Introduction in LPG Design Aspects LPG Segments Safety Requirements Troubleshooting
contents: LPG Components Codes And Standards LPG Systems Segments Design Approaches
1-LPG Components: • Liquefied petroleum gas or liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles. • Varieties of LPG bought and sold include mixes that are mostly propane (C3H8), mostly butane (C4H10) And, most commonly, mixes including both propane and butane. In the northern hemisphere winter, the mixes contain more propane, while in summer, they contain more butane. Liquefied petroleum Gas
• LPG Mixture in Jordan Propane(C3H8)= 25% Butane (C4H10)=75% • LPG Mixture in Qatar Propane(C3H8)= 18% Butane (C4H10)=80% Other Additives= 2% LPG mixture Ratio
• Propane is a three-carbon alkane with the molecular bfourtmcuolma pCr3eHs8s.ibItleistoa gas at standard temperature and pressure, a transportable liquid. • Propane is a colorless, odorless gas. At normal pressure it liquifies below its boiling point at −42 °C. • The density of propane gas at 25 °C (77 °F) is 1.808 kg/m3. (( Propane is denser than air)). • Flash point −104 °C • Heating Value: Net Value 2886.87 Btu/Ft3. • Hazards: It may accumulate in low spaces and near the floor. When abused as an inhalant, it may cause hypoxia (lack of oxygen). • Propane has low toxicity since it is not readily absorbed and is not biologically active. Propane
• Butane is an organic compound with the formula is Cga4Hs 1a0ttrhoaotmis an alkane with four carbon atoms. Butane a temperature and atmospheric pressure. • The density of Butane gas at 15 °C (59 °F) is 2.48 kg/m3. • Butane boiling point −1 °C. • Butane Flash point −60 °C. • Usage: 1- Butane fuel canisters for use in camping stoves. 2-Butane lighter. Butane
• NG: Natural Gas. • LNG:liquefied natural gas. • SNG: synthetic natural gas. Other Refinery Products
Because propane is naturally odorless and colorless, a commercial odorant is added so propane can be detected if it leaks into the Ethyl Mercaptan environment
Ethyl Mercaptan Ethanethiol, commonly known as ethyl mercaptan and stench, is a clear liquid with a distinct odor. It is an organosulfur compound with the formula CH3CH2SH. Abbreviated EtSH, it consists of an ethyl group (Et), CH3CH2, attached to a thiol group, SH. Its structure parallels that of ethanol, but with sulfur in place of oxygen. Its odor resembles that of cooked cabbage but is quite distinct.
2-Codes And standards: ➢ Local Authorities. Royal Scientific Society (RSS) Civil Defense Directorate
➢ International Codes. National Fire Protection Association British Standards American petroleum institute
National Fire Protection Association NFPA 58: Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code. Covering the following: • LP-Gas Equipment and Appliances. • Pipe Sizing. • Installation of LP-Gas Systems. • LP-Gas Liquid Transfer. • Operations and Maintenance.
NFPA 54: National Fuel Gas Code. Covering the following: • Gas Piping System Design, Materials, and Components. • Pipe Sizing. • Gas Piping Installation.
3-LPG Systems Segments:
Residential Apartment Apartments Compounds
Commercial Building Hotels Malls Shops
Industrial Usage ➢ Factories. ➢ Asphalt plant. ➢ Burners.
Domestic Usage Single apartment, villa, or house with a maximum two or three kitchen appliance connection Normal Appliance units. Kitchen Equipment’s Supplier will provide all the layouts and data sheets for the products which will be installed.
Manufacture products and data sheets Counting the total Equipment’s load and convert it to Kg/hr.
Recommended LPG Gas System: Cylinder Banking System: LPG cylinder banking system will be the optimum solution For the low stream light duty kitchens.
Cylinder Banking System contains the cylinder Gas Manifold which will work as a small reserve (tank). Adding cylinders up to 6 No. as a maximum per Set to the Manifold. Apart from the cylinders will be as a standby for the emergency case.
Main Cylinder Manifold will contain all the safety features by adding the pressure gauges, Ball valves and solenoid valve. piping from the cylinder set to the main kitchen area.
Entering the kitchen area another isolation valve will be added. Near the kitchen Equipment ball valve, low pressure Regulator and appliance hose.
Advantages and Disadvantages: Initial Cost. Replacement Frequency AHJ Requirements. Gas Shortage Specially in Winter Season. Installation Work.
Troubleshooting • First Commissioning, duo to massive amount of air flushing is required. • Air inside the Oven. • Failure in the Second stage regulator. • Gas Detector in the cylinder area.
Residential Apartment Building with more than flats or villas such as residential apartments or villas compounds. Each Villa will have its own stand system with a centralized LPG Tank area.
LPG Tank will be sized as per AHJ Requirements to Feed the demand with at least two weeks.
LPG Tank will be filled by AHJ or Private LPG contractor. LPG Gas Truck will fill the tanks frequently as per Schedules.
LPG Filling will be either Directly to the Tank or by filling Line. When the filling line used NFPA Will require HRV at 25bar Pressure Gauge.
Vapor outlet will be taken from the LPG Tank. Isolation Set must install after the outlet directly. Isolation Set will contain: • Ball Valves. • Pressure Gauge. • First Stage Pressure Regulator (1-6 Bar inlet)/ (0-1Bar outlet). • Vent. • Solenoid Valve.
Pressure Regulators: A pressure regulator is a valve that controls the pressure of a fluid or gas to a desired value. Regulators are used for gases and liquids and can be an integral device with a pressure setting, a restrictor, and a sensor all in the one body, or consist of a separate pressure sensor, controller, and flow valve. Type: ➢ First Stage (high Pressure). ➢ Second Stage (medium Pressure). ➢ Third Stage (low Pressure). ➢ OPSO/UPSO Regulators.
Solenoid Valve A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. Solenoid valves differ in the characteristics of the electric current they use, the strength of the magnetic field they generate, the mechanism they use to regulate the fluid, and the type and characteristics of fluid they control. The mechanism varies from linear action, plunger-type actuators to pivoted-armature actuators and rocker actuators. The valve can use a two-port design to regulate a flow or use a three or more port design to switch flows between ports. Multiple solenoid valves can be placed together on a manifold.
Solenoid Valve Selection Depend on three parameters: ➢ Gas Flow. ➢ Gas Pressure. ➢ Pipe Size
LPG Gas Piping HDPE CS Pipe Copper
Gas Detection System: A gas detector is a device that detects the presence of gases in an area, often as part of a safety system. This type of equipment is used to detect a gas leak or other emissions and can interface with a control system so a process can be automatically shut down.
Main Components: Gas Control Panel must be selected to handle all the Gas detectors No. as well as the relays and sounders. With a battery backup for shutdown emergency case.
Gas Detectors. A pellistor is a solid-state device used to detect gases which are either combustible or which have a significant difference in thermal conductivity to that of air. The word \"pellistor\" is a combination of pellet and resistor. Pellistors for detecting flammable gases, Methane, LPG, Propane, Butane, Hydrogen and many more
Sensor Accuracies & Response Times Sensor Response times and accuracies are determined by the type of sensor used. The following table provides general guidance for tests at standard conditions.
Before a fire or explosion can occur, three conditions must be met simultaneously. A fuel (ie. combustible gas) and oxygen (air) must exist in certain proportions, along with an ignition source, such as a spark or flame. The ratio of fuel and oxygen that is required varies with each combustible gas or vapor. The minimum concentration of a combustible gas or vapor necessary to support its combustion in air is defined as the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) for that gas. Below this level, the mixture is too \"lean\" to burn. The maximum concentration of a gas or vapor that will burn in air is defined as the Upper
Explosive Limit (UEL). Above this level, the mixture is too \"rich\" to burn. The range between the LEL and UEL is known as the flammable range for that gas or vapor.
Examples:
Cause and effect diagram for LPG Systems: 15% of LEL >>> Sounder Activation. 30% of LEL >>> Sounder Activation & Kitchen SV Deactivate. 40% of LEL >>> Sounder Activation, Main SV (Tank area) Deactivate & Signal to FACP. Push Button >>> Kitchen SV Deactivate. Fire Alarm >> Cutoff tank area SV.
Push Button and sounder
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