Flip (1)

FlipBook By:Mataya Johnson Table of contents

Table of contentsIntegumentary The skin has 5 major functionsMusculoskeletal Vocab ,Key Terms Vocab,Key Terms Diseases of IntegumentaryDiseases of MusculoskeletalNervous and Special Senses Vocab/Key Terms Diseases Of Nervous System Careers Of Nervous SystemSpecial Senses Vocab/Key Terms Diseases Of Special Senses Careers Of Special SensesRespiratory System Vocab/Key Terms Diseases/Disorders CareersCardiovascular System Vocab/Key Terms Diseases/DisordersDigestive Vocab/Key Terms Diseases/DisordersReproductive System Table of contents

Vocab/Key Terms Diseases/Disorders CareersIntegumentaryThe skin has 5 major functionsProtection:​ ​ F​ irst and foremost the skin protects the underlying structures byproviding a physical barrier against the external environment. This can include anythingfrom pathogens to abrasions.Temperature homeostasis:​ ​ T​ he skin helps to regulate temperature byperspiring when the body becomes too hot. When the body has become too cold, bloodvessels near the surface of the skin constrict to prevent heat from leaving the body.Sensation​:​ N​ erve fibers that run throughout the layers of the skin help us tosense touch, temperature, pressure, and pain.Elimination:​ The skin is one of our eliminatory organs. Perspirationremoves natural metabolic wastes from the body. (Traditionally, sweatinghas been an important part of a health regimen.) Table of contents

Vitamin D production​ is another important part of the skin’s functions.Hair-​ H​ air is comprised of a shaft and a root. The hair root grows inside of a hairfollicle, which is a tubular inward growth in the epidermis. The hair shaft is the sectionthat grows above the skin surface.Each hair follicle has a muscle that constricts with coldness or when a person isfrightened. The result of this constriction is goosebumps.Humans have hair on practically all parts of the body. It provides various forms ofprotection. For example, eyebrows and eyelashes protect the eyes from sunlight,particles, and even perspiration. Hair within the nasal cavity prevents dust and foreignobjects like insects from entering.Nails-F​ ingernails and toenails are keratinized cells formed from the epidermis. Nailsconsist of two parts, the root from which the nail grows and the body, which is visibleexternally. Nails also serve protective purposes. The lunula is a white moon-shapedstructure that is located near the root of the nail. Table of contents

MusculoskeletalThe bones have 5 major functionsProvide support for the body​ ​—​ T​ he skeletal system providesstructural support for the entire body. Individual bones or groups of bones provide aframework for the attachment of soft tissues and organs. ​Store minerals and lipids​ —Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. (Ninety-nine percent of the body'scalcium is found in the skeleton.) The calcium salts of bone are a valuable mineralreserve that maintains normal concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in bodyfluids. The bones of the skeleton also store energy reserves as lipids in areas filled withyellow marrow.Produce blood cells —​ ​Red blood cells, white blood cells, and other bloodelements are produced in the red marrow, which fills the internal cavities of manybones.Protect body organs — ​Many soft tissues and organs are surrounded byskeletal elements. For example, the rib cage protects the heart and lungs, the skullprotects the brain, the vertebrae protect the spinal cord, and the pelvis protects thedelicate reproductive organs.Provide leverage and movement — M​ any bones function as leversthat can change the magnitude and direction of the forces generated by muscles.Abduction-​Moving a body part away from its axis or the median line.Adduction-M​ oving a body part toward the center or toward the median line. Table of contents

Ankylosis-i​ mmobility, consolidation, and fixation of a joint because of disease,injury, or surgery; most often due to chronic rheumatoid arthritis.Ataxia-​inability to perform coordinated movements.Bursa-e​ nclosed sac filled with viscous fluid located in joint areas of potential friction.Circumduction-​moving the arm in a circle around the shoulder.Crepitation-​dry crackling sound or sensation due to grating the ends ofdamaged bone.dorsal-d​ irected toward or located on the surface.dupuytren contracture-f​ lexion contracture of the fingers due to chronichyperplasia of the palmar fascia.Eversion-​moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle. Vocab ,Key TermsAdipose-O​ f a fatty nature; fat.Biopsy-​Removal and examination of living tissue.Ceruminous-P​ ertaining to earwax.Dermatitis-​Inflammation of the skin.Dermis-​Corium, layer of skin beneath epidermis.Epidermis-Outermost and nonvascular layer of skin.Follicle-​Sac or pouch like depression or cavity.Lunula-​Small crescent or moon shaped area of fingernail. Table of contents

Melanin-D​ ark, shapeless pigment of the skin. .Papilla-​Small, nipple shaped projection or elevationVocab,Key TermsDiseases of Integumentaryabnormal suntan-​ U​ nusual darkening of the skin resulting from properly usedmedications.acrochordon-C​ ommon benign skin growths found mainly on the axilla(armpit), neck, and inguinal areas of the body; aka - skin tag.acne vulgaris-A​ n inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hairfollicles.actinic keratosis-C​ ommon pre-malignant lesions found on sun-exposedareas of the body; appears as an area of rough, vascular skin, which later forms ayellow crust. Diseases of MusculoskeletalOsteomyelitis-​inflammation of the bone [marrow]; bacteria carried by blood tobone from other bodily site; causes bone necrosis.Tuberculosis of the Bone-​rare, associated with untreated pulmonaryTB; infection occurs when bacteria spread from lungs to bone; long bones and knees.Pott's Disease-​TB of the vertebrae; usually seen in children; leads to deformityand paralysis. Table of contents

Rickets-d​ isease of infancy or early childhood in which the bones do not properlyossify; bones are soft and tend to bend; weight-bearing bones tend to becomedeformed; prevention with vitamin D. Careers Dermatologists,Physical Therapists-​IntegumentaryChiropractic,Orthopaedist-M​ usculoskel etalNervous and Special SensesNervous-e​ asily agitated or alarmed; tending to be anxious; highly strung:Function of nervous system-​The n​ ervous​ ​system​ is a complexcollection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that transmit signalsbetween different parts of the body. It is essentially the body’s electrical wiring.Structurally, the n​ ervous​ ​system​ has two components: the central ​nervous​ ​systemand the peripheral ​nervous​ s​ ystem.​Cell Body-​ l​ argest part of the cell; contains cytoplasm and nucleus; controlsmetabolic activitySpecialized Cells​-c​ ells uniquely suited to perform a particular functionEpithelial Tissue-​ i​ ncludes glands and tissues that cover interior and exteriorbody surfaces Table of contents

Connective Tissue​-​provides support for the body and connects its partsNervous Tissue-t​ ransmits nerve impulses throughout the bodyMuscle Tissue-​enables the body to move with the help of bonesHomeostasis-​the process by which organisms keep internal conditions constantdespite external changesFeedBack Inhibition-n​ egative feedback; process by which a stimulusproduces a response that opposes the original stimulusNervous System-c​ ontrols and coordinates functions throughout the body andresponds to internal and external stimuli; systemNeurons-​cells that transmit impulses.Cell Body-e​ nlarged structure of the neuron containing the nucleus and variousorganelles.Dendrites-c​ ytoplasmic projections that carry impulses to the cell body.Axons-​carry impulses from the cell body.Myelin Sheath-w​ hite lipoid covering that acts as an electrical insulator thatreduces the possibility of an impulse stimulating adjacent nerves. Also acceleratesimpulse transmission through the axon.Schwann Cells-a​ neuroglial cell that forms the myelin sheath on peripheralnerves.​Neurilemma-​ t​ hin cellular membraneNode Of Ranvier​-s​ pace between adjacent Schwann cells. Helps maintainelectrical potentials needed for impulse controlSynapse-s​ mall space between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendriteof another.Neurotransmitter-C​ hemical substance that transmits or inhibits nerveimpulses at a synapse. Table of contents

Neuroglia-N​ erve glue. Support neurons and bind them to other tissues. Play rolewhen nervous system suffers an injury or infection. Vocab/Key Terms Diseases Of Nervous SystemEpilepsy-​ ​in which abnormal electrical discharges from brain cells cause seizuresParkinson's disease-​which is a progressive nerve disease that affectsmovementMultiple sclerosis-​ ​(MS), in which the protective lining of the nerves isattacked by the body’s immune systemAlzheimer's disease​- ​which covers a wide range of disorders that impactsmental functions, particularly memory. Table of contents

Careers Of Nervous SystemNeuroradiologist-​ U​ ses​ ​imaging methodssuch as X-ray, MRI, CT and angiography todiagnose diseases of the nervous system.Psychiatrist​-​M.D. who diagnoses andtreats mental disorders. Table of contents

Special Senses​Special Senses-​one of the five senses related respectively to the organs ofsight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch.Functions- Table of contents

Eyes-​obviously allow us to see. But if you break it down, they do a more than justthat. Using our eyes, we can judge depth, interpret new information, and identify color(the wavelengths of light that reflect off surfaces).Noses-​are used to smell scents. They get a sense for what particles are travelingthrough the air, which can help us identify if dangerous chemicals are nearby. Smellalso has the strongest connection to memory; a familiar smell can remind us of thingslong forgotten.Ears-a​ llow us to hear sound - to detect vibrations in the air particles around us. Butthe inner ear also helps us maintain balance and regulate sinus pressure. This isespecially useful when you change altitude (like, for example, when you are flying in anairplane).Tongues-a​ re used to taste foods, allowing us to figure out if something is going tobe useful to our bodies or poisonous. They also allow us to sense hot and cold in foodand liquids.Skin-w​ hich is responsible for what may be the most important senses in the humanbody. The skin performs a huge number of functions. These include: ● Perspiration (sweating) to cool the body ● Protection from the elements ● Sensing what's in contact with our bodies ● Communication with other human beings through touch Vocab/Key TermsSpecial sense Receptors-​large complex sensory organs or localizedclusters of receptors Table of contents

Accessory Structures Of The Eye-I​ ncludes the extrinsic eye muscle,eyelids, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatusEyelids-p​ rotect the eyes anteriorlyCanthus-​t​he medial and lateral commissure; corners of the eyeEyelashes-​project from the border of each eyelidTarsal Glands-​modified sebaceous glands associated with the eyelid edgesConjunctiva-l​ ines the eyelids and covers part of the outer surface of the eyeballConjunctivitis-​ i​ n​ flammation of the conjunctivaPinkeye-​infectious form of conjunctivitisLacrimal Apparatusconsists of the lacrimal gland and a number of ducts that drain the lacrimal secretionsinto the nasal cavityAccomodation-t​ he process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focusnear or far objects on the retinaAmblyopia-v​ isual impairment without apparent organic pathologyAqueous Humor-t​ he limpid fluid within the eyeball between the cornea andthe lensAstigmatism-(​ o​ ptics) defect in an optical system in which light rays from asingle point fail to converge in a single focal pointAudiologist-​person who specializes in the study of hearing impairmentsAudiometer-​an instrument used to measure the sensitivity of hearingAuricle-​the externally visible cartilaginous structure of the external earBone Conduction-​ ​occurs as the eardrum vibrates and moves the auditoryossiclesCataracts-​eye disease in which the lens becomes covered in an opaque film thataffects sight, eventually causing total blindness.Cerumen-a​ soft yellow wax secreted by glands in the ear canal Table of contents

Diseases Of Special SensesAmblyopia-L​ azy eye...when muscles are weaker in eye than the otherAstigmatism-E​ yeball is not perfectly round, causing the eye to focusimproperly B​ lepharoptosis-​drooping of the upper eyelidCataract-​Lens of eye becomes cloud, preventing light from enteringmakes it difficult to see clearly ....assoc. w/ aging Careers Of Special SensesOtorhinolaryngology-​Ear nose and throat doctorOphthalmologist-​This is an eye doctor Respiratory SystemFunction-T​ he respiratory system's primary function is to supply oxygen to all theparts of your body. It accomplishes this through breathing: inhaling oxygen-rich air andexhaling air filled with carbon dioxide, which is a waste gas. Vocab/Key TermsNasal Cavity​-​Where air enters the body through the nostrils or mouth.Internal Respiration-E​ xchange of gases between the blood and the bodycells.Inspiration-P​ rocess of taking air into the lungs.Trachea-T​ ube that connects the pharynx to the lungs. Table of contents

Larynx-​Voice box that houses the vocal chords.External Respiration-E​ xchange of gases between the atmosphere andthe blood.Expiration-​Process in which air is forced out of the lungs.Epiglottis-F​ lap of tissues that covers the trachea.Bronchiole-S​ mall tube that branches from the bronchi within the lungs.Alveoli-​Tiny air sacs in the lungs.Bronch/o-B​ ronchial tubeCyan/o-B​ lueLaryng/o-​Larynx (voice box)-Oxia-O​ xygenOxy-S​ wift,sharp,acidPleur/o-P​ leuraPneum/o-L​ ung,air,gasPulmon/o-L​ ungThorac/ot​-C​ hestTracheo-T​ rachea (windpipe) Diseases/DisordersAsthma-B​ ronchial Asthma is the condition of subjects with widespread narrowingof the bronchial airways, which changes in severity over short periods of time (eitherspontaneously or under treatment) and leads to cough, wheezing, and difficulty inbreathing.Bronchitis-​Chronic Bronchitis:Is not primarily an inflammatory condition, although it is frequently complicated by acuteinfections. Table of contents

Emphysema-​Pulmonary emphysema:The air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs are enlarged and damaged, which reduces thesurface area for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.Pneumonia-​Inflammation of the lung caused by bacteria, in which the air sacs(alveoli) become filled with inflammatory cells and the lung becomes solid. Careers Speech-Language Pathologists​-S​ peech-language pathologists(sometimes called speech therapists) assess, diagnose, treat, and help to preventcommunication and swallowing disorders in patients.Physical Therapists​-​Physical therapists, sometimes called PTs, helpinjured or ill people improve their movement and manage their pain. These therapistsare often an important part of the rehabilitation, treatment, and prevention of patientswith chronic conditions, illnesses, or injuries. Table of contents

Cardiovascular SystemFunction- ​The four major functions of the cardiovascular system are:1. To transport nutrients, gases and waste products around the body2. To protect the body from infection and blood loss3. To help the body maintain a constant body temperature (‘thermoregulation’)4. To help maintain fluid balance within the body Vocab/Key TermsPacemaker-T​ he SA node of the heart located in the right atrium.It is responsiblefor initiating the heartbreak.Influencing the rate and rhythm of the heart beat.Myocardium-​ T​ he middle muscular layer of the heart.Hypoxemia-I​ nsufficient oxygenation of arterial blood.Hypotension-​Low blood pressure,less than normal blood pressure reading.Hyperlipidemia-​ A​ n excessive level of fats in the blood.Hepatomegaly-​ E​ nlargement of the liver.Endocarditis-I​ nflammation of the inner lining of the heart.Arthralgia​-J​ oint pain.Aneurysmectomy​-S​ urgical joining of two ducts.Blood vessels,or bowelsegments to allow flow from one to the other.Aneurysm-L​ ocalized dilation a weakened area.Cardi/o-H​ eartAngi/o-V​ essel,BloodHem/o,Hemat/o-B​ loodBrady-​SlowTachy-F​ ast Table of contents

Thromb/o-​Clot-Emia-B​ lood conditionLeuk/o-​WhiteErythr/o-​RedArteri/o-A​ rtery Diseases/DisordersCoronary artery disease-​ n​ arrowing of the​ ​arteriesHeart attack​-​Abnormal​ h​ eart​ rhythms, or arrhythmiasMitral prolapse, stenosis, regurgitation- ​Blood flows throughfour chambers in the heart separated by one-way valves. A major valve is the oneseparating the upper and lower chambers on the left side of the heart. Ischemia-S​ ometimes the heart muscle is not getting enough blood flow, more importantly, the oxygen the blood carries is insufficient to sustain muscle which has a very high metabolic rate, and oxygen demand. The term loosely means “not quite enough blood.” CareersCardiologists-​Cardiologists play a leading role in combating diseases andconditions of the cardiovascular system.Cardiac and Vascular Surgeons-A​ lthough medication and othertreatments can slow the progress of heart disease, some patients require surgery torepair or limit damage to the heart and its supporting network of blood vessels. Table of contents

DigestiveFunction-​The function of the digestive system is digestion and absorption.Digestion is the breakdown of food into small molecules, which are then absorbed intothe body.Vocab/Key TermsPicae Circulateries-​folds of the small intestine wallOral Cavity-​one of the two anatomical regions involvedin the physical breakdown of foodTongue-​organ that mixes food in the mouthPharynx-​common passage for food and airLesser Omentum-​extension/modification of theperitoneum, membrane attached to the lesser curvature of thestomach Table of contents

Stomach-o​ ne of the two anatomical regions involved inthe physical breakdown of food, organ in which protein digestionbeginsGreater Omentum-e​ xtension/modification ofthe peritoneumEsophagus-​literally a food chute; has no digestive orabsorptive roleRugae-f​ olds of the stomach mucosaHaustra-​saclike outpocketings of the large intestinewallCholecyst/o-G​ allbladderEnter/o-I​ ntestinesCol/o-,​ colon/o-colonHepat/o-​LiverGastr/o-​StomachOr/o-M​ outh-Pepsia-S​ tate of digestiveChol/E​ -bileProct/o-​Rectum Table of contents

Diseases/DisordersGastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)-W​ hen stomachacid backs up into your esophagus — a condition called acid reflux — you may feel aburning pain in the middle of your chest.​Gallstones-​Gallstones​ are hard deposits that form in your g​ allbladder​ — a small,pear-shaped sac that stores and secretes bile for digestion.​Celiac Disease-​Celiac disease is a serious sensitivity to gluten, a proteinfound in wheat, rye, and barley.Crohn’s Disease-​Crohn’s disease​ is part of a group of digestive conditionscalled inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Crohn’s most commonly affects the end of thesmall intestine called the ileum, but it can affect any part of the digestive tract. CareersGastroenterology-​Gastroenterology is the medical specialty most broadlyconcerned with diseases and conditions of the digestive system. Gastroenterologiststreat diseases occurring throughout the entire system, from the esophagus to therectum. Table of contents

Oncologists and Radiation Oncologists-O​ ncologists arespecialists in surgical and non-surgical treatment of cancers. Reproductive SystemFunction-​The female ​reproductive system​ has two ​functions​: The first is toproduce egg cells, and the second is to protect and nourish the offspring until birth. Themale r​ eproductive system​ has one f​ unction,​ and it is to produce and deposit sperm. Vocab/Key TermsAmenorrhea-a​ bsence or suppression of normalmenstrual flowAreola-s​ mall circular area such as that around the human nippleArtificial Insemination-p​ rocess of placing semeninto opening of cervix using either husband or donor sperm,Bartholin's Gland-​Glands located on either side ofthe vaginal opening that secrete mucus for vaginal lubrication.Benign ProstaticHypertrophy-E​ nlargement of the prostate causingthe inability to empty the bladder completelyBreast-e​ ither of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandularorgans on the chest of a woman Table of contents

Bulbourethral Gland-​Secretes a clear mucusbefore ejaculation that neutralizes acidic urine remaining in theurethraCervix-​the opening to the uterusChlamydia-a​ sexually transmitted infection caused bybacteria of the genus ChlamydiaCircumcision-s​ urgical removal of the foreskin of thepenis-Cele-​Tumor-Lysis-​Breaking downCyst/o-B​ ladderNephr/o-​KidneyRen/o-K​ idney-Uria-U​ rin-Pexy-F​ ixation-Ectasis-​DilatationPyel/o-​Renal pelvis Table of contents

Diseases/DisordersEndometriosis-a​ condition involving colonization of the abdominal/pelviccavity with islands of endometrial tissue.Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)-​Bacteria can make their wayup the vagina, through the uterus, and traverse the uterine tubes which open into theabdominal cavity.Prolapsed uterus-t​ he uterus is almost directly above the vagina. In fact, thecervix, the neck region, of the uterus extends into the upper vagina. Ligaments hold theuterus in proper position so that it does not prolapse or herniate into the vagina.Hypospadias-​A condition in which the external urinary meatus (opening) opensanywhere below the tip of the penis rather than at the tip. CareersAndrologists-​They preform the surgical procedures of a vasectomy and avasovasostomy which is the reversal process of a vasectomy.Obstetricians-​ ​Obstetricians see patients in a hospital setting and deliver andcare for babies and their mothers in a hospital room. Table of contents