Body Systems

Andrew Perez 1

Table of Contents 2Table of Contents 3 3Integumentary System 3 Function: 4 Key terms: 4 Vocabulary: 5 Diseases: 6 Careers: Structures of The Integumentary System: 7 7MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM 8 Key Terms: 8 Vocab: 9 Diseases: 10 Careers: Structures of the Musculoskeletal System 11 11Nervous System 11 Key Terms: 11 Vocab- 12 Diseases- 13 Careers: Structure of the nervous system 14 14Special Senses 14 Key terms: 14 Vocab: 15 Diseases- 16 Careers: Structure of the Special Senses 17 17Respiratory System 17 Key Terms: 18 Vocab 18 Diseases: 20 HealthCare Careers: Structure of the respiratory system 21 21Urinary System Key Terms: 2

Vocab: 21 Diseases: 22 Healthcare careers: 22 Structure of The Urinary System 23Digestive System 23 Key Terms: 24 Vocab: 24 Disease: 25 Healthcare Careers: 25 Structure of the Digestive system 25Reproductive System 26 Key Terms: 26 Vocab: 27 Diseases: 27 Healthcare Careers: 29 Structure of the reproductive system 29 3

Integumentary SystemFunction:The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, glands, and nerves. Its mainfunction is to act as a barrier to protect the body from the outside world. It also functions to retain body fluids, protect against disease, eliminate waste products, and regulate body temperature.Key terms:Derm/o- SkinKerat/o- HardXer/o- DryXanth/o- YellowErythr/o- RedPedicul/o- LouseOnych/o-Nail (of fingers and toes)Myc- FungusPil/o- HairLip/o- Fat/LipidRhytid/o- WrinkleAlbino- WhiteVocabulary:Abrasion- ​ wearing, grinding, or rubbing away by frictionAlbinism- includes a group of inherited disorders that are characterized by little or noproduction of the pigment melanin.Cicatrix- a scar resulting from formation and contraction of fibrous tissue in a woundBulla- the skin is a blisterMacule-a patch of skin that is altered in color but usually not elevated and that is acharacteristic feature of various diseasesComedo- the primary sign of acne, consisting of a dilated (widened) hair follicle filledwith keratin squamae (skin debris), bacteria, and sebum (oil)Lipoma- a growth of fat cells in a thin, fibrous capsule usually found just below the skinCellulitis- is a spreading bacterial infection just below the skin surfaceFuruncle- a tender, dome-shaped skin lesion caused by an infection around a hairfollicle with Staphylococcus aureus 4

Keloid- thick scar resulting from excessive growth of fibrous tissue and occurringespecially after burns or radiation injury.Diseases:Dermis: The dermis is the middle layer of skin, and it actually has two layers, according to theAAD. The papillary layer consists of the loose connective tissue, while the reticular layer is thedeep layer of the dermis and consists of dense connective tissue. These layers provideelasticity, allowing for stretching while also working to fight wrinkling and saggingWarts: Warts are rough bumps caused by a viral infection. They commonly occur on the handsand feet. Sometimes, tiny black dots will be visible in a wart, Crutchfield noted. \"Those areblocked blood vessels, which is a common occurrence with a papilloma viral infection.Acne: Acne, a disorder of the hair and oil glands, is among the most common conditions treatedby dermatologists,Vitiligo: Vitiligo is a condition in which the cells that produce skin color — melanocytes — nolonger function properlyCareers:Physical Therapists:​ Physical therapists help people that have a injury or sickness tohelp their mobility and help control their pain. many times they are a valued part of therehabilitation of and treatment of their patients that have chronic conditions and injuries.they often work in clinics treating sports and orthopedic injuries. Need a minimum of a4-degree that specializes in the evaluation of treatments of many diagnoses that limitphysical functioning. the median wage for a physical therapist in the united states isabout $81,110 per yearPlastic Surgeon: plastic surgeons perform operations that change the appearance orlook of a part of a patient's body. They do not just perform cosmetic surgeries such as anose jobs and face lifts, they also perform reconstructive surgeries of patients that haveinjuries in a severe accident or who have birth defects. plastic surgeons must practicemedicine. This includes continuing education credits and staying in with the mostcurrent and new surgical techniques and advances. The median wage of a plasticsurgeon in the united states is about $337,949 a year 5

Structures of The Integumentary System: 6

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEMThe body's bones (the s​ keletal system)​ , muscles (muscular s​ ystem)​ , cartilage,tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and bindstissues and organs together comprise the m​ usculoskeletal system​. Mostimportantly, the ​system​ provides form, support, stability, and movement to thebodyKey Terms:My/o- MuscleMyel/o- Spinal CordOste/o- BoneCost/o- RibCrani/o- Skull-Pexy- FixationChondr- CartilageArthr/o- Joint-Plegia- ParalysisKinesi/o- MovementVocab:Trapezius: E​ ither of two flat triangular muscles of the shoulder and upper backthat are involved in moving the shoulders and arms.Latissimus Dorsi: ​The ack muscle that causes shoulder extension, adduction,horizontal abduction and horizontal abduction.Sternocleidomastoid: O​ ne of the two thick muscles running from the sternum andclavicle to the mastoid and occipital boneDeltoid: T​ he large triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint and serving toabduct and flex and extend and rotate the arm.Biceps Brachii: ​The muscle that flexes and supinates the forearm.appendicular skeleton: ​forms the extremities, consist of shoulder girdle,armbones,pelvic girdle,leg bonesCarpals:​ WristClavicles:​ Collarbone 7

Diaphysis​: Long Shaft of Boneepiphysis​:The ends of the boneDiseases:Arthritis – As we age, our joint tissues become less resilient to wear andtear and start to degenerate manifesting as swelling, pain, and oftentimes,loss of mobility of joints.Osteoporosis – “Porous bone.” The bane of the old, especially, women.The hard, rock-like quality of bone is dependent upon calcium. When toomuch calcium is dissolved from bones or not enough replaced, bones losedensity and are easily fracturedOsteomalacia – “Soft bones.” If not enough calcium is deposited duringearly childhood development, the bones do not become rock-hard, butrubbery. Both adequate calcium in the diet and vitamin D, primarily, fromnormal sunlight exposure or supplementation, are necessary for normalbone developmentCarpal tunnel syndrome – People whose job involves repeated flexing oftheir wrist (typing, house painting) may develop tingling and/or pain in theirthumb, index and middle fingers along with weakness of movements of thethumb, especially, grasping an objectCareers:ChiropractorA chiropractor is a health care professional focused on the diagnosis and treatmentneuromuscular disorders, they focus mainly on back work and other pain causing placesbut also focus on other places of the body. They help aid problems through manualadjustment and/or manipulation of the spine.radiologistA radiologist is a doctor that uses high tech equipment to diagnose and treat a variety ofdiseases. they use machines such as computed tomography, ultrasound, x-rays,magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and nuclear medicine. 8

Structures of the Musculoskeletal System 9

Nervous System Neurons in the brain communicate via electrical impulses and neurotransmitters. The nervous system​ i​ s a complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the bodyKey Terms:Neur/o- NerveEncephal/o- BrainMyel/o- Spinal CordAmbu/o--Esthesia- Nervous SituationMening/o- MeningesPsych/o- MindConcuss- ConcussionVocab-Acrophobia- ​extreme or irrational fear of heights.Dyslexia- ​A learning disorder characterized by difficulty reading.Aphasia- A language disorder that affects a person's ability to communicate.Amnesia- a partial or total loss of memory.Narcissistic- having an excessive or erotic interest in oneself and one's physicalappearance.Meningitis- Inflammation of brain and spinal cord membranes, typically caused by aninfection.Autistic- A serious developmental disorder that impairs the ability to communicate andinteract.Concussion- A brain injury caused by a blow to the head or a violent shaking of thehead and body.Demetia- A group of thinking and social symptoms that interferes with daily functioning.Kleptomania- An impulse control disorder that results in an irresistible urge to steal.Diseases-​Epilepsy – Seizures may have many causes. High fevers in young children maytrigger seizures which are short in duration, easily controlled and, typically, have 10

no permanent aftereffects. Epilepsy is a specific condition which may occur atany age, seizures are more intense, longer lasting in duration, and recur withsome frequency. The condition may be controlled with medication, or ifunresponsive to drugs, may require surgery.Aphasia – loss of speech, or traumatic brain injury, and it involves the left side ofthe brain, they may suffer speech impediments that vary over a spectrum ofproblems from difficulty in finding the right word, speaking slowly and withdifficulty, or complete loss of speech. Actually, there are two speech centers.Injury described above involves the motor speech area, the area of the brain thatproduces language by integrating thoughts of speech with the movements of thelarynx, lips and tongue. There is a second speech area, the receptive or sensoryarea, that enables us to understand speech. Injury to the latter results in stillfluent speech, but the individual does not understand what they are hearing.Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) – “Ischemia” It literally means “not quite enoughblood”. A short period of insufficient blood supply to the brain can have the samesigns and symptoms as a stroke such as weakness in an arm, a partial loss ofvision, but the problem lasts less than 24 hours. People who get TIA’s are atincreased risk of having a stroke in the future.Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) – A blood vessel in the brain may burst causinginternal bleeding. Or, a clot may arise in a brain blood vessel, or arise elsewhereand travel to get stuck in a brain vessel which then deprives brain tissue ofoxygen. Depending upon the area of the brain involved, the patient may sufferparalysis, loss of speech or loss of vision.Careers: General term for someone who studies the nervous system NeuroscientistNeuroanatomist Studies the structure (anatomy) of the nervous system. 11

Neurobiologist Studies the biology of the nervous system.Neurochemist Studies the chemistry (for example, neurotransmitters) of the nervous system. Structure of the nervous system 12

Special SensesThe receptors for the senses of smell and taste are chemoreceptors that are sensitive to various chemicals. ... Those for smell and taste are located in organs that function in other systems—the nose in the respiratory system and the mouth in the digestive system.Key terms:Irid/o-iris-Cusis- Hearing-Opia- Vision ConditionOt/o- EarTympan- Tympanic Membrane (eardrum)Opthalm/o- Eye-Metry- Process of measuringVocab:Iritis- ​An inflammation of the middle layer of the eye (uvea).Cataract- Clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye.Exotropia- ​a form of strabismus (eye misalignment) in which one or both of the eyesturn outwardEsotropia- a form of strabismus in which one or both eyes turns inward. The conditioncan be constantly present, or occur intermittently, and can give the affected individual a\"cross-eyed\" appearanceTinnitus- ringing or buzzing in the ears.Scleritis- inflammation of the sclera.Keratitis- Inflammation of the clear tissue on the front of the eye (cornea).Hyperopia- A vision condition in which nearby objects are blurry.Vertigo- Episodes of dizziness and a sensation of spinning with certain headmovements.Tonometry- the procedure eye care professionals perform to determine the intraocularpressure (IOP), the fluid pressure inside the eyeDiseases-Tinnitus- ringing or buzzing in the ears. An estimated one-third of adults experiencetinnitus at some point in their lives, and some 10 to 15 percent of individuals are afflictedby chronic tinnitus. There are two types of tinnitus: subjective, which is the most 13

common form, and objective, which is relatively rare. In subjective tinnitus, only theperson withBell's Palsy- abrupt paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face due to dysfunctionof the seventh cranial nerve, the facial nerve. The disorder is named for the Scottishsurgeon Sir Charles Bell, who first described the function of the facial nerve in 1829.The facial nerve supplies the muscles of movement and expression of the face. It alsohas sensory componentsColour Blind- inability to distinguish one or more of the three colours red, green, andblue. Most people with colour vision problems have a weak colour-sensing systemrather than a frank loss of colour sensation. In the retina (the light-sensitive layer oftissue that lines the back and sides of the eyeball), humans have three types of cones(the visual cells that.Cataract- opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye. Cataracts occur in 50 percent ofpeople between the ages of 65 and 74 and in 70 percent of people over the age of 75.Typical age-related cataracts can cause cloudy vision, glare, colour vision problems,changes in eyeglass prescription, and, rarely, double vision (only in the affected eye).Careers:Speech Language Pathologist (Therapeutic Services) – The speech pathologist assistsand treats people with speech, language, voice, and fluency disorders. They selectalternative communication systems and teach their use. They also perform researchrelated to speech and language problems.Audiologist (Therapeutic Services) – The audiologist will treat people with hearing andrelated disorders. May fit hearing aids and provide auditory training as well as performresearch related to hearing problems. 14

Structure of the Special Senses 15

Respiratory System The human respiratory system is a series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. The primary organs of the respiratory system are lungs, which carry out this exchange of gases as we breathe.Key Terms:Bronch/o-Bronchial TubeCyan/o- BlueLaryng/o-Larynx-Oxia- OxygenOxy- SwiftPleur- PleuraPneum- LungPulmon- lungThorac- ChestTrache- TracheaVocabalveolitiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of 02 and C02 occurs b/w the lungs andbloodstreambronchitube that divides after it leaves the trachea and becomes the right and left bronchusbronchiolessmallest branches of the bronchicellular respirationoccurs when the cells use 02 and nutrients to produce energy, water, and C02ciliatiny hair like structures that move mucus and dirt toward the esophagusepiglottisleaf like structure, made of cartilage, that covers the larynx during swallowingexpirationoccurs when the diaphragm and the intercostals muscles relax, forcing air outexternal respirationthe exchange of 02 an C02 b/w the lungs and the bloodstreaminspirationthe diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and enlarge the thoracic cavityinternal respiration 16

the exchange of 02 and C02 b/w the bloodstream and the tissue cellsDiseases:Pneumoconiosis – literally, “an abnormal condition of dust in the lungs.” Ageneric name for conditions where toxic particles become trapped in the lungsand cause symptoms and disability such a “black lung” or “miner’s lung” disease.Terms specific to the particulate matter may be given such as asbestosis.Epistaxis – want a fancier name for a “nosebleed?” You got it!Cystic fibrosis – an inheritable disease that affects not only the lungs but othersystems producing mucous such as the digestive system. Patients sufferfrequent lung infections that are hard to treat because mucous is thick andsluggish and result in increased scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs. They also takemultiple enzyme pills because of digestive abnormalities related to abnormalmucous production.Emphysema (COPD) – Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, of whichemphysema is one of, results in progressive destruction of the air sacs in thelungs and loss of respiratory membrane for oxygen exchange. The bane of longterm smokers.Atelectasis – a collapsed lung. Literally, “an imperfect expansion” in Greek.HealthCare Careers:PULMONOLOGIST-​ a​ physician who possesses specialized knowledge and skill in thediagnosis and treatment of pulmonary (lung) conditions and diseases. Pulmonology is classifiedas an internal medicine subspecialty.ONCOLOGIST An oncologist is a doctor who treats people with cancer. The three main oncologistsare surgical, medical, and radiation. All three of these oncologists work together to helptreat a patient with cancer. They explain the diagnosis, treatment, and stage of the 17

cancer to the patient. They manage the patient's pain, symptoms, and treatment sideeffects like constipation, nausea, and fatigue with the best care they can provide. Oncologists have to have a MD from a qualified four year medical school and thenhave proper training. Medical schools are very picky when it comes to the scores on theMedical College Admissions Test. Once they are accepted, they have to pass the firsttwo stages of the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) before theybecome a residence. After the MD, doctors have to pass the third stage of the USMLEand complete a residency program made by the Accreditation Council for GraduateMedical Education.They start by working at clinics and hospitals, then, later in their careers, they opentheir own clinics or facilities. They make an average of $257,000 yearly. 18

Structure of the respiratory system 19

Urinary SystemThe Urinary System is a group of organs in the body concerned with filtering out excess fluid and other substances from the bloodstream. The substances are filtered out from the body in the form of urine. Urine is a liquid produced by the kidneys, collected in the bladder and excreted through the urethra.Key Terms:⦿ -cele-hernia⦿ -lysis-Breakdown⦿ cyst/o-urinary bladder⦿ nephr/o-kidney⦿ ren/o-kidney⦿ -uria-urination⦿ -pexy-fixation⦿ -ectasis-dilation⦿ pyel/o-renal pelvisVocab:arteriolesmall arterycalyx or calixCup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis (plural: calyces or calices)catheterTube for injecting or removing fluidscortexouter region of an organ;the renal cortex is the outer region of thekidney (cortical means pertaining to the cortex)creatinineNitrogenous waste excreted in urine. Creatinine clearance is ameasure of the efficiency of the kidneys in removing (clearing)creatinine from the bloodelectrolytechemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in 20

water. Electrolytes are necessary for functioning of muscles andnerves. The kidneys maintain the proper balance of electrolytes andwater in the blood. Potassium (K+) and Sodium (Na+) are electrolyteserythropoietin (EPO)Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of redblood cells by bone marrow. --poietin means a substance that forms.filtrationprocess whereby some substances, but not all, pass through a filter. Inthe kidney, blood pressure forces materials through the filter(glomerulus). About 180 quarts of fluid are filtered from the blood daily,but the kidney returns 98% to 99% of the water and salts. Only about1.5 quarts (1500 mL) of urine are excreted dailyglomerular capsuleEnclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus. The glomerularcapsule is known as Bowman's capsule and it collects the material thatis filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulusglomerulusTiny ball of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) in the kidney.Diseases:Nephrosis – a noninflammatory disease of kidneys.Nephrolith – a kidney stone.Urethritis – inflammation of the urethra, the final pathway for urine in both sexes, and thecommon pathway for urine and semen in the male.Nocturia – frequently getting up and urinating during the night.Healthcare careers:NephrologistsNephrologists begin their careers in internal medicine. After medical school, an internist must spend threeyears in an internal medicine residency and take the internal medicine board exam before she studiesnephrology for an additional two to three years. Nephrologists provide medical management to patients withkidney disease. They also provide care to kidney transplant patients and people with kidney failure, treatingthe latter with dialysis. Some nephrologists specialize in kidney failure or high blood pressure; pediatricnephrology is another subspecialty. Nephrologists earned a median salary of $259,776 in 2011, according tothe AMGA.Gynecologists 21

Gynecologists specialize in care for female health problems. Since the female reproductive tractand the urinary tract system are physically co-located, gynecologists often care for women whohave urinary problems such as urinary tract infections. They may also perform surgery thatinvolves the bladder and urethra. A gynecologist spends a minimum of four years in residencytraining and may go on for a fellowship. In addition to gynecology, most doctors in this specialtyalso practice obstetrics. The median salary for obstetrician-gynecologists in 2011 was $302,638Structure of The Urinary System Digestive SystemThe digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energyand basic nutrients to feed the entire body. Food passes through a long tube inside the body known as the alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal tractKey Terms:⦿ cholecyst/o-gallbladder 22

⦿ enter/o- Intestines⦿ col/o, colon/o- Colon⦿ hepat/o-Liver⦿ gastr/o-Stomach⦿ or/o-mouth⦿ -pepsia-digestion⦿ chol/e-Bile⦿ proct/ocholecyst/o-anus/rectumVocab:Mesenterystructure that suspends the small intestine from the posterior bodywall, extension of the peritoneumVillifingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface areaPeyer's patchescollections of lymphatic tissue found in the submucosa of the small intestinepicae circularesfolds of the small intestine walloral cavityone of the two anatomical regions involved in the physical breakdown of foodtongueorgan that mixes food in the mouthpharynxcommon passage for food and airlesser omentumextension/modification of the peritoneum, membrane attached to the lesser curvature of thestomachstomachone of the two anatomical regions involved in the physical breakdownof food, organ in which protein digestion beginsgreater omentumextension/modification of the peritoneum 23

Disease:Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) –Severe “heartburn” in laymen’slanguage. Weakness of the valve between the esophagus and stomach mayallow stomach acid to reflux (regurgitate, backup) into the esophagus and irritateand inflame the lining.Jaundice – Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes from a backup of bilemetabolic by-products from the blood into body tissues. May result from blockageof the ducts draining bile from the liver into the intestines or excessive breakdownof red blood cells.Diverticulosis/diverticulitis – Small pouches may form along the walls of the largeintestine called diverticula which if symptomatic, causing discomfort to thepatient, is called diverticulosis. These abnormal outpocketings may collect andnot be able to empty fecal material which can lead to inflammation, diverticulitis.Cirrhosis – Literally, “orange-yellow” in Greek. A degenerative disease of the liverthat often develops in chronic alcoholics, but can have other causes. The namerefers to the gross appearance of the organ.Healthcare Careers:Gastroenterologist – a physician specializing in diseases of the digestive systemincluding esophagus, stomach and intestines. These specialists do not dosurgery. Patients needing surgery are referred to a general surgeon.Proctologist – a physician specializing in diseases of the rectum and anus.Proctology is a surgical subspecialty. 24

Structure of the Digestive system 25

Reproductive SystemThe female reproductive system has two functions: The first is to produce egg cells, and the second is to protect and nourish the offspring until birth. The male reproductive system has one function, and it is to produce and deposit sperm.Key Terms:⦿ cervic/o-cervix⦿ salping/o-Fallopian tube⦿ ov/o-egg⦿ orchid/o-testis⦿ oophor/o-ovary⦿ men/o-menses⦿ mamm/o-breast⦿ gynec/o-woman⦿ colp/o-vagina⦿ prostat/o-prostate glandVocab:amenorrheaabsence or suppression of normal menstrual flowareolasmall circular area such as that around the human nipple 26

artificial inseminationprocess of placing semen into opening of cervix using either husband or donor sperm,Bartholin's glandsGlands located on either side of the vaginal opening that secrete mucus for vaginal lubrication.benign prostatic hypertrophyEnlargement of the prostate causing the inability to empty the bladder completelybreasteither of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a womanbulbourethral glandSecretes a clear mucus before ejaculation that neutralizes acidic urine remaining in the urethracervixthe opening to the uteruschlamydiaa sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria of the genus Chlamydiacircumcisionsurgical removal of the foreskin of the penisDiseases:Endometriosis – a condition involving colonization of the abdominopelvic cavitywith islands of endometrial tissue. Endometrium is the lining layer of the uteruswhich sloughs off with each menstruation. If endometrial tissue flushes up theuterine tube and spills into the abdomen (peritoneal cavity), the clots ofendometrial tissue can attach to abdominal organs such as the bladder, rectum,intestinal loops and then cycle along with the uterus in response to monthlychanges in ovarian hormones. Bleeding into the abdomen irritates the liningmembrane, the peritoneum, and causes abdominal pain.Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – although males have a closed abdominalcavity, the female abdominal cavity has a direct anatomical path from the outsideworld via the female reproductive tract. Bacteria can make their way up thevagina, through the uterus, and traverse the uterine tubes which open into theabdominal cavity. Inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity, theperitoneum, causes abdominal pain. Although there are many potential causes ofPID, gonorrheal infection is one of them. Chronic Inflammation of the uterinetubes can occlude them resulting in infertility.Prolapsed uterus – the uterus is almost directly above the vagina. In fact, thecervix, the neck region, of the uterus extends into the upper vagina. Ligaments 27

hold the uterus in proper position so that it does not prolapse or herniate into thevagina. Severe prolapse can result in the uterine cervix protruding from thevaginal opening. Surgical repair is typically required to restore the uterus to itsproper anatomical position.Hypospadias – literally “below the fleshy spike.” A condition in which the externalurinary meatus (opening) opens anywhere below the tip of the penis rather thanat the tip.Hydrocele – a fluid filled sac partially surrounding the testis. Manifests itself as aswelling on the side of the scrotum. May cause discomfort. Can be surgicallycorrected. And, who would most likely be doing the surgery? A urologist!Varicocele – dilated and twisted veins of the testis, sort of “hemorrhoids” of thescrotum! Manifests itself as a swelling on the side of the scrotum which may lookand feel like a “bag of worms.” May be surgically corrected if causing discomfort.This condition may also cause reduced sperm count and male sterility due tosluggish blood flow elevated testicular temperature.Cryptorchidism – literally “hidden testicle.” A condition of lack of descent of oneor both testes into the scrotum. If not corrected, usually by surgery, beforepuberty, can lead to sterility and increased risk of testicular cancer.Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) – swelling of the prostate gland whichsurrounds the base of the male bladder and urethra causing difficulty urinating,dribbling, and nocturia (remember that word? See urinary system). The bane ofold men! BPH becomes more common as men age.Healthcare Careers:ObstetriciansObstetrics is the study of caring for women before, during, and after pregnancy. Thereare different types of people in this profession including obstetricians, midwives, andnurse wives. Obstetricians see patients in a hospital setting and deliver and care forbabies and their mothers in a hospital room.They go to college for 4-6 years where they learn how to care for a woman and herbaby throughout a pregnancy. They reportedly make $217,000 a year but can make upto $225,000 a year depending on the hospital that they work in. 28

UrologistsUrology is the study of surgical and medical diseases of the male and female reproductivesystem. This includes the urinary tract system and the male reproductive organs. Urologistswork in a hospital setting and perform genital surgery in place of a regular doctor.Urologists go through a very intense 5 year schooling program where they can learnbasic medical knowledge and specific surgical knowledge about the genitalia. Aurologists will make around $400,000 but if the urologist is well trained and placed in abusy hospital they can make up to $750,000 to $1,000,000 a year.Structure of the reproductive system 29

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