interval magazine grand final_to print

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But Why Wafa Haneefa Humans are miraculous. Do are our eyes, nose, mouth all in the same you know why ?  Have you ever thought place? We look similar, don’t we humans? why ? Each decision made by each human What I don’t understand is why do humans has an impact on his people. From choos- believe we are all different? Why do hu- ing to help his neighbour to bombing a na- mans judge one another solely on that be- tion. We are all connected. The decisions lief and not realise we all come from the made by any human on this earth are also connected. Humans have the freedom Why don’t we extend our hearts to choose and the choice will impact his to give opportunities to understand each people. A scientist can help the nation by human and respect them unconditionally. inventing a machine that would make hu- Why do we humans fail in this? Graduat- mans work easier or he can make a new ing from the best universities and failing to weapon to destroy people. This says that understand humanity. We must step out of humans are connected and the so men- our comfort zones and get to know all peo- tioned choice is also impacted on his peo- ple, without discrimination. Understand- ple. ing we humans are all connected. We need to take time to extend our love and fill this Humans can come from different world with extra love that it has failed to beliefs, religions, thoughts and tribes. Do spread. This world is in need of your love you think all religions are different? And is and compassion. This world is crying for religion tearing people apart? If your God your kindness. created you and my God created me. Why 53

adnbw ^nZ '‑s‑sk-\\‑q....B I-«³ C-‑t§-S‑p-‑t¯‑m ' \"t\\-c‑w H-c‑p-]‑m-S‑v ‑sh-f‑p-¯-‑tÃ‑m, C-\\‑n- ]-X‑n-h‑v ‑t]‑m-‑se, A-X‑n-c‑m-h‑n-‑se X-‑s¶ b‑p‑w F-W‑o-¨‑n-‑tÃ' D-½-d-‑t¡‑m-e‑m-b‑n-‑se N‑m-c‑p-I-‑tk-c-b‑n ]-{X-a‑n- S‑m³ h-c‑p-¶ ]-¿-‑s\\-b‑p‑w ‑t\\‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I- \"BÀ-¡-d‑n-b‑m... A-aÀ C-¶-‑se ]‑m-X‑n- b‑m-W‑v A-e-h‑n-¡. k‑m-[‑mc-W ‑t]‑m-‑se h‑o-S‑v c-¡‑m ‑tI-d‑n h-¶-X‑v. B-b‑n-j I‑n-S-¶-‑t¸‑m H-c‑p- ‑sh-¡‑p-I F-¶ B-{K-l-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n c-ï‑v hÀ-j- ]‑m-S‑v ‑s‑sh-I‑n-¶‑v ‑tX‑m-¶-W‑v'. ‑t¯-¡‑v I‑u-a‑m-c {]‑m-b-¯‑n I-S I-S-¶- X‑m-W‑v A-‑t±-l‑w. F-¶‑mÂ, 30 hÀ-j‑w a-c‑p-`‑q- C‑u-c-ï‑p hÀ-j‑w I‑q-S‑p-‑t¼‑mÄ I‑n-«‑n-b‑n- a‑n-b‑n P‑o-h‑n-¡‑m-\\‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¶‑p A-‑t±-l-¯‑n-‑sâ c‑p-¶ e‑o-h‑n-\\‑v \\‑m-«‑n h-¶‑m I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-h‑p-a‑m- h‑n-[‑n. F-{X ‑s]-‑s«-¶‑m-W‑v hÀ-j-§Ä I-S-¶‑p- b‑n-«‑v ‑sN-e-h‑n-S‑m³ I‑n-«‑p-¶-X‑v h-f-‑sc I‑p-d-ª ‑t]‑m-b-X‑v, A-b‑mÄ N‑n-´‑n-¨‑p-¡‑q-«‑n. N‑n-´-I-f‑p-‑sS k-a-b-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. C-¶‑n-‑t¸‑mÄ k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¡‑m³ C-S-b‑n-‑te-¡‑v ‑s‑sk-\\-¯ k‑p-‑s‑se-a‑m-\\‑n-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n k-a-b-a‑p-ï‑v. k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑m³ B-f‑n-Ã. `‑m-cy- I-S-¶‑v h-¶‑p. b‑p-‑sa‑m-¯‑v ]‑p-X‑n-b X-e-a‑p-d-b‑n-‑se I‑p-«‑n-I-f‑n-‑se '‑s‑sk-\\‑p, a-¡Ä F-h‑n-‑sS?' a‑m-ä-§-‑sf-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p 'I‑p-«yÄ D-d-¡-¯‑n-e‑m-¶‑v ‑tX‑m-¶-W‑v' A-b‑mÄ. h‑o-S‑n-‑sâ A-I-¯‑p \\‑n-¶‑v c-ï‑v ‑sN- ‑s‑sk-\\-¯ ]-d-ª‑p. h‑n-b‑n-e‑p‑w ‑sl-U‑v-sk-ä‑p-a‑m-b‑n A-h-c‑p-‑sS a-IÄ B-b‑n-j a‑p-ä-‑t¯-¡‑n-d-§‑n-h-¶‑p. ‑s‑sk-\\-¯ a-¡-‑sf ‑t]‑m-‑se ‑h-fÀ-¯‑p-¶ ]‑qt´‑m-«-¯‑n-‑te- 54

¡‑v H‑m-S‑n-¡-b-d‑n-b A-hÄ A-h‑n-‑sS-b‑p-Å G-ä- ‑sa-¶‑v ¹-k‑v S‑p I-g‑n-ª-‑t¸‑mÄ ]-d-ª-X‑m-W‑v. h‑p‑w `‑w-K‑n-b‑p-Å ‑td‑m-k‑m-‑ sN-S‑n-b‑p-‑sS H-c‑p \"‑t¢‑m- ‑sN-d‑p-¸‑w a‑p-X-‑te I‑p-«‑n-I-f‑p-‑sS B-{K-l-§Ä- k‑v A¸‑v' F-S‑p-¯‑v Ì‑m-ä-k‑n-e‑p‑w ‑tÌ‑m-d‑n-b‑n-e‑p‑w ¡‑v A-e-h‑n-¡ b‑m-‑sX‑m-c‑p -h‑n-[-¯‑n-e‑p‑w X-S-Ê‑w X‑n-c‑p-I‑n-¡-b-ä‑n. \\-à Iy‑m-]‑v-j-\\‑v ‑th-ï‑n K‑q-K‑n- \\‑n-¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. A-§-‑s\\ h‑m-§‑n-‑sI‑m-S‑p-¯-X‑m- f‑p‑w ]-c-X‑n ‑t\\‑m-¡‑n. ‑ti-j‑w B-‑sc-b‑p‑w I-ï‑n- W‑v _‑p-Å-ä‑v. B-h-iy-§-‑sf‑m-‑s¡ R‑m³ ‑sN- ‑sÃ-¶ a-«‑n h‑o-«‑n-\\-I-‑t¯-¡‑v X-‑s¶ I-b- b‑v-X‑v ‑sI‑m-S‑p-¯-X‑m-W‑v, F-¶‑n-«‑p‑w F-‑s¶-b-hÀ d‑n-‑t¸‑m-b‑n. ‑tI‑m-e‑m-b‑n-e‑n-c‑p-¶ A-e-h‑n-¡-b‑p‑w ]-c‑nKW‑n-¡‑p-¶‑n-Ã-‑tÃ‑m, A-‑t±-l-¯‑n-‑sâ N‑n-´- `‑m-cy-b‑p‑w ]-c-k‑v-]-c‑w ‑t\\‑m-¡‑n \\‑n-¶-X-Ã‑m-‑sX I-f‑n ]-e ‑tN‑m-Zy-§-f‑p-a‑pb-c‑p-¶‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. H-¶‑p‑w a‑n-ï‑n-b‑n-Ã. k‑p-‑s‑se-a‑m-\\‑n-b‑p-‑sS N-ï‑n a‑m-{X‑w _‑m-¡‑n-b‑p-Å ¢‑m-Ê‑p-a‑m-b‑n ‑s‑sk-\\-¯ A-S‑p-¡-f-b‑n-‑te-¡‑v \"b‑m ‑t{_‑m... R‑m³ C-‑s¸‑m F-¯‑p‑w.. ‑t]‑m-b‑n. a‑p-ä-¯‑v ‑sN-d‑n-b I‑m-‑tä‑m-S‑v I‑q-‑sS N‑m- H-c-©‑p a‑n-\\‑p-S‑v ' ä a-g ‑s]-¿‑p-¶‑p. ]-e N‑n-´-IÄ a‑m-d‑n-a‑m-d‑n- b‑p-¶‑p-‑sï-¦‑n ‑t]‑m-e‑p‑w H-¶‑n-\\‑p‑w D-¯-c-a‑n- ‑t^‑m-W‑n-e‑q-‑sS A-e-a‑p-d-b‑n-«‑v ‑t]‑mÀ- Ã-‑m-X-e-b‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v Ae-h‑n-¡. ]‑p-d-¯‑v a-g-¡‑v ¨‑n \\‑nÀ-¯‑n-b‑n-« _‑p-Å-‑sä-S‑p-¯‑v A-aÀ i-à‑n-‑tb-d‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v, I‑m-ä‑m-ª‑p-h‑o-i‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. ]‑p-d-‑t¯-¡‑n-d-§‑n. ‑tI‑m-e‑m-b‑n {]-X‑n-a-I-‑sf- F-¦‑n-e‑p‑w C-‑sX‑m-¶‑p‑w B a-[y-h-b-k-‑vI-‑s\\ ‑t¸‑m-‑se-b‑n-c‑p-¶ c-ï‑v ]‑m-h-I-‑sf I-ï `‑m-h‑w _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-‑t¶b‑n-Ã. ‑t]‑m-e‑p-a-h³ \\-S‑n-¨‑n-Ã. h‑o-«‑n-‑te-¡‑v k‑m-[-\\‑w h‑m-§‑m-\\‑p‑w D-½-‑sb-b‑p‑w ‑s]-§-‑sf-b‑p‑w ‑sI‑m- ï‑v ‑t]‑m-I‑m\\‑p‑w h-ï‑n ‑th-W- 55

Subtitle version of viral youtube video by Amjad Wafa Director, Caliph Life School Silent Poison Hadiya Lisna Let me share some experiences I a regular viewer of many lifestyle vlogs have heard recently. A couple, who loved like husband-wife joint vlogs, family vlogs each other during their college years and e t c . While watching all are engaged now, these vlogs, her con- After engagement a thought struck cept or expectation the guy’s mind. Why should I marry this about Married Life girl? Wouldn’t I get a smarter and pret- changed in her tier girl. mind unknowing- He shared his story when this ly. Husband should thought started to disturb his mind.Af- spent most of ter listening to him, what I understood the time with wasThough there were many factors me, we should that lead him to this thought,But the go main reason was he uses social media regularly, especially Instagram. When he scrolls through Instagram, he used to see many girls’ photos and pro- files.Which he felt they are more beautiful than his fiancée. ‘Wouldn’t I get a girl like this’? this thought started to flow into his mind. Another story,A girl who was married very recently, Even though she is saying that her husband is very loving and caring but she isn’t happy. And the reason was, She was 56

for shopping, go for a vacation and if possi- Due to this shortage of ble should start a YouTube channel. Many idea, Some You-tubers thoughts like these were injected to her try to grab views by mind. selling their privacy. Though she was happy with other are reminding us everyday of what we things of real life, she was not enjoying her don’t have. How imperfect we are! Like married life because of these thoughts. fairness even by adding filters, six pack body, perfect body parts and structure etc I have heard many similar sto- or some brands which pay celebrities to ries recently As an outsider when we hear highlight their products such stories We might feel like, do people even think like that? do people compare When we see all these, a concern like that? But there are people who over- about our limitations are creating in our think these things and even fall into a de- minds. A sense of insecurity, a feeling of pression stage. studies and experiences imperfection. Now lets look at the effort we prove it. put to post a picture. Editing out pimples or marks on our face, we are taking hours Now lets introspect, We started to find the perfect filter, which means we using social media just for a time pass. don’t like our imperfections. We are not in- Now if we have a minute to spare we are terested in showing our imperfections to unlocking our phone and unknowingly others our fingers are reaching Instagram, Face- book or YouTube. That much we got pro- Even if it is, we make master plans grammed and addicted to these. to let others know that we are living our best of life Some people take the screen- Speaking of what we are seeing on shots of others’ wishes on their birthday social media, we see the filtered versions and repost it to show others that everyone of our friend’s or a celebrity’s or a strang- loves and considers them. That means er’s lives, our friend’s new house, or his new car, his beautiful wife, or her husband people are faking their lives. Unknowingly a jealousy or a comparison We should also note the so thought is creating in our mind. The called lifestyle vlogs these days posts of celebrities we follow 57

I am not talking about those who create privacy is something we quality contents. The current trend is, if an can sell very easily but old friend or classmate is contacting you, can’t buy back once it is It’s either for promoting their MLM Com- pany or Youtube channel. As there are hell sold. lot of Youtube channels out there, which lack ideas or contents. Due to this short- know what is happening in other’s house- age of idea, Some You-tubers try to grab holds.Things happening in my house and views by selling their privacy. It’s then your house are same as what’s happening the private spaces like Kitchen, Bedroom in most of the households. But I have heard and Bathroom become themes of their vid- stories of many regular viewers of such eos. “What are the things in my bedroom, vlogs- “my wife is not loving that much, the dress and cosmetics in my Wardrobe”. my husband not caring that much...” “....if “The things my husband’s family brought my dad was like the dads in such vlogs” me when they came to see me” (Sarcasti- With these thoughts people are moving cally saying about present lifestyle vlog into an unhappy state. we might not face themes). If nothing works, they come up a depression instantly, but these thoughts with husband-wife prank videos or broth- and other factors will add up to the cause er-sister fight videos. of depression. We can’t enjoy the things we enjoyed before, having unnecessary People are trying to sell their pri- mental stress, not able to find happiness vacy for views. in many things. We can find problems like these as an after effect. We can see that when individu- al creators bring their wife or family into Similar to exposing privacy, some their videos, their views rise rapidly. We fake their lives to increase likes. Luxury, need to think about why the views are in- which they possess or pretend to possess, creasing thereafter. One thing is sure, the like cars, clothes etc. There are people who more we expose our privacy the more get even fake their relationships. I heard from the views. One thing we need to be aware my friends that Some so called ‘made for of is that privacy is something we can sell each other’ couple in Youtube are nothing very easily but can’t buy back once it is like that in their real life. sold. I agree, that What one wants to post is their freedom. But what audience need to realise is that the freedom to decide what to watch is our’s. many people like to peep into others’ privacy. They love to 58

Viewers should see if they are that person or are we having discomfort concerned by watching such vlogs or else seeing one’s post Just unfollow them. If these are all just an entertainment. No need you are feeling uncomfortable when see- of that, lets take our life itself. The struggle ing one’s post then why are you following we take to post something on social media. them? Another trend these days is giving “What to post, which filter should be used, negative comments under the post of ac- what should be the next content...’ People tress or female celebrities. Why are we go- are simply creating headaches by thinking ing to bother those Celebrities. Are those these things everytime. things affecting our happiness? if you are uncomfortable, just unfollow them. If you Researchers of Stanford Universi- are feeling unhappy watching my profile or ty call this ‘The Duck Syndrome’. When we post, unfollow me. When we are following see a duck, what we see is a duck flowing or subscribing someone we should ensure freely on water but we don’t see the effort that Whether we get any kind of informa- the duck is taking underwater with legs to tion or moral value or at least a good feel- flow like that ing. We think we are happy when we use social media. But unknowingly or uncon- This represents the struggles of sciously we are being unhappy you-tubers, influencers or even ourselves behind a post. It is necessary to take a Let’s get addicted to life break and should ask ourselves ‘are we Let’s enjoy real life a little bit more. addicted to all these?’ ‘Whether this social When we go out to see a program media and such videos are bringing us in school, children may be performing true happiness’. We need to find a way out. well on the stage but audience may not be When we eat food we have an understand- watching it with their eyes. Instead, they ing about what’s going inside. But while might be seeing through their ‘camera eye’. we are watching a vlog or using social me- There they forget to enjoy the moment. dia we don’t know what’s entering into our When we click with our camera we should mind.Actually we all need a Social Media ensure that the moment is clicked in our Diet, like social distancing. In this era of heart too. Otherwise after sometime we social media, it may be impossible to avoid will be just having things we have taken it completely. But we need to use some pre- in the camera not in our heart or mind. ventive strategies. Peace and happiness “happiness, happiness and happi- are the main goals of any individual’s life. ness” Let all our click, like, comment... and We need to think about what feeling we each breath... be for happiness. signing off! get when we see others’ posts. Thank you. Are we feeling jealous towards 59

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H-c‑p ‑s{S³-U‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. F-¶‑m-W‑v I-W-¡‑v. F-´‑p-‑sI‑m-ï‑v A-{X-b‑p‑w 2. D-bÀ-¶ ‑th-X-\\‑w þ ]-W-a‑m-W‑v ‑t]À C-´‑y h‑n-S‑p-¶‑p? I‑q-S‑p-X a‑n-I-¨ h‑n-Z‑y‑m- `‑y‑m-k‑w X-‑s¶ {]-[‑m-\\ I‑m-c-W‑w. a-‑sä‑m-c‑p {]-[‑m-\\ B-IÀ-j-W‑w. C-´‑y-‑sb-¡‑mÄ a‑n-I-¨ ‑th-X-\\‑w e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p F-¶-X‑p-‑sI‑m-ï‑m- C-´‑y-b‑n a‑n-I-¨ h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k‑w W‑v a-ä‑p N‑n-e-c‑p-‑sS ]e‑m-b-\\‑w KÄ-^‑v c‑m-P‑y-§- \\Â-I‑p-¶ ‑tI‑m-‑tf-P‑p-I-f‑p-‑sS F-®‑w h-f-‑sc N‑p- f‑n-‑te-¡‑p‑w b‑q-‑td‑m-]‑y³ c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n-‑te-¡‑p-a‑m-I‑p- c‑p-¡-a‑m-W‑v. B-Z‑y-L-« h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k‑w \\‑nÀ-_-Ô- ¶-X‑v. C-´‑y-b‑n \\‑n-¶‑p‑w ]e‑m-b-\\‑w ‑sN-¿‑p-¶ a‑m-¡‑n-‑sb-¦‑n-e‑p‑w \\-½‑p-‑sS D-¶-X h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k P-\\-{]-h‑m-l‑w C-X‑v ‑sX-f‑n-b‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. C-´‑y-b‑n ‑ta-J-e-b‑v-¡‑v ]‑p-d-¯‑n-d-§‑p-¶-h-‑sc a‑p-g‑p-h³ DÄ- _‑n-c‑p-Z -[‑m-c‑n-I-f‑m-b‑n h‑n-‑tZ-i-¯‑v k‑q-¸À-a‑mÀ-¡- ‑s¡‑m-Å‑m-\\‑p-Å {]‑m-]‑v-X‑n-b‑n-Ã. ä‑n ‑sh-d‑p‑w ‑sX‑m-g‑n-e‑m-f‑n-b‑m-b‑n a‑m-{X‑w \\‑nÂ-¡‑p- ¶-h-c‑p-‑sS I-W-¡‑v ]-c‑n-‑ti‑m-[‑n-¨‑m a‑m-{X‑w a-X‑n I‑q-S‑m-‑sX a‑n-I-¨ I‑y‑m-¼-k‑p-I-f‑n C-X‑n-\\‑p ‑sX-f‑n-h‑v. A-U‑v-a‑n-j³ e-`‑n-¡‑p-I F-¶‑p-Å-X‑v H-c‑p _‑m-e‑n- 3. C-´‑y³ c‑m-{ã‑o-b-h‑p‑w k‑p-c-£‑m h‑o-g‑v-N-b‑p‑w ‑¶tI-cdu‑mt-ao-eff-bra‑mt-We B‑v. a-W‑n-¡‑v. I‑y‑m-¼-k‑p-IÄ-I‑p‑w D-bÀ- þ a-ä‑p _‑m-¡‑n-b‑p-Å-hÀ-¡‑m-I-‑s« ]-e-c‑p- ‑sS-b‑p‑w ]T‑n-¡‑m³ a‑n-I-¨ ‑tI‑m-‑tf-P‑p-IÄ C-´‑y-b‑n-e‑n- ]-e‑m-b-\\ I‑m-c-W‑w Ã-X‑m-\\‑p‑w. A-‑t¸‑mÄ I‑q-S‑p-X F-f‑p-¸-¯‑n C-´‑y-b‑n- ‑se ‑t\\- a‑n-I-¨ h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-h‑p‑w ‑thÄ-U‑v F-I-‑vk‑v-t]‑m-j- c‑p‑w ‑s\\-d‑n-b‑p‑w d‑p‑w e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶ h‑n-‑tZ-i h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k‑w X-‑s¶-b‑m- ‑sI-« c‑m-{ã‑o-b-h‑p‑w, k‑v-{X‑o i‑n-i‑p k‑p-c-£- b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w h‑n-Z‑y‑mÀ-°‑nI-f‑p‑w a‑m-X‑m-]‑n-X‑m-¡-f‑p‑w b‑n-‑se h³ h‑n-g‑v-N-b‑p-a‑m-W‑v. C-´‑y k‑p-c-£‑n-X-a-à F-¶ ‑sX-c-‑sª-S‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. I‑q-S‑m-‑sX, C-´‑y-‑sb- N‑n-´‑m-K-X‑n C-¶‑v b‑p-h‑m-¡Ä-¡‑n- S-b‑n A-]-I-S-a‑m‑w h‑n-[-¯‑n hÀ- ¡‑mÄ I‑q-S‑p-X \\-à d‑n-kÀ-¨‑v k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\\-§- ²‑n-¨‑p-h-c‑p-¶‑p. h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-h‑p‑w ‑s{_-b‑n³ f‑p‑w k‑v-tI‑m-fÀ-j‑n-¸‑p-I-f‑p‑w h‑n-‑tZ-i-¯‑v e-`‑y-a‑m- ‑s‑s{U-\\‑p‑w C-´‑y-b‑p‑w a‑p-I-f‑n ]-d-ª I‑m-c-W-§Ä-¡‑v W‑v. ]‑p-d-¯‑n-d-§‑p-¶ h‑n-Z‑y‑mÀ-°‑nIÄ-¡‑m-I-‑s« ]‑p-d-‑sa G-ä-h‑p‑w {]-[‑m-\\-a‑m-b I‑m-c-W-a‑m-W‑v h‑n- Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-h‑p‑w A-X‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-‑s¸-«-h-b‑p‑w. ‑sX‑m-g‑n-e‑n-S-§-f‑p‑w h-f-‑sc N‑p-c‑p-¡-a‑m-W‑v. A-X‑p- 1996 a‑p-X 2015 h-‑sc C-´‑y-b‑n 10, ¹-k‑v S‑p ¢‑m-Ê‑p-I-f‑n H-¶‑m‑w d‑m-¦‑v e-`‑n-¨-h-c‑n ‑sI‑m-ï‑p-X-‑s¶ h‑n-‑tZ-i-¯‑v ]T‑n-¨-hÀ A-h‑n-‑sS- ]-I‑p-X‑n-b‑n-‑te-‑sd ‑t]-c‑p‑w h‑n-‑tZ-i-‑t¯-¡‑v ‑t]‑m-b‑n b‑p‑w, C-´‑y-b‑n-‑se h‑n-Z‑y‑mÀ-°‑n-IÄ ‑sX‑m-g‑nÂ- ‑tX-S‑n h‑n-‑tZ-i-‑t¯-¡‑p‑w ]e‑m-b-\\‑w ‑sN-¿‑p-¶‑p. C-´‑y-¡‑m-c‑m-b A-¼-X‑n-\\‑m-b‑n-c-¯‑n-e-[‑n-I‑w ‑tU‑m-ÎÀ-a‑m-c‑p‑w \\-g‑v-k‑p-a‑m-c‑p‑w B-W‑v b‑q-‑td‑m-¸‑n ‑tP‑m-e‑n ‑sN-¿‑p-¶-X‑v. D-bÀ-¶ ‑sN-e-h‑p-IÄ k-l‑n- ¨‑p ‑t]‑m-e‑p‑w h‑n-‑tZ-i-‑t¯-¡‑v B-f‑p-IÄ ‑tP‑m-e‑n ‑ftX‑nÂ-S‑n-bI‑‑pq-S‑w‑nah-ä-c‑p‑w‑p-¶‑t]s‑mt-Iud‑py-¶a‑bp.ro\\ad-½Ø‑p-‑sS‑m-]\\-\\‑m-S-§‑p-IÄ- C-X‑n-‑sâ h-fÀ-¨ h‑y-à-a‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p. ‑tN‑mÀ-¶‑p -‑t]‑m-b C-´‑y³ I-g‑n-h‑p-I- f‑p-‑sS I-W-¡‑p-I-f‑m-W‑v a‑p-I-f‑n ]-d-ª-h-‑sb- Ã‑m‑w. C-\\‑n-b‑p‑w ]e‑m-b-\\‑w X‑p-SÀ-¶‑m `‑m-h‑n C-´‑y-b‑p-‑sS h-fÀ-¨-b‑p‑w ]-c‑n-‑t]‑m-j-W-h‑p‑w X‑m- f‑w- ‑sX-ä‑p‑w. F-Ã‑m‑w \\-Ã-X‑m-W‑v, A-f-h‑n a‑m-{X‑w F-¶-‑t]‑m-‑se ‑s{_-b‑n³ ‑s‑s{U³ F-¶ C‑u {]-X‑n-`‑m-k-¯‑n-\\‑p‑w A-f-h‑p-‑tI‑m I‑p-‑t¯-ï k-a-b-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. 65

Al½Zv jmln³ C-c‑p-]-¯‑n-‑sb‑m-¶‑m‑w \\‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-‑se C-´‑y-b‑p-‑sS B-Z‑y h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k \\-b-a‑m-W‑v F³. C. ]‑n 2020. h-c‑p‑w hÀ-j-§-f‑n-‑se C-´‑y-b‑p-‑sS h‑n-I-k-\\-¯‑n-\\‑m-h-i‑y-a‑m-b ]-e A-\\‑n-h‑m-c‑y-X-I-f‑p‑w ‑t\\-S‑n-‑sb-S‑p-¡‑m³ C‑u \\-b‑w e-£‑y‑w ‑sh-¡‑p-¶‑p. h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k L-S-\\-b‑p-‑sS k-a‑q-e-a‑m-b ]‑p-\\-{I-a‑o-I-c-W‑w C‑u \\-b‑w B-h-i‑y-‑s¸-S‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. `-c-W-\\‑nÀ-Æ-l-W-¯‑n-e‑p‑w, N-«-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w h-e‑n-b a‑m-ä-§Ä h-c‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑v ]‑p-X‑n-b h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-\\-b‑w H‑m-‑tc‑m h‑y-à‑n-b‑p-‑sS-b‑p‑w {I‑n-b‑m-ß-I-a‑m-b k‑m-[‑y-X-I-f‑p-‑sS ]‑p-‑tc‑m-K-X‑n-¡‑v D‑u-¶Â \\Â-I‑p-¶‑p. k‑m-£- c-X, k‑w-J‑y‑m-‑t_‑m-[‑w F-¶‑o A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\\ ‑ti-j‑n-I-f‑p‑w, h‑n-aÀ-i-\\ N‑n-´, {]-i‑v-\\ ]-c‑n-l-c-W ‑ti-j‑n F-¶‑o D-¶-X ‑s‑sh-Ú‑m-\\‑n-I ‑ti-j‑n-I-f‑p‑w h‑n-I-k‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶- ‑tX‑m-‑sS‑m-¸‑w h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k‑w H-c‑p h‑y-à‑n-b‑p-‑sS k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I ‑s‑s\\-X‑n-I, ‑s‑sh-I‑m-c‑n-I ‑ti-j‑n-b‑p‑w, K‑p-W-§-f‑p‑w i-à‑n-‑s¸-S‑p-¯-W-‑sa-¶ X-X‑z‑w ]‑p-X‑n-b h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k \\-b‑w B-i-b‑p‑w, {]-X‑o-£-‑tb‑m-S‑p-‑sa‑m-¸‑w B-i-¦-b‑p‑w B-I‑p-e-X-b‑p-a‑m-W‑v \\-a‑p-¡‑v k-½‑m-\\‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. 2030 ‑te-¡‑p-Å k‑p-Ø‑n-c h‑n-I-k-\\ A-P-ï-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-‑s¸-S‑p-¯‑n {]‑m-]‑y-X-b‑p‑w (Access) X‑p-e‑y-X-b‑p‑w (Equity) K‑p-W-‑ta-·-b‑p-Å-X‑p‑w (Quality) X‑m-§‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑v (Affordability) D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-¯-a‑p-Å-X‑p-a‑m-b (Accountablity) 66

A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\\ X-X‑z¯‑neq-‑sS k-a‑o-]-\\-§-f‑p-a‑m-W‑v. F-¶‑m \\‑m-f‑n-X‑p-h-‑sc I-g‑n-ª‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. - ]‑p-X‑n-b h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k \\-b‑w F-¶‑m ]‑p-X‑n-b h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k F-¶-h-I‑m-i-‑s¸-S‑p-‑t¼‑m-g‑p‑w, A-‑ta-c‑n-¡ DÄ-‑s¸-‑sS-b‑p-Å \\-b‑w A-\\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v hÀ-[‑n-¨‑p- C-´‑y-b‑p-‑sS h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k h-c‑p-¶ ‑tI-{µ kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-‑sâ {]-{I‑n-b-b‑n \\‑n-e-\\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ c‑m-P‑y-§Ä X‑p-SÀ-¶‑v ‑t]‑m-c‑p-¶ G-I ]-£‑o-b-a‑m-b A-a‑n-X A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\\ k‑u-I-c‑y-a‑n-Ã‑m-b‑v-a, C-S-‑s]-S-e‑p-IÄ h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k U‑n-P‑n-ä A-´-c‑w, k‑m-a‑q- L-S-\\-b‑n-‑te-b‑p‑w I-c‑n-¡‑p-e‑w h‑y-h-Ø-‑sb-b‑p‑w, \\-b-k-a‑o-]- l‑n-I k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I A-´-c‑w, \\-§-‑sf-b‑p‑w, [-\\ h‑n-\\‑n-‑tb‑m- a-X‑n-b‑m-b A-[‑y‑m-]-I-c‑n-Ã‑m-b‑v-a, ]-²-X‑n-I-f‑n-‑te-b‑p‑w h‑n-‑tI-{µ‑o- K-‑t¯-b‑p‑w G-I (Unitary) I‑p-«‑n-I-f‑p-‑sS ‑sI‑m-g‑n-ª‑p-‑t]‑m- \\‑n-e-]‑m-S‑n-‑te-¡‑v \\-b‑n-¡‑p-‑sa- ¡‑v, ]T-\\ ]‑n-‑t¶‑m-¡‑m-h-Ø I‑r-X D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-¯-c‑o-X‑n ¶‑v `-b-‑s¸-‑tS-ï‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. F-¶‑n-§-‑s\\-b‑p-Å k-¦‑oÀ-W- ‑s^-U-d-e‑n-k-‑s¯ X-IÀ-¡‑p-‑sa- a‑m-b {]-i‑v-\\-§-‑sf a-d‑n-I-S-¡‑p- C-´‑y-b‑p-‑sS ]‑p-X‑n-b \\-b-¯‑n- ¶-X‑n-\\‑p-Å k-a-{K-a‑m-b {i-a- ¶‑p‑w `-b-‑s¸-‑tS-ï‑n-b‑n-c‑n- ‑ta‑m {]-hÀ-¯-\\ ]-²-X‑n-I-‑tf‑m e‑n-Ã. ¡‑p-¶‑p. F³. C. ]‑n 2020 a‑p-‑t¶‑m-«‑v ‑sh-¡‑p-¶‑n-Ã. 1976 ‑se `-c-W-L- C-c‑p-]-¯‑n-‑sb‑m- S-\\‑m ‑t`-Z-K-X‑n h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k‑w ¶‑m‑w \\‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-‑se B-Z‑y h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k \\-b‑w a‑p-‑t¶‑m-«‑v I¬-I-dâ‑v e‑n-Ì‑nte-¡‑v a‑m-ä‑p-I- ‑sh-¡‑p-¶ h‑o-£-W-h‑p‑w {]- hÀ-¯-\\ ]-²-X‑n-b‑p‑w L-S-\\- b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. C-X-\\‑p- k-c‑n- b‑p‑w ]-S‑n-ª‑m-d³ ‑ta‑m-U þ {]-‑tX‑y-I‑n-¨‑v A-‑ta-c‑n-¡³ ¨‑v c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-‑sâ ‑ta‑m-U h‑n-Z‑y‑m- `‑y‑m-k L-S-\\-b‑p‑w ‑s^-U-d h‑y- ]‑mT‑y-]-²- X‑n h-Ø a‑p³-\\‑nÀ- ¯‑n, C-´‑y-b‑p-‑sS _-l‑p-k‑z-c-X ]-c‑n- K-W‑n-¨‑v ‑tZ-i‑o-b \\-b-¯‑n-\\-\\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\\-§-‑sf-S‑p- ¡‑m³, \\-S-¸‑n-e‑m- ¡‑m³ k‑w-Ø‑m- \\-§Ä-¡‑v 67

tI-{µ h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k ¶-X‑n-‑te-¡p‑w h-g‑n-‑sX-f‑n-¡‑p‑w. b‑n-‑se ‑s‑sh-h‑n-²‑y-]‑qÀ-®-a‑m-b a-{´‑n A-[‑y-£-\\‑m-b c‑m-{ã‑o-b h‑n-I-k‑n-X c‑m-P‑y-§- A-‑t\\‑z-j-W-h-g‑n-I-f‑p-‑sS-b‑p‑w i‑n-£ B-‑tb‑m-K‑v (RSA), b‑q {]‑m-‑tZ-i‑n-I DÂ-¡À-‑tj-¨-I-f‑p- -W‑n-‑th-g‑v-k‑n-ä‑n F³-{S³-k‑v f‑n-‑se L-S-\\-b‑p‑w, ‑ta‑m-U-e‑p‑w ‑sS-b‑p‑w X‑n-c-k-‑vI‑m-c-¯‑n-\\‑v I‑m- ]-c‑o-£-IÄ-¡‑p-Å \\‑m-j-W k-a‑o-]-\\-§-f‑p‑w ]‑n-´‑p-S-c‑p- c-W-a‑m-I‑p‑w. ‑sS-Ì‑n‑w-K‑v G-P³-k‑n (NTA), ¶‑p-‑sh-¶‑p‑w, A-´À-‑tZ-i‑o-b \\‑m-j-W A-e-b³-k‑v ‑t^‑mÀ \\‑n-e-h‑m-c-‑s¯ I‑p-d‑n-¨p‑w h‑m- a‑q-¶‑p h-b-Ê‑v a‑p-X ‑sS-I‑v-t\\‑m-f-P‑n (NAT), K-‑th-j- N‑m-e-a‑m-I-‑p-¶ ]‑p-X‑n-b h‑n-Z‑y‑m- 18 h-b-Ê‑p-h-‑sc \\‑nÀ-_-Ô‑n-X W‑m‑wK‑o-I‑m-c-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-‑s¸- `‑y‑m-k \\-b‑w ]‑mT‑y-]-²-X‑n h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k‑w D-d-¸‑m-¡‑p-‑sa-¶‑v «‑v \\‑m-j-W d‑n-kÀ-¨‑v e-L‑q-I-c‑n-¡-W-‑sa-¶‑v B-h- ]-d-b‑p-¶ \\-b-‑tc-J ‑sk-¡³-U- ^‑u-‑tï-j³ (NRF), ‑tZ-i‑o-b i‑y-‑s¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w ‑sN-¿‑p-¶‑p. d‑n X-e-¯‑n F-«‑p -a‑p-X 12 X-e-¯‑n F³-k‑n-C-BÀ- I-c‑n-¡‑p-e-¯‑n {]‑m-‑tZ-i‑n-I h-‑sc ‑sk-a-Ì-‑s‑sd-‑tk-j-\\‑p‑w, S‑n (NCERT) X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑p-¶ k‑m-[‑y-X-IÄ X‑p-S-cW-‑sa-¶‑v aÄ-«‑n-¸‑nÄ F-I-‑vk‑n-ä‑v F³-{S³- ]‑mT-]‑p-k‑v-X-I-§Ä h‑n-e-b‑n- ]-d-b‑p-I-b‑p‑w, ]‑mT‑y-]-²-X‑nb‑p‑w, k‑v k-{¼-Z‑m-b-h‑p‑w \\-S-¸‑n- c‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑n-\\‑p-Å \\‑m-j-W ]‑mT-]‑p-k‑v-X-I-§-f‑p‑w, NACSE e‑m- A-Ê-Ê‑v-saâ‑v ‑t^‑mÀ k-‑vI‑qÄ h-g‑n ‑tI-{µ‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w F-U‑y‑q-‑t¡-j³ (NASCE) ‑sN-¿‑p-¶‑p. F-¶‑n-§-‑s\\ h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k {]-{I‑n-b-b‑p-‑sS C-X‑v A-¡‑m-Z-a‑n-I {]-{I‑n-b- `-c-W X-e- §-‑sf-‑sb- Ã‑m‑w h‑y- X‑y-k‑v-X Ø‑m-]- \\-§-f‑p‑w h‑y-h-Ø-I- f‑p‑w h-g‑n G-I‑o- I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p‑w ‑tI-{µ‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p- ¶-X‑p‑w h-g‑n k‑w-Ø‑m-\\ kÀ-¡‑m-d‑p- I-f‑p-‑sS A-h- I‑m-i-§Ä X‑n-c-k-‑vI-c‑n-¡‑p- ¶-X‑n-‑te-¡p‑w, ‑tI-{µ-kÀ-¡‑m- c‑n-‑sâ \\-b k-a‑o-]-\\-§Ä G-I-]-£‑o-b-a‑m-b‑n \\-S-¸‑m-¡‑p- 68

¡‑p-‑sa-¶‑p‑w {]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. a‑p-X l-bÀ ‑sk-¡³-U-d‑n c-X‑z I‑m-g‑v-N-¸‑m-S‑p-I-‑sf-]-ä‑n 464 h-‑sc D-d-¸‑p-h-c‑p-‑t¯-ï-X‑p- ‑t]-P‑p-Å I-c-S‑v d‑n-‑t¸‑mÀ-«‑n-‑te‑m C-X‑v c-ï‑p‑w X-½‑n ‑tb‑m-P‑n-¨‑p ï‑v. C-X‑n-\\-h-i‑y-a‑m-b ]-W‑w 60 ‑t]-P‑p-Å A-´‑n-a d‑n-‑t¸‑mÀ- F-§-‑s\\ I-‑sï-¯‑p-‑sa-¶-X‑n-\\‑v «‑n-‑te‑m b‑m-‑sX‑m-c‑p ]-c‑m-aÀ-i-h‑p- ‑t]‑m-I‑p-¶-‑sX-§-‑s\\-‑sb-¶‑v \\-b-¯‑n b‑m-‑sX‑m-c‑p h‑n-i-Z‑o-I- a‑n-Ã. c-W-h‑p-a‑n-Ã. \\‑b-‑tc-J h‑y-à-a‑m-¡‑p-¶‑n-Ã. N-c‑n-{X-]-c-a‑m-b‑n `‑m-c-X ‑tI-{µ‑o-I‑r-X C-\\‑n-b‑p‑w ‑sX-f‑n-b‑n-¡-‑s¸-«‑n-«‑n-Ã‑m- a‑q-¶‑p h-b-Ê‑p a‑p- h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k k-{¼-Z‑m-b-a‑m-W‑v ¯-X‑p‑w a‑n-¯‑n-¡Â k‑z-`‑m-h-a‑p- ‑tZ-i‑o-b h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-\\-b‑w Å-X‑p-a‑m-b {]‑m-N‑o-\\ Ø‑m-]- X 18 h-b-Ê‑p h-‑sc-b‑p-Å A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ ZÀ-i-\\‑w. \\-§-‑sf-b‑p‑w, h‑y-à‑n-I-‑sf-b‑p‑w \\-b-‑tc-J-b‑n-‑se _‑m-¡‑n ‑tI- ‑tc-J A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v I‑m- F-Ã‑m I‑p-«‑n-IÄ-¡‑p‑w c-ï‑m-b‑n- {µ‑o-I‑r-X k-a‑o-]-\\-‑sa-¶-X‑v W‑p-I. {]‑m-N‑o-\\ `‑m-c-X-¯‑n ]‑p-c‑m-X-\\ ]‑u-c‑m-W‑n-I C-´‑y- h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-‑sa-¶-X‑v P‑o-h‑n-¡‑m- c-¯‑n -a‑p-¸-‑tX‑m-‑sS h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k ‑sb-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v a‑m-{X-a‑m-W‑v. \\‑p-Å a‑p-‑s¶‑m-c‑p-¡‑w F-¶ A-X-Ã‑m-‑sX C-´‑y³ \\-‑th‑m- \\‑n-e-b‑n-e-Ã, A-l-¯‑n-‑sâ ]‑qÀ- A-h-I‑m-i \\‑n-b-a‑w _‑m-[-I- °‑m-\\-‑s¯ ]-ä‑n-‑tb‑m, k‑z‑m- ®-a‑m-b k‑m-£‑m-X‑v-I‑m-c‑w F-¶ \\‑n-e-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v I‑m-W-‑s¸-«‑n-c‑p-¶- a‑m-I‑p-‑sa-¶‑v h‑n-Z‑y‑m- X-{´-k-a-c-I‑m-e-‑s¯ I‑p-d‑n-‑t¨‑m,‑t\\-X‑m- X‑v. aÄ-«‑n U‑n-k‑n-Ã-\\-d‑n `‑y‑m-k- \\-b‑w ¡- ]T-\\-h‑p‑w, K-‑th-j- W-h‑p‑w a‑m-X‑r- ]-d-b‑p- I‑m-]-c-a‑m-b‑n \\-S-¸‑n-e‑m- ¶‑p-ï‑v. ¡‑n-b ‑te‑m- ‑tI‑m-¯-c F-¶‑m A-X‑n-\\‑v ‑sf-‑tb‑m, \\‑n-e-h‑m-c- A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\\ -k‑u-I-c‑y-§Ä, ‑tZ-i‑o-b {]-Ø‑m-\\‑w a‑p-Å Ø‑m- k‑u-P-\\‑y ]‑mT-]‑p-k‑v-X-I-§Ä, a‑p-‑t¶‑m-«‑p ‑sh-¨ N‑n-´‑m-[‑m-c-I- ]-\\-§-f‑m-b b‑q-W‑n-‑t^‑m‑w, D-¨-`-£-W- ]-c‑n- ‑sf k‑w-_-Ô‑n-‑t¨‑m, c‑m-P‑y-¯‑v ]‑m-S‑n, ]T-‑t\\‑m-]-I-c-W-§Ä c‑q-]-‑s¸-«‑v h-¶ a-‑tX-X-c k‑w-k-‑v A-£-\\‑n-e, \\-f-µ, A-[‑y‑m-]-I ]-c‑n-i‑o-e-\\‑w X‑p-S- I‑m-c-‑s¯ ]-ä‑n-‑tb‑m A-Ã, a‑m-{X- h‑n-{I-a-i‑n-e, h-Ã-`‑n F-¶‑n-h §‑n-b-h-‑sb-Ã‑m‑w {]‑o ‑s‑s{]-a-d‑n a-à C-´‑y³ `-c-W-L-S-\\-b‑p-‑sS B-X‑n-Y‑y-a-c‑p-f‑n-b-X‑v ‑te‑m-I-¯‑n- A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\\-i‑n-e-I-f‑m-b P-\\‑m- ‑sâ ]-e `‑m-K-¯‑p-\\‑n-¶‑p-a‑p-Å [‑n-]-X‑y-þ-‑tk‑m-j‑y-e‑n-Ì‑v a-‑tX-X- h‑n-Z‑y‑mÀ-Y‑n-IÄ-¡‑p‑w, K-‑th-j- IÀ-¡‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. `‑m-c-X‑o-b h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\\‑w N-c-I³, k‑p-{i‑p-X³, B-c‑y- `-S³, h-c‑m-l-a‑n-l‑n-c³, `‑m-k- ‑v-I-c‑m-N‑m-c‑yÀ, {_-Ò-K‑p-]‑v-X³, N‑m-W-I‑y³ F-¶‑n-§-‑s\\ ‑te‑m- 69

K-h¬-‑saâ‑v ‑t\\-X‑r-X‑z- A-h ]‑mT‑y-]-²-X‑n-b‑n DÄ- B-d‑v a‑p-X F-«‑v h-‑sc-b‑p-Å ¯‑n \\‑n-c-´-c-a‑m-b‑n ‑s¸-S‑p-¯-W-‑sa-¶‑p‑w A-¯-c‑w ¢‑m-k‑p-I-f‑n [‑mÀ-a‑n-I a‑q-e‑y-] \\-S-¶‑p-h-c‑p-¶ H-c‑p h‑n-j-b-§-f‑n K-‑th-j-W‑w T-\\‑w \\Â-I-W-‑sa-¶‑p‑w, ‑th-Z‑n-I‑v ‑t{]‑m-Õ‑m-l‑n-¸‑n-¡-W-‑sa-¶‑v I‑q- I‑m-e-L-«-¯‑n-‑se ]T-\\-c‑o-X‑n c‑m-{ã‑w H-c‑p ‑sX-c- S‑n ‑tZ-i‑o-b-\\-b‑w ]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑n ‑t{]‑m-Õ‑m-l‑n-¸‑n-¡-W-‑sa-¶‑p‑w ‑sª-S‑p-¸‑v , G-I \\‑n-¶‑p‑w \\-b-\\‑nÀ-½‑m-X‑m-¡-f‑p-‑sS ]‑p-X‑n-b h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k \\-b‑w h‑y- k‑n-h‑n ‑tI‑m-U‑v, H-c‑p e-£‑y-h‑p‑w k‑z-`‑m-hp-‑w h‑y-à- à-a‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p. h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k h‑y-h-Ø a‑m-W‑v. H-c‑p I-c‑n-¡‑p-e‑w F-¶ G-I-i‑n-e‑m k-a‑m-\\- G-I‑o-I‑r-X k-a‑o-]-\\- {]‑m-N‑o-\\ C-´‑y³ a‑m-I‑p-¶ ‑tI-{µ‑o-I‑r-X I‑m-g‑v-N- ¯‑n D‑u-¶‑p-¶-X‑p‑w, k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-¯‑n-\\‑v G-‑sd k‑w-`‑m- ¸‑m-S‑p-I-f‑p-‑sS k-a‑m-l‑m-c-a‑m-W‑v h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-‑ ta-J-e-b‑n- h-\\-IÄ \\Â-I‑n-b _‑p-², ‑s‑sP- ]‑p-X‑n-b ‑tZ-i‑o-b \\-b‑w. I-c‑n- ‑se ‑s^-U-d k-a‑o- \\ h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k k-{¼-Z‑m-b-‑s¯ ¡‑p-e‑w ]‑mT‑y-]-²-X‑n, ]‑mT-]‑p- ]-\\-‑s¯ X-IÀ-¯‑p l‑n-µ‑p {_‑m-Ò-W ]‑m-c-¼-c‑y- k‑v-X-I-§Ä F-¶‑n-h-‑sb-Ã‑m‑w I-f-b‑p-¶-X-a‑m-bXm‑ a‑m-b‑n h‑y‑m-J‑y‑m-\\‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v C-\\‑n ‑tI-{µ kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-‑sâ Wv ]pXn-b hn-Zy-`ym-k ‑sN-¿‑p-¶-X‑v. a‑m-{X-a-à k‑m‑w- ‑t\\-X‑r-X‑z-¯‑n X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑p‑w. k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-I ‑tZ-i‑o-b-X-b‑n-‑te-¡‑v C-X‑v h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k h‑y-h-Ø- \\bw. ]‑u-c‑m-W‑n-I _‑n‑w-_-§-f‑p-‑sS ‑tb-b‑p‑w \\-b-k-a‑o-]-\\-§-‑sf- {]-‑tb‑m-K-hÂ-¡-c-W k‑m-[‑y- b‑p‑w [-\\-h‑n-\\‑n-‑tb‑m-K-‑s¯-b‑p‑w I-h‑n-Ú‑m-\\-¯‑n-\\‑p a-l-¯‑m-b X-IÄ \\-b-‑tc-J h‑y-à-a‑m-b‑n G-I‑m-ß-a‑m-¡‑p-‑sa-¶‑v a‑m-{X-a-Ã, k‑w-`‑m-h-\\-IÄ \\Â-I‑n-b A-‑t\\- ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. A-X‑n-\\‑p-‑th-ï‑n k‑w-Ø‑m-\\-§-f‑p-‑sS A-[‑n-I‑m- I‑w ]-Þ‑n-X-·‑m-‑sc k‑r-ã‑n-¨‑p. a-‑sä‑m-c‑p `‑m-j-b‑v-¡‑p‑w C-Ã‑m-¯ c‑m-h-I‑m-i-§-‑sf X-IÀ-¡‑p-h‑m- C‑u k-¼-¶-a‑m-b ‑s‑s]-X‑r-I‑w {]‑m-[‑m-\\‑y‑w k‑w-k-‑vI‑r-X-¯‑n-\\‑v \\‑p‑w c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-‑sâ ‑s^-U-d k‑w-c-£‑n-¡-‑s¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w ‑t]‑m- IÂ-¸‑n-¨‑p \\Â-I‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. a‑m- k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\\-‑s¯ X-IÀ-¡‑p-¶- j‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w ‑sN-¿‑p-¶-X‑n- {X-a-à C-´‑y-b‑n-‑se a‑p-g‑p-h³ X‑p-a‑m-I‑p‑w. ‑s\\‑m-¸‑w ]‑p-X‑n-b h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k h‑n-Z‑y‑mÀ-Y‑n-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w C‑u `‑m-j k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\\-¯‑n-\\‑v {]-‑tb‑m-P-\\- A-S‑n-‑t¨Â-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-a‑p-ï‑v. N‑p-c‑p-¡-¯‑n ‑tI-{µ ‑s¸-S‑p-¶-X‑n-‑te-¡‑m-b‑v K-‑th-j- K-h¬-‑saâ‑v ‑t\\-X‑r-X‑z-¯‑n W‑w ‑sN-¿‑p-I-b‑p‑w, ‑sa-¨-‑s¸-S‑p- k‑w-k-‑vI‑r-X-¯‑n-\\‑p \\‑n-c-´-c-a‑m-b‑n \\-S-¶‑p-h-c‑p-¶ ¯‑p-I-b‑p‑w ‑th-W‑w. \\Â-I‑p-¶ A-a‑n-X-{]‑m-[‑m-\\‑y‑w H-c‑p c‑m-{ã‑w H-c‑p ‑sX-c-‑sª- a-d-¨‑v ‑sh-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\\‑p ‑th-ï‑n S‑p-¸‑v , G-I k‑n-h‑n ‑tI‑m-U‑v, {]‑m-N‑o-\\ A-d‑n-h‑p-I- a-ä‑p C-´‑y³ `‑m-j-I-‑sf-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v H-c‑p h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k h‑y-h-Ø ‑sf-Ã‑m‑w b-Y‑mÀ-° i‑m-k‑v-{X-a‑m- {]-X‑n-]‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-‑sï-¶-X‑v b‑m- H-c‑p I-c‑n-¡‑p-e‑w F-¶ G-I‑o- ‑sW-¶‑v h-c‑p-¯‑n-¯‑oÀ-¡‑m³ Y‑mÀ-°‑y-a‑m-W‑v. C-§-‑s\\ k‑w- I‑r-X k-a‑o-]-\\-¯‑n D‑u-¶‑p- {i-a‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w, ]‑u-c‑m-W‑n-I k-‑vI‑r-X ]T-\\‑w \\‑nÀ-_-Ô‑n-X- ¶-X‑p‑w, h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-‑ ta-J-e-b‑n- h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-‑s¯ ‑s]‑m-X‑p a‑m-I‑p-‑t¼‑mÄ \\-½‑p-‑sS \\‑m-«‑n ‑se ‑s^-U-d k-a‑o-]-\\-‑s¯ h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-a‑m-b‑n A-h-X-c‑n- \\‑n-e-\\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ A-d-_‑n-I‑v X-IÀ-¯‑p I-f-b‑p-¶-X-a‑m-b ¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v A-]-I-S-I-c-a‑m-b D-d‑p-Z‑p X‑p-S-§‑n-b `‑m-j-I-f‑p-‑sS A-¡‑m-Z-a‑n-I k-a-{K‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y- N-c‑n-{X h‑m-b-\\‑m c‑o-X‑n-b‑m-W‑v. ]T-\\‑w A-\\‑n-Ý‑n-X-X‑z-¯‑n-e‑m-I‑p- ¯‑n-‑sâ `‑m-j-b‑m-W‑v ]‑p-X‑n-b ‑ta‑m? \\‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-‑se C-´‑y³ ‑tZ-i‑o-b h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k \\-b‑w k‑w-k‑m-c‑n- C-´‑y³ ]‑u-c‑m-W‑n-I ¡‑p-¶-X‑v.... k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-¯‑n-\\‑p‑w ‑s‑s]-X‑r- I-¯‑n-\\‑p‑w {]‑m-[‑m-\\‑y‑w \\Â-I‑n 70

71

Achbdn‑ \\‑pt‑ hï‑n A]c\\‑pa‑p¼‑n ‑ss‑ I\\‑o«p‑ ¶hÀ¡‑v Nn‑ e‑sXÃ‑m‑w k‑z]v‑\\§fm‑ W‑v, Ah‑scb‑pw‑ Iq‑ ‑sS¡‑q«e‑mWv‑ h‑nZym‑ `ym‑ kw‑ . 72

AdnhÃ; Xncn¨dnhmWv _n³bmao³ kJm^n h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk¯‑n\\‑v \\‑nÀÆN\\‑w ‑sI‑mS‑p¡Â Hc‑p {]b‑mka‑pÅ I‑mc‑ya‑mW.‑v \\½Ä ]ï‑pa‑pX‑te ‑tIÄ¡‑p¶ Hc‑p \\‑nÀhN\\a‑mW‑v, Hc‑p I‑pª‑p I‑m«‑mf‑s\\ Hc‑p a\\‑pj‑y\\‑mb‑n P‑oh‑n¡‑m³ ]T‑n¸‑n¡‑pI F¶X.‑v C‑u \\‑nÀhN\\¯‑n [‑mc‑mf‑w ‑sXä‑pIf‑pï‑v. B \\‑nÀhN\\‑s¯ h‑niZ‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶X‑n‑t\\‑m AX‑sæ‑n AX‑n\\‑pÅ ‑t]‑mc‑mb‑vaIÄ ] db‑p¶X‑n‑t\\‑m \\‑n¶‑m ‑s]‑s«¶‑v a\\Ê‑ne‑m¡‑m³ k‑m[‑yaÃ. h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mka‑nÃ‑m¯ Hc‑p ka‑ql¯‑ne‑pï‑mI‑p¶ {]i‑v\\§Ä F‑s´Ã‑m‑w? AX‑p‑t]‑m‑se h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mka‑pÅ ka‑ql¯‑n\\‑pÅ ‑t\\«§Ä F‑s´‑m‑s¡? Ch cï‑p‑w ic‑n¡‑p‑w a\\Ê‑ne‑m¡‑nb‑m h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk¯‑n‑sâ {]‑m[‑m\\‑yh‑p‑w AX‑n‑sâ K‑pWh‑p‑w AX‑nÃ‑m¯X‑n‑sâ {]i‑v\\§f‑p‑w a\\Ê‑ne‑m¡‑m³ k‑m[‑n¡‑p‑w. AX‑ne‑q‑sS h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk¯‑n‑sâ bY‑mÀ° \\‑nÀhN\\¯‑ne‑p‑w \\a‑p¡‑v F¯‑m³ Ig‑nb‑p‑w. ]‑t£ C¶‑v h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk‑w ]‑qÀ®a‑mb‑p‑w ‑tP‑me‑n¡‑v ‑thï kÀ«‑n^‑n¡ä‑pIÄ¡‑v ‑thï‑n a‑m{Xa‑mW‑v F¶‑p ]dª‑m Hc‑p ‑sXä‑pa‑nÃ. AX‑n\\‑v [‑mc‑mf‑w ‑sXf‑nh‑pIÄ \\½Ä C¶‑p‑w Iï‑p‑sI‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. ‑te‑mI¯‑v Gäh‑p‑w I‑qS‑pX h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mka‑pÅ k‑vYe‑w GX‑mW‑v F¶‑v ‑tN‑mZ‑n¨‑m ‑s]‑s«¶‑v a\\‑pj‑y a\\Ê‑nÂhc‑p¶ Hc‑p c‑mP‑ya‑mW‑v A‑tac‑n¡. CâÀ‑s\\ä‑n ‑skÀ¨‑v ‑sNb‑vX‑me‑p‑w \\a‑p¡‑v C¯c¯‑n‑se‑mc‑p d‑nkÄ«‑v I‑n«‑p¶X‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w. ]‑t£ ‑sX‑me‑nb‑p‑sS \\‑nd¯‑n‑sâ ‑t]c‑n [‑mc‑mf‑w {]i‑v\\§Ä \\S¡‑p¶ Hc‑p k‑vYea‑mW‑v 73

A‑tac‑n¡. \\½‑p‑sS X‑sâ a‑p¼‑n ‑tIk‑n\\‑p ‑thï‑n \\ã‑s¸S‑p¶‑p F¶‑pÅX‑mW‑v a\\Ê‑ne‑m‑t¡ïX.‑v [‑mÀa‑nI C´‑yb‑n hc‑p¶ Hc‑mf‑p‑sS I¿‑n h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk¯‑n‑sâ A`‑mha‑m WX‑v. h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk¯‑n‑sâ Hc‑p Gäh‑p‑w he‑nb \\‑n¶‑v X\\‑n¡‑v I‑qS‑pX ^‑ok‑v a‑qe[\\a‑mW‑v [‑mÀ½‑nI a‑qe‑y‑w. AX‑nÃ‑m¯ h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk‑w h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mka‑pÅ I‑n«‑p¶ Xc¯‑n‑te¡‑v B ‑sI‑mï‑v ka‑ql¯‑n\\‑v ‑t\\«a‑pï‑mh‑nÃ. ad‑n¨‑v B ] Bf‑pIÄ ‑tIk‑n‑s\\ ‑sI‑mï‑p‑t]‑mI‑p¶‑p. T\\‑w ‑sI‑mï‑v ka‑ql¯‑n X‑n·IÄ hfÀ¯‑m³ a‑m{Xa‑mW‑v F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ ‑s‑sI¡‑qe‑n¡‑p‑thï‑n hÀ¡‑v k‑m[‑n¡‑pI. X‑oÀ¨b‑mb‑p‑w \\½‑p‑sS h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk ‑taJeIÄ taJebmWv knhn ‑sN¿‑p¶ ‑t]‑me‑ok‑pI‑mc‑pa‑pï‑v.­ Ag‑n¨‑p ]W‑n‑tbïX‑pï.‑v h‑nZ‑y DÅb‑mf‑p‑w CÃ‑m¯b‑mf‑p‑w kÀhokv‑. ]‑t£ CX‑n‑s\\‑m‑s¡ N‑p¡‑m³ X½‑ne‑pÅ A´c‑w Ahc‑p‑sS k‑z`‑mh¯‑n C‑u ‑taJeb‑n h‑sc ]‑nS‑n¡‑p¶ a{´‑na‑mc‑n ] \\‑n¶‑v h‑yàa‑mIW‑w. B c‑q]¯‑ne‑pÅ Hc‑p h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk C¶‑v aX¯‑n‑sâb‑p‑w eÀ¡‑p‑w Hc‑p ‑taJe, A‑sæ‑n h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk Ic‑n¡‑pe‑w X‑oÀ¨b‑mb‑p‑w P‑mX‑nb‑p‑sSb‑p‑w ‑ h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mkhpa‑nà F¶‑pÅX‑p‑w Dï‑m‑tIï‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. a\\‑pj‑y‑s\\ a\\‑pj‑y\\‑mb‑n t]c‑v ]dª‑p X½‑n F{X‑tb‑m kX‑ya‑mW‑v. X‑nc‑n¨d‑nb‑m\\‑p‑w Fh‑n‑sS F‑t¸‑mÄ F´‑v F§‑s\\ XÃ‑n \\S¡‑p¶X‑mW‑v h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk‑sa¶X‑v ] ‑sN¿W‑w F¶ Ad‑nh‑p‑w FÃ‑mhÀ¡‑p‑w I‑n«‑p¶ I‑mW‑p¶X.‑v Wa‑pï‑m¡‑m\\‑pÅ c‑q]¯‑ne‑mIW‑w. C‑u c‑q]¯‑n‑te¡‑v h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk‑s¯ h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mka‑pÅ Hc‑p a‑mÀK‑w a‑m{Xa‑mb‑n a‑mä‑m³ \\a‑p¡‑v Ig‑nbW‑w. C‑t¸‑mg‑s¯ h‑n±‑y‑m`‑y‑mk¯‑n Hc‑p ka‑ql¯‑n a‑md‑p¶‑pï.‑v Npcp¡¯n i‑n£‑n¡‑pI F¶‑pÅX‑v FS‑p¯‑p Ifª‑n«‑pï.‑v P‑oh‑n¡‑m³ hf‑sc ]dªm B[p\\nI kX‑y¯‑nÂ, i‑n£ I‑n‑t«ï k‑vYe¯‑v i‑n£b‑p‑w k‑pJIca‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w temI¯v hnZym`ymkw F¶v A\\‑p‑ta‑mZ\\‑w e`‑n‑t¡ï­ k‑vYe¯‑v A\\‑p‑ta‑mZ\\h‑p‑w F¶X‑mW‑v ]dbp¶Xv ]Wapïm¡m\\pw I‑n«‑p¶ c‑q]¯‑n‑te¡‑v \\½‑p‑sS h‑n±‑y‑m`‑y‑mk ‑taJe h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk¯‑n‑sâ kÀ«n^n¡äpIfpïm¡m\\papÅ a‑m‑tdïX‑pï.‑v a‑m\\‑pj‑nI a‑qe‑y§‑sf a‑pd‑p‑sI ]‑nS‑n¨‑n«‑pÅ k‑ma‑ql‑y Hcp ^mÎdn am{XamW.v Hc‑p h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk k‑nk‑vä‑w \\a‑p¡‑v AX‑y‑mhi‑ya‑mW‑v F¶‑p ]ca‑mb Hc‑p ‑t\\«‑w. a\\‑pj‑yX‑z‑ta‑m a\\‑pj‑y‑t\\‑mS‑v N‑pc‑p¡‑w. ]‑t£, C¶‑s¯ F§‑s\\ ‑s]c‑pa‑mdW‑sa‑t¶‑m h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk‑w ‑sI‑mï‑v C¶‑v h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk {]{I‑nbb‑n CX‑v k‑m[‑ya‑m‑tW‑m? e`‑n¡‑p¶‑nÃ. F¶‑p a‑m{Xaà F®‑n¸dª h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mka‑nÃ‑m¯, Asæn c‑mP‑y§Ä H‑s¶S‑p¯‑p hnZym`ymkanÃm¯hsc¶v ]c‑n‑ti‑m[‑n¨‑p ‑t\\‑m¡‑q. IcpXs¸Sp¶ BfpIfpsS h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mka‑pÅ CSbn s]c‑pa‑m‑tdïX,‑v hc‑mW‑v h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk Ah‑tc‑mS‑v k‑wk‑mc‑n‑t¡ïX‑v, a‑nÃ‑m¯h‑tc¡‑mÄ Ah‑sc k‑z‑oIc‑n‑t¡ïX‑v, I‑qS‑pX {] Ah‑sc a‑m‑t\\P‑v ‑sN¿‑p¶X‑v, i‑v\\§Ä k‑rã‑n¨‑p‑ X‑pS§‑nb I‑mc‑y§Ä sI‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑p¶X.‑v h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk‑w I‑pdª \\à h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mka‑pÅ Bf‑pIf‑ne‑mW‑v I‑qS‑pX Hc‑p ‑tU‑mÎÀ X‑sâ \\‑neh‑mc¯‑n I‑mW‑p¶X.‑v a‑p¼‑n hc‑p¶ AX‑n \\‑n¶‑v a\\Ê‑ne‑mI‑p¶X‑v ‑tc‑mK‑n‑sb Ab‑mf‑p‑sS h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk¯‑n F‑t´‑m Ad‑nh‑nÃ‑mb‑va F§‑s\\ H¶‑v \\ã‑s¸«‑n«‑pï‑v F¶‑mW‑v N‑qjW‑w ‑sN¿‑m‑w AYh‑m, h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk¯‑ne‑q‑sS F¶‑v a\\Ê‑ne‑m¡‑n a\\‑pj‑y³ ‑t\\‑tSï Ah‑n‑sS ‑s]c‑pa‑md‑p¶‑p bY‑mÀ°a‑mb a‑qe‑y§Ä AX‑p‑t]‑m‑se¯‑s¶ C¶‑v \\ã‑s¸S‑pIb‑mW‑v. Hc‑p h¡‑o Ab‑mÄ F´‑p‑sI‑mï‑v CX‑v 74

Ajvan jm a-\\‑p-jy P‑o-h‑n-X‑w I‑q-S‑p-X k‑u-I-cy-{]-Z-a‑m-¡‑n a‑m-ä‑p-¶-X‑v F-©‑n-\\‑o-bÀ- a‑mÀ B-‑sW-¶ I‑m-cy-¯‑n A-{X XÀ-¡-a‑p-ï‑m-I‑n-Ã. ]‑p-X‑n-b I-‑sï-¯-e‑p-I-f‑p‑w \\‑nÀ-a‑n-X‑n-I-f‑p-a‑m-W‑v a-\\‑p-jy P‑o-h‑n-X‑w I‑q-S‑p-X k‑u-I-cy-{]-Z-a‑m-¡‑n a‑m-ä‑p-¶-X‑v. A-X‑p-‑sI‑m-ï‑p-X-‑s¶ ‑te‑m-I-¯‑v F-©‑n-\\‑o-bÀ-a‑mÀ-¡-p-‑Å {]‑m-[‑m-\\y‑w ‑sN-d‑p-X-Ã. C-´y-b‑n-‑se a‑n-I-¨ F©‑n\\‑o-b-d‑m-b‑n I-W-¡‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑v F‑w h‑n-‑ti‑z-i‑z-c-¿-‑sc-b‑m- W‑v. A-‑t±-l-¯‑n-‑sâ P-·-Z‑n-\\-a‑m-b ‑sk-]‑v-ä‑w-_À 15 \\‑m-W‑v C-´y-b‑n F©‑n\\‑n- ‑tb-g‑v-k‑v Z‑n-\\‑w B-N-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. k‑z-X-{´ C-´y-b‑p-‑sS B-k‑q-{X-W-¯‑n-‑sâ ]‑n-X‑m-h‑v F-¶-d‑n-b-‑s¸-S‑p-¶ F‑w h‑n-‑ti‑z-i‑z-c-¿ B-[‑p-\\‑n-I ‑s‑sa-k‑q-c‑n-‑sâ i‑n-e‑v-]‑n I‑q-S‑n-b‑m- W‑v. ‑s‑sl-Z-c‑m-_‑m-Z‑v \\-K-c-‑s¯ ]‑p-\\À \\‑nÀ-½‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\\‑m-b‑n \\‑n-‑tb‑m-K‑n-¡-‑s¸-« 75

k-a‑n- X‑n-b‑n {]-[‑m-\\ F³-P‑n- \\‑o-bÀa‑m-c‑n H-c‑mÄ h‑n-‑ti‑z-i‑z-c-¿ B-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. c‑m-Py-¯‑n-‑sâ {]-[‑m-\\ \\‑nÀ- a‑n-X‑n-Ifnse-Ã‑m‑w ‑taÂ-‑t\\‑m-«‑w h-l‑n-¨-X‑n-\\‑m c‑m-Py‑w A-‑t±-l-‑s¯ `‑m-c-X‑v c-X‑v-\\ \\Â-I‑n B-Z-c‑n-¡‑p- I-b‑p‑w ‑sN-b‑v-X‑p. F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n-M‑v ]-e-X-c-¯‑n-e‑p-ï‑v. ‑te‑m-I-‑s¯ \\‑nÀ-½‑n-¡‑p-¶ k‑n-h‑n F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n‑w-K‑v, h‑nÀ-N‑z ‑te‑m-I‑w \\‑nÀ-½‑n-¡‑p-¶ I-¼y‑q-«À F©‑n-\\‑o-bÀ, ‑te‑m-I- ‑s¯ _-Ô‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ C-e-‑t{Î‑m-W‑n-I‑v B³-U‑v I-½y‑q-W‑n-‑t¡-j³ F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n-M‑v, ‑te‑m-I-¯‑n-‑sâ D‑uÀ-Ö-a‑m-W‑v C-e-{Î‑n-¡Â F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n-M‑v, ‑te‑m-I-‑s¯ N-e‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ ‑sa-¡‑m-\\‑n-¡Â F©‑n- \\‑o-b-d‑n-M‑v. ¹-k‑v S‑p h‑n-\\‑p ‑ti-j‑w `‑q-c‑n-`‑m-K‑w h‑n-Zy‑mÀ-°‑n-I-f‑p‑w X‑n-c-‑sª-S‑p-¡‑p-¶ ‑ta-J-e-I- f‑n H-¶‑m-W‑v F-©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n‑w-K‑v. I‑q-W‑p-‑t]‑m-‑se F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n-M‑v ‑tI‑m-‑tf-P‑p-IÄ D-‑sï-¶‑v ]-d-ª‑p I-f‑n-b‑m¡‑m-d‑p-‑sï-¦‑n-e‑p‑w B-[‑p-\\‑n-I P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n-§‑n-‑sâ-b‑p‑w ‑sS-I‑v-t\\‑m- f-P‑n-b‑p-‑sS-b‑p‑w {]-k-à‑n G-‑sd-b‑m-W‑v. ]-e ‑tI‑m-‑tf-P‑p-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w k‑o-ä‑p-IÄ H-g‑n-ª‑p I‑n-S-¡‑p-¶‑p-‑sï-¦‑n-e‑p‑w a‑n-I-¨ ‑tI‑m-‑tf-P‑p-I-f‑n C-ã i‑m-J-I-f‑n {]-‑th-i-\\‑w I‑n-«-W-‑sa-¦‑n D-bÀ-¶ F³-{S³-k‑v d‑m-¦‑v e-`‑n-‑t¨ a-X‑n-b‑m-I‑q. _‑n-‑sS-¡‑n-\\‑v ‑sh-d‑p-‑sX A-U‑v-a‑n-j³ e-`‑n-¨‑n-«‑v I‑m-cy-a‑n-Ã, I-c‑n-bÀ c‑q-]‑o-I-c-W-¯‑n {]-‑tXy-I {i-² X-‑s¶ A-d‑n-b-W‑w. I-W-¡‑n-‑sâ a‑m-b‑m-‑te‑m-I-¯‑v N‑n-eÀ h‑n-e-k‑p-‑t¼‑mÄ I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-f‑p-I-f‑p‑w ‑sh-Å‑w I‑p-S‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v ]-X‑n-h‑v. ]T-\\-I‑m-e-¯‑v a‑m-{X-a-Ã, \\‑n-Xy P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n-‑se H‑m-‑tc‑m k-µÀ-`-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w I-W-¡‑n-‑sâ {]‑m-[‑m-\\y‑w h-e‑p-X‑m-W‑v. K-W‑n-X i‑m-k‑v-{X-¯‑n-‑se A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\\ X-X‑z-§Ä D-d-¡‑m-¯-X‑p‑w ]T‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-‑se ‑sX-ä‑m-b c‑o-X‑n-I-f‑p-a‑m-W‑v I-W-¡‑v _‑p-²‑n-a‑p-«mI‑p-h‑m³ I‑m-c-W‑w. F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n-§‑n C‑u I-W-¡‑n-‑sâ I-f‑n AÂ-]‑w I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-W‑v. F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n-M‑v F-¶-X‑v F-®-a-ä -h‑n-j-b-§Ä ]T‑n-¡‑p-I F-¶-X‑v a‑m-{X-a-Ã, `‑u-X‑n-I P‑o-h‑n-X- ¯‑n-‑sâ [‑mÀ-a‑n-I ]T-\\-a‑m-W‑v. C-´y³ F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n-M‑v ‑tI‑m-‑tf-P‑v \\‑m-e‑v h‑n-[-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v D-Å-X‑v. 1þ IITs & NITs C-h‑n-‑sS, A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\\ k‑u-I-cy-§Ä h-f-‑sc a‑n-I-¨-X‑m-W‑v. \\-à Iy‑m-¼-k‑p- IÄ, \\-à ‑tl‑m-Ìe‑p-IÄ, \\-à ‑s‑se-{_-d‑n-IÄ, \\-à e‑m-_‑p-IÄ, \\-à I-W-I‑v-ä‑n-h‑n- ä‑n-IÄ, ^‑m-¡Âä‑n-IÄ F¶nh c‑m-Py-‑s¯ G-ä-h‑p‑w a‑n-I-¨-X‑m-W‑v. A-[y‑m-]-\\- ¯‑n-e‑p‑w ]‑m-‑tTy-X-c {]-hÀ-¯-\\-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w h‑n-]‑p-e-a‑m-b A-\\‑p-`-h-§-f‑p-ï‑v. h‑n-Zy‑mÀ-°‑n-IÄ {]-‑th-i-\\ ]-c‑o- £-I-f‑n-‑se G-ä-h‑p‑w a‑n-I-¨ d‑m-¦‑p-I‑m-c‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. A-¡‑m-U-a‑n-I-‑vk‑n a‑m-{X-a-Ã, ]‑m-‑tTy-X-c {]-hÀ- ¯-\\-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w A-X‑m-b-X‑v k‑v-t]‑mÀ-S‑v-k‑v, k‑w-K‑o- X‑w, a-ä‑p ‑sh‑m-‑t¡-j-W ‑tI‑m-g‑v-k‑p‑w C-h‑n-‑sS h‑n-Zy‑mÀ-°‑n-IÄ-¡‑v e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v. 76 76

2 þ a-ä‑p K-h¬-‑saâ‑v C³-Ì‑n-äy‑q- ¯‑n-b‑m-¡‑m-‑sX \\‑nÀ-¯‑n ‑t]‑m-I‑p-¶‑p. F-©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n‑w- «pIÄ M‑v F-¶ C‑u-‑sb‑m-c‑p ‑s{]‑m-^-j-W ‑tI‑m-g‑v-k‑n-‑s\\ h-f-‑sc h-e‑n-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑n A-X‑v _‑m-[‑n-¨‑p. (A-^‑n-e‑n-‑tb-ä-U‑v ‑tÌ-ä‑v b‑q-W‑n-‑th-g‑v-k‑n-ä‑n-k‑v) C-´y³ F-©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n‑w-K‑v {]‑m-‑tb‑m-K‑n-I C-h‑n-‑sS, A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\\ k‑u-I-cy-§Ä h‑n-Zy‑m-`y‑m-k-‑s¯-¡‑mÄ I‑q-S‑p-X ‑s‑sk-‑²mÔ‑n-I I‑m- h-f-‑sc a‑n-I-¨-X‑m-W‑v. \\-à Iy‑m-¼-k‑p-IÄ, \\-à ‑tl‑m- cy-§-f‑m-W‑v F-¶‑p‑w k‑n-e-_-k‑p-IÄ ]-e-X‑p‑w A-Xy‑m- Ì-e‑p-IÄ, \\-à ‑s‑se-{_-d‑n-IÄ, \\-à e‑m-_‑p-IÄ, [‑p-\\‑n-I k‑m-‑t¦-X‑n-I h‑n-Zy-‑sb a‑p-g‑p-h-\\‑m-b‑p‑w DÄ-‑s¡‑m- \\-à I-W-I‑v-ä‑n-h‑n-ä‑n-IÄ. IIT, NIT ‑sb A-‑t]-£‑n-¨‑v Å‑m-¯-X‑m-W‑v F-¶-X‑n-\\‑p ]‑p-d-‑sa \\-½‑p-‑sS k‑z-´‑w ‑s¹-b‑v-k‑v-saâ‑v h-f-‑sc I‑p-d-h‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. ‑tI-c-f-¯‑n- F-©‑n-\\‑o-bÀ-a‑m-‑sc h‑mÀ-‑s¯-S‑p-‑t¡-ï c‑o-X‑n-b‑n-e‑p-Å ‑se B-Zy-‑s¯ K-h¬-‑saâ‑v F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n-M‑v ‑tI‑m-f- d‑n-kÀ-¨‑v ‑skâ-d‑p-I-f‑p-‑sS A-`‑m-h-h‑p‑w k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-‑te- P‑v F-¶-d‑n-b-‑s¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v K-h¬-‑saâ‑v ‑tI‑m-‑tf-P‑v H‑m-^‑v ¡‑v B-h-iy-a‑m-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑n-e‑p-Å-h-‑sc DÂ-¸‑m-Z‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³ F-©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n‑w-K‑v X‑n-c‑p-h-\\-´-]‑p-c‑w (1939) B-W‑v. I-g‑n-b‑m-‑sX ‑t]‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑p‑w h-e‑n-b ]-c‑m-P-b-a‑m-W‑v. \\y‑q- B-Zy-‑s¯ K-h¬-‑saâ‑v F-b‑v-U-U‑v F©‑n\\‑o-b-d‑n-M‑v UÂ-l‑n A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\\-a‑m-b H-c‑p I-¼-\\‑n \\-S-¯‑n-b ] ‑tI‑m-‑tf-P‑v S‑n-‑sI-F‑w F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n-M‑v ‑tI‑m-‑tf-P‑v ‑sI‑m- T-\\-¯‑n 1,50,000 F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n-M‑v h‑n-Zy‑mÀ-°‑n-I-f‑n Ã‑am Wv (1958). ‑sh-d‑p‑w a‑q-¶‑v i-X-a‑m-\\‑w a‑m-{X-a‑m-W‑v H-c‑p ‑tk‑m-^‑v-ä‑v-sh- bÀ A-‑sÃ-¦‑n ‑s{]‑m-U-Î‑v a‑mÀ-¡-ä‑n‑w-K‑v I-¼-\\‑n-b‑n-‑te- 3 - H‑m-‑t«‑m-W-a-k‑v b‑q-W‑n-‑th-g‑v-k‑n-ä‑n ¡‑v ‑tb‑m-Ky-c‑m-b-hÀ. ‑sh-d‑p‑w G-g‑v i-X-a‑m-\\‑w h‑n-Zy‑mÀ- °‑n-IÄ-¡‑v a‑m-{X-a‑m-W‑v I‑r-Xy-a‑m-b F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n-M‑v C-h‑n-‑sS, ]-W-a‑m-W‑v F-Ã‑m‑w. A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\\ ‑sh-Ã‑p-h‑n-f‑n-I-‑sf G-‑sä-S‑p-¡‑m³ {]‑m-]‑v-X‑n-b‑p-Å-hÀ. k‑u-I-cy-§Ä IIT ‑sb-¡‑mÄ a‑n-I-¨-X‑m-W‑v. ]‑m-‑tTy- C-´y H-c‑p hÀ-j-¯‑n 1.5 a‑n-ey¬ F-©‑n-\\‑o-bÀ-a‑m-‑sc X-c {]-hÀ-¯-\\-§Ä A-h‑n-‑sS-b‑p-ï‑v. F-¶‑m ]‑p-d-¯‑n-d-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. C-X‑v b‑p-F-k‑n-‑sâ-b‑p‑w ‑s‑sN-\\-b‑p- a‑n-¡-h‑m-d‑p‑w F-Ã‑m‑w A-h‑n-‑sS ]-W-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-‑s¸- ‑sS-b‑p‑w I-W-¡‑p-IÄ H-¶‑n-¨‑p I‑q-«‑n-b‑m a‑m-{X‑w I‑n-«‑p- «-X‑m-W‑v. ‑s¹-b‑n-k‑v-saâ‑p-IÄ a‑n-I-¨-X‑m-W‑v. \\-à I-¼- ¶-X‑m-W‑v. C-{X h-e‑n-b k‑w-Jy-b‑n F©‑n-\\‑o-bÀ-a‑mÀ \\‑n-IÄ ‑tP‑m-e‑n h‑m-K‑v-Z‑m-\\‑w ‑sN-¿‑p-¶‑p. C-´y-b‑n D-ï‑m-b‑n-«‑p‑w A-X‑v I‑r-Xy-a‑m-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑n C-´y-b‑v-¡‑v D-]-‑tb‑m-K-‑s¸-S‑p-¯‑m³ A-‑sÃ-¦‑n A-h-‑sc 4 þ a-ä‑p ‑s‑s{]-h-ä‑v ‑tI‑m-‑tf-P‑p-IÄ ^-e-{]-Z-a‑m-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑n D-]-‑tb‑m-K-‑s¸-S‑p-¯‑m³ C-´y- b‑v-¡‑v I-g‑n-b‑m-‑sX ‑t]‑m-I‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑p-Å-X‑v \\-½‑p-‑sS C-‑t¸‑mÄ C‑u ‑tI‑m-‑tf-P‑p-IÄ K‑p-c‑p-X-c-a‑m-b h‑n-Zy‑m-`y‑m-k k-{¼-Z‑m-b-‑s¯-b‑p‑w c‑m-Py-‑s¯-b‑p‑w ]-c‑m- A-h-Ø-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v, A-hÀ k‑m-[‑m-c-W-b‑m-b‑n \"‑sX‑m-g‑n P-b-a‑m-W‑v. e-`‑n-¡‑m-¯\" F©‑n-\\‑o-bÀ-a‑mÀ F-¶‑v h‑n-f‑n-¡-‑s¸-S‑p-¶ F©‑n-\\‑o-bÀ-a‑m-‑sc k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. (F-Ã‑m-h-c‑p-a-Ã, A-h- k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-‑sâ {]-‑tb‑m-P-\\-¯‑n-\\‑m-b‑n ‑s{]‑m- c‑n ]-e-c‑p‑w) A-hÀ _‑n-cp‑Z-§Ä \\Â-I‑p-¶‑p, ]-‑t£ ^-j-W-e‑p‑w [‑mÀ-a‑n-I-h‑p-a‑m-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑n \\‑n-e-h‑n-‑se ‑th-ï-{X F-©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n‑w-K‑v I-g‑n-h‑p-I-‑tf‑m k‑m-‑t¦-X‑n-I {]-i‑v-\\-§Ä ‑s‑sI-I‑m-cy‑w ‑sN-¿‑m³ F©‑n-\\‑o-bÀ-a‑mÀ- ‑s‑sh-Z-K‑v-[y-‑ta‑m \\Â-I‑p-¶‑n-Ã. C³-{^‑m-k‑v-{S-I‑v-N-d‑p-IÄ ¡‑v D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-X‑z-a‑p-ï‑v. R‑m³ P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n H-c‑p-]‑m- N‑n-e-‑t¸‑mÄ a‑n-I-¨-X‑m-W‑v, N‑n-e-‑t¸‑mÄ \\‑n-e-h‑m-c-‑t¯- S‑v a‑p-‑t¶‑m-«‑v ‑t]‑m-b‑n-«‑p-‑sï-¦‑n-e‑p‑w, F©‑n-\\‑o-bÀ-a‑mÀ ¡‑mÄ X‑m-‑sg-b‑m-W‑v. a‑m-{´‑n-I-‑tc-¡‑mÄ I‑p-d-h-‑sÃ-¶‑v R‑m³ C-‑t¸‑m-g‑p‑w h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. I‑m-c-W‑w, A-hÀ a‑n-¡-h‑m-d‑p‑w F-Ã‑m I‑p-d-ª k‑v-tI‑m-d-‑p-Å, i-c‑m-i-c‑n-‑tb‑m {]-i‑v-\\-§Ä-¡‑p‑w ]-c‑n-l‑m-c‑w D-Å-h-‑tc‑m A-‑sÃ-¦‑n A-‑sÃ-¦‑n i-c‑m-i-c‑n-b‑n X‑m-‑sg-‑tb‑m D-Å hn‑ \\‑n-§Ä-¡‑v ]-c‑n-l‑m-c‑w \\Â-I‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-¶-h-‑tc‑m ZymÀ°nIÄ-¡‑v F©‑n-\\‑o-bÀ B-I‑m-\\‑p-Å A-S‑n- B-W‑v. H-c‑p a‑p-d‑n-b‑n-e‑n-c‑p-¶‑v A-h-‑sc N‑p-ä‑n-¸-ä‑n H-¶‑v Ø‑m-\\ k‑z-`‑m-h k-h‑n-‑ti-j-X-If‑n-Ã‑m-¯ N‑n-e h‑n-Zy‑mÀ- I-‑t®‑m-S‑n-¡-W‑w, ]‑p-d-¯‑v H-c‑p ]-c‑n-[‑n-h-‑sc F©‑n- °‑n-IÄ, A-h-c‑p-‑sS a‑m-X‑m-]‑n-X‑m-¡-f‑p-‑sS \\‑nÀ-_-Ô \\‑o-b-d‑n-§‑n-‑s\\ B-{i-b‑n-¡‑m-¯ h-f-‑sc I‑p-d-¨‑v I‑m-cy- -{]-I‑m-c‑w A-hÀ F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n-M‑v F-S‑p-¯‑v A-X‑v ]‑qÀ- §Ä a‑m-{X-‑ta \\‑n-§Ä I-‑sï-¯‑p-I-b‑p-Å‑q-‑sh-¶‑v F-\\‑n-¡‑v D-d-¸‑v \\Â-I‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p‑w. 77 77

`qtKm-f-¯n-sâ kv-]µ\\w sj_n sI \"Mathematics is not about numbers, equations, computations or algo- rithms. it is about understanding\" -William paul thurston. h-f-sc-¨p-cp-¡-¯n im-kv-{Xw F-¶m a-\\p-jy³ {]-]-©-s¯ ]-än A-dn-ª Im-cy-§-fm-Wv, im-kv-{X-¯n-sâ `m-j-bm-Wv K-Wn-X- im-kv-{Xw. im-kv-{X-¯n-sâ cm-Ún-bm-Wv K-Wn-X- im-kv-{Xw. A-t¸mÄ cm-Pm-hv B-cm-sW-¶v \\n-§Ä tNm-Zn-¨m \"A-h³ H-cp ]p-en-bm-Wv' F-¶v ]-d-ªm A-h-\\v hm-ep-sï-¶À-°-an-Ã-tÃm F-¶v Xn-cn-¨p tNm-Zn-t¡-ïn-h-cpw. {]-i-kv-X A-ta-cn-¡³ K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X-Ú³ hn-Ãyw t]mÄ tXÀ-̬-sâ H-cp hm-N-Iw Rm³ ap-I-fn F-gp-Xn-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv F-sâ F-gp-¯n-sâ `w-Kn-¡p th-ïn am-{X- a-Ã. F-sâ hn-j-b-¯n-sâ B-sI Xp-I-bpw ap-I-fn F-gp-Xn-b hm-N-I-§-fn-ep- ïv. kv-^-Sn-Iw kn-\\n-a-bn-se Nm-t¡m-am-jpw A-t±-lw ]Tn-¸n-¨ K-Wn-X-hpw F-{X-ta A-c-kn-I-am-sW-¶v _ º º º D-¯-cw ]-d-ª hn-ZymÀ-°n-bn \\n-¶pw {]-I-S-am-Wv. \\m-emw ¢m-kv h-sc I-W-¡v Iq-«p-I-bpw Ip-d-bv-¡p-I-bpw l-cn-¡p-I- bpw sN-bv-X an-Sp-¡-\\m-b hn-ZymÀ-°n F-t´, A-Sp-¯ ¢m-Ên x F-¶v Im-Wp- 78 78

C-hn-sS H-cp a-dp-tNm-Zy-ap-ïv, K-Wn-X-]-c-am-bn ssI-Im-cyw sN-¿p-t¼mÄ {]-]-©-¯n-se {]-Xn-`m-k-§Ä F-t´ A-Xn-{X _p-²n-ap-«p-Å-Xm-bn? \\n-§Ä am-Xr-`m-j-bn hn-i-Zo-I- cn-¡p-t¼mÄ a-\\p-jy-\\v F-fp-¸- A-Xv þ K-Wn-X-s¯ \\-½Ä k-ao-]n-¨ ¯n a-\\-Ên-em-Ip-t¼m-gpw A-h- co-Xn-bpw A-Xv \\n-§-fn-te-¡v F-¯n-¨ B-sf- sb K-Wn-X-]-c-am-bn ssI-Im-cyw bpw _-Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. sN-¿p-t¼mÄ F-t´ A-Xn-{X sN-dn-sbm-cp D-Zm-l-c-Ww ]-d-bmw. _p-²n-ap-«p-Å-Xm-bn. \\n-§-fp-sS I-¿n Ip-d-¨v anTm-bn-IÄ In-«n, F-{X-sb-®w F-¶-dn-bm-¯-Xn-\\m Rm³ t¼mÄ hn-bÀ-¡p-¶-sX-¶v ]-e-t¸m-gpw F-s¶ A-Xn-s\\ X F-®w F-¶v hn-fn-¨p. ho-ïpw Ip- A-Ûp-X-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ïv. (a+b)2 = a2+2ab+b2 d-¨p an-Tm-bn In-«n A-h-bp-sS F-®w Y B-Wv. F-¶v Im-Wm-sX ]Tn-¡p-I-bpw ]m-Sn-\\-S-¡p-I- F-¦n B-sI anTm-bn-I-fp-sS F-®w X+Y, anTm- bpw sN-bv-Xn-«v F-´n-\\m-bn-cp-¶p Rm-\\-Xv ]Tn- bn-I-fp-sS F-®-¯n-sâ Kp-W-\\-^-ew X x Y. ¨n-cp-¶-Xv F-¶v ]-d-ªv s\\-Sp-hoÀ-¸n-« ]-e-sc- bpw I-ïp-ap-«n-bn-«p-ïv. C-hn-sS X t\\-bpw Y tb-bpw \\n-§Ä `-b-s¸-«n-à Im-c-Ww X F-´m-sW-¶pw, Y I-W-¡n-sâ am-sj-¶v ]-d-bp-t¼mÄ F-´m-sW-¶pw A-hn-sS \\-S-¶ K-Wn-X-{In-b ap-XnÀ-¶ ]-e B-fp-I-fpw c-l-ky-am-bn tNm-Zn- F-´m-sW-¶pw \\n-§Ä hy-à-am-bn a-\\-Ên-em- ¨n-«p-ïv, F-´m-Wv am-tj B ssk-\\pw tIm- ¡n-b-Xn-\\m-em-Wv. kp-sa-Ãmw F-¶v. C-Xp-t]m-se \\-½p-sS ap-¶n-ep-Å F-Ãm-¯n-\\pw H-cp-¯-c-ta DÅq. tI- {]-iv-\\-§-sf K-Wn-X-¯n-sâ `m-j-bn-te-¡v am- h-ew Nn-e K-Wn-X {In-b-IÄ-¡p-a-¸p-dw K-Wn-X- äp-I am-{X-am-Wv K-Wn-X im-kv-{X-ÚÀ sN-¿p- im-kv-{Xw B-i-b-§-fp-sS (Concept) k-am-lm- ¶-Xv. D-bÀ-¶ X-e-¯n k-¦oÀ-W-am-b {]-Xn- c-am-Wv. {]-]-©-¯n-se F-Ãm X-c-¯n-ep-Å `m-k-§-sf hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡m³ k-¦oÀ-W-am-b {]-Xn-`m-k-§-sf-bpw A-Xv DÄ-s¡m-Ån-¨p-sIm- K-Wn-X-{In-b-IÄ B-h-iy-am-Wp-Xm-\\pw. tï-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. k-¦oÀ-®-am-b {]-iv-\\-§-sf h-f-sc \\n-Êm-c-am-bn ssI-Im-cyw sN-¿p-¶p. C-\\n C-hn-sS-bp-Å ssh-cp-²yw F-´m- `u-Xn-I im-kv-{X-¯n-sâ B-[p-\\n-I A-Sn-¯-d- sW-¶m k-¦oÀ-W-am-b B-i-b-§-sf ]-än bm-b B-t]-£n-I kn-²m-´-¯n-te-¡v sF³- Nn-´n-¡m-\\pw a-\\-Ên-em-¡m-\\pw ]-äp-¶ ]-e Ìo³ F-¯n-t¨À-¶-Xv ip-² K-Wn-X-¯n-eq-sS B-fp-I-fpw K-Wn-X-{In-b-I-fp-sS ap-¶n ap-«p-a-S- B-bn-cp-¶p. ¡p-¶p. {]-iv-\\-§-sf K-Wn-X `m-j-bn-te-¡v am- äp-hm-\\pw A-Xn-s\\ \\nÀ-²m-c-Ww sN-¿m-\\p-ap-Å C-hn-sS H-cp a-dp-tNm-Zy-ap-ïv, {]-]- A-dn-hn-Ãm-bv-a am-{X-am-Wv A-h-cp-sS {]-iv-\\w. ©-¯n-se {]-Xn-`m-k-§Ä \\n-§Ä am-Xr- A-Xv Ir-Xy-am-bn ]-cn-l-cn-¨m k-aq-l-¯n- `m-j-bn hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ a-\\p-jy-\\v ep-Å X-Xz-Nn-´-I-sc-Ãmw h-en-b K-Wn-X im- F-fp-¸-¯n a-\\-Ên-em-Ip-t¼m-gpw A-h-sb kv-{X-ÚÀ B-bn Xo-cp-¶-Xm-Wv. ap³-Km-an-I-fm-b `q-cn-]-£w K-Wn-X- im-kv-{X-Ú-cpw h-en-b X-Xz-Nn-´-I-cm-bn-cp-¶p F-¶-Xv F-Sp-¯p- ]-d-tb-ï h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv. ]p-Xn-b Im-e-L-«-¯n K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X-Ú- cp-sS h-en-b A-`m-h-hpw hn-cÂ-Nq-ïp-¶-Xv \\-½p-sS sX-äm-b Nn-´-I-fn-te-¡v Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. tI-h-ew tNm-Zy-t¸-¸-dn-se D-¯-c-§Ä I-sï- ¯p-¶-Xn am-{Xw H-Xp-§p-¶-Xn-\\p ]-I-cw Rm³ ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xv F-´v F-¶v tNm-Zn-¨m Xo-cm-hp-¶ {]-iv-\\-ta C-hn-sS-bp-Åq. 79 79

apl½Zv- lm^nkv, Pnlm³ dÒm³, lnjmw sI kn R‑mbd‑mg‑vN D¨b‑v¡‑v 1. k-‑vI‑qÄ F¶‑v ‑tIÄ¡‑p‑t¼‑mÄ BZya‑mb‑n ‑tl‑mÌ a‑pd‑nb‑n a\\Ê‑n‑te¡‑v hc‑p¶‑sX´‑mW‑v? a‑pi‑nª‑nc‑p¶‑t¸‑mg‑mW‑v Iy‑m¼k‑n‑sâ \"I‑q«‑pI‑mc‑p‑w, S‑o¨Àa‑mc‑p‑w'. k-‑vI‑qf‑n‑s\\ I‑pd‑nN‑v ‑sX‑m«S‑p¯‑pÅ {K‑uï‑n I‑p«‑nIÄ k‑wk‑mc‑n¡‑p‑t¼‑mÄ BZya‑mb‑v FÃ‑mhc‑p‑w ] If‑n¡‑p¶X‑v Iï‑Xv. Ahc‑p‑sa‑m¯‑v I‑pd¨‑p db‑p¶X‑v k‑z´‑w I‑q«‑pI‑m‑sc X‑s¶b‑mW‑v. kab‑w I‑qS‑nb‑m‑te‑m F‑s¶‑mc‑p N‑n´. d‑qa‑n‑sâ N‑neÀ S‑o¨Àa‑m‑scb‑p‑w I‑q«¯‑n ]db‑p¶‑pï‑v. ]‑pd¯‑nd§‑nb‑t¸‑mÄ l‑nj‑ma‑p‑w Pnlm‑\\ pa‑pï‑v ‑t]‑mÌ‑mb‑n \\‑n¡‑p¶‑p. Ah‑scb‑p‑w 2. k-‑vI‑qf‑n Gäh‑p‑w ‑t]S‑nb‑pÅ I‑q«‑n X‑m‑sg ‑sN¶‑v k‑m‑td‑mS‑v ‑tN‑mZ‑n¨ ‑tij‑w I‑mcy‑sa´‑mW‑v? R§Ä {K‑uï‑n‑se¯‑n, Ahc‑pa‑mb‑n CS] \"³I‑n Gäh‑p‑w ‑t]S‑n S‑o¨À AS‑n¡‑v¶X‑m' gI‑m³ X‑pS§‑n. H‑m¬‑s‑se³ ¢‑mk‑pIÄ¡‑v C§‑s\\b‑mW‑v ‑sa‑m¯¯‑n FÃ‑mhc‑p‑w ‑tij‑w k-‑vI‑qf‑n‑se¯‑nb AhÀ¡‑v ]dª‑p ‑sh¨X‑v. ‑tl‑m‑whÀ¡‑pI‑sf ‑t] k-‑vI‑qf‑n‑s\\¡‑pd‑nN‑pÅ A`‑n{]‑mb§f‑p‑w S‑nb‑pÅ a‑sä‑mc‑p I‑q«c‑pa‑pï‑v. I‑q‑sS ]T‑n¡‑p¶ N‑n´If‑p‑w F‑s´Ã‑ma‑m‑sW¶‑v ‑tIÄ¡‑m\\‑mb‑n I‑p«‑nIf‑p‑sS ‑t]c‑v ]dªhc‑pa‑pï‑v. Ah‑tc‑mS‑v I‑pª‑pI‑pª‑p ‑tN‑mZy§Ä ‑tN‑mZ‑n¨‑p. ad‑p]S‑nIÄ hf‑sc ckIca‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. BZy‑w X‑pd¶‑v k‑wk‑mc‑n¡‑m³ Hc‑p h‑n½‑nã‑w Dï‑mb‑nc‑p‑s¶¦‑ne‑p‑w CS‑s]Se‑pIÄ Hc‑p I‑w^ÀS‑v ‑tk‑mW‑n‑se¯‑nb‑t¸‑mÄ ]‑n‑s¶ X‑pd¶ a\\‑tÊ‑m‑sSb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p Ahc‑p‑sS {]X‑nIcW‑w . Hc‑p]‑mS‑v kab‑w k‑wk‑mc‑n¨‑nc‑p¶‑t¸‑mÄ AhÀ¡‑n‑t§‑m«‑v ]e IYIf‑p‑w I‑mcy§f‑p‑w ]db‑m\\‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. R§Ä ‑tN‑mZ‑n¨‑p 80

3. k-‑vI‑qf‑n ‑t]‑mI‑m³ aS‑nb‑p‑tï‑m.. 8. k-‑vI‑qf‑n ‑t]‑mI‑m³ Gäh‑p‑w aS‑n F´‑mW‑v I‑mcW‑w? ‑tX‑m¶‑p¶ Z‑nhk‑w GX‑v? Cã‑vSa‑pÅ Z‑nhk‑w k-‑vI‑qf‑n ‑t]‑mI‑m³ ‑s]‑mX‑p‑sh FÃ‑mhÀ¡‑p‑w GX‑v? Cãa‑m‑sW¶‑mW‑v ]dªX‑v. I‑mcW‑w, X‑n¦f‑mg‑vN, AX‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p HäbS‑n¡‑pÅ ] ‑te‑m¡‑vU‑u¬ Ig‑nª‑v X‑nc‑n¨‑p k-‑vI‑qf‑n‑te¡‑v ec‑p‑sSb‑p‑w ad‑p]S‑n. I‑mcW‑w, R‑mbd‑mg‑vN Ibd‑nbX‑tà DÅ‑q, FÃ‑mhÀ¡‑p‑w k-‑vI‑qf‑n Ah[‑n Ig‑nª‑v k-‑vI‑qf‑n ‑t]‑mI‑m³ X‑me‑v] X‑s¶b‑nc‑n¡‑m\\‑mW‑v Cã‑w. cya‑nà F¶‑mW‑v ]db‑p¶X‑v. ']‑n. S‑n b‑pÅ Z‑nhka‑mW‑v Gäh‑p‑w Cã‑w' C{Xb‑p‑w ]dª‑p 4. H‑m¬‑s‑se³ ¢‑mÊ‑m‑tW‑m H‑m^‑v-s‑se³ Ig‑nª‑n«‑v Hc‑p IÅ N‑nc‑nb‑pï‑v. ¢‑mÊ‑m‑tW‑m Cã‑w? I‑mcW‑w? \"H‑m¬‑s‑se³ ¢‑mÊ‑v- ‑t_‑md‑mW‑v, I‑q«‑pI‑mc‑p‑sS 9. Gäh‑p‑w Cãa‑pÅ S‑o¨À? I‑mcW‑w? I‑q‑sSb‑nc‑p¶‑v ]T‑n¡‑m\\‑mW‑v XmXv]cyw'. \"AS‑n¡‑m¯, ‑tl‑m‑whÀI‑v Xc‑m¯ H‑m¬‑s‑se³ ¢‑mÊ‑pIf‑n {i²‑n¡‑m³ S‑o¨‑sd'b‑mW‑v FÃ‑mhÀ¡‑p‑w Cã‑w. I‑pd¨‑p ‑t] Ig‑nb‑p¶‑nà F¶X‑p‑w Hc‑p {]i‑v\\a‑mb‑n À¡‑v ¢‑mÊ‑v- S‑o¨d‑mW‑v Gäh‑p‑w {]‑nb‑s¸«X‑v. I‑p«‑nIÄ ]db‑p¶‑pï‑v. I‑p«‑nI‑tf‑m‑sS‑m¸‑w h‑n‑tij§Ä ]¦‑p‑sh¡‑p¶ S‑o¨Àa‑m‑scb‑p‑w Cãa‑mW‑v. 5. k-‑vI‑qf‑n ‑t]‑mI‑p¶X‑v ‑sI‑mï‑v F‑s´¦‑ne‑p‑w D]‑tb‑mK‑w D‑tï‑m? 10. h‑o«‑n c‑m{X‑n ]T‑n¡‑p‑t¼‑mg‑pÅ ]T‑n¡‑m‑w, I‑q«‑pI‑m‑sc I‑mW‑m‑w, ]‑n‑s¶ ] A\\‑p`h‑w. c‑n]‑mS‑nIf‑n‑se‑m‑s¡ ]‑s¦S‑p¡‑m‑w. h‑o«‑n \"A\\¡‑v ]T‑n¡‑m³ CãÃ. ¶‑me‑p‑w D½ N‑o¯ If‑n¡‑m³ Bc‑pa‑nÃ‑m¯X‑p‑sI‑mï‑v k-‑vI‑qf‑n ]db‑mX‑nc‑n¡‑m³ _‑p¡‑n ‑t\\‑m¡‑n Cc‑n¡‑p‑w'. ‑t]‑mI‑m³ Cã‑s¸S‑p¶hc‑p‑ap‑ï‑v. \"sI‑m‑td ]T‑n¡‑m³ ï‑mh‑p‑w, C‑w¥‑oj‑p‑w aeb‑mfh‑p‑w ]T‑n¡‑p‑w, ]‑n‑s¶ A\\‑nb‑sâ 6. k-‑vI‑qf‑n ‑t]‑mI‑m³ aS‑nb‑p‑tï‑m? H¸c‑w Cc‑p¶‑v If‑n¡‑p‑w'. k‑z‑ta[b‑m ]T‑n¡‑p¶ I‑mcW‑w? I‑p«‑nIÄ hf‑sc I‑pdh‑mW‑v. ‑sI. P‑n I‑p«‑nIÄ¡‑v k-‑vI‑qf‑n ‑t]‑mI‑m³ aS‑nb‑p‑sï¶‑mW‑v ]dªX‑v. h‑o«‑n 11. ‑sa‑m‑s‑s_ ‑t^‑m¬ AU‑n£³ D‑tï‑m? Cc‑n¡‑m\\‑mW‑v AhÀ¡‑v I‑qS‑pXe‑nã‑w. k-‑vI‑qÄ Pubg, Pes, Freefire, Clash of clans X‑pS§‑n I¯‑n¡W‑sa¶‑v B{Kla‑pÅhc‑pa‑pï‑v C‑u A‑t\\I‑w ‑sKb‑na‑pIÄ If‑n¡‑p¶hc‑mW‑v ] I‑q«¯‑nÂ. `‑qc‑n`‑mK‑w I‑p«‑nIÄ¡‑p‑w k-‑vI‑qf‑n ec‑p‑w. aeb‑mf‑w, l‑nµ‑n, C‑w¥‑oj‑v `‑mjIf‑n‑se ‑t]‑mI‑m³ X‑o‑sc aS‑nb‑nÃ‑m¯hc‑mW‑v. I‑mÀ«‑qW‑pIÄ Ø‑nca‑mb‑n I‑mW‑p¶hc‑pa‑pï‑v. k-‑vI‑qf‑n ‑t]‑mb‑m B‑sIb‑pÅ k¦S‑w 7. ]T‑n¡‑m³ X‑me‑v]cya‑pÅ h‑njb‑w ? ‑t^‑m¬ D]‑tb‑mK‑n¡‑m³ ]ä‑m¯X‑m‑sW¶‑mW‑v Cãa‑nÃ‑m¯ h‑njb‑w? I‑mcW‑w? Ahc‑p‑sS ]£‑w. ]T‑n¡‑m³ X‑me‑v]cya‑pÅ h‑njba‑mb‑n ] ec‑p‑w ]dªX‑v aeb‑mfa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ‑s]‑s«¶‑v 12. k-‑vI‑qf‑pIf‑n \\‑n¶‑v I‑n«‑nb‑nc‑p‑s¶¦‑n a\\Ê‑ne‑m¡‑m\\‑p‑w ]T‑n¡‑m\\‑p‑w aeb‑mfa‑mW‑t{X F¶‑v ‑tX‑m¶‑nb I‑mcy‑w? Ff‑p¸‑w, IYIf‑mW‑tÃ‑m. C‑w¥‑oj‑p‑w \"Hc‑mg‑vN a‑pg‑ph³ ]‑n. S‑n ]‑nc‑oU‑v', IW¡‑pa‑mW‑v Cãa‑nÃ‑m¯ h‑njb§f‑mb‑n \"t^‑m¬' A§‑s\\ Hc‑n¡e‑p‑w \\S¡‑m³ ]db‑p¶X‑v.k_‑vPÎ‑v Cã‑s¸S‑mX‑nc‑n¡‑m³ k‑m[yXb‑nÃ‑m¯ I‑mcy§f‑p‑sS Hc‑p I‑mcWa‑mb‑n S‑o¨Àa‑mc‑p‑sS ‑t]c‑v ] \\‑oï e‑nÌ‑v X‑s¶b‑pï‑v. ]T‑n¡‑m\\‑m‑tW‑m dªhc‑pa‑pï‑v. If‑n¡‑m\\‑m‑tW‑m Cã‑sa¶‑v ‑tN‑mZ‑n¨‑t¸‑mÄ If‑n¡‑m‑s\\¶‑v Hc‑p `‑mhhyXy‑mkh‑pa‑nÃ‑m‑sX ] 81

dªhc‑pa‑pï‑v. X‑nc‑n‑sI Iy‑m¼Ê‑n‑te¡‑v \\S¡‑p‑t¼‑mÄ H¶‑p X‑oÀ¨b‑m¡‑n. P‑oh‑nX¯‑n‑se‑t¸‑m‑sg¦‑ne‑p‑w 13. k-‑vI‑qf‑n Gäh‑p‑w a‑pj‑nª‑nc‑n¡‑p‑t¼‑mÄ, HcÂ]‑w k‑t´‑mj‑w Cãa‑nÃ‑m¯ I‑mcy‑w? \"S‑o¨À XÃ‑p¶X‑v ‑thW‑sa¶‑v ‑tX‑m¶‑p‑t¼‑mÄ ³I‑n X‑o‑sc CãÃ', \\½‑sf¡‑mÄ {]‑mb‑w '‑t\\‑m«‑v ‑sN¡‑n§‑p‑w I‑pdªhc‑pa‑mb‑n CS] ‑tl‑m‑whÀ¡‑p‑w gI‑pI, AhÀ‑s¡‑m¯‑v X‑mg‑v¶‑v ]‑n‑s¶ If‑n¡‑m³ ‑sI‑mS‑p¡‑pI, AXhÀ¡‑p‑w h‑nS‑m¯X‑p‑w CãÃ'. \\½Ä¡‑p‑w k‑t´‑mj‑w e‑`n¡‑p‑w. X‑pS§‑n k-‑vI‑qf‑n‑s\\¡‑pd‑n¨‑v \"I‑mcya‑mb‑n«‑v' I‑p‑td I‑pdh‑pIÄ AhÀ¡‑v ] db‑m\\‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. 14. k-‑vI‑qf‑n hc‑p¶X‑v ‑sI‑mï‑v ‑sSI‑vÌ‑v_‑p¡‑ne‑pÅXÃ‑m‑sX F‑s´¦‑ne‑p‑w ]T‑n¡‑p¶X‑mb‑n ‑tX‑m¶‑p¶‑p‑tï‑m? I‑mcya‑mb‑n«‑v ]db‑m³ BÀ¡‑p‑w H¶‑pa‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ. F¦‑ne‑p‑w ]‑m«‑p ]T‑n¨hc‑p‑w, k-‑vI‑qf‑n \\S¡‑p¶ ]c‑n]‑mS‑nIf‑n ]‑s¦S‑p¡‑p¶hc‑p‑w C‑u I‑q«¯‑ne‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ‑tN‑mZy§Ä ‑tN‑mZ‑n¨‑p X‑pS§‑p‑t¼‑m‑tg¡‑p‑w AhÀ¡‑n‑t§‑m«‑v ]db‑m³ ] e IYIf‑pa‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ¢‑mÊ‑n‑se I‑q«‑pI‑m‑sc¡‑pd‑n¨‑v, S‑o¨Àa‑m‑sc I‑pd‑n¨‑v, h‑o«‑pI‑m‑sc I‑pd‑n¨‑v \\‑qd‑v \\‑qd‑v h‑m¡‑pIf‑mWhÀ¡‑v. \\‑nj‑vIf¦a‑mb N‑nc‑n‑tb‑m‑sS AhÀ hc¨ ]S§Ä I‑mW‑n¨‑p X¶‑v \"C‑sX§\\ï‑v ' F¶‑v ‑tN‑mZ‑n¡‑p‑s¼‑m \"AS‑n‑s]‑mf‑n Bb‑n¡‑tÃ‑m'¶‑v X‑nc‑n¨‑p ] db‑p‑t¼‑mÄ Ahc‑p‑sS a‑pJ¯‑p ‑sXf‑nb‑p¶ Hc‑p k‑t´‑mja‑pï‑v, AX‑n‑s\\‑mc‑p {]‑tXyI `‑wK‑nb‑mW‑v. 'Hc‑p IYb‑pa‑nÃ‑m¯' Hc‑p]‑mS‑v IYIÄ AhÀ¡‑v ]db‑m\\‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ‑tU‑mÎd‑mh‑m\\‑p‑w, F©‑n\\‑obd‑mh‑m\\‑p‑w, S‑o¨d‑mh‑m\\‑p‑w, ^‑pS‑v_‑mÄ If‑n¡‑mc\\‑mh\\‑p‑w IfÎd‑mh\\‑p‑w ‑t]‑me‑ok‑mh‑m\\‑p‑w B{K‑ la‑pÅ Hc‑p]‑mS‑v I‑pª‑p {]X‑n`I‑sf Iï‑p. 82

Artificial Intelligence Asla CP Education is the backbone of the ogy or Artificial Intelligence (AI). The AI advancements that the world rejoices in by the namesake seems to be superficially today. There has been tremendous trans- great. But, it can inflict outrageous dispar- formations within the society since the ities for mankind. And it’s a serious issue unveiling of educational rights for all. All to be dissected. Even the world renowned there is a huge level difference between personalities warn the world of the fervent the primary level and the postgraduate possibilities of a huge threat that may per- level on account of education, similarly it vade. By the time, people would feel forced stimulates the growth of the enhancing to accept the reality. The world needs to technologies and various other fields to its contrive in a clever way to ensure the se- extreme extent. Access to education has curity of mankind. A little levity from the become more flexible by the emergence of people’s side may trigger massive destruc- digital learning. A world without technol- tion. The expert engineers predict that the ogy is hard to exist today. The enormous automobile industry will be autonomous utilities that it provides are also beyond very soon. And also, the AI would be ready the limits. Generations that pass by today to challenge humanity with its enormous have been living and born with the unlim- powers. Today only narrow AI exists in the ited offers that the techworld gifted them. world. But the changes are so high that it In reality,the peers almost forget about the can take up a whole new level in the fu- prospects of servitude that they may have ture. As the AI right now is inevitable, the to encounter with the intrution of technol- idea of halting it would be impossible. And 8833

services provid- is running today ed by it are beyond should be mod- human limits, which is ified to give relevant exactly why we cannot pre- information about the future vent its pervasion. But rather, we could World and help student to work for its bet- try to control the activities of AI which ter advancements, so that the young minds are ominous for humanity. The same way can rejuvanate their thoughts and predic- the AI is being developed we should put tions for a graceful future. we as a whole extra work to maintain and control its ex- team should connect and traverse through istence. Even the education system that the different aspects. 8844

ssh-Úm-\\n-I hn¹-h-¯n-sâ {]-bmWw _pÀlm³ ap\\ºlv kJm^n s]cpapJw h‑n-Ú‑m-\\-¯‑n-‑sâ h‑n-l‑m-b-k‑n-‑te-¡‑v a‑m-\\-h-‑sc h-g‑n-\\-S-¯‑n-b-X‑n C-É‑m-a‑n-‑sâ N‑p-h-S‑p-‑sh-¸‑v A-h‑n-k‑v-a-c-W‑o-b-a‑m-W‑v. 'C-J‑v-d-C'‑sâ k-‑tµ-i‑w l‑n-d‑m- K‑p-l-b‑n a‑p-g-§‑n-b-X‑v a‑p-X A-Ô-I‑m-c-¯‑n-e‑m-ï‑p-‑t]‑m-b H-c‑p k-a‑q-l‑w ]-c‑n- hÀ-¯‑n-X-c‑m-b‑n. 'Ú‑m-\\‑n-b‑p‑w a‑q-V-\\‑p‑w X‑p-ey-‑tc‑m' (39-9) F-¶ J‑pÀ-B-\\‑n-‑sâ N‑n-‑t´‑m-±‑o-]-I-a‑m-b ‑tN‑m-Zy-h‑p‑w B k-a‑q-l-‑s¯ N‑n-´‑m-I‑p-e-c‑m-¡‑n. k‑m-l‑n-Xy-¯‑n- ‑sâ D-¯‑p‑w-K-X-b‑n h‑n-c‑m-N‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶ k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-\\‑n-S-b‑n \\‑n-c-£-c-\\‑m-b H-c‑p {]-h‑m-N-I³ X-‑sâ k-a‑p-Z‑m-b-‑s¯ I‑m-e-L-«-¯‑n-‑se G-ä-h‑p‑w D-¶-X-c‑p‑w ]-c‑n-‑t{k- ã-c‑p-a‑m-¡‑n h-fÀ-¯‑n-b-X‑v J‑pÀ-B-\\‑n-‑sâ-b‑p‑w {]-h‑m-N-I-c‑p-‑sS-b‑p‑w N‑n-‑t´‑m-±‑o-]-I- a‑m-b A-[y‑m-]-\\-§-f‑n-e‑q-‑sS-b‑p‑w h‑n-Úm\\ X-]-ky-I-f‑n-e‑q-‑sS-bp‑a‑m-W‑v. A-d‑n-h‑v ]-IÀ-¶‑p \\Â-I‑p-¶ C-S-§-‑sf A-h‑n-S‑p-¶‑v a-l-X‑z-‑s¸-S‑p-¯‑n A-X‑v k‑zÀ-¤-¯‑n \\‑n-¶‑p-Å ]‑q-‑t´‑m-¸‑m-‑sW-¶‑p‑w ]-d-ª‑p. A-d‑n-h‑n-\\‑v C-{X-‑tb-‑sd {]‑m-[‑m-\\y‑w \\Â-I‑n-b a-X-¯‑n-‑sâ h-à‑m-¡Ä A-h‑n-S‑p-‑s¯ I-Â]-\\ G-‑sä-S‑p-¯‑v ‑s‑sh-Ú‑m-\\‑n-I h‑n-¹-h-¯‑n-\\‑p-Å {]-b‑m- W-a‑m-c‑w-`‑n-¨‑p.A-Ú-X-b‑p-‑sS C-c‑p-f‑n \\‑n-¶‑v Ú‑m-\\-¯‑n-‑sâ ‑sh-«-¯‑n-‑te-¡‑v hgnsXfnbn¡m\\pw i‑m-k‑v-{X‑o-b h‑n-k‑v-a-b-§-f‑p-‑sS N‑p-c‑p-f-g‑n-¡‑m-\\‑p‑w J‑pÀ-B-\\‑n-‑sâ- b‑p‑w X‑n-c‑p-k‑p-¶-¯‑n-‑sâ-b‑p‑w A-[y‑m-]-\\-§-f‑n-hÀ-¡‑v k-l‑m-b-I-a‑m-b‑n. I‑m-hy-I-e (Poetry) b‑n-e‑p‑w h‑w-i‑m-h-e‑n i‑m-k‑v-{X (Genealogy) ¯‑n-e‑p-a‑m-b‑n N‑n-´ X-f-¨‑n-«‑n- c‑p-¶ H-c‑p h‑n-`‑m-K‑w A-Ã‑m-l‑p-h‑n-‑sâ {]-]-©-‑s¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v N‑n-´‑n-¡‑m-\\‑p‑w ]T‑n-¡‑m- \\‑p‑w X‑p-\\‑n-ª‑p. h‑n-¹-h‑m-ß-I-a‑m-b a‑p-‑t¶-ä-§-f‑m-W‑v ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑p-ï‑m-b-X‑v. {]-]-©-¯‑n-‑sâ D-Û-h-h‑p‑w h‑n-I‑m-k-h‑p‑w h‑n-h-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ J‑pÀ-B-\\‑n-‑sâ i‑m-k‑v-{X-k‑q-N-\\-IÄ \\‑n-c-h-[‑n-b‑m-W‑v. `‑q-a‑n-¡‑v ]‑p-d-‑ta H-c‑p-]‑m-S‑v {K-l-§-f‑p-‑sï-¶- X‑n-\\‑p‑w J‑pÀ-B³ k‑m-£‑n-b‑m-W‑v. 'k-]‑v-X‑m-I‑m-i-§-‑sf k‑r-ã‑n-¨ \\‑m-Y³ `‑q-a‑n-b‑p-‑sS C-\\-¯‑n \\‑n-¶‑v A-h-‑sb ‑t]‑m-e‑p-Å-h-‑sb k‑r-ã‑n-¨‑p'. (h‑n. J‑p 65þ12) C-¯-c-¯‑n- e‑p-Å J‑pÀ-B-\\‑n-‑sâ i‑m-k‑v-{X-k‑q-N-\\-I-f‑n-e‑q-‑sS B-I‑m-i-¯‑n-‑sâ A-\\-´ h‑n-l‑m- b-k‑p‑w k-a‑p-{Z-¯‑n-‑sâ B-g-¸-c-¸‑p‑w A-´-c‑o-£-¯‑n-‑sâ [‑q-a-]-S-e-§-f‑p‑w h-‑sc A-h-c‑p-‑sS NÀ-¨-¡‑v h‑n-j-b‑o-`-h‑n-¨‑p. A-§-‑s\\ C-c‑p-f-S-ª B-{^‑n-¡-b‑n-‑te-¡‑p‑w \\‑m-W‑w a-d-¡‑m³ ‑t]‑m-e‑p‑w A-d‑n-b‑m-¯ k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c i‑q-\\y-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ b‑q-‑td‑m-¸‑n-‑te- ¡‑p‑w a-ä‑p C-X-c {]-‑tZ-i-§-f‑n-‑te-¡‑p‑w A-hÀ k-©-c‑n-¨‑p. X‑p-SÀ-¶‑v A-´-e‑q-k‑n-‑sâ (C-¶-‑s¯ k‑v-s]-b‑n³) N-c‑n-{X‑w X‑n-c‑p-¯‑n-‑sb-g‑p-X‑n a‑p-É‑n‑w k‑v-s]-b‑n-\\‑n-‑sâ N-c‑n- {X-¯‑n-\\‑v X‑p-S-¡-a‑n-«‑p. X‑p-SÀ-¶‑v \\‑m-e‑p- e-£-‑t¯‑m-f‑w {K-Ù-§Ä D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ ‑sI‑mÀ-‑tZ‑m-h-b‑n-‑se J-e‑o-^-b‑p-‑sS ‑sI‑m-«‑m-c ‑s‑se-{_-d‑n e-£y‑w ‑sh-¨‑v ‑te‑m-I-¯‑n- 85

‑sâ \\‑m-\\‑m `‑m-K-¯‑p- \\‑n-¶‑p‑w h‑n-R‑m-\\ I‑p- k‑v-{X-Ú-c‑p-‑sS a‑p-Jy d-^-d³-k‑m-b‑n \\‑n-e-\\‑nÂ-¡‑p- X‑p-I‑n-IÄ a‑p-É‑n‑w k‑v-s‑s]-\\‑n-‑te-¡‑v H-g‑p-I‑n- ¶-X‑p-‑sI‑m-ï‑v X-‑s¶ ‑tk‑m-‑tjy‑m-f-P‑n-b‑p-‑sS ]‑n-X‑m-h‑m- ‑s¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. b‑n-«‑m-W-‑t±-l‑w A-d‑n-b-‑s¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v. C-É‑m-a‑n-‑sâ Ú‑m-\\ X‑r-j‑v-W- N‑p-c‑p-¡-¯‑n b‑q-‑td‑m-¸‑v C-¶-\\‑p-`-h‑n-¡‑p-¶ b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p C-k‑v-e‑m-a‑n-I \\‑m-K-c‑n-I-X-b‑p-‑sS k‑p-J-k‑u-I-cy-§Ä-‑s¡-Ã‑m‑w C-k‑v-e‑m-a‑n-‑t\\‑m-S‑p‑w a‑p-k‑v- a‑p-Jy-k‑v-X‑w-`-§Ä. I‑q-S‑m-‑sX Ú‑m-\\-k]-cy -e‑n‑w-I-‑tf‑m-S‑p-a‑m-W‑v I‑q-S‑p-X I-S-‑s¸-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-‑sX-¶ ‑s‑sZ-h-k‑m-a‑o-]y‑w I-c-K-X-a‑m-¡‑m-\\‑p-Å H-c‑p b‑m-Y‑mÀ-°y‑w h‑n-{i‑p-X N-c‑n-{X-I‑m-c³ ‑tP‑m¬-h‑n-ey‑w h‑o-Y‑n-b‑m-‑sW-¶‑p-a‑p-Å X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-h‑v a‑p-É‑o-§- X-‑sâ Intellectual development of europe F-¶ ‑sf i‑m-k‑v-{X‑o-‑tb‑m-Z‑v-{K-Y-\\-¯‑n-‑te-¡‑v h-g‑n {K-Ù-¯‑n hy-à-a‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. B-[‑p-\\‑n-I-i‑m-k‑v- \\-S-¯‑p-I-b‑p‑w ‑sN-b‑v-X‑p. J‑pÀ-B-\\‑n-‑se i‑m-k‑v- {X-¯‑n-‑sâ ]‑n-X‑m-¡Ä a‑p-É‑n‑w-I-f‑m-‑sW-¶‑v ]-Þ‑n-ä‑v {X-k‑q-N-\\-I-f‑n \\‑n-¶‑v A-X‑n-c‑p-I-f‑n-Ã‑m-¯ P-h-lÀ-e‑m ‑s\\-l‑v-d‑p X-‑sâ Glimpses of world {]-]-©-¯‑n-‑sâ c-l-ky‑w ‑tX-S‑n-b‑p-Å b‑m-{X- history b‑n F-g‑p-X‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. G-g‑m‑w \\‑q-ä‑m-ï‑p IÄ \\‑n-c-h-[‑n a‑m-ä-§Ä-¡‑v h-g‑n-‑sb‑m-c‑p-¡‑n. a‑p-X F-«‑v \\‑q-ä‑m-ï‑p -I‑m-e‑w i‑m-k‑v-{X‑w a‑p-É‑n‑w I‑p- ¯-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. C‑u k‑p-hÀ-® I‑m-e-L-«-¯‑n-e‑m- _‑o-P-K-W‑n-X-i‑m-k‑v-{X-¯‑n-‑sâ W‑v i‑m-k‑v-{X‑w A-X‑n-‑sâ D-¯‑p‑w-K-X-b‑n-‑se-¯‑n-b-X‑p‑w ]‑n-X‑m-h‑m-b‑n A-d‑n-b-‑s¸-S‑p-¶ a‑p-l-½-Z‑v _‑v-\\‑p ‑te‑m-I-a-X‑n-‑sâ ^-e-§Ä \\‑p-IÀ-¶‑Xp‑w. {I‑n-k‑v-X‑p-hÀ- a‑p-k J-h‑m-c‑n-k‑v-a‑n-b‑p-‑sS 'I‑n-X‑m-_‑p j‑w 610 J‑pÀ-B³ A-h-X-c-W‑w B-c‑w-`‑n-¨-‑tX‑m-‑sS- a‑p-J‑v-X‑z-kÀ ^‑o l‑n-_‑m-_‑n P-{_‑n- h b‑m-W‑v C‑u h‑n-¹-h‑m-ß-I a‑p-‑t¶-ä-§Ä-¡‑v X‑p-S-¡‑w a‑p-J‑m-_-e' F-¶ I‑r-X‑n-b‑n-e‑q-‑sS-b‑m-W‑v _‑o-P- I‑p-d‑n-¨-‑sX-¶-X‑v A-h‑n-k‑v-a-c-W‑o-b-a‑m-W‑v. K-W‑n-X‑w (Algebra) ‑te‑m-I-¯‑n-\\‑p a‑p-¼‑n ‑sh-f‑n-‑s¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v. AÄ-P‑n-{_-b‑p-‑sS h-fÀ-¨- ‑s‑sh-R‑m-\\‑n-I \\-K-c‑n-b‑m-b k‑v-s]-b‑n³ b‑n-e‑p‑w \\‑n-k‑v-X‑p-ey-a‑m-b ]-¦‑p-h-l‑n-¨-X‑p‑w A-Ô-I‑m-c-¯‑n-e‑m-ï‑p-‑ t]‑m-b-X‑n-‑sâ N-c‑n-{X-k-Xy‑w D-aÀ J-¿‑m‑w, C-_‑v-\\‑p ‑s‑sl-Yw X‑p-S-§‑n-b {]-i-k‑v-X N-c‑n-{X-I‑m-c³ ‑se-b‑n³-]‑qÄ X-‑sâ Moors a‑p-k‑v-e‑n‑w ]-Þ‑n-X³-a‑m-c‑m-W‑v. `‑u-‑ta‑m-]-c‑n-X- in spain F-¶ I‑r-X‑n-b‑n I‑p-d‑n-¨‑n-S‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. \"\\‑q-ä‑m- e-¯‑n-‑se k-h‑n-‑ti-j-X-I-‑sf {]-X‑n-_‑m-[‑n-¨‑p- ï‑p-I-‑tf‑m-f‑w k‑v-s]-b‑n³ \\‑m-K-c‑n-IX-b‑p-‑sS ‑tI-{µ-h‑p‑w ‑sI‑m-ï‑v `‑q-a‑n-i‑m-k‑v-{X-¯‑n (Geography) I-e‑m-h‑n-Zy-b‑p-‑sS-b‑p‑w `‑u-X‑n-I-i‑m-k‑v-{X-¯‑n-‑sâ-b‑p‑w A-Ò-Z‑v \\-l‑m-h-µ‑n c-N‑n-¨ \"X-l‑v-Z‑o-_‑p \\‑n-l‑m- X‑p-S-§‑n h‑n-i‑n-ã-a‑m-b F-Ã‑m-X-c‑w h‑n-Ú‑m-\\-§-f‑p-‑sS- b-¯‑n A-a‑m-¡‑o³', \"X‑m-c‑o-J‑p l‑n-µ‑v' b‑p‑w C-c‑n-¸‑n-S-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. b‑q-‑td‑m-¸‑n-‑se a-ä‑p c‑m-Py-h‑p‑w X‑p-S-§‑n-b {K-Ù-§Ä `‑q-a‑n-i‑m-k‑v-{X-h‑n-I-k- A-‑t¶‑m-f‑w A-d-_‑n-I-f‑p-‑sS A-S‑p-‑s¯-¯‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p- ¯‑n-\\‑v h-g‑n-‑sX-f‑n-b‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. ¶‑n-Ã. ‑s^À-U‑n-\\‑m-‑sâ-b‑p‑w C-k-‑s_-Ã-b‑p-‑sS-b‑p‑w N‑mÄ-k‑n-‑sâ-b‑p‑w k‑m-{a‑m-Py-§Ä-¡‑v C-¯-c‑w i‑m-i‑z- ]-¯‑m‑w i-X-I-¯‑n {]-I‑m-i X-a‑m-b b‑m-‑sX‑m-c‑u-¶‑n-Xy-h‑p‑w e-`‑n-¨‑n-Ã. a‑p-É‑n-§-‑sf i‑m-k‑v-{X-¯‑n ]-c‑o-£-W ]T-\\‑w \\-S-¯‑n A-hÀ ]‑p-d-¯‑m-¡‑n. D-S-\\-S‑n ‑s‑s{I-k‑v-X-h k‑v-s]-b‑n³ C-_‑v-\\‑p ‑s‑sl-Y-a‑p‑w Y‑q-k‑n P-\\‑n-¨ P‑m- N-{µ-‑s\\-‑t¸‑m-‑se I-S‑w-h‑m-§‑n-b ‑sh-f‑n-¨‑w ‑sI‑m-ï‑v _‑n-d‑p-_‑v-\\‑p l-¿‑m³ c-k-X-{´-¯‑n-e‑p‑w {]-I‑m-i‑n-¨‑p. £-W-¯‑n {K-l-W‑w h-¶‑p. ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v A-a‑q-ey-a‑m-b k‑w-`‑m-h-\\-I-f‑m-W‑v i‑m-k‑v-{X C-‑t¶‑m-f‑w k‑v-s]-b‑n³ A-Ô-I‑m-c-¯‑n X-¸‑n-¯-S- ‑te‑m-I-¯‑n-\\‑v k-aÀ-¸‑n-¨-X‑v. C-_‑v-\\‑p-k‑o-\\- b‑p-I X-‑s¶-b‑m-W‑v'. N‑p-c‑p-¡-¯‑nÂ, A-d-_‑o h‑n- b‑p‑w ^-d‑m-_‑n-b‑p‑w AÂ-I‑n-µ‑n-b‑p‑w ‑s‑sh-Zy- Ú‑m-\\-¯‑n-‑sâ ]-IÀ-¯‑n-‑sb-g‑p-¯‑n-e‑q-‑sS-b‑p‑w a‑p-É‑n‑w i‑m-k‑v-{X-c‑w-K-¯‑v k-aÀ-¸‑n-¨ ‑s‑sh-Ú‑m-\\‑n-I ]-Þ‑n-X-·‑mÀ X‑p-S-§‑n-‑sh-¨-X‑n-‑s\\ ]‑qÀ-¯‑o-I-c‑n-¡-e‑n- h‑n-¹-h-§Ä A-fh-ä-X‑m-W‑v. P-e-L-S‑n-I‑m-c‑w e‑q-‑sS-b‑p‑w a‑m-{X-a‑m-W‑v b‑q-‑td‑m-]y³ \\-‑th‑m-°‑m-\\-¯‑n- \\‑nÀ-½‑n-¨v ]‑p-X‑n-b a‑m-ä-§Ä-¡‑v i‑n-e-]‑m-I‑n-b \\‑v ‑t]‑m-e‑p‑w ]‑n-S‑n-¨‑p \\‑nÂ-¡‑m-\\‑m-b-X‑v. C-_‑v-\\‑p JÂ-Z‑q-\\‑n-‑sâ 'a‑p-J-±‑n-a' k‑m-a‑q-ly-i‑m- 86

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AcpXv apl½Zv- Dsshkv kv-Iqfnsâ Xncpap³]nsemcp DZym\\apïv t\\m¡msX ¢mÊnte¡v s]mt¡mWw. tIdn hcp¶ hgnbn Nne a\\pjycpïv anïnbm XÃv sImÅpw. ¢mÊnte¡pÅ hgnbn Npïn aqfm³ sh¼n \\n¡p¶ ]m«pïmhpw ]mSnbm taep t\\mhpw thKw ¢mÊnse¯Ww. ]Tn¡m\\pïv Ipsd.... ]co£¡v F ¹kv Xs¶ hm§Ww.... ]Tn¨v ]Tn¨v henb BfmhWw.... Blm ...F¶n«v ... F¶ns«´m ... F¶n«v B{Kl§sfms¡ km[n¡Ww. Blm ! GXv ? H¶v t\\m¡m\\pÅ , anïm\\pÅ , ]mSm\\pÅ B{Kl§Ä ... Abv\\v ¶m kv-Iqfn t]mhmsX \\n¶m Ct¸m Xs¶ km[n¡mtem hey Bfmhmtem !! 88

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Im-¡-IÄ Iq-S-W-ªp Xp-S-§n-bn-«p-ïv ^¿mkv Imcn I‑m-¡-IÄ I‑q-S-W-ª‑p X‑p-S-§‑n-b‑n- ‑s¡ ]T‑n-¨‑v Z‑p-_‑m-b‑n-e‑p‑w A-‑ta-c‑n-¡-b‑n-e‑p-‑sa‑m- «‑p-ï.‑v B-I‑m-i‑w N‑p-h-¶‑p -X‑p-S-§‑n-S‑p-ï.‑v h‑m- ‑s¡ ‑t]‑m-b‑n. c-ï‑p-a‑q-¶‑p ‑sI‑m-Ã‑w I‑q-S‑p-‑t¼‑m ¸‑m-‑sâ ‑s‑sI-b‑p‑w ]‑n-S‑n-¨‑v R‑m-\\§-‑s\\ \\-S-¶‑p. H-¶‑p h-c‑p‑w. _‑m-¦‑v h‑n-f‑n ‑tI-«-X‑p‑w \\-S-¯-¯‑n-\\‑v ‑th-K‑w I‑q-«‑n. \"a‑m-‑tj' F-‑s¶‑m-c‑p h‑n-f‑n ‑tI-«‑m-W‑v R‑m³ ‑sN-d‑n-‑tb‑m³ C-h‑n-‑sS-b‑p-ï‑v H‑m-\\‑v I‑p- X‑n-c‑n-ª‑p ‑t\\‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑v.\" A-e‑n-¡‑m, d-¨‑v A-´‑w I‑p-d-h‑m-b-X‑p-‑sI‑m-ï‑v k-‑vI‑q-f‑n I‑p-‑td B-b-‑tÃ‑m I-ï‑n-«‑v... \\‑n-‑s¶‑m-‑s¡ H-c‑p-]‑m-S‑v I‑p-ä‑w ]-d-¨‑n-e‑p-IÄ ‑tIÄ- F-‑s´‑m-‑s¡, d‑m-l-‑s¯-¶- ‑tÃ' AhÀ I‑p-i-e‑m-‑t\\‑z- ‑t¡-ï‑n-h- ‑s¶-¦‑n-e‑p‑w F-Ã‑m-¯‑n-\\‑p‑w C-‑sâ j-W‑w \\-S-¯‑n. I‑q-‑sS H‑m³ ï‑m- \"C-X‑v C-§-f‑p- I‑p‑w. A-X‑m ‑sS ‑sN-d‑n-b H-c‑p ‑s‑s[-c‑y‑w, I‑p-«‑n-b‑m- H‑m-‑s\\ F-§- ‑tW‑m' \"A‑tX' «‑v h‑n-f‑n-¨‑m-e‑p‑w h‑m-¸ a-d‑p-]- H‑m³ h-c‑p‑w, S‑n ]-d-ª‑p. H‑m³ C-¸‑w \"F-´‑m-S‑m I‑p-S‑p‑w-_‑w A-‑sâ ‑t]- B-b‑n-«‑v I‑q-«‑p- c‑v', \"j-l‑o³' ï‑v ]T‑n-¸‑n-¨ R‑m³ X-‑t´ ‑t\\‑w ]-d-ª‑p. X-tÅ-t\\‑w \"_‑n-k‑n-\\-k‑v ‑t\\‑m-¡‑m- H-‑s¡ F-§-‑s\\- ‑sX ]T‑n-¯‑w ï‑v ' h‑m-¸ ‑tN‑m- ‑sI‑m-ï‑v a-‑tä‑m- Z‑n-¨‑p \"A-§-‑s\\ ‑se‑m-‑s¡ ]-d-¶‑p ‑t]‑m-W‑p' I‑p-«‑n-I- ‑t]‑m-b‑n H‑mÀ. ‑sf‑m-‑s¡? a‑q-¯-h-‑sc‑m- A-h‑n-‑sS \\‑nÂ-¡-‑s«. C³-I‑v C-‑sâ I‑p-«‑nï- ‑tÃ‑m'. 91

AWbm¯ hnf¡v \\m^ne apl½Zv- Ignªpt]msbmcm Imesa{X at\\mÚsa³ {]nbtc taml§fmbncw ]pkvXI k©nbn t]dnbWªm tKl§fn AÑsâ ssI]nSn¨ ½X³ tXmfnepw Xocm¯ \\·IÄ tXSnbWsªmcm Xncpapä§fn Pohsâ Iesb sN¯nan\\p¡p¶ KpcpP\\hrµ§Ä A\\h[nbhntS AIXmcn \\nXykvt\\lw \\nd-¨hÀ. 92

Farhan VP All around me I see sin You’ll probably get tan If you divide it by cosine All because of an ancient man The only reason I dread life The only reason trigonometry ran All because of an ancient man By the name of kawarizmi 93

_meyw apl½Zv- s\\Sp¼Ån HmÀabpsS Xncpapä¯v Hcp hk´apsï¦n AXmWv _meyw. a[pcaqdp¶ Hcmbncw _meyIme kvacWIfn {]nbtadnbtXm hnZymeb PohnXw ]p©ncnbpsS Xmf¯n s]m«ns¯dn¨v \\S¶ A¦Ww Im sXänhogpt¼mÄ Xm§nsbSp¡p¶ ssIIfpw X«ns¯dn¸n¨v NnWp§ns¡mtïmSn apäs¯ amhn Hfn¨ Imew \\dpaWw Dudp¶ F®bn Im¨nb ]elmc§fn t\\m¡n sIm©ns¡m©n kmcn¯p¼n Hfn¨ Imew. hnZymeb¯nse Nqcens\\ `b¶v IŸ\\nIÄ \\Sn¨ Imew. A¡mewt]mbn adªtXmÀ¡p¶p Rm³. ]pXp a®n Dudp¶ K-Ô-tamsS. 9944

e\\ ^m¯na t{]-a teJ\\w kJn‑ s‑ b, R‑m³ \\n‑ ¶‑n Dcª‑p Xo‑ cp‑ Ib‑mWv‑. C\\‑nb‑p‑w \\‑os‑ b‑t´ H¶‑p‑w a‑n>m‑ ‑sX, I‑p¯‑n t‑ \\‑mhn‑ ¨‑p‑w, s‑ h«n‑ bp‑ w‑ Rm‑ ³ \\n‑ s‑ ¶ Hcp‑ ]‑mSv‑ D]{Zh‑n¨p‑ . F¶n‑ «p‑ w‑ \\o‑ s‑ bt‑ ´ a‑u\\‑w ]‑me‑n¡p‑ ¶Xv‑? \\‑ns‑ â au‑ \\w‑ Fs‑ ¶ Iq‑ Sp‑ X \\n‑ ¶‑n‑te¡v‑ BIÀjn‑ ¡‑p¶p‑ . HS‑phn‑ Â, \\‑n¶n‑ e‑mWv‑ F³ \\s‑ «Ãn‑ ³ ]‑mXn‑ F¶‑v R‑m³ Xn‑ c‑n¨d‑nªp‑ . \\o‑ F\\‑n¡m‑ bn‑ \\‑nÀ½‑n¡‑s¸«hfm‑ W‑v. \\o‑ bn‑ s‑ æ‑n Rm‑ \\n‑ Ã. FSo‑ ]p‑ kv‑XI‑ta... F¶‑v, ‑ \\nsâ kz´w t]\\ 95

96

HmÀ½n¡m³ ^¯lv Imcn Iemebw shdpsamcp hm¡Ã AhnsS kulrZhpw kmtlmZcyhpapïv CW¡§fpw ]nW¡§fpapïv H¶paÃmXncp¶ \\½sf \\mam¡n amänb CSw \\½psS Iemebw Bbncw hÀ® kz]v\\§Ä \\mw H¶n¨p Iïp A]cnNnXsc kp]cnNnXcm¡n amän t]mb cïphÀjw \\ap¡v CsXÃmw A\\yambn C\\nsbmcp almamcnbpw hcmXncn¡s« 97

{K-l-Ww AÂ^n\\ AIv_À kz-]v-\\-§-fn a-Xn-a-d-¶-h\\v Np-äp-ap-Å-sX-Ãmw sh-dpw sI-«p-I-Y-IÄ am-{Xw. k-¼m-Zn-¡m³ s\\-t«m-«-tam-Sp-¶-h\\v Np-äp-ap-Å-sX-Ãmw N-c-¡p-IÄ am-{Xw. H-¯n-cn B-{K-lm-`n-em-j-§-fp-tS-bpw {]-Xo-£-I-fp-sS-bpw \\n-g A-h-\\n \\n-¶v a-d-¨p-sh-¨ F-{X-sb-{X A-dn-hp-IÄ. 9988

conEvxepyliacnitce Nida Jabeen I guess we are all familiar with neither a single cause nor an easy solution. the disturbing repetition of complaints But one thing that appeals to more atten- about education nowadays. Restless stu- tion is how we conceive the very process dents, teacher burnout, and turnover, of teaching and learning. poor test scores, failure to keep up with technological changes, inadequate and We all have that impulse to expect equal funding, and a lack of relevance a better education by following the pattern to either the current life of students or we have experienced as students informal their future as both citizens and workers. mounting while ignoring what we have There are a lot of issues related to these learned as the contributors of life. incomplete lists of complaints which has 99

We believe that conventional pedagogy is the natural order of things, perhaps the only possible structure to run an educational system. Teaching has become just a devoir and scoring has become an irrelevant thing to do for the actual life of the students, much less a necessity to the needs of a larg- er society. Students are learning as the teachers had learned from their academic life, which is bygone. Many institutions are not even ready to engage with new concepts and experiments in the educational system believing that it’s not worth the short. But little did they know that the results will be a marvelous substitution in the sys- tem with better reflections of the students. A teacher could change the whole system. There is no resistance to the fact that an educator is more than he/she is teaching rather they are what they manifest. “Teaching is the very noble profession that shapes the character caliber and future of an individual “. As Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam said: “Teaching is the very noble profession that shapes the character caliber and future of an individual. If the people remember me as a good teacher that will be the biggest honor for me”. It is a privilege for a teacher which also burdens their responsibility towards the society. Subsequently when someone can be with the students not as their teacher, but as their mentor there goes the explicit convey- ance of life. 100