness regarding LGBTQI+ people’s brothel and on the street. While in Malaysia, I experiences with sexual violence (Campo & was subjected to rape, sexual assault, and Tayton, 2015). To remedy this, I interviewed physical violence by male-dominated groups Lina to better understand her experience with and was unable to seek assistance in a system sexual assault and the solution she proposed to where the government does not protect LGBT address the social issue. Lina is a transgender persons.” According to Lina, sexual assault is woman and has worked as a female sex any unwanted sexual contact, such as forced worker in Australia for the last seven years. She sexual intercourse, forcible sodomy, groping, migrated to Australia around nine years ago or molesting. “I moved to Australia in search of as a refugee seeking asylum from her native a better life but could not find a job due to a country because of her sexual orientation, and lack of education and literacy,” she continued. she speaks basic English. “I worked for six months on a tomato farm in Shepparton, Victoria and was unable to sustain Lina began by explaining her experiences and myself financially, at which point I became a what sexual assault meant to her. “My name is female escort.” Lina, and I identify as Malaysian Indian. Since the age of 21, when I finished my transition, I have I then asked Lina to share her experience of worked as a sex worker.” She mentioned that her sexual assault in Australia. “From my experience, 44 OPINION PIECE

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I believe that every sex worker will be subjected into performing sexual acts. For instance, some to some type of sexual abuse by a customer. For clients force me into conducting unprotected example, there have been numerous occasions oral sex, which I prevent by negotiating that I when I was forced to have sex with someone would spend additional time with you or provide because of the nature of my employment, massages for you at the end rather than despite the fact that I am not comfortable performing unprotected sex. Some clients will with that person. The individual is either not negotiate and push me to perform, which unclean, inappropriately touching me, wanting results in verbal and physical abuse to such an unprotected intercourse, or is dominating and extent I will contact the police. Clients frequently treating me like a slave. Every day is difficult leave before the cops arrive, and they may for me because I never know how clients would damage the property in the meantime. As a treat me; some will treat me like a queen, while result, the only help I seek is from the police in an others will treat me like trash. Certain clients emergency; otherwise, I handle it independently. discover I am a transwoman due to my voice and appearance, worsening the situation when “From my experience, I believe that they request a refund after I already provided every sex worker will be subjected my services.” She concluded by expressing to some type of sexual abuse by a that “while my experience of sexual assault customer.” remained consistent with what I encountered in Malaysia, it has improved in areas where I Furthermore, the cops will take over an hour to have not encountered rape, and the Australian arrive; anything could happen to me during that government promotes LGBTQI+ rights.” time. My experience, I believe, has taught me problem-solving strategies that enable me to To discover more about Lina’s journey, I manage a situation appropriately.” questioned how she manages the problem and whether she seeks support. Lina replied, “I did not seek assistance because communicating in It was upsetting to hear that Lina received such English is difficult and utilising an interpretation little assistance across Australian institutions, so service is inconvenient. I attempt to explain to I inquired about some barriers to seeking help the customer in a courteous and calm manner and support. She replied, “I would say it is a fear that I am not comfortable with the sexual act. of judgement and the stigma that health care Some clients may agree, and others will refuse. practitioners or the judicial system may impose I negotiate with clients who refuse and force me on me. Additionally, my culture and customs do not allow transgenderism or sex work, which is why I have been doing this work secretly. Besides that, I live in a residential neighbourhood where performing sex work without council approval is not permitted. As a result, I risk getting into trouble if the judicial system issues a notice to vacate the property.” I continued by asking if she had been treated differently because of identity. “Yes. When someone recognises my sexuality, they will either disregard me, take advantage of me, or show me greater love. I choose to be acknowledged as a woman rather than a transgender woman because I do not 46 OPINION PIECE

wish to experience discrimination and do not unsure whether they would be appropriate for require extra love. All I want is to be treated me as a non-English speaking transgender as a normal person, with dignity, respect, and woman who will confront sexual assault values.” because of my profession . Therefore, I seek I asked Lina how her sexual assault experience no support.” I then asked if the government has impacted her social, physical, and emotional should take any action to accommodate the health. “It has had an effect on my physical well- victims’ diverse needs. “The government may being, to the point that I occasionally have to offer special assistance to victims who identify push, slap, or kick customers who forcefully as Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD). execute inappropriate sexual acts. Sometimes For instance, ongoing sexual assault support for the customer would physically abuse me, sex workers, LGBTQI+ individuals, and a CALD leaving scars on my body. As a result, this community interpreting service. Furthermore, had a negative effect on my mental health as the government should address the stigma well, causing me to experience stress, anxiety, and prejudice associated with sexual assault low self-esteem, mood swings, and a lack of among sex workers, where many feel that sex confidence and trust. I can never share my workers choose to be assaulted because of experience with my friends or family because their profession. Mainly the clients who demand of my employment, which has resulted in inappropriate service solely because they depression and isolation. Finally, my negative pay for other services. Thus, the government professional experience has impacted my should promote sex workers’ human rights by social health such that I cannot build a romantic providing protection, guidance, and support.” relationship in my personal life. I have difficulty trusting people in my social circle, particularly I resumed the interview by asking what advice men, because I am afraid they will abuse me Lina would give to other sexual assault victims. sexually or physically. Hence, I always maintain “I would encourage them to stop blaming themselves and to seek professional support “When someone recognises my if they are undergoing mental health issues. sexuality, they will either disregard I used to communicate my thoughts with me, take advantage of me, or show individuals I trusted, who were typically my me greater love. I choose to be peers and best friends, and I encouraged acknowledged as a woman ratherthan victims to do the same. Having someone listen a transgender woman because I do not to our story without making judgements would wish to experience discrimination and help us to ease our emotions. Self-love is critical do not require extra love. All I want is to be treated as a normal person, with dignity, respect, and values.” a safe distance from men and am cautious when a stranger approaches me.” I followed by enquiring whether there is sufficient support available to those going through similar issues. “I believe there are many services available to sexual victims, but I am SOAPBOX MAGAZINE 47

for trauma recovery, and so we must prioritise people at home to educate one another by our own needs and practice self-compassion. sharing relevant information and resources Self-love involves accepting our insecurities, with their colleagues. Social media is critical for engaging in self-care, avoiding self-criticism, addressing social issues, and individuals should processing our fears, and eliminating toxic utilise it by sharing information through videos people. For instance, I engage in exercise, eat and stories. For example, parents can educate my favourite food, travel for a holiday, and get their children at home, teachers can educate adequate sleep. For sex workers, I will strongly students online, and employers can engage encourage them to operate their business in in online pride training. If someone witnesses collaboration with a peer who can give support a victim of sexual violence, they should assist in the event of an emergency.” Lina stated the victim by seeking proper intervention and that sex workers should avoid clients who are remaining with the victim until help arrives. intoxicated by drugs or alcohol, as this could While it is sometimes difficult to understand exacerbate the situation. the victim, the most important thing is to be patient with them as they are going through Solutions trauma. Reading and comprehending the Subsequently, I asked whether Lina, through victims’ lived experiences contributes greatly her experiences, had suggestions for ways to our understanding of sexual violence. While that the broader community can assist all LGBTIQ individuals and sex workers may LGBTQI individuals who have suffered sexual encounter sexual assault at some point, the violence. Lina stated that education, awareness, general community’s and government’s support sensitivity, and a non-judgmental approach are significantly improves our ability to integrate key to learning before responding to sexual into society.” assault. “Educating the community, particularly health care providers and police officers who Concisely, the complexity of this social issue deal with LGBTIQ victims, will help raise their will significantly impact an individual’s social understanding of sexual assault. Sexual assault determinants of health. Therefore, it is crucial education should be delivered in schools, to protect and meet the needs of marginalised universities, the workplace, hospitals, and online populations by ensuring their voices are heard. settings, with the goal of teaching individuals As an interviewer, I believe that all sex workers how to prevent sexual assault and assist deserve to have their choices respected and those who have been exposed to it. Sexual to work in a safe environment free of fear of assault might be a sensitive or taboo topic in harassment, discrimination, and stigmatisation. some cultures, where it is not acknowledged Lina’s suggestions—provided we rise to the or discussed. Hence, culture should be broadly challenge—will assist survivors in recovering defined to include factors other than race from their trauma and making positive changes and ethnic origin, such as sensitivity to sexual in life. orientation.” Lina added it is crucial to show a compassionate and non-judgmental approach towards victims by refraining from imposing our values, biases, and views on them, which could intensify their trauma. “The key to approaching LGBTQI+ victims is appropriate questioning, empathetic listening, cultural sensitivity, and critical understanding.” I ended the interview by asking Lina to offer some solutions that readers can do from home in support of this social issue. “I would encourage 48 OPINION PIECE

Social Awareness Night How can we improve the city we live in? Why do we feel crappy when our work doesn’t align with our values? What sort of cultural changes are important for the improvement of our society? Have you ever had those philosophical thoughts during a shower, or a 2am sleepless night solving world problems? Well, perhaps this is your Rubik’s Cube moment. As a group, we can start answering these questions by exploring the culture we live in. ​ To examine these philosophical questions, we invite community members from Sydney to join us on this action-focused discussion. Come in for a casual chat, and participate in an open-forum style, thought provoking conversation. Meet other thinkers, and community members from diverse backgrounds, getting together for a meaningful chat over a night of free pizzas, drinks, games, and deserts.   ​ The evening will be facilitated by fellow peers volunteering their time; opening up these important discussions that are generally left ignored. For the first time, we would like to invite the broader community to join us in this group chat. This event is suitable for anyone wishing to contribute to the discussions about community mental health, geared towards culture change. It is a great place to establish new friendships with other likeminded people, all while bonding over delicious pizzas. Within the stages of soapbox, everyone is of equal standing. The only difference is your unique experiences, may you choose to share them, and an appetite for… well, pizza! (100% free event). To find out more, visit www.soapbox.com/social-hub SOSAOPABPOBOXXMMAAGGAAZZIINNEE 4499

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