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All rights, reserved. No part of this document THIKRI- Glass Inlay covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means. AUTHORS: Graphic, electronic or mechanical including photocpoying of the copyright owner. Maharaja NAMRATA GOGOI | NITIE PATEL | VASU RAVI Ranjitsigh Gaekwad Institute of Design, MRID. MENTOR: Deepak Vishwakarma Year of Submission: 2023 I Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

In 1908, the college was renamed as the ‘Maharaja College of Science’ and in 1911, it became a full-fledged university, known as ‘Baroda University’. In 1949, after India’s independence , the university was renowned as “Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda” in honor of its founder. Over the years, the university has expanded its academic programs and now offers Undergraduate, Postgraduate and Doctoral programs in a wide range of subjects including Arts, Science, Commerce, Law, Education & Technology. It is one of the largest universities in Gujarat, with more than 350 afiliated colleges & institutes. Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda has been recognized for its academic exellence and has been awarded an ‘A+’ Grade by the National Assesment and Accreditation Council (NAAC). The university has been ranked among top universities in India by various ranking agencies. Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda has played a significant role in the development of education and culture in Gujarat and has contributed immensely to the growth and progress of the Vadodara and overall Gujarat as well. II Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

The Faculty of Finearts, one of the premier art schools of India, is dedicated to the education of professional artists and scholars of theory of art for more than half a century. It has been recognized on global level as the foremost institute in India in the field of Visual Arts. As a part of dissemination and expansion of art and design curriculum, Faculty of Finearts has established in 2013, a National Level Design Institute under its auspices. The Design Institute is named after the alumni of Faculty and the erstwhile Maharaja of Baroda, Shrimant Ranjitsinh Gaekwad, hence the name, Maharaja Ranjitsinh Gaekwad Institute of Design (MRID). The institute aims to create a unique academic enviornment for creative minds to work together in pure visual arts, craft and modern design. IIICraft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023



Maharaja Ranjitsinh Gaekwad Institute of Design has always been working in and with the rich craft sector of India. In continuation to that the Institute have various outreach programs among which one is the craft Study and Craft Documentation. Maharaja Ranjitsinh Gaekwad Institure of Design is intending to create an advantageous academic environment of creative minds working in pure visual arts along with Craft and Modern Design. At the Maharaja Ranjitsinh Gaekwad Institute of Design, craft documentation holds a significant role in preserving and promoting traditional crafts. The institute recognizes the importance of documenting the rich cultural heritage of various crafts and artisans, and aims to ensure their preservation for future generations. Craft documentation at the institute involves meticulous recording of the techniques, processes, and cultural significance associated with different crafts. This documentation serves as a valuable resource for research, education, and the development of innovative designs. Through their efforts in craft documentation, the institute plays a crucial role in safeguarding and revitalizing traditional crafts, fostering appreciation for cultural diversity, and nurturing a sustainable and inclusive design ecosystem. In conclusion, craft documentation at the Maharaja Ranjitsih Gaekwad Institute of Design is a testament to their commitment to the preservation, research, and promotion of traditional crafts. By capturing the essence of these crafts, MRID ensures their continuity, inspires innovation, and fosters a deep appreciation for cultural diversity. Through their dedication to craft documentation, MRID contributes to the larger goal of safeguarding and revitalizing traditional crafts, making them relevant in the contemporary world. IVCraft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

DECL AR ATION We hereby declare that the study of the Craft-THIKRI, was carried by us for the Craft documentation & it’s study under the guidance of our Mentors at MRID. We, the undersigned, hereby declare that this Craft Documentation Book, compiled by the students and faculty of the Maharaj Ranjitsinh Gaekwad Institute of Design (MRID), represents a comprehensive effort to document and preserve traditional crafts and their associated knowledge. This Craft Documentation Book serves as a testament to our commitment to promoting, safeguarding, and celebrating the rich cultural heritage of traditional crafts. It is a culmination of extensive research, fieldwork, and collaboration with skilled artisans from various regions and communities. We declare that this Craft Documentation Book is an authentic record of the diverse crafts and their techniques, processes, materials, and cultural significance. Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and integrity of the information presented within these pages. We acknowledge that this Craft Documentation Book is not only a compilation of documented crafts but also a tribute to the artisans and communities whose knowledge and skills have been passed down through generations. By showcasing their expertise and creativity, we seek to raise awareness and appreciation for their contributions to our cultural heritage. We hereby affix our signatures and affirm the accuracy and authenticity of this Craft Documentation Book. Namrata Gogoi Nitie Patel Vasu Ravi (Accessory Design) (Accessory Design) (Accessory Design) V Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Craft Documentation module by the Maharaja Rhanjitsinh Institute of Design gave us an in-depth of the craft of Glass Inlay in Udaipur. The journey of research and documentation wouldn’t have been possible without the guidance of our mentor Deepak Vishwakarma. We would like to give our sincere gratitude to Anant Maheshwari, Nitin Sharma, Ajay Sikligar, Dinesh Solanki, Himanshu Sikligar and Sangram Sigh- all the artisans working at the Glass Inlay for taking out their precious time to interact with us and for further clearing our doubts and providing us with photographs. We acknowledge the artisans mastery, their knowledge of the craft and the evolving market of glass inlay. VICraft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023



OVERVIEW Thikri is a craft that despite its delicate designs, has been a bold adornment for the city of Udaipur, by being the main accessory for The Udaipur City Palace. What one wall at The City Palaces’ Mor Chowk began is now a famous craft that may be dying if not preserved and made aware of India is decked with an array of beautiful art and craft forms that once shown to the world, will leave everyone mesmerized with its intricacy, skilled craftspeople and detailed designs. In this book, we have inculcated everything connected to the craft in order to capture the whole craft and its essence. The first part of the book includes details about Rajasthan, its people, its culture and tradition, its economy, geography and community. We have then gone into the region of the craft of Thikri, Udaipur. We studied the city and about its residents, its history and how it is as a whole. Thikri or Mirror Inlay is an underrated mosaic craft that has gained popularity through subtle sources, such as in movie scenes, at displays etc and has also gained an audience through its beautiful history and its story. VIICraft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

CONTENT 1. Copyrights Page I 9.2.8 Tourism 2. About MSU II 3. About MRID 4. Craft Documentation at MRID III 9.3 The Nine Divisions of Rajasthan 5. Declaration IV 6. Acknowledgment 7. Overview V 10. Mewar VI 11. Udaipur 8. Craft VII 8.1 Craft: An Artistic Mastery 11.1 Venice of the East 8.2 Crafts Unveiled 11.2 History 8.3 Holding the Heritage 11.3 Crafts 11.4 Places to Visit 9. Rajasthan 11.5 Religious Places 11.6 Tourism 9.1 Padharo Mahaare Des 11.7 Roads to Udaipur 9.1.1 A Glimpse into History 12. Thikri 9.1.2 Demographics 9.1.3 Geography & Climate 12.1 Beginning Thikri 12.2 Historical Background 9.2 Culture of Rajasthan 12.3 Cultutal Significance 12.4 The Director 9.2.1 Language 12.5 Meet the Team 9.2.2 Music and Dance 12.6 Working System of Artisans 9.2.3 Festivals 12.7 Floorplan 9.2.4 Food 12.8 Tools and Raw Materials 9.2.5 Socio-Economic View 12.9 Craftmanship Cronical 9.2.6 Crafts 12.10 Work Distribuiyion among the artisans 9.2.7 Architecture 12.11 Glass Blowing 12.12 Tool Safety & Risk Factor 12.13 Types of Glass/ Income/ Seasons & Climate Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

12.14 SWOT Anaylsis 101 12.15 Product Range 103 12.16 Future of Craft 111 11. Glossary 115 12. Bibliography Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

Source: Unsplash.com Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

C A FT Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

Source: Unsplash.com Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

CRAFT: AN ARTISTIC MASTERY A craft or trade is a pastime or an occupation that requires particular skills and knowledge of skilled work. In a historical sense, particularly the Middle Ages and earlier, the term is usually applied to people occupied in small scale production of goods, or their maintenance. The traditional term craftsman is nowadays often replaced by artisan and by craftsperson. India is renowned for its rich and diverse crafts and handicraft traditions. The country has a long history of producing exquisite handcrafted items that reflect its cultural heritage and craftsmanship. Each region has its own unique traditional crafts that are deeply rooted in the local culture and history. These crafts not only showcase the artistic skills of the artisans but also contribute to the preservation of India’s rich cultural heritage. The rich craft heritage of India is unique and diverse as its customs and traditions. Each part of the country has its own unique cultural ethos, which is manifested in the handicrafts of that particular region. Indian crafts and handicraft traditions are influenced by local topography, climate, and socio-religious factors. These craft traditions have endured the ravages of time and countless foreign invasions and continue to thrive today due to the assimilationist aspect of Indian culture and the craftsmen’s openness to absorb and employ new ideas. Indian craft tradition has no parallel in the world, in diversity as well as in technique and use of materials. The craft traditions of India vary from region to region. These crafts not only cater to the day-to-day needs of the people but are also used for decorative and religious purposes. Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023 4

Source: Unsplash.com Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

CRAFTS UNVEILED India’s craft industry is a lively and diverse sector that includes both traditional and contemporary crafts. India is recognised for its fine craftsmanship, elaborate designs, and talented artisans, with a rich cultural legacy spanning thousands of years. The country’s unique cultural, religious, and regional traditions are strongly ingrained in India’s handmade sector. Each state and region has its own distinctive craft forms, techniques, and materials that reflect local customs, history, and environment. India has a rich variety of crafts that demonstrate the country’s artistic prowess, ranging from textiles and embroidery to ceramics, metalwork, woodwork, jewellery, and more. The craft sector is important to the Indian economy since it creates jobs while also maintaining traditional skills and knowledge. Many artisans came from generations of craftspeople who passed down their knowledge from generation to generation. Handcrafted items are extremely valuable because they capture the spirit of Indian culture and heritage. However, the craft business faces a number of obstacles, including a lack of raw materials, shifting market trends, and competition from mass-produced items. Through skill development programmes, marketing activities, and collaborations with designers and brands, efforts are being made to support and preserve the craft sector. Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023 6

HOLDING THE HERITAGE India is a diverse country with a rich cultural heritage and a long tradition of handicrafts. Each region of India has its own unique style of crafting, reflecting the local history, climate, resources, and customs. Here are some examples of the diverse crafts found in India:- BLOCK PRINTING Source: freepik.com Block printing in Rajasthan, is a traditional technique of printing intricate designs on fabric using wooden blocks. This ancient art form has been practiced in the region for centuries, creating exquisite textiles and garments that are highly valued for their beauty and craftsmanship. Chhipa community, a group of artisans known for their expertise in textile printing, migrated to this region. They brought with them the knowledge and skills of block printing. EMBROIDERY Its origin can be traced back to the royal courts of Rajasthan, where skilled artisans adorned garments and textiles with elaborate embroidery. The techniques employed in Rajasthani embroidery include traditional styles such as Gota Patti, Zardozi, and Phulkari, each with its unique characteristics and motifs. These techniques involve the use of metallic threads, sequins, beads, and mirrors to create stunning embellishments on fabrics, showcasing the rich cultural heritage of the region. Source: freepik.com 7 Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

POTTERY Source: freepik.com Pottery in Rajasthan, India has a rich and ancient heritage. Its origin can be Source: freepik.com traced back to the Indus Valley Civilization. Rajasthani pottery encompasses Source: freepik.com a wide range of techniques, including wheel pottery, hand modeling, and clay molding. The pottery is often adorned with vibrant colors and traditional motifs, reflecting the cultural diversity and artistic sensibilities of Rajasthan. METALWORKING Metal craft in Rajasthan, dating back to ancient times, the origin of this craft in the region can be traced to the skilled artisans who served in the courts of Rajput rulers, where they crafted exquisite metalwork for royal patrons. Rajasthan is renowned for its intricate techniques such as dhokra, engraving, embossing, and filigree work. Artisans work with a variety of metals, including silver, copper, brass, and iron, to create a wide range of decorative and functional items. WE AV ING Weaving craft in Rajasthan, India has a rich and vibrant tradition, deeply ingrained in the cultural fabric of the region with each region producing its own unique style of textiles. The weaving craft in Rajasthan encompasses a wide range of textiles, including handloom fabrics, carpets, and rugs. Artisans employ various weaving techniques such as the pit loom, frame loom, and handloom, utilizing threads of cotton, silk, wool, or a blend of these fibers. Intricate patterns, motifs, and vibrant colors are intricately woven into the fabric. Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023 8

WOODWORKING Source: freepik.com Woodworking craft in Rajasthan. Its origin can be traced back to the royal courts Source: freepik.com of Rajasthan, creating intricately carved wooden furniture and architectural Source: freepik.com elements. The woodworking techniques in Rajasthan encompass a wide range of skills, including hand carving, joinery, and marquetry. The craftsmen employ traditional tools, such as chisels, saws, and drills, to meticulously shape and embellish the wood, often incorporating floral, geometric, or narrative motifs. LE ATHERWORK Leatherwork craft in Rajasthan. The techniques employed in Rajasthani leatherwork include intricate embroidery, embossing, tooling, and hand- painting. Artisans work with various types of leather, such as camel, goat, and sheep. These craftsmen employ specialized tools, such as punches, stamps, and needles, to create intricate patterns and designs, often inspired by nature, folklore, or traditional motifs. Today, producing a wide range of products, including bags, footwear, accessories, and decorative items. PAPER-MACHE Paper mache craft in Rajasthan. The paper mache craft involves the use of paper pulp, adhesive, and a mold to create a variety of decorative items and figurines. Artisans meticulously shape the paper pulp, layer by layer, onto the mold, allowing it to dry and harden. Intricate designs, patterns, and motifs are then handpainted onto the surface using vibrant colors. 9 Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

India is a treasure trove of diverse crafts that beautifully showcase the rich cultural heritage and artistic traditions of the country. Each craft is a unique representation of local traditions, skills, and materials, making them an integral part of India’s cultural fabric. Each region of India has its own unique style of crafting, reflecting the local history, climate, resources, and customs. They not only serve as creative expressions but also hold historical, religious, and social significance. The motifs, colors, and techniques used in each crafts often reflect the local beliefs, customs, and folklore, connecting the craft to the larger cultural context. Patchwork , Tourist market Udaipur 10Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

Source: Unsplash.com Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

A JASTHAN Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

Source: Unsplash.com Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

PADHARO MAHAARE DES Rajasthan, the Land of Kings is synonymous with island palaces shimmering on idyllic blue lakes; temples heroism, royalty, and honor. Historic tales of battles and fortresses situated on hilltops of the rugged and fought and romance of the riches adorn the walls of rocky Aravalli; exquisite palaces built during the reign of the state. Established in the era marked with wartime some of its many erstwhile Rajput dynasties; and well- ballads yet living in the modern period, this beautiful laid-out gardens with pavilions and kiosks, all of which region is a travelers’ destination. Those looking out add to the splendor and whimsical charm of this majestic for the remnants of the past should not pass up a trip land. However, Rajasthan is not only a fort, palaces, to Rajasthan. Wanderers interested in adventures at and culture. The state is also one place in India, which the various landscapes should get a glimpse of this has marched ahead with its development programs. venturesome state. And for the ones who plan to have a Problems of the people have remained as the central quiet sojourn gazing at the beauty of the golden dunes, idea and governance have been put in the hands of the Rajasthan tops your list. This land is a colorful melange villagers themselves. Surely, this state is one destination of massive forts, stunning palaces, diverse cultures, regal in India, from where no one can return empty-handed. forests, delectable cuisines, and warm people, set amidst a rugged yet inviting landscape. It is a state of men with proud mustaches and women with twinkling anklets in colorful swirling ghagras. The landscape is dotted with 14Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

Source: Unsplash.com Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

A GLIMPSE INTO HISTORY Rajasthan literally means “The Land of Kings,” and is a portmanteau of the Sanskrit words “Rj” (King) and “Sthna” (Land), or the Persian word “St(h)n” with the same meaning. Rajasthan is mentioned for the first time in a stone inscription from 625 CE. The word Rajasthan first occurs in literature in the 1829 work Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India, while Rajputana as a name for the region first appears in George Thomas’s 1800 diary Military Memories. According to John Keay’s book India: A account, Rajputana was formed by the British in 1829, and when translating Ferishta’s account of early Islamic India, John Briggs used the phrase “Rajpoot (Rajput) princes” rather than “Indian princes.” EARLY HISTORY: The region that is now Rajasthan has been inhabited by various tribes and civilizations for thousands of years. The Harappan civilization, one of the world’s earliest urban civilizations, flourished in the northwestern part of Rajasthan around 2500 BC. The region was also part of the Mauryan Empire, which ruled India from the 4th to the 2nd century BC. MEDIEVAL PERIOD: In the medieval period, Rajasthan was ruled by various Rajput dynasties. The Rajputs were a warrior caste known for their valor and chivalry. The most prominent Rajput dynasties were the Chauhans, the Solankis, the Guhilas, and the Rathores. In the 18th century, Rajasthan was divided into a number of small kingdoms known as “princely states.” These states were nominally independent but were under the suzerainty of the British East India Company. The rulers of these states were known as “maharajas” and were among the wealthiest and most powerful rulers in India. After India gained independence from British rule in 1947, the princely states were merged into the newly-formed state of Rajasthan. Since then, Rajasthan has made significant progress in economic and social development and has become a major tourist destination known for its rich cultural heritage, magnificent forts and palaces, and colorful festivals. 16Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

Source: Unsplash.com Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

DEMOGR APHICS According to the 2011 Census of India, Rajasthan has state by area and the seventh largest by population, a total population of 68,548,437. The state contributes Rajasthan comprises most of the wide Thar Desert also to 5.66% of India’s population. The population density known as the Great Indian Desert. It shares a border is 201 people per square kilometre. The sex ratio in with the  Pakistani  provinces of  Punjab  and  Sindh  to 2011, at 928 women to 1000 men, was lower than the the west, along the  Sutlej-Indus  River valley. It is national figure of 943. The native Rajasthani people bordered by five other Indian states: Punjab, Haryana, make up the majority of the state’s population. The Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh  and Gujarat. With state of Rajasthan is also populated by Sindhis, who 56.5 million people (89% Hindu, 8.5% Muslim, 1.4% came to Rajasthan from Sindh province (now in Sikh, 1.2% Jain), Rajasthan came into independence in Pakistan) during the India-Pakistan separation in 1947, formed a union of nineteen princely states, plus 1947. As for religion, Rajasthan’s residents are mainly Ajmer, which had been under direct British rule. The Hindus, who account for 88.49% of the population. main language spoken there is Hindi and Rajasthani. Muslims make up 9.07%, Sikhs 1.27% and Jains 0.91% of the population. In terms of gender demographics, Rajasthan has a male to female ratio of 926 females per 1000 males, which is lower than the national average. This is primarily due to a preference for male children and gender-based discrimination, which has resulted in a higher incidence of female infanticide and neglect. The literacy rate in Rajasthan is 67.5%, which is lower than the national average of 77.7%. However, the state has made significant progress in improving literacy rates in recent years, with a particular focus on improving education for girls and women. The largest Indian 18Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE Rajasthan is a state in India’s northern region. It Due to its arid climate, water is a scarce resource in is India’s largest state by area, with 342,239 square Rajasthan. The state has developed several innovative kilometers. Rajasthan is bounded to the west by methods for water conservation, including the Pakistan and to the southwest by Gujarat, Madhya construction of traditional water harvestings structures Pradesh to the southeast, Uttar Pradesh to the such as step-wells and the use of drip irrigation systems. northeast, and Haryana and Punjab to the north. The state government has also launched several initiatives Rajasthan is predominantly a desert environment, with to promote renewable energy sources such as solar power, the Thar Desert, also known as the Great Indian Desert, to help meet the state’s energy needs. covering the majority of the state. The Aravalli Range stretches from southwest to northeast through the state, separating it into two separate regions: the arid region to the west and the hilly region to the east. The Chambal, Luni, Mahi and other rivers run through the state. Rajasthan’s climate is distinguished by hot summers and Rajasthan has 32 districts: Ajmer, Alwar, Banswara, chilly winters. Summer, which lasts from April through Baran, Barmer, Bhilwara, Bikaner, Bharatpur, Bundi, June, is exceptionally hot, with temperatures frequently Chittorgarh, Churu, Dausa, Dholpur, Dungarpur, exceeding 45 degrees Celsius. Temperatures range from Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Jaipur, Jaisalmer, Jalore, 10 to 27 degrees Celsius throughout the winter season, Jhalawar, Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur, Karauli, Kota, Nagaur, which lasts from November to February. The monsoon Pali, Rajsamand, Sawai Madhopur, Sikar, Sirohi, Tonk season, which lasts from July to September, provides some and Udaipur. reprieve from the heat while also bringing moderate to heavy rain to the state. 20Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

Source: Unsplash.com Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

CULTURE OF RAJASTHAN Rajasthan is noted for its colourful music, dancing, art, techniques. The artistic traditions of Rajasthan shine and craft, as well as its rich cultural legacy. Rajasthanis are through its ancient arts and crafts, including miniature recognised for their warm hospitality and traditional way paintings, puppetry, ceramics, weaving, and embroidery, of life. Here are some features of Rajasthani culture which have been passed down through generations. Adding to the cultural charm, Rajasthanis are known Rajasthan, a state in India, is renowned for its rich cultural for their colorful and traditional attire. Women adorn heritage, encompassing various art forms, music, dance themselves in bright sarees or lehengas, while men wear genres, festivals, and culinary delights. The region is vibrant turbans and dhotis. Together, these elements form famous for its vibrant music and dance forms such as the essence of Rajasthan’s cultural identity. Ghoomar, Kalbelia, Bhavai, Chari, and Gair, which are often performed during weddings, festivals, and special occasions. Throughout the year, Rajasthan celebrates numerous festivals like Diwali, Holi, Teej, Gangaur, and Makar Sankranti, which are deeply rooted in the state’s culture and widely cherished. The cuisine of Rajasthan is delectable and features iconic dishes like Dal Baati Churma, Gatte ki Sabzi, and Laal Maas, prepared using traditional ingredients and cooking 22Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

LANGUAGE The state’s official language is Hindi, and English is the second official language. Punjabi and Bagri, a transitional language between Rajasthani and Punjabi, are the dialects of the north. Shekhawati and Dhundari, which progressively combine with Haryanvi, make up the northeast. Mewati is spoken in the Mewat region of the east, while Braj is spoken in the far east. Haryanvi is the language spoken in the southeast. In the Thar Desert’s centre, Marwari is spoken, which blends with Gujarati in the southwest. Mewari is spoken in the southern Mewar region, while Wagdi is spoken in the hills of Wagad. Many Rajasthani language speakers refer to their language as Hindi, and Standard Hindi is the medium of instruction. Although Urdu is widely used in cities, the vast majority of Muslims speak Mewari, one of the Rajasthani languages, as their first language. Sindhi is also widely spoken in cities and around the border with Sindh in Pakistan, where Dhatki, a dialect intermediate between Marwari and Sindhi, is the primary language on both sides of the border. The most widely used languages are:  First language: Hindi Second language: English Third language: Mewari, Gujarati, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi or Urdu. Source: Unsplash.com 23 Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

MUSIC AND DANCE Rajasthan, a state in northwestern India, boasts a vibrant cultural tapestry steeped in captivating music and traditional dances. One iconic dance form is Ghoomar, performed by women with graceful twirling and swirling skirts, often accompanied by the skilled balancing of brass pots on their heads. Kalbeliya, another mesmerizing dance, showcases the artistry of the Kalbeliya community, with dancers imitating the movements of snakes through intricate footwork. Bhavai, a captivating folk dance, features daring stunts performed by both men and women, often balancing multiple earthen pots. Kathputli, a traditional form of puppetry, enchants audiences with wooden and cloth puppets brought to life alongside lively folk music. The Manganiyar and Langas communities are renowned for their musical prowess, singing traditional Rajasthani folk songs. Rajasthan’s music and dance traditions truly come alive during festivals like Holi, where the Shekhawati region’s celebrations are particularly vibrant, featuring energetic folk performances. Together, these diverse expressions of music and dance embody the cultural heritage and artistic brilliance of Rajasthan. Source: Unsplash.com 24Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

Source: Unsplash.com Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

FESTIVALS Source: freepik.com Source: freepik.com KITE FESTIVAL The International Kite Festival, one of the most vibrant and popular festivals of Rajasthan, is celebrated around Makar Sankranti every year. Locals, as well as tourists, fly kites of various shapes & colours and relish local delicacies and sweets available everywhere. Place: Jaipur and Jodhpur Key attractions: Kite War, fireworks, illuminated kites, and sweets like Ghevar, Til-paati, Gajak, & kheer JAIPUR ELEPHANT FESTIVAL Jaipur Elephant Festival, held every year at Jaipur Polo Ground on the day of Holi, is one of the most famous traditional festivals of Rajasthan. Elephants are decorated with colorful jhools (saddle cloth) & heavy jewelry and presented for races, shows, & competitions. Female elephants are even made to wear anklets. Place: Jaipur Key attractions: Polo Match and Tug of War between elephants. Date for Elephant Fair 2022: 17th March. 26Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

BRIJ HOLI Source: freepik.com Source: freepik.com Celebrated few days before Holi, this special Brij Holi is celebrated with the worship of Lord Krishna, dance, music, and splashing of colors. This is one of the most famous fairs and festivals of R ajasthan. Local people take a dip in the ghats of Banganga R iver before offering prayer to the R adha Krishna Temple. Place: Bharatpur Key attractions: Enactment of Raslila. Dates for Brij Holi 2022: 18th March. MEWAR FESTIVAL Mewar Festival of Rajasthan is organised in Udaipur with grandeur and splendour to celebrate the onset of spring. This is the world’s 2nd Living Heritage Festival and one of the most popular fairs and festivals of Rajasthan. It is celebrated with folk music, dance, food, and festivities. Place: Udaipur. Key attractions: Musical shows, classical dance, seminars on preservation of city monuments, sumptuous food stalls by professional chefs, and marvellous firework display. 27 Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

BUNDI UTSAV Source: freepik.com Source: freepik.com Bundi Utsav is a 3-day-long cultural extravaganza. The marvellous carnival organized by RTDC includes a majestic procession. Ethnic sports, folk dance performances, cultural events, and competitions are the primary highlights of the festival. Place: Bundi Key attractions: Competitions of bridal makeup, mustache, turban tying, kabaddi, horse riding, and camel race. DESERT FESTIVAL Desert Festival is the main festival of Rajasthan. It is a cultural carnival celebrated amid the sand dunes of the expansive Thar Desert. The Rajasthani folk culture is showcased through dance, music, gymnastic, camel polo, camel races, and other thrilling sports. Place: Jaisalmer Key attractions: Gigs by a local nomadic group, rally from Jaisalmer Fort to Shahid Poonam Singh Stadium, Gair & Fire Dance, Tug of War, Turban tying, and other contests Dates for Desert Festival 2022: 7th February – 9th February. 28Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

NAGAUR CATTLE FAIR Source: freepik.com Source: freepik.com As the name suggests, this annual fair is meant primarily for cattle trading. Almost 70,000 bullocks, camels, and horses are traded. The cattle are extravagantly adorned and their owners dress up with multicolored turbans and long moustaches. Along with animals, spices are traded. Jugglers, puppeteers, and storytellers are also seen here. Place: Nagaur Key attractions: Mirchi Bazaar (largest red chilli market of India) and sale of wooden items, iron crafts, and camel leather accessories Dates for Cattle Fair 2022: 17th February – 20th February. BANESHWAR FESTIVAL Baneshwar Festival is one of the popular tribal and cultural festivals of Rajasthan. Organised in the Baneshwar temple of Dungarpur, the festival is of most significance to the Bhills tribe. The tribe comes here all the way from Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh to take a holy dip at the convergence of Mahi and Som River. Place: Dungarpur Key attractions: Animal shows and puppet dance Dates for Baneshwar Festival 2022: 23th February – 27th February. 29 Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

GANGAUR FESTIVAL Source: freepik.com Source: freepik.com One of the famous festivals in Rajasthan, Gangaur festival is celebrated in the honour of Goddess Parvati. It is celebrated with a lot of enthusiasm by both married and unmarried women in Rajasthan. People participate in the processions of a decked up Goddess Gauri. It is often accompanied by elephant processions, folk dances and end with fireworks. This colourful affair lasts for 18 days and is one of the most celebrated festivals in Rajasthan. Place: Jaipur Key attractions: Colourful processions, folk dances, women singing songs Dates for Gangaur Festival 2022: 29th March – 15th April. MAHA SHIV R ATRI Mahashivratri is a Hindu festival celebrated in the honour of Lord Shiva. One of the auspicious Rajasthan festivals 2020, it is celebrated all over India and is a holiday in most states. There are lots of mythological beliefs associated with this festival. Lord Shiva is facilitated with flowers, honey and bel leaves and most of the women observe fast on this day. Place: All over Rajasthan Key attractions: Colourful decoration of Shiv temple Dates for Mahashivratri 2022: 11 March 30Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

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FOOD Rajasthani cooking was affected by both the war like lifestyles of its inhabitants and the availability of ingredients in this arid region. Food that could last for several days, that won’t be spoiled in a few days and could be eaten without heating was preferred. Thus, pickles of Rajasthan are quite famous for their tangy and spicy flavour. The Panchkuta delicacy is also a famous one meaning 5 vegetables – a dish that lasts for several days, and is made out of certain weed plants that only grow in the wild desert. The scarcity of water and fresh green vegetables have all had their effect on cooking. It is known for its snacks like Bikaneri Bhujia. Other famous dishes include bajre ki roti (millet bread) and lahsun ki chutney (hot garlic paste), mawa kachori Mirchi Bada, Pyaaj Kachori and ghevar from Jodhpur, Alwar ka Mawa (milk cake), Kadhi kachori from Ajmer, Malpua from Pushkar, Daal kachori (Kota kachori) from Kota and rassgullas from Bikaner. Originating from the Marwar region of the state is the concept of Marwari Bhojnalaya or vegetarian restaurants, today found in many parts of India, which offer vegetarian food popular among Marwari people. Ghee is an essential ingredient in most Rajasthani cuisines, and dollops of ghee are poured over food as a welcoming gesture for guests. DAL BATI CHOORMA , A TRADITIONAL RAJASTHANI DISH: Dal-baati-churma is very popular in Rajasthan. The traditional way to serve it is to first coarsely mash the baati, and then pour pure ghee on top of it. It is served with daal (lentils) and spicy garlic chutney; it is also served with besan (gram flour) ki kadi. It is commonly served at all festivities, including religious occasions, wedding ceremonies, and birthday parties in Rajasthan. 32Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

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SOCIO-ECONOMIC VIEW Rajasthan is one of India’s largest states, with a diverse in the automobile, textile, tourism sector.Efforts are socioeconomic landscape. Rajasthan’s economy is being made by the government and various stakeholders primarily agrarian, with agriculture playing a significant to address socio-economic challenges in Rajasthan. role in its socio-economic structure. The state is known These include initiatives to improve infrastructure, for its cultivation of crops such as wheat, barley, promote inclusive growth, enhance skill development, maize, pulses, and oilseeds. However, the agricultural and empower marginalized communities. Additionally, sector faces challenges such as water scarcity, limited the preservation and promotion of traditional arts, irrigation facilities, and dependence on monsoon rains. crafts, and cultural practices have been instrumental Industrializationandthegrowthofsectorssuchastextiles, in generating income and promoting socio-economic handicrafts, tourism, and mining have also contributed well-being in the state. Nonetheless, despite these to the state’s economy. Agriculture is the principal source encouraging signs, Rajasthan continues to suffer a of income for the majority of the inhabitants in the number of socioeconomic issues. The state has a state, which is primarily rural. However, there has been high poverty rate, with approximately 14% of the a substantial shift towards industry and services sectors, population living in poverty. In addition, there are particularly in metropolitan regions, throughout the major gender discrepancies in the state, with lower years. literacy rates and less opportunities for women. Rajasthan has made great progress in terms of economic growth in recent years. Between 2011-12 and 2019-20, the state’s GDP rose at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.3%, which was higher than the national average of 7.5% over the same period. Significant investments have also been drawn to the state, particularly 34Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023

Miniature Painting Workshop Craft Documentation | Thikri | B.Des | Accessory Design | 2023