English note 2

ADVERTISEMENT Anadvertisementisanoticeorannouncementinapublicmedium promotinga product,servicesoreventorpublicisingajobvacancy. Advertisingisamarketingcommunicationthatemploysanopenlysponsored,non-personal messagetopromoteorsellaproduct,servicesoridea. Advertisingiscommunicatedthroughvariousmassmedia,includingtraditionalmediasuch asnewspapers,magazines,television,radio,outdooradvertisingordirectmail;newmediasuch assearchresults,blogs,socialmedia,websites,ortextmessages.Theactualpresentationofthe messageinamedium isreferredtoasadvertisement:advertoradforshort. IMPORTANCEOFADVERTISEMENT (1)Itgivesinformationaboutaproduct (2)creationofpermanentdemand (3)servicestoexistingcustomers (4)conversionofprospectivebuyerstoactualbuyers (5)Itsupportspersonalselling (6)Itbringsaboutincreaseinsalesandreductionincost (7)Protectionofpeoplefrom imitation. (8)Remindertousers (9)Establishmentofrelationship (10)itcreatesawareness (11)Iteducatescustomers. SAMPLEOFADVERTISEMENT Pre-universitystudyinSingapore FOUNDATIONAND'A'LEVELS INWORLDSCHOOL Sept.2013andJan.2014Admission NoVisaproblems. BritishEducationSystem isused

DirectProgressiontotheUKandUniversitiesworldwideafter9monthsofstudy. Serene,disciplinedandconducivelearningenvironment Totalfeeswithaccommodationandfeedingis$15,000perannum. Forapplicationforms,pleasecontact: TheMD.InternationalEducationcentre 115,AllenAvenue(1stfloor)Ikeja,Lagos Telephone4937620,4708907 'Vanguard'July31,2012 CONCORD. Concordreferstoagreementbetweenwordsingender,number,case,personorother grammaticalcategorywhichaffectstheformsoftheword. Concordhappenswhenawordchangesform dependingontheotherwordswhichitrelates. Itisaninstanceofinflection,andusuallyinvolvesmakingthevalueofsomegrammatical category(suchasgenderorperson)agreebetweenvariedwordsorpartsofthesentence. Concordoragreementgenerallyinvolvesmatchingthevalueofsomegrammaticalcategory betweendifferentconstitutesorpartsofasentence(orsometimesbetweensentences,asin somecaseswhereapronounisrequiredtoagreewithitsantecedent).Somecategoriesthat commonlytriggergrammaticalagreementare: PERSON Agreementbasedongrammaticalpersonisfoundmostlybetweenverbandsubject.For example,Iam VS.Heis Agreementbetweenpronounandantecedentalsorequiredtheselectionofthecorrect person.Forinstance,iftheantecedentisinthefirstpersonnounphrase:MaryandI,thena first(we/us/our)isrequired;however,mostnounphrases(thedog,mycats,JackandJill,etc)are thirdperson,andarereplacedbythirdpersonpronoun.(he/she/it/theyetc.) NUMBER Agreementbasesongrammaticalnumbercanoccurbetweenverbandsubject,asinthe

caseofgrammaticalpersonasdiscussedabove.Infactthetwocategoriesandoftenconflated withinverbconjugationpattern.Therearespecificverbforms.Forfirstpersonsingular,second personpluralandsoon.Forexample,Ireallyam(1stpersonsingular)Vs.Wereallyare.Theboy sings(thirdpersonsingular)VS.Theboyssing(thirdpersonplural).Thegirldidherjob.VS.The girlsdidtheirjob. GENDER Thereisagreementingenderbetweenpronounsandantecedents.Forexample,(1)Theman reachedhisdestination.VS.Thewomanreachedherdestination. CASE CaseisnotasignificantfeatureifEnglish.Onlypersonalpronounandthepronoun'who'have thecasemarking.Forexample.(1)Whocamefirst-heorhisbrother.VS (2)Whom didyousee-him orhisbrother. AGREEMENTOFTHEVERBWITHTHESUBJECT (1)Whenthesubjectisinthirdpersonandsingularnumber,theverbinthepresenttensetakes 's'or'es'Example AuduteachesEnglishatthecollege. Victoriagoestoofficeatteninthemorning. (2)Whenthesubjectisinthethirdpersonpuralnumber,thebaseform oftheverbisused. Example. TheygotoAbuja. WespeakEnglish. (3)Butwhenthesubjectisinthefirstpersonsingularandplural,thethirdpersonplural number,thebaseform oftheverbisused.Example. IgotoAkure. WegotoAkure. YougotoAkure. TheygotoAkure. Note:thisruleisappliedonlytopresenttensebutinpasttense,either's'or'es'isnotadded.The verbremainsunchangedinspiteifthedifferencesinpersonandnumberinthepast.Example Idrankmilk.

Wedrankmilk. Youdrankmilk. Shedrankmilk. Itrained. (4)inrespectofhelpingverbs,thethirdpersonsingularverbis'is'andthethirdpersonpluralis 'are'.Example Heisclever. TheyareNigerians. Note:Inrespectofpasttense,thethirdpersonsingularis'was'andthethirdpersonpluralverb 'were'.Example. Hewasintheroo. Theywereintheroom. (5)Theverbmustagreeinnumberandpersonwithitsrealsubject.Example. OneofmysistershasgonetoAbuja. Eachofmybrotherswaseducated. (6)Twoormoresingularnounsconnectedby'and'mustbeusedwithpluralverb.Example. Smokinganddrinkingareinjurioustohealth. AbigailandFunkearesisters. (7)Twoormoresingularnounsconnectedby'and'expressingoneidealmustbefollowedbya singularverb.Example Slowandsteadywinstherace. Knowledgeandwisdom makesamangreat. (8)Twonounsconnectedby'and'referringtothesamepersonmustbeusedwithasingular verb.Example. Myauntandguardianwantsmetoapplyforjob. Theauthorandeditorhasinvitedmetodinner. Note:Ifthetwonounsrefertotwodifferentpersons,thearticlesandpossessivepronounsmust beusedbeforeeachnounandtheverbmustbeplural.Example.

Myauntandmyguardianwantmetoapplyforajob. Theauthorandtheeditorhaveinvitedmetodinner. (9)Twosingularnounsconnectedby'and'whichareprecededby'each'or'every'mustbeused withasingularverb.Example. Eachboyandgirlhasgotadmissionintothecollege. Everymanandwomanhastocontributetoourcountry. (10)Twosingularsubjectsconnectedby'or','either-or','either-nor'mustbeusedwithasingular verb.Example, NeitherAshfatnorAishahasagreedtoacceptthepost. Eithermysisterormybrotherhasfailedintheinterview. Note:Butwhenoneofthesubjectsisplural,thepluralsubjectshouldbeplacedlastandit shouldbefollowedbypluralverb.Example, EitherAmakaorhersistersarehere. NeithertheMinisternorhiscolleagueshaveunderstoodtheseriousnessoftheproblem. (11)whentwosingularsubjectsconnectedby'or','nor'differinperson,theverbshouldagreein personwiththesubjectnearesttoit.Example, NeitherBolajinorIhavevisitedtheMuseum. EitheryouorVictoriahastoattendthemeeting. (12)Acollectivenounmustbeusedwithasingularverbwhenthegroupisthoughtofasa singularunit,butwhentheindividualsareconsideredseparately,itmustbeapluralverb.Example, Theship'screwhastriedtosavethepassagesfrom drowningwhentheshipwasabouttosink. Whentheshiparrivedtheport,thecrewwerewelcomedbytheNigerianNavy. (13)Nounsthatarepluralinform butsingularinmeaningmustbeusedwithasingularverb. Example, ThenewsisbroadcastonRadioNigeria. Thewagesofsinisdeath. Politicsisasocialscience.