20180929-Next generation refrigerants-Eng.Mohammad Haleemeh

Next Generation Refrigerants By: Mohammad Haleemeh

Workshop Outline : Simple Air Conditioning Cycle. Definition & Types Of The Refrigerants. Thermodynamic Properties Of The Refrigerants. Environmental & Safety Related Issues. Refrigerants In The Past, Present and The Future. Refrigerants In The Green Buildings.

Simple Air Conditioning Cycle

Simple Air Conditioning Cycle In the air conditioning cycle, heat is transported from a low temperature side to a high temperature side.

Definition & Types Of The Refrigerants

Definition & Types Of The Refrigerants Refrigerants are substances that are used to absorb and transport heat for the purpose of cooling. Refrigerants undergoes phase transitions from a liquid to a gas and back again.

Definition & Types Of The Refrigerants Refrigerants are divided to five main categories related to its Chemical composition: 1-Natural refrigerants (Ex: Butane,Water,CO2,Ammonia..etc) 2-CFC refrigerants (Ex: R-11,R-12,..etc) 3-HCFC refrigerants (Ex: R-22,R-123,..etc) 4-HFC refrigerants (Ex: R-134a,R-410A,..etc) 5-HFO refrigerants (Ex: R-1234yf,R-1234ze,..etc)

Definition & Types Of The Refrigerants Refrigerants are divided to two main groups related to its Composition: 1-Single component refrigerants (Ex: R-11,R-22,R-134a..etc) 2-Blended compounds refrigerants divided to 3 subgroups: a-Zeotrope Blend (Ex: R-407C..etc) b-Azeotrope Blend (Ex: R-500..etc) c-Near Azeotrope Blend (Ex: R-410A..etc)

Definition & Types Of The Refrigerants Zeotropic mixture behave like two separate components. Azeotrope mixture behave like a pure, single components Refrigerant. Near azeotrope mixture has a temperature glide of less than 1 OC which is negligible. Temperature glide is measured as the temperature difference Between the boiling point and the dew point of the chemical Mixture.

Thermodynamic Properties Of The Refrigerants

Thermodynamic Properties Of The Refrigerants The thermodynamic properties that make the refrigerants Work efficiently: 1-High latent heat of vaporization. 2-High density of suction gas. 3-Critical temperature and triple point outside the working range.

Thermodynamic Properties Of The Refrigerants The thermodynamic properties that make the refrigerants Work efficiently: 4-Reasonable working pressures (not too high, or below atmospheric pressure). 5-Compatibility with component materials and lubricating oil.

Definition & Types Of The Refrigerants



Environmental & Safety Related Issues

Environmental & Safety Related Issues Global Environmental Properties 1-Stratospheric Ozone Depletion The stratospheric ozone layer filters out the UV-B portion of the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Overexposure to this radiation increases the risk of skin cancer, cataracts, and impaired immune systems.

Environmental & Safety Related Issues Global Environmental Properties 2-Global Climate Change (Global warming( The average global temperature is determined by the balance of energy from the sun heating the earth and its atmosphere and of energy radiated from the earth and the atmosphere to space.

Environmental & Safety Related Issues Global Environmental Properties 2-Global Climate Change (Global warming( GHGs traps heat at and near the surface, maintaining the average temperature of the Earth’s surface about 34 K warmer than would be the case if these gases and particles were not present (the greenhouse effect).

Environmental & Safety Related Issues Global Environmental Properties 2-Global Climate Change (Global warming( Examples of GHGs: Carbon dioxide (CO2), Water Vapor, Methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs, hydrofluoroethers (HFEs), hydrofluoric-olefins (HFOs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).

Environmental & Safety Related Issues Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) The measure of a material’s ability to deplete stratospheric ozone, a value relative to R-11’s value of 1.0.

Environmental & Safety Related Issues Global Warming Potential (GWP) Is an index describing its relative ability to trap radiant energy compared to CO2 (R-744), which has a very long atmospheric lifetime.

Environmental & Safety Related Issues

Environmental & Safety Related Issues

Environmental & Safety Related Issues

Environmental & Safety Related Issues The letter designates toxicity class based on allowable exposure: Class A: Refrigerants that have an occupational exposure limit (OEL) of 400 ppm or greater. Class B: Refrigerants that have an OEL of less than 400 ppm.

Environmental & Safety Related Issues The numeral denotes flammability: Class 1: No flame propagation in air at 60°C and 101.3 kPa. Class 2: Exhibits flame propagation in air at 60°C and 101.3 kPa, lower flammability limit (LFL) greater than 0.10 kg/m3 at 23°C and 101.3 kPa, and heat of combustion less than 19 000 kJ/kg.

Environmental & Safety Related Issues The numeral denotes flammability: Optional class 2L: class 2 refrigerants may be classified as 2L if they exhibit a maximum burning velocity of no more than 10 cm/s at 23.0°C and 101.3 kPa. Class 3: Exhibits flame propagation in air at 60°C and 101.3 kPa and LFL less than or equal to 0.10 kg/m3at 23.0°C and 101.3 kPa or heat of combustion greater than or equal to 19 000 kJ/kg.

Refrigerants In The Past, Present and The Future

Refrigerants In The Past, Present and The Future

Refrigerants In The Past, Present and The Future

Refrigerants In The Past, Present and The Future

Refrigerants In The Past, Present and The Future

Refrigerants In The Past, Present and The Future

Refrigerants In The Past, Present and The Future

Refrigerants In The Green Buildings

Refrigerants In The Green Buildings Prerequisite: Fundamental Refrigerant Management. Intent: To reduce stratospheric ozone depletion. Requirements: Do not use chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-based refrigerants in (HVAC&R) systems. When reusing existing HVAC&R equipment, complete a comprehensive CFC phase- out conversion before project completion.

Refrigerants In The Green Buildings Credit: Enhanced Refrigerants Management. Intent: To reduce ozone depletion and support early compliance with the Montreal Protocol while minimizing direct contributions to climate change. Requirements: Do not use refrigerants, or use only refrigerants (naturally occurring or synthetic) that have an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of zero and a global warming potential (GWP) of less than 50.