NG 51 FOR POLITICS
HOW DO WE DESIGN S O T H AT T H E B U I L D I N G DOESN’T BECOME AN EMPTY SHELL?52
HOW DO WE PLAN FORS U D D E N S TO P S O R D E L AYSIN CONSTRUCTION? 53
INSIDE TO O Requires Plan & TConstruction and design begins with creation of the essential The design and construction mstructure or spine that reflects the core function of infrastruc- to the outside as the people hature. (Circulation, ticket counters, platform etc.) frastructure for their use. Natural surveilance/ Visibility Improved54
UTnning Design Design ConstructionTemporallymove and spread from the spine A public space with each element serving a fucntion is generat- ave also begun to adapt the in- ed rather than a shell that needs to later include function.Public funds used 55 efficiently
“The sum of casual, public contact at a local level... is a feeling for for the public identi- ty of people, a web of public trust and re- spect.. the absence of this trust is a disaster to a city street.” - Jane Jacobs, Life & Death of American Cities S U R V E I L ANATURAL56
ANCE 57
HOW C AN OPPORTUNITIES F O R N AT U R A L S U RV E I L A N C E BE IMPROVED?58
59
ALLOWING IN Vers Both design and policy can be hindrances to allowing for informality and the adaptability of the space to local activites and fucntions that make the place busier and safer. This rigidity can also lead to exclusion of local craftsman or street vendors.60
NFORMALITY Requires Admin. Design Understanding Policy Local Activitiessus Design of a space can provide opportunities for the locals to adapt it to various functions and administrative policy needs to allow them to do the same. This makes the space busier improving natural surveilance at all hours of the day. Also, these vendors and craftsmen bring in a diversity of people to the space. Natural surveilance/ Street Vendors 61 Visibility Improved included
T R A N S PA R E N Requires Design Understanding the Neighbourhood Natural surveilance/ Safety through natural Visibility Improved surveilance62
NCY Despite having glass doors, the insides of the station are barely visible from the out- side causing it to seem dark and scary.Enabling visual connectivity between theinside and outside provides for natural sur-veilance and an increased sense of safety onthe inside.At all times, design must facilitate maximumpossible visibility of the interior. The percentage of the station visible to the outside is very low. (night view) 63
TIMES OF TH Activities that occur during the day do provide natural surveilance. How- ever, if these are the only activities the space can afford, during the night, when the activities cease (vendor closes shop, art exhibitions close etc.) the space becomes less populated and therefore less safe.64
E DAYRequires Design Understanding Local ActivitiesTherefore, while envisioning programmes for the space, either there mustbe activities occuring all through the day & night or the space must haveenough transparency for natural surveilance during the night (provided theurban area around is populated well at night). Natural surveilance/ Diverse Activities 65 Visibility Improved Occur
The Urban landscape and building land- scape refuse to fuse for the benefit of the people, especially for the physical disabled in the current context. There is a need for design thinking that will create space that allows for smooth movement through time and despite new developments (like laying of new roads, creation of new pavements etc..). Also new spaces AROUND buildings must respect the movement patterns within the building. A C C E SPHYSIC AL66
SS 67
HOW DO WE DESIGN S O T H AT T H E B U I L D I N G DOESN’T BECOME AN EMPTY SHELL?68
HOW DO WE PLAN FORS U D D E N S TO P S O R D E L AYSIN CONSTRUCTION? 69
I N T E G R AT I N GRequires Under Design Local “To look at existing edges and figure out how to bring the ground floor uses out to blossom into the public realm” David Nelson, “Thinking Beyond The Station - Project For Public Spaces”, Project For Public Spaces, 2017 <https://www.pps.org/reference/thinking-beyond-the-station/> Natural surveilance/ Visibility Improved70
PUBLIC REALMrstanding Understanding theActivities NeighbourhoodIntegrating the ground floor’s functions and inviting a part of the inside to 71spill out on to the public realm reinforces the physical and functional con-nection between the outdoors and indoors.More attention is paid to universal access
72
“Urban life, urban sociery, in a word, the urban, cannot go without a practi-co-material base, a morphology. They have it and do not have it. If they donot have it, if the urban and urban sociery are conceived without this basis,it is that they are perceived as possibilities, it is that the virtualities of actualsociery are seeking, so to speak, their incorporation and incarnation throughknowledge and planning thought: through our ‘reflections’. If they do notfind them, these possibilities go into decline and are bound to disappear.The urban is not a soul, a spirit, a philosophical entiry.”1 - Henri Lefebvre1 Henri Lefebvre, Eleonore Kofman and Elizabeth Lebas, Writings On Cit-ies (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2008), p. 103. 73
REFERENCES Akkar, Z. Mugge, “Questioning ‘Inclusivity’ Of Public Spaces In Post-In- dustrial Cities: The Case Of Haymarket Bus Station, Newcastle Upon Tyne”, METU Journal Of The Faculty Of Architecture, 22 (2017), 1-24 <http://jfa.arch.metu.edu.tr/> [accessed 7 August 2017] “Equity And Inclusion: Getting Down To The Heart Of Placemaking - Project For Public Spaces”, Project For Public Spaces, 2017 <https:// www.pps.org/blog/equity-and-inclusion-getting-down-to-the-heart-of- placemaking/> [accessed 12 August 2017] Gehl, Jan, Life Between Buildings (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2011), p. 103 Jacobs, Jane, The Death And Life Of Great American Cities (New York: Modern Library, 2011), p. 38 “Kasturba Nagar Railway Station”, En.Wikipedia.Org, 2017 <https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasturba_Nagar_railway_station#cite_note-cm- da_session-3> [accessed 24 August 2017] Kryzysztof, Nawratek, and Nawratek Kasia, On The Frustrating Impossi- bility Of Inclusive Architecture (DPR-Barcelona: DPR-Barcelona, 2015), pp. 12-23 Loukaitou-Sideris, Anastasia, James Rojas, and Project For Public Spac- es, Developing Public Participation Tools In Transit Dependant Commu- nities, 1st edn (Project For Public Spaces, 2012) <https://www.pps.org/ wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Tools-for-Transit-Dependent-Communi- ties.pdf> [accessed 18 July 2017] Minton, Anna, Ground Control (London: Penguin, 2012) Nelson, David, “Thinking Beyond The Station - Project For Public Spac- es”, Project For Public Spaces, 2017 <https://www.pps.org/reference/ thinking-beyond-the-station/> [accessed 27 August 2017] “Social Inclusion Definition And Meaning | Collins English Dictionary”, Collinsdictionary.Com, 2017 <https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictio- nary/english/social-inclusion> [accessed 21 August 2017] Soja, Edward W, Thirdspace, 1st edn (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), pp. 86- 105 Weisman, Leslie, Discrimination By Design (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994) Nicky, Case, “The Evolution Of Trust”, Ncase.Me, 2017 <http://ncase. me/trust/> [accessed 20 August 2017] Tonkiss, Frank, Cities By Design, 1st edn (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2015) Calvino, Italo, Invisible Cities, 1st edn (London: Vintage, 2009) Careri, Francesco, Walkscapes : Walking As An Aesthetic Practice, 1st edn (Barcelona: Gili, 2003)74
Hartmann, H. I., “The Unhappy Marriage Of Marxism And Feminism:Towards A More Progressive Union”, Capital & Class, 3 (1979), 1-33<https://doi.org/10.1177/030981687900800102>“James Bridle: Seamless Transitions - The Photographers’ Gallery”, ThePhotographers’ Gallery, 2017 <http://thephotographersgallery.org.uk/james-bridle-seamless-transitions-2> [accessed 14 April 2017]Michel Agier, “Humanity As An Identity And Its Political Effects (A NoteOn Camps And Humanitarian Government)”, Humanity: An Interna-tional Journal Of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, And Development,1(2010), 29-45 <https://doi.org/10.1353/hum.2010.0005>Ainley, Rosa, Adrian Dannatt, and Katherine Shonfield, This Is What WeDo (London: Ellipsis, 2001)Sarkar, Arita, “It’s A Litany Of Woes For MRTS Commuters”, The Hin-du, 2017 <http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/its-a-litany-of-woes-for-mrts-commuters/article3487332.ece> [accessed 30 March2017]Kern, Leslie, In Place And At Home In The City, 1st ednAwan, Nishat, Tatjana Schneider, and Jeremy Till, Spatial Agency, 1stedn (Abingdon: Routledge, 2011)Sreevatsan, Ajai, “MRTS Lessons Worth Learning”, The Hindu, 2017<http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/MRTS-lessons-worth-learning/article13383055.ece> [accessed 22 January 2017]Agrest, Diana, Patricia Conway, and Leslie Weisman, The Sex Of Archi-tecture, 1st edn (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1996)Matrix (Group), Making Space, 1st edn (London: Pluto Press, 1985)“WOMEN’S COMMUNITY SAFETY AUDIT GUIDE Safety For Wom-en Safety For Everyone Let’S Act On It”, 2017 <http://formerlyn-m u r b a n h o m e s t e a d e r. w e e b l y. c o m / u p l o a d s / 2 / 2 / 5 / 0 / 2 2 5 0 9 7 8 6 /public_hazard-crime-womens_community_safety_audit_guide-wise_new_safety_audit_guide-femmesetvillesorg.pdf> [accessed 18 January2017]Steinfeld, Edward, and Jordana L Maisel, Universal Design, 1st edn(Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2012)Feminist Futures Of Spatial Practice (Baunach: AADR - Art ArchitectureDesign Research, an imprint of Spurbuchverlag, 2017)Crenshaw, Kimberlé, “The Urgency Of Intersectionality”, Ted.Com,2016<https://www.ted.com/talks/kimberle_crenshaw_the_urgency_of_intersectionality> [accessed 18 August 2017]Adichie, Chimamanda, “The Danger Of A Single Story”, Ted.Com, 2017<https://www.ted.com/talks/chimamanda_adichie_the_danger_of_a_single_story#t-150772> [accessed 17 August 2017] 75
APPENDIX : SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE9/2/2017 How Included Do You Feel? 9/2/2017 How Includ How Included Do You Feel? 2. How often do you travel by the MRTS in Chenn Mark only one oval. Addressing inclusion in public transport infrastructure through space.. Everyday What will happen to the results of the research project? The information gathered will inform the student’s Thesis Design Project that will be submitted to and Every Week Day become the property of the University of Sheffield. These theses are archived by the School of Weekly (once/twice a week) Architecture and made electronically accessible to current and future students. The studies, or extracts of them, may also be exhibited in public. Occasionally (once a month or rarer) You/your organisation will not be named in any reports or publications unless you give specific I have never traveled by MRTS but I'm from consent for this. I have never been to Chennai Skip to How will the recorded media (survey responses) be used? Safety All recordings will be stored only on the student’s password protected personal electronic devices and they will be deleted once the process of assessing the student’s degree is completed. Please answer the following questions from the perspe Kasturba Nagar b) Indranagar c) Tiruvanmiyur if you h Filling in the survey implies your consent to add your inputs to the data used for thesis. Names and please ignore this statement. personal details that shall compromise an individual's identity shall not be used in the project. Individuals may withdraw their inputs and data whenever they wish to without stating a reason. 3. Where do you use the MRTS to commute to? * Check all that apply. * Required Work Shopping/ Shopping Malls School/College Friend/Relative's House Restaurants/events/ workshops Any other spaces of recreation I don't use the MRTS Other: 1. Have you ever been to one of these MRTS stations in Chennai? : a) Kasturba Nagar b) 4. On a scale of 1-10, how unsafe do you feel in M Indranagar c) Tiruvanmiyur * Mark only one oval. Mark only one oval. 12345 Yes Extremely No Unsafe 5. What time of the day do you feel most safe in M Mark only one oval. Morning (8 am - 11 am) Evening (5 pm - 7 pm) Night (after 7 pm) Mid-day (11 am - 5 pm) 6. Why do you feel safe (6 to 10) or unsafe (1 to 5)? (in 3-10 words) *https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1zUqpuhtkh6w1i5kvYqB4rTrSUljUOmy67XwKNmwgttk/edit 1/6 https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1zUqpuhtkh6w1i5kvYqB4rTrSUljUOmy67XwK 76
ded Do You Feel? 9/2/2017 How Included Do You Feel?nai? * 7. What, in your opinion, can be done to make the place safer? * Check all that apply. m Chennai Skip to question 14. question 15. It doesn't need to become safer More Lighting (Visibility)ective of one of these MRTS stations: a) More people using the MRTS (Natural surveilance)have visited them. If you haven't visited them, Security Personnel can be employed* CCTV cameras can be installed Other: 8. Have you ever felt has your safety threatened in an MRTS station? * Check all that apply. Yes No Unsure Don't wish to specify 9. If you answered, yes or unsure, would you care to elaborate?MRTS stations? * Comfort Please answer the following questions from the perspective of one of these MRTS stations: a) Kasturba Nagar b) Indranagar c) Tiruvanmiyur if you have visited them. If you haven't visited them, please ignore this statement. 10. In your opinion, how easy are the MRTS stations to access and use, for you? * Mark only one oval. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 678 9 10 Very VeryMRTS stations? * Easy Difficult Extremely Safe 11. What do you like about the MRTS stations? * Check all that apply. Nothing in particular How well connected/accessible they are to me The view from the MRTS The tickets are affordable/cheap They're connected to other modes of transport (bus-stops/auto stand etc.) Close to my destination / Located in a prime location It is indoors, therefore I'm shaded from Sun/ Rain Other: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1zUqpuhtkh6w1i5kvYqB4rTrSUljUOmy67XwKNmwgttk/edit 3/6 2/6KNmwgttk/edit 77
APPENDIX -1 : SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE9/2/2017 How Included Do You Feel? 9/2/2017 How I 12. What do you dislike about the MRTS stations? * 15. What do you think about public transport fa Check all that apply. Check all that apply. Too dirty Don't know (not from chennai/ never trav Smells bad They need to be designed better Not connected to prime locations They need to be improved Lack of public facilities (like charging points/proper toilets etc.) They need to be cleaner Too confusing to move through They need to be more disabled-friendly Claustrophobic They need to be safer Animals loitering inside the stations They're pretty great as of now Nothing I'm not concerned Other: Other: 13. What facilities would you like the MRTS stations to have? * 16. Please mark the 3 characteristics that are m Check all that apply. city. * Check all that apply. Lifts in good working condition Coffee shops/small restaurants Good Public seating/ places to meet More seating facilities Safety from sexual assault Clean Public Toilets Better Lighting on the inside Good lighting Better connectivity to other forms of transit (buses/autos etc.) Disabled access Ramps for the disabled More security personnel Safety from theft or accidents CCTV cameras for security Shops/Commercial Activity Skip to question 18. Spaces to walk/do physical activities Beauty - Must look inviting and attractive If you haven't used the MRTS.. Shade (from sun and rain) 14. Why have you never used the MRTS? * Mark only one oval. 17. On a scale of 1 to 3 how important are the f Mark only one oval per row. Too crowded Not very familiar with it 1 - Not Important Too dirty Safety I feel threatened/unsafe Shade It is not physically accessible to me Lighting Too far away from origin/destination Ease of access Never needed to use it (though I'm from Chennai) Meeting spaces Public Seating Other: Beautiful/ pleasant views Disabled access Public Transport & Public Place Demographic Data 18. Do you have a physical disability that restr Mark only one oval. Yes No Unsure (please explain)https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1zUqpuhtkh6w1i5kvYqB4rTrSUljUOmy67XwKNmwgttk/edit https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1zUqpuhtkh6w1i5kvYqB4rTrSUljUOmy67 4/678
Included Do You Feel? 9/2/2017 How Included Do You Feel?acilities in Chennai? * 19. Please specify your age range *veled by public transport in Chennai) Mark only one oval.most important to you in a public place in the below 15 yrs old 15-18 yrs 18-30 yrs 30-45 yrs 45-55 yrs 55yrs and older 20. Please specify your gender * Mark only one oval. Male Female Other (Agender/ transgender/ genderqueer) Other: 21. Name (optional) Powered byefollowing characteristics in a public space? *t 2 - Somewhat Important 3 - Very Importantricts your movement? * 5/6 https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1zUqpuhtkh6w1i5kvYqB4rTrSUljUOmy67XwKNmwgttk/edit7XwKNmwgttk/edit 6/6 79
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