Group No.3_Technical Reaction Paper_BSCE 3108

2021 RAILWAY ENGINEERING IN THE NEW NORMAL: Strategizing the Post-Pandemic Rail Transportation

Smart Rail Transit - Intelligent Management and Control of Safety Risks in the Life Cycle of Subway Based on BIM + GIS CAPILLO, Jade Ann DIMAYUGA, Lyka LUSTADO, Pau

Technical Reaction Paper ula Diane GROUP NO.3 BSCE 3108 NARZABAL, Monilla Moneth UNTALAN, Angelica

Glossary Introduction 01. Research Background 1.1 Smart Rail Transit A. Autonomous Perception B. Self-learning C. Analysis and Diagnosis 1.2 Intelligent Construction A. Schedule Management B. Quality and Safety Management 1.3 Intelligent Operation and Maintenance A. 3D Face Recognition B. Temperature Measurement C. Information Screen

1.4 Development Trend of Smart Rail Transit TABLE OF A. Intelligent Fusion of Data B. Intelligent Mining of Data CONTENTS 02. Research Outline 03. Research Content 3.1 Integration of Multiple Information 3.2 Dynamic Risk Management Control 3.3 Safety Risk Management and Control System 04. Project Innovation A. Data Platform for Multi-Source Data Fusion 4.1 Comprehensive Planning Based on Life Cycle Conclusion, Recommendation, and Summary References

BP Artificial Neural Network Method This is a significant and classic learning algorithm as it has a wide range of applications in pattern recognition, image processing and analysis, and control areas. This can be used to learn and store a great deal of mapping relations of input-output models. Building Information Modeling (BIM) This is the foundation of digital transformation as it is a highly collaborative process that engages architects, engineers, real estate developers, contractors, manufacturers, and other construction professionals to plan, design, and construct a structure or building within one 3D model. Based on an intelligent model and enabled by a cloud platform, the said technology integrates structured, multi-disciplinary data to produce a digital representation of an asset across its lifecycle, from planning and designing to construction and operations.

Control System GLOSSARY This is defined as a system of devices that manages, commands, directs, or regulates the behavior of other devices or systems to achieve a desired result. A control system achieves this through control loops, which are a process designed to maintain a process variable at a desired set point. Data Fusion This is the process of getting data from multiple sources which enable us to build more sophisticated models and deepen the understanding about a project. Often, this implies getting combined data on a single subject and combining it for central analysis. Data Mining This is a cornerstone of analytics as it helps us develop models and give an easier approach of process in finding anomalies, patterns and correlations within large data sets to predict outcomes. Using a broad range of techniques, information can be utilized to increase revenues, cut costs, improve customer relationships, reduce risks and more. Geographic Information System (GIS) This system creates, manages, analyzes, and maps all types of data while integrating it to a map and location data with all types of information such as descriptive. This provides a foundation for mapping and analysis that is used in science and almost in every industry. The benefits include improved communication and efficiency as well as better management and decision making.





INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION How can you prepare your city for this new era of rail? A revolution in urban transportation is approaching as the future of rapid transit will be automated, with no operators or drivers and it will be smart, linking up to the larger network of the city to manage traffic flows and even offer new travel options. These systems are called \"smart rail\" or \"automated metros.\" With greater efficiency than buses, better accessibility for disabled people, and less noise than planes, these systems are poised to become some of the most important transportation innovations in decades.

One of the newest system is Smart Rail Transit, an initiative to revive the interest in rail transport and smart initiatives that are both sustainable and profitable. Technology will play a key role in the success of this shift, but to make it happen, we need to do more than just build it. We need to think about how people will use these rails and the benefits they will bring on day-to-day lives. The name of the system says it all: it’s a smart system that incorporates technology to make the daily commute easier. The benefits of this system are endless: reduced traffic congestion, carbon emissions, and fuel consumption, and increased safety for all commuters. More than that, the development of metro engineering is influenced by the development of its related technologies such as BIM and GIS. The introduction of these technologies has brought about new management and control mechanisms for safety risks in the life cycle of smart rail transits. Rapid urbanization, industrialization and population growth are driving the high demand for public transport. The trend of global urbanization will continue to increase until 2050. If we want to keep pace with this rapid development, it is important that we focus on sustainable mobility. A new transportation system, known as the \"smart\" railway, will help us move towards a future of sustainable mobility. With the rapid development of urbanization, traffic congestion and environmental pollution have become more and more serious. To solve these problems, the construction of \"smart rail transit\" is gradually becoming an urgent need. The first high-speed rail system began its operations in Japan in 1964, and is known as the Shinkansen, or “bullet train.”

1.1 Smart Rail Transit Smart Rail Transit integrates the new information technologies such as internet of things, big data, cloud computing and artificial intelligence with rail transit’s construction, operation, maintenance, development and service, and improves the decision-making ability, execution ability and service quality of the rail transit system. In order to promote the informational construction of urban rail transit and the management level of decision makers, Beijing Urban Construction Design and Development Group built an intelligent management platform of the big data life cycle in urban rail transit. The platform combines BIM and GIS and builds a 3D real scene to achieve 2D and 3D integration for serving the modernization of urban rail transit (BIM+GIS in Urban Rail Transit System, 2019). In recent years, rail infrastructure has been rapidly modernizing to meet the demand for a modern transportation system. There are various ways in which rail systems can be modernized in order to expand capacity and improve safety. An example is the smart rail systems which provide real-time data on trains and bus routes such as travel time estimates for different modes of transportation based on traffic conditions. Safety improvements come from integrating sensors into train tracks that can detect when a train is derailed or when a switch is not aligned with its designated track, preventing accidents before they happen. 01RESEARCH BACKGROUND

Artificial Intelligence Decarbonisation Internet of Things Automation Autonomous Train Big Data Analytics Connectivity Passenger Experience Augmented and Virtual High-Speed Rail Reality Figure No.1 Top 10 Rail Industry Trends and Innovations in 2021 Source: Start Us We considered that the future of public transportation is here with smart rail transit systems. These systems are more efficient, sustainable, and cost-effective. With the utilization of various modes of transportations such as buses, trains, and cars in the past decades, it has been time to think about the future of public transportation. Although there is not a single answer to what will be the best mode for public transportation in the future, smart rail transit systems seem to be at an advantage when we consider all aspects that we want for a perfect system. Smart rail transit systems are able to integrate different modes of transportations in one system and allow people to travel in three dimensions: up and down hillsides and on train cars.

Table 1 presents the Urban Rail Transit Operation in August 2021 in China. It is fascinating how their transportation works efficiently, giving service to thousands of passengers every single day which we know is the main goal of railway systems. Aside from the environmental mitigation effects, the time people spent travelling are reduced and the way the advancements affects the society is definitely a progress that any country would want. Substantially, cities in China are stimulating their own economy, while fostering great technologies that undoubtedly benefits their citizens. 01

A. Autonomous Perception This involves the collection of data from vehicle sensors and the processing of this data into an understanding of the world around the vehicle— much like the sense of sight for a human driver. Each sensing modality has its strengths and weaknesses, but by leveraging sensor fusion techniques, the strengths can complement one another and the weaknesses can be supported (Autonomous Vehicle Perception Sensing, n.d.). Folks like us like the idea of autonomous vehicles, but have concerns about safety and data privacy with machine learning technology. A lot of these concerns are valid, so let us delve deeper regarding this. Autonomous perception has been an active research field in the past decade and has shown its bright prospect in fields such as intelligent transportation systems, natural disasters prevention, and early warning (e.g., earthquake), and educational robots. Motivated by the goal of building a future smart rail transit system, we figured that there are various effective approaches to resolve the challenges that might be on the way of advancements, mitigating the risks. With autonomous perception, it will give us relevant knowledge regarding the society we move.

B. Self-learning Why is self-learning rail systems necessary? When it comes to public transportation systems, nothing is more crucial than the safety of the passengers. In recent years, many accidents in public transit have been caused by human error but it is believed that technology can help make our infrastructure safer and more efficient. In March 2011, derailment of the Tsukuba Express line near Tokyo was found to have been caused by a maintenance crew that neglected to properly secure a wheel from rolling. Another occurred in May 2015 where a train derailed in Philadelphia, killing eight people and injuring dozens more. Implementing self- learning smart rail systems would be a substantial step to cultivation. Self- learning rail transit systems are integrated with artificial intelligence, making decisions based on data which means that there is no need to program the system with instructions for how to react to certain events. Instead, the system learns based on the data it receives and its past decisions which imply it as the future of public transportation. These systems will use the data collected from passengers and infrastructure to make decisions on how to improve service. Also, it will offer many benefits for cities, including increased safety, reduced costs, and better quality of life. While it might seem terrifying at first, these self-learning smart rail transit systems have the potential to be more reliable than human drivers. They will be able to work continuously without any breaks, which is something humans cannot do. The world is changing rapidly, so it makes sense for our public transportation systems to change as well. 01

C. Analysis and Diagnosis In the actual operation process, trains tend to deviate from planned train timetables due to various uncertain factors which bring great interference to the operation order and increase the dispatching work. Possibly, it will lead to a lot of inconvenience for passengers and a negative impact on the view on railway and market competitiveness. By analyzing the train operation record data, it is easier to identify stations and sections that often cause train delays (Xu et al., 2019). As repeatedly mentioned, with regards to rail transit, safety is a top priority. In order to prevent accidents or injuries, there is a need to learn how to diagnose and analyze, whether it is a minor or a major issue. Diagnosing will help identify problems within the system so that making adjustments according to suitable modifications are possible. For instance, small issues like leaving one of the doors open or larger ones like worn-down tracks or old rails. It is also important to identify the areas of problems as solutions can be looked out for. We considered that to keep rail transit systems running smoothly, there is a substantial need to know the occurrences behind the scenes. This means completing regular maintenance on the rail system is significant as it ensures that trains run safely and efficiently every time they are in use. With that, analysis and diagnosis is an important phase of construction of mass transit as it will affect the lives of the citizens.

1.2 Intelligent Construction A. Schedule Management Construction schedule affects the construction pace, cost, and quality. The key circuits regulate the duration of the project and the start and end time of the activity. Thus is influenced by time, space, technology, management, resources and other factors. Along with that, it can plan and schedule construction activities to help the engineer complete the project on time and within budget. Schedule management or time management is a familiar term for all of us since it has been used when want to plan and organize the things that are needed to be done. In a construction industry, schedule management plays a crucial role in ensuring the success of the entire construction project. Having a project schedule management, tasks will be completed on time and within the budget. The workers will be informed about the status of the project and any delays that may affect schedule performance. In addition, construction scheduling allows you and your team to regulate quality and resource allocation throughout the project. Alongside, BIM and GIS technology can help to reduce the labor losses, repetitive work, interdepartmental conflicts, material waste, and increase machine and equipment utilization rates. We assumed that this kind of management is a vital part of building railways 01especially it needs an organized system of who, what, when, where, and how should be done.

B. Quality and Safety Management In terms of quality and safety management and basing on BIM and GIS, the problems are collected on the model to realize three-dimensional management. Combining BIM+GIS technology with other technologies will be an effective way to solve the safety problems by building a safety management platform for rail transit engineering construction. Safety and Quality Management is important for construction projects because they help control risks as it is the primary focus in most safety plans. However, it is not just about preventing accidents on site but also about engaging people on how to execute their job safely, and monitor the circumstances that are taking place during work days. Quality Management Systems are also an important part of Safety Management. We believe that quality control is done during all stages of construction to ensure quality and reliability of the final product after completion and commissioning. Moreover, GIS and BIM play a major role in quality and safety management for construction projects as these two concepts work together to help the contractor complete the project in a timely manner.

1.3 Intelligent Operation and Maintenance a. Depth Image b. Point Cloud c. Mesh Figure No.2 Three Popular 3D Scanners A. 3D Face Recognition Three-dimensional face recognition has become a trending research direction in both industry and academia. It inherits advantages from traditional 2D face recognition, such as the natural recognition process and a wide range of applications. Meanwhile, 3D face recognition systems could accurately recognize human faces even under dim lights and variant facial positions and expressions. Such a system would have immense difficulty to operate (Zhou, 2018). Facial recognition cameras and machine learning are rapidly evolving. Meanwhile, China is the world leader when it comes to deploying facial recognition as it has 170 million closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras, with another 400 million expected in the next three years. Many of these cameras have AI and facial recognition technology. To board the subway in Shanghai, facial and voice-recognition technology is verifying people and allowing them to pass through the gates. The same technology is in Beijing's subway station (Prakash, 2018). 01

Using 3D face recognition is one of the advancements that Guangzhou Metro Group has deployed. We believed that this technology will greatly improve the convenience of passengers as guest speaker Ms. Lou Lina iterated that it is as effective as 99.999%.which the security protection is aimed to the highest level. Of course, there are several ways to pass in 3D face recognition such as presenting identification cards or mobile phones. In this way, the technology can mitigate the risks in the railway system. Indeed, it is a smart rail transit. Meanwhile, we cannot deny the fact that everybody is optimistic about the transition since few risks may still be present. With that, we supposed that a more thorough research about the implementation will be substantial to the process of deeply adapting this advancement. We figured that in the next few years, not only China will be adapting this but any country could, not only if researches and funding were supported by government but also if people are willing to cope with changes.

B. Temperature Measurement Beijing West Railway Station has adopted an array of preventative measures including administering multiple temperature measurements and having passengers fill out personal information forms. Infrared thermometers and thermal imaging cameras are set up at the exits to monitor the temperatures of passengers as they pass by. The equipment automatically sounds an alarm when it detects an abnormal temperature of a passenger, alerting the station temperature tester to isolate the passenger and conduct further testing measures. Through the intelligent security inspection and the intelligent temperature measurement, it can escort passengers to travel safely (Xiangjun, 2020). With temperature being one of the innovative sensors of today’s technological advancements, it is indeed an opportunity to integrate it to various transportation systems. The use of other intelligent sensor technologies have made life more convenient as it can be used to solve numerous complications such as the pollution index, food safety, and energy consumption. Intelligent sensor lies in its ability to sense and report anything that may endanger human health or well-being. More so, the application of these sensors in our lives is growing, from our environment to healthcare, to transportations as it allow people to know what is happening in the environment at any time, implying the world is now more intelligent than ever. It is always better to know about any potential risks before they happen, rather than be familiar after the damage has been done. We believed that as it is applied to rail transits, it becomes a next level means of transporting people in 01a healthier environment.

C. Information Screen “Has the time come for us to think about transportation in a new way?” Electronic information screen displays vehicle route information, weather information, and other visual information. For instance, each entrance and exit analyzes the passenger flow congestion degree by using the vehicle load information and displays the congestion degree of each carriage so as to guide passengers to wait in the carriage with fewer people. The goal is to improve urban traffic efficiency and reduce the amount of time wasted. Indeed, China is experiencing rapid urbanization as cities are growing at an unprecedented speed. To support the needs of the urban population, governments have undertaken construction projects to build new roads and dams. However, the cost is extremely high for both society and the environment but we figured that it will have a long-term substantial effect. Along with that, traffic congestion has become a major issue in many parts of the world, and one of those is China’s urban areas especially when the mentioned constructions are done. To figure out the challenges, a traffic information screen was developed which can be easily installed at entrances and exits of highways or main roads to display various kinds of traffic conditions, such as electronic information screens that display vehicle route information and weather information. Through this, it is believed that it would be an essential part of the system especially in the transportation aspect of any countries. It may be thought of as a simple screen but a considerable degree of information can be disseminated easily for people to obtain options.

1.4 Development Trend of Smart Rail Transit A. Intelligent Fusion of Data “Will this become an inevitable trend?” For the data information obtained by a large number of different sensors, according to the same standard and rule, intelligently analyze, synthesize and integrate the data to facilitate subsequent data analysis, mining and decision-making (Lina, 2021). With these development trends of rail transit, it is complemented with information and technologies, securing the goal of attaining improved passenger safety, reduced transportation time, and fuel consumption and vehicle wear and tear (Fazou, Leung, and Kurian, 2011). In addition to the statement, several devices such as inexpensive sensors insinuated have a substantial possibility to collect and process data from a number of sources with the advancements in communication. As data fusion becomes an intelligent trend, it has the capability to accumulate information from multiple combined sources which becomes primacy to a preferable inference with regards to the safety risks in smart rail transit. 01

Real-time Online Offline Data Data Infrastructure Data Operation Control Center Real-time Online Data Figure No.3 Examples of Intelligent Data Fusion in Railway Systems As advancements of rail transit transportation systems emerge, the challenges and opportunities with the data fusion are delineated. We consider that through the intelligent fusion of data, efficient collection of services and communication are generated when imprecise statistics and inappropriate operation conditions of the rail transit systems are obtained on devices. With these, it will be a lot easier on the decision making of the management as it is required in times of uncertainty considering the systems such as the collection, and management of train speed information. Obtaining the brimming knowledge from the technical talk, it gives us the consciousness about how smart rail transit can be efficient in a country as it aids our progress from how we expand the horizon of the transportation system intelligently. We assume that the consideration of the intelligent infusion of data for the management and control of safety risks in the smart rail transit is a one step up in transportation systems in a certain country.

B. Intelligent Mining of Data Through intelligent data mining, transit systems are able to go through the process of analyzing, predicting, and discovering engaging knowledge and hidden patterns from various backgrounds stored in databases and data warehouses (Alsrehsin, Klaib, and Magableh, 2019). Indeed, it is a powerful analysis and processing function of smart rail transit, implying an intelligent mining of data in management and control safety risks in the life cycle of subways. Along with that, data mining will be able to develop travel speed models, predict, generate real-time information, and plan transportation systems to facilitate the needs of the people. With the rapid advancements, mining of data has added wings to the developments of smart rail transits. Undeniably, China has been in the process of continuous exploration and innovation such as barcode scanning, face recognition, and internet ticketing which have opened a new experience for passengers in the rail transit system. Noticeably, those progresses improve the quality and efficiency of operation and maintenance management. We thought of it is an emerging area in intelligent management systems, focusing on using and analyzing large amounts of data to be used for transit routes and programming, road guidance, and tunnels. With that, data mining on the estimation and prediction of real-time traffic in various regions will help increase the accuracy, scalability, and adaptability of smart traffic applications. Thus, it will lead to a suitable resolution for a particular time. 01

BIM + GIS The utilization of BIM and GIS have always been a one step ahead to technological advancements. Using BIM to enter, extract, update, and edit data can help to increase the efficiency of the entire construction process. It is a foundational technology for transforming and upgrading the construction industry, promoting the development of green buildings, enhancing the construction industry's information level, and promoting the construction of smart cities. On the other hand, using geographic models and other analysis approaches to show real geographic data in three dimensions enhances the efficiency of data analysis and aids future geographic research and analysis. GIS is used extensively in a variety of sectors, including urban planning, environmental management, and transportation. (Wang & Tian, 2021). With the rise of the concept of smart city, there is massive development in the construction industry. Railway system is no longer simply about building a common one, as a result, the fusion and integration of multiple technologies will be inevitable. Thus, BIM and GIS integration technology play a vital role in the construction of smart rail transit systems since it provides a strong data foundation and technological support for managing areas of various scales. Also, the combined data from BIM + GIS can successfully provide dynamic visual management, which is the future technological trend. Incorporating this to smart rail transit makes it smarter as the foundation of railways become more transparent in every way. 02 RESEARCH OUTLINE

3.1 Integration of Multiple Information There is a lack of life cycle information data support based on the design, construction, installation, commissioning, delivery, maintenance, renewal and scrapping of facilities and equipment. In addition, the problem of resource sharing and data networking between systems seriously affects the work’s efficiency and quality. In designing the fusion model, sensors of different types and characteristics shall be put into consideration (Lina, 2021). Few examples of sensors are optical fiber, axial force meter, and concrete ultrasonic. It is undeniable that the very challenge in constructing a subway is that it is located underground. There is a lack of information as the site of construction cannot be viewed by the human eye unless a hole is dug and a person or a camera will be sent into the construction site. Thus, their research which aims to address this problem will definitely be beneficial as it targets to bring to a higher level of work efficiency and quality of subway construction. This fusion of technology must have put China's construction industry and commuters into a high level of excitement as once this intelligent management succeeds, subway construction will be faster and more economical. Although the process of realizing the goal is really challenging and complicated as there are many sensors and system requirements that must be put into consideration, they are Chinese after all. They build hospitals for a few days. They have the technology, money, and power to succeed with their advanced researches. 03 RESEARCH CONTENT

3.2 Dynamic Risk Management and Control Figure No.4 Risk Management and Control of Process Diagram According to Lina (2021), the diagram that pertains to the Dynamic Risk Management and Control shown above is like the brain for humans. It depicts five different processes undertaken in order to manage and control risks. These are Risk Definition, Risk Identification, Risk Estimation, Risk Evaluation, and Risk Management. In the whole life cycle of a subway project, some risks only appear for a period of time such as foundation peak collapse and others will always exist such as lining structure failure. Thus, considering the time effect is crucial as researchers will introduce a membership function in software to calculate the exposure. For the assertion of middle or high risk, BP artificial neural network method and numerical analysis are used for further prediction. We figured that this will be a convenient way to assess the risks to manage and control the construction of smart rail transit to have a superior quality.

Table No. 2 Criteria of Risk Classification Source: Code for Risk Management of Underground Works in Urban Rail Transit in China The project’s Risk Management and Control is observed to be systematic as it detailed how the researchers will define the risks and understand the process that will be involved in risk definition regarding smart rail transit systems. Relatively, their risk identification is also a systematic process as they will use a combination of different methods which seems to be odd. But as stated, the risks are systematic and long term which we believe is right that such methods already exist, as the same challenges are already encountered before and probably a specific solution is proposed for each. Considering the convenience of rail transit, the construction also presents unpredictability and high risks which table no.2 presents the criteria of the classification. We figured that the rapid increase of operating lines in railway must be given an attention on how to improve risk management capabilities, providing people with an essential industry that will cater the construction and operation, passenger care, and staff care of railway systems with safe work plans, emergency response and post-event capabilities. 03

Collision Derailment Crossings Staff Stations Dangerous Goods Figure No. 5 Examples of Common Risks Managed by Railway Industry Source: Rail Safety Council Risk management is expected to reduce the accidents that arise by identifying risks and several methods for handling them. It is impressive that they have detailed the methods to be used to estimate risks that are time relevant. In terms of risk evaluation, the researchers have established the Criteria of Risk Classification which is based on the Code for Risk Management of Underground Works in Urban Rail Transit in China. We figured that it is an advantage that they have based the risk classification into the aforementioned code since the main purpose of the research is about risks of the transportation system considering it to be an advanced rail system. Undoubtedly, it is interesting how the plan is excellent and appropriate as they have set various steps that are relevant to one another, and at the same time it absolutely focuses on its objective which is to manage those risks. With this, we thought that there are significant numbers of methods that will be used in Risk Identification and Management, indicating how determined the researchers are to identify those risks and be able manage them appropriately. The researchers are indeed promising as the research on Intelligent Management and Control of Safety Risks in the Life Cycle of Subway is really reassuring the safety of the people that will be involved in future construction process, the commuters, and also the personnel who will manage the subway in time that this research is widely implemented.

3.3 Safety Risk Management and Control System Safety risk control implies the scientific management methods of realizing the maximum safety guarantee with the minimum cost by controlling risks effectively and optimizing safety risk control technologies based on the assessment of safety risks during activities (Zhang, Zhuang, Wei, Jiang, and Yang, 2020). In the process of engineering application, the system is continuously improved in combination with the use of on-site personnel and feedback information, so as to serve the comprehensive management and control of safety risks in the whole life cycle of subway engineering (Lina, 2021). We believed that the pressure on railway transport safety management has increased constantly with the rapid development of railway which opened the opportunity for safety risk control to be the key to secure the transportation. It is very ideal that the researchers were able to continuously improve the system of engineering applications by means of communicating with on-site personnel and considering their feedback information. It is exemplary in a way that even though they have defined, identified, estimated, evaluated and managed those risks, still, collection and storing in the risk bank remained open to the possibility that there might be other threats they have overlooked during the process. In addition, the fact that they relied on on-site personnel to get feedback information is appropriate as 03 these personnel have the most experience on the platforms.

Figure No. 6 Example of Intelligent Data Fusion in Railway Systems A. Data Platform for Multi-Source Data Fusion A digital form is established based on BIM + GIS technology, basic information, business data, and massive perceptual data from remote monitoring systems which are pushed to this platform in real time with the help of the internet. We are moved as smart rail transit represents the next generation of rail systems as these include an array of sensors, information management systems, and driverless trains. The data collected by the sensors in these trains are potentially useful for improving train performance, creating new services to better meet passenger demands, and for enabling passenger safety. Besides that, passengers nowadays are able to use their own devices to collect their own data while traveling on the train. 04PROJECT INNOVATION

Figure No. 7 Example of Life Cycle Assessment of Railway Infrastructure in Belgium Source: Research Gate 04

4.1 Comprehensive Planning Based on Life Cycle “A smart rail transit is not only just the rail transit.” One of the most important factors in planning a new transit system is the life cycle of an engineering project. It needs to be evaluated in terms of efficiency, cost, and accuracy. It also needs to be done by considering the time that would be required for each phase of work and how much funding is available. A railway line is typically constructed with a particular use in mind with various factors that need to be considered before establishing the project. The main considerations are estimating the number of passengers, designing the stations, detailing the train schedules, choosing between diesel and electric trains, deciding on whether or not to go underground, and the like. These decisions will affect the future use and operation of the rail line as well as its costs. A typical lifespan can be thought of as a sequence of events that occur over a period of time - typically defined as 25 years. To plan for this timeframe, it is significant that lots of factors must be taken into consideration when constructing new transit systems, ensuring that they are suitable with requirements over time. It is important to think about efficiency when planning because each decision made affects future use and operation costs; including local congestion; carbon emissions; noise pollution; safety concerns; and more matters to be regarded.

Smart Rail Transit integrates numerous advancements that improves the quality of passengers’ commuting system, yet leading the economy to progress and be inclined when it comes to efficiency, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. As rapid advancements are adapted, more commuters travel conveniently. Different sensors make it easier for people to understand information regarding the benefits of public transportation. The intelligent construction of railway systems improve the quality of the systems, thus, reducing the risks regarding accidents, regulating smart resource allocation, managing jobs safely, and operating and maintaining every phase appropriately are indeed transparent to society. The utilization of software such as BIM and GIS provide a superior approach when it comes to construction industry. Undeniably, smart railway systems are provided with strong foundational data, helping manage the initial phase of construction until the cycle is repeated. SUMMARY SUMMARY SUMMARY

Various researches will engage people to integration of multiple information, enhancing the design, construction, installation, commissioning, delivery, maintenance, renewal and scrapping of facilities and equipment. With this, the process will be managed intelligently, possibly leading to a faster and more economical means of constructing a smart rail transit. It is important to think about efficiency when planning because each decision made affects future use and operation costs; including local congestion; carbon emissions; noise pollution; safety concerns; and more matters to be regarded. SUMMARY SUMMARY SUMMARY

Undeniably, 21st century has seen an unprecedented expansion of rail transit systems as a response to congestion, low carbon mobility and as a seed for urban regeneration. Smart Rail Transit can provide passengers with new and convenient travel experiences such as optimal travel planning, 3D face recognition, interactive information screen, and temperature measurement. Alongside, it can provide technical support for intelligent rail transit to achieve comprehensive operation and maintenance management such as passenger flow early warning, driving scheduling, operation, management and maintenance, and safety assurance. Through the construction and integration of an intelligent railway system, operation managers can greatly improve the efficiency and quality of rail transit business execution, while effectively controlling the costs and providing convenience and services for passengers. In the future, the integration of multiple emerging technologies and the intelligent development of smart rail transit with multiple advantages will better enhance the social and economic benefits of railway transits and support the construction of smart cities. CONCLUSION CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

Although Smart Rail Transit can offer a lot of benefits for passengers, the said innovation in rail transportation will not be able to fulfill its purpose if the passengers and other concerned personnel will not trust a train that drives on its own and more so a construction process that has its own intelligence. In relevance to that, we think that while different research and studies for its continuous development is still ongoing, it will be helpful if the researchers will be able to update people once in a while regarding the analysis of their research, its significant data, and developments. In this way, the perception of the passengers and other concerned personnel towards a smart and independent transportation will be adapted and improved to a certain extent. This process opens the possibilities for partnerships between brilliant individuals interested in developing smart rail transit. This may possibly lead to the massive implementation of smart rail transit sooner than expected. To further address the passengers’ and other concerned personnel’s doubt on smart rail transit, continuous research and investigations about smart rail transit must be conducted. This will be very beneficial as it will also allow improvements on smart rail transit. RECOMMENDATION RECOMMENDATION RECOMMENDATION

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