Science 2 part 1

are many other processes. The sum of all these chemical reactions in a cell is calledmetabolism. For these metabolic processes to continue, there are conditions to be met. What arethese? All living things need to maintain a stable temperature, moisture level, acidity, andother physiological factors. This is called homoestasis. Homeostasis means themaintenance of internal conditions within certain boundaries. How do living things do this?Let us take the body temperature. Some organism regulate the body through behavior.Typical example of this is demonstrated by marine iguana. Iguana raises its temperature bystaying in the sun on a hot rock. When its body temperature becomes high, it dives into thesea to cool down. You do not have to do what iguanas do. Why? You have organ systemssuch as the excretory system to keep your body temperature at an average of 37 oC. Metabolism supports growth. Growth may be in the form of increase in mass, size, ororganization that is different from simple addition of more particles of matter. Aside fromgrowth, living things also develop. You were once a single-celled fertilized egg calledzygote. Zygote divides many times and undergoes many changes to become a miniatureadult, and eventually becoming a full grown adult. Once mature, living things generate offspring through reproduction. The offspring isa look-alike of parents but there are differences or variation. The variation is due to therearrangement of hereditary information. Variation is both bad and good. Good variationgives offspring a better chance of survival. The environment is ever changing but living things get used to it. We call thisadaptation. Adaptation is the result of evolutionary change. It is the accumulation ofinherited variations over time. In Figure 22 you see several adaptations. Crabs and shrimps have Bombardier beetle powerful pinchers for releases very hot defense. liquid when provoked.Birds havewings to fly.An orchid with Electric eel and sting ray Leaves of cactusflowers that have electric organ that became spines tolooked like a produce electrical prevent waterbug discharges to navigate loss. murky, deep waters and to capture prey. Figure 22. Adaptations Living things are sensitive to changes in the internal and external environment.Makahiya or “touch me not “ folds its leaves as soon as you disturb it. Dama de noche - 23 -

releases its fragrance by nightfall. You withdraw your fingers without thinking as soon asyou touch a hot or cold object.What you will doSelf-Test 4.1Which characteristics of living things justify the statement (numbers 1-5). Choose fromletters a - e. a. Living things are organized. b. Living things carry out metabolism. c. Living things respond. d. Living things reproduce. e. Living thing evolve.____ 1. Hereditary units are passed from parents to child.____ 2. Cat runs away from an approaching dog.____ 3. Cells use materials and energy for growth and repair.____ 4. There are many different kinds of living things.____ 5. Adaptation to a way of life best explains why living things display homeostasis, are diverse, began as single cells, are classified into three domains, and mate with their own kind. Key to answers on page 27. Living things come in diverse forms. Look at the organisms in Figure 23. They areall beautifully colored.Figure 23. Different life forms - 24 -

Let’s Summarize1. Molecular organization starts from atoms to protocell.2. Cell is the lowest level of biological organization.3. Cells differ in shapes due to their function and location.4. Cell is either a prokaryotic cell or eukaryotic cell.5. Tissue is a group of similarly structured cells that perform the same function.6. Tissues form organs, and organs into organ systems.7. Living things have different characteristics.PosttestMultiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on aseparate sheet of paper.1. Which one does NOT belong to the group?a. ecosystem c. populationb. community d. tissue2. What is the substance present in the first protocell?a. ribonucleic acid c. proteinb. carbohydrates d. lipid3. What is common to both prokyotic cell and eukaryotic cell?a. mitochondrion c. cytoplasmb. chloroplast d. nucleus4. Metabolism refers to a. chemical and energy transformations b. maintenance of internal conditions c. ability to respond to stimulus d. the lack of reproduction5. Living things can adapt to a changing environment because a. they are highly organized b. they possess a nervous system c. they have a way of getting food d. they have a way of getting respiratory gases - 25 -

Which of the following statements characterizes items 6 and 7?a. Living things evolve. c. Living things respond.b. Living things are organized. d. Living things reproduce._____6. Hereditary units passed from parents to children_____7. Zebras run away from the cliff8. Plants are unique among living things in that they area. multicellular and absorb food c. multi-cellular and photosyntheticb. unicellular and ingest food d. all of these are correctWhich of the following terms describes items 9 and 10? a. community b. population c. ecosystem____ 9. tilapia in muddy river____10. monkey eating eagles in the virgin forest in Mindanao11. Which of the following systems integrates the activities of the human body?a. skeletal system c. excretory systemb. muscular system d. endocrine system12. Which of the following constricts the large and small intestines?a. smooth muscle c. cardiac muscleb. skeletal muscle d. nervous tissue13. Which of the following is storage cell? c. schlerenchyma a. Collenchyma d. vascular cambium b. Parenchyma Key to answers on page 28.Key to AnswersPretest 6. b 11. d 7. a 12. c 1. b 8. d 13. d 2. c 9. d 14. a 3. d 10. d 15. d 4. d 5. a and c - 26 -

Lesson 1Self-Test 1.1 1. c 2. a 3. d 4. c 5. cLesson 2Self-Test 2.1 1. 1.1 flagellum 1.2 cell membrane 1.3 nucleus 1.4 mitochondrion 2. eukaryotic cell because it has true nucleusLesson 3Self-Test 3.1 1. a 2. a 3. d 4. bSelf-Test 3.2 1. tissue 2. cell 3. population 4. ecosystem 5. organ system 6. organ systemLesson 4Self-Test 4.1 1. d. 2. c 3. b 4. e 5. a - 27 -

Posttest 6. d 11. d 7. c 12. a 1. d 8. c 13. b 2. a 9. b 3. c 10. b 4. a 5. bReferencesCampbell, N. (2000). Biology. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons.Mader, S. (2003). Biology. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons.Pickering, W.R. (2000). Complete biology. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.________. (2000). Microsoft Encarta. - 28 -

Module 7 Plant Parts and Functions What this module is about In the study on the growth and development of plants, you need to be familiar withthe parts of plants and their functions. There are three lessons prepared for you in thismodule:  Lesson 1 – The Vegetative Parts of Plants  Lesson 2 – The Reproductive Parts of Plants  Lesson 3 – Seed Germination What you are expected to learn After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. differentiate between the vegetative and reproductive parts of a plant; 2. identify the vegetative and reproductive parts of plants; 3. describe how plants are structurally designed to perform the different life processes; and, 4. explain the requirement of plants for growth and development. How to learn from this module 1. Read carefully the instructions given. 2. Answer the pre-test first. 3. If you are told to go out and visit a garden, do not hesitate to do so. You maybe asked to go to a place nearby. It may be a backyard, school ground or any vacant lot where plants grow. 4. Fill up the designated boxes for any drawing/labels required. 5. Compare the drawings and diagrams in this module with actual specimens.

What to do before (Pretest)Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on aseparate sheet of paper.1. The following are vegetative parts of a plant except: a. stem c. leaves b. roots d. flowers2. The root system of monocot plants typically consists of: a. tap roots c. modified roots b. fibrous roots d. adventitious roots3. Leaves are responsible for: c. precipitation a. absorption d. transpiration b. adsorption4. Photosynthesis, the production of sugar and the release of oxygen in plants, takes placein: a. stem c. leaves b. roots d. flowers5. Nutrients from the soil enter the plants through: a. stem c. flowers b. roots d. leaves6. Adventitious roots are found in the following except: a. stems c. branches b. leaves d. primary root7. The vascular bundles are responsible for the distribution of nutrients to all parts of theplant. These are made up of the following: a. endodermis only c. xylem and endodermis b. xylem and phloem d. phloem and endodermis8. Water vapor is released by the plants through the process of: a. osmosis c. evaporation b. plasmolysis d. transpiration9. The shoot system does not include the: c. leaves a. stem d. flowers b. roots -2-

10. The dicot root system is typically a/an: c. modified root a. tap root d. adventitious root b. fibrous root11. The age of the tree can be detected by counting the number of:a. annual rings b. number of branchesb. number of leaves d. diameter of the trunk12. Structures seen traversing the leaves of plants are:a. veins c. laminab. blade d. stomata13. Primary roots arise from the: c. cotyledon of seeds a. embryo of seeds d. endosperm of seeds b. radicle of seeds14. The male reproductive part of the flower is:a. pistil c. sepalb. petal d. stamen15. The female reproductive part of the flower is:a. sepal c. pistilb. petal d. stamen16. The following are parts of the pistil except:a. style c. antherb. ovary d. stigma17. Seeds originate from the: c. stigma a. style d. ovules b. ovary18. Leaves contain small openings called: c. stomata a. pores d. none of the above b. lenticels19. Seeds are capable of germinating if given the following:a. water and soil c. temperature and pHb. water and heat d. temperature and soil20. Pollen grains are produced in the: c. ovary a. anther d. filament b. stigma Key to answers on page 19. -3-

Lesson 1. The Vegetative Parts of Plants Just like animals, plants are also provided with organs. These organs are distinct inform, structure and function. Roots, stems and leaves are vegetative organs of plants thatcould be used for asexual reproduction. This means that they do not produce sex cells orplay a direct role in sexual reproduction. Nevertheless, these organs play an important rolein the life cycle of plants. Flowers, fruits and seeds comprise the other half of the plant andare involved in sexual reproduction.Roots Have you ever imagined plants without roots? What do you think will happen?Plants cannot stand without roots. The roots anchor the plants and hold the stem upward.They also absorb water and nutrients from the soil, which are then passed on to the stemand leaves. The leaves, in turn, carry out the process of photosynthesis andtranspiration. The root is a typically underground organ ofthe plant that functions principally for anchorage andabsorption of water and minerals from the soil. Thefirst formed root is the primary root, which developsfrom the radicle of the seed embryo. There are different types of root system, Root and Shoot System of a Plantnamely the fibrous root system which consists ofnumerous, long, slender lateral roots of about the http://personal.nbnet.nb.ca/trevgall/same size typical of monocots, and the taproot biology/plant.htmlsystem with a well developed primary root that givesrise to smaller lateral roots, typical of dicot plants.Still some roots may arise from other plant organslike stems and leaves and are consequently calledadventitious roots. What you will do Activity 1.1 Go around your backyard. Look for seedlings or young plants and slowly pull themfrom the soil. Clean the roots and take note of the different structures that you can see.Look for the structures similar to the diagrams on the next page. If the primary root isevident like in diagram A, the plant is said to be a dicot plant. On the other hand if it issimilar to diagram B, the plant is a monocot plant. -4-

AB C Randomly pick some plants from the field and compare them with the diagrams.How many plants have root systems similar to A? B? C? Can you write them down bygiving their common name?Common Name of Plant Tap Root Fibrous Root Adventitious RootAnswer the following questions: 1. Differentiate the three types of root systems. 2. What is the advantage of a taproot over the other types of root system? 3. Is a carrot a vegetable or a root? Why do you say so? What about radish? Sweet potato (camote)? Key to answers on page 19. -5-

After observing the underground system of the plant, let us move upward the body and try to identify the next organ, the stem.Stem Just above the ground next to the root is the stem. Itis the organ of the plant that supports the leaves and flowersin the best position. It is the passageway of nutrients fromthe soil to the different parts of the plant. The stem is veryimportant to man. Lumber for our houses comes from thispart of the plant. Get a portion of the stem of a gumamela plant. Noticethe external parts. It has nodes and internodes. This is theprime difference between a root and a stem. Roots do nothave nodes. Likewise, note the presence of lenticels, asmall elevation on the stem. They serve for gas exchange.There are also buds in your specimen, the axillary budsand the apical (terminal) bud. These are soft parts of thestems composed of young cells. Examine the diagrambelow. It shows the external parts of a dicot stem. Ficus benghalensis or balete. Take note of the stem. http://waynesword.palomar.edu/trjune99.htm http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/201Manhart/veg/stems&buds/stems&buds.html -6-

What you will doActivity 1.2Find out! Go to the market and look for a butcher. Stem of a tree showing the annual ringsDid you see one? It is interesting to note thatthese butchers use cross-sectioned stems of big http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ trjuly99.htmtrees as chopping board. Some households usethe same. If you have this at home, there is noneed for you to go to the market. Did you noticethe big woody stump? Have a closer look at acut stem and observe the circular lines formed.Compare them with the diagram at the right.They are the annual rings, which are used todetermine the age of the tree. It can also tellyou whether the amount of rainfall was sufficientor not for that year or growing season. Thegreater the distance between rings, the greateris the amount of rainfall received by the plant.Leaf Photosynthesis and food intake of plants The diagram at the right shows light absorption bythe plant through the process of photosynthesis. The http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/gpe/process is involved in converting solar energy to case3/c3brief.htmlchemical energy or food. This process takes place in theleaves of plants. A leaf is a flattened, green, lateral appendage thatcarries out the functions of photosynthesis andtranspiration. It is responsible for taking in carbon dioxideand releasing oxygen and water vapor. Gases passthrough small openings found on the leaf calledstomata. Chlorophyll gives the leaf its green color.Other structures traversing the blade of the leaf are theveins. These are responsible for the distribution of foodto the different parts of the plant. They are connected tothe stem by means of the petiole at the nodes of thestem. -7-

In the diagram at the right, you can find someof the important structures found on the leaves. http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/gpe/case3/c3brief.html What you will do Activity 1.3Try this! Go to the garden and observe the leaves of the plants. Check out the veinstraversing the leaf. Do you notice any difference on the arrangement of the veins? Thisarrangement is called venation. If the veins originate from one or more large veins formingand expanding to form a network, the venation is said to be netted or diffused type. Thisarrangement is typical of dicot plants. On the other hand, if the arrangement has one mainvein extending from the base to the tip of the blade, and bears lateral or parallel veins, it issaid to be a parallel venation, which is typical of monocot plants. Now, how many plants inyour garden have netted venation? Have parallel venation? What group of plants do youhave in your backyard - monocots, dicots or both? So far we have already studied the roots, stems and leaves that comprise thevegetative parts of the plant. Are you now ready to identify these parts? Try this activitybelow: What you will do Activity 1.4 This simple activity will show you how water and nutrients are transported from theroots to the leaves. Secure a powdered dye (jobos) of any color and mix it with water. Geta new seedling preferably a herbaceous plant like mayana or pansit-pansitan and clean theroots. Separate the roots from the shoot using a razor blade by cutting just above the roots. -8-

Soak the cut seedlings in the bottle with the dye and wait for anhour. Observe what happens to the stem, leaves and flowers.The leaves will have some colored lines along its veins. Thestems will have traces of the dye since they are the passagewaysof nutrients. The dye is specially visible if you make a cross-section of the stem. Stems support the leaves and flowersphysically, hold them in the best position for food gathering andreproduction. Now, summarize your observations. Answer the following questions: http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/ 1. What changes did you observe on the stem gpe/case3/c3brief.html and leaves? 2. How would you account for the changes in the color of plant parts? Key to answers on page 19. What you will do Self-Test 1.1To check yourknowledge about plant partsfurther, try to label thediagram using thedescriptions found below: axil - the angle between the stem and a leaf, branch, or petiole axillary bud - a bud that develops in the axil flower - the reproductive unit of angiosperms flower stalk or Peduncle- the structure that supports the flower internode - the area of the http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/label/plant/ stem between any two adjacent nodes -9-

 branch - an extension of the stem of a plant leaf - their main function is to convert energy from sunlight into chemical energy (food) through photosynthesis node - the part of the stem of a plant from which a leaf, branch, or aerial root grows petiole - a leaf stalk; it attaches the leaf to the plant root - a root is a plant structure that obtains food and water from the soil, stores energy, and provides support for the plant. Most roots grow underground stem - (also called the axis) is the main support of the plant tap root - the main root of some plants; the tap root extends straight down under the plant terminal bud - a bud located at the tip of the stem Key to answers on page 20.This is the end of lesson 1. Did you enjoy it? There are more to explore about plants, justbe ready for the start of the next lesson!Lesson 2. The Reproductive Parts of Plants Plant parts that are involved in sexual reproduction are called reproductive parts.These parts produce sex cells or gametes in the form of ovules and pollen grains. Sinceyou have just learned about the vegetative parts of plants, now is the right time to know thereproductive parts.Flower Try walking along the garden and observe the flowers. What is the most attractivepart that you can see? Is it the petals or the other floral parts? Well, generally speaking,petals are the most attractive of all floral parts, purposely so to attract insects. The flower isthe reproductive organ of a plant that produces the egg and sperm. Sex organs are formedduring the reproductive stage of plant development. In flowering plants, sex cells areproduced in certain floral organs. Look at the diagram on the next page and examine thefloral parts. The male reproductive organ is called the stamen. It is made up of two parts: theanther and filament. The anther produces the pollen, which contains the male sperm cells - 10 -

and the filament that holds or supports the anther up. The female repro-ductive organ is the pistil.Can you locate it from thedrawing? Starting from thetop, it is composed of thefollowing parts: stigma,style, ovary and the ovules.The ovules are equivalent tothe pollen grains of the malereproductive organ. Theyare the sex cells produced inthe ovary. http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/gpe/ case3/c3brief.html What you will do Activity 2.1 Go around and look for a gumamelaflower. Hold the flower and identify thedifferent parts. Do you notice the yellowishportion at the center? It is a group of antherthat contains the pollen. The anther is held upby a structure known as the filament. Antherand filament comprise the stamen. Locate thepistil. It is composed of the stigma, ovaryand style. The red colored part at the centeris the sticky stigma, which receives the pollenduring pollination. It has a tube called thestyle and ends up in the ovary of the plant. Gumamela or Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Flower When a pollen lands on the stigma during the process of fertilization, a tube growsdown the style and enters the ovary. Male sperm cells travel down the tube and join withthe ovule, fertilizing it. The fertilized ovule becomes the seed, and the ovary becomes thefruit.- 11 -

http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/ JPEGs%20CD/0518.JPGFruits Have you tasted an apple? Tomato? Cucumber? What part of the plant are these?These organs are called fruits. A fruit is the ripened ovary of a plant containing the seeds.After fertilization, the ovary swells and becomes either fleshy or hard to protect thedeveloping seeds. Most of the items prepared as vegetables are actually fruits such astomato, cucumber, beans and squash. http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/gpe/case3/c3brief.html Fruits have originated from the ovary of the flower, which means that they areproducts of sexual reproduction. Cut the fruit and check for some hard structures inside.How many do you find inside? These are the fertilized ovules or popularly referred to asseeds. Once seeds germinate, they are capable of growing into another young plant. - 12 -

What you will do Activity 2.2 Let us check if you can identify the different parts of the flower by examining samplespecimens as follows: a. Collect a kalachuchi flower. Do you see the different reproductive structures? What do you notice about the location of the stamen and pistil? b. Visit a flower shop and look for Anthurium. The attractive part of the plant is not the flower but a modified leaf. They vary in color to attract insects. Where are the flowers? Get a magnifying glass and look at the candle - like portion at the end. This represents the inflorescence where the male and female flowers are found. Observe and compare this with a common flower like the gumamela. What you will do Self-Test 2.1Direction. Identify the term (s) being described.__________ 1. The part of the flower where the ovules or egg cells are found__________ 2. A fertilized ovule__________ 3. The part of stamen where the pollen grains are produced__________ 4. It gives support to the anther__________ 5. The sticky part of the pistil where pollen grains land during pollination__________ 6. It refers to the mature ovary__________ 7. The male reproductive organ in plants__________ 8. The female reproductive organ in plants__________ 9. The transfer of pollen grain from the anther to the stigma of the flower__________10. The female sex cell Key to answers on page 20.What a tough job! It really takes time and patience to learn all these things. Remember nopain, no gain! So, continue until all the lessons are finished. Remember, only one lesson isleft. Goodluck! - 13 -

Lesson 3. Seed GerminationNew Plants from Seeds What happens to the fruits and seeds after sometime? Usually, the fruit dries up andthe seeds escape. Some seeds maybe carried to far distances through different agents likewater, wind and man. It may be carried away and grown into another new plant far from theparent. What does a seed look like when it is opened up? Look at the diagram on the nextpage. It shows what the inside of bean and corn seeds look like. Notice that a baby planthas been formed from the embryo. It already has a young root, stem and leaves. The mainpart however, is the stored food or cotyledons. This will be used by the new plant as itstarts to grow. What happens next? If the seed lands on the soil that has moisture and propertemperature, it may germinate. Germination is the growth of a young plant from a seed.Sometimes we use the term sprout. Seeds of plants can remain dormant or inactive for sometime. However, they can beinduced to germinate by supplying the right external factors such as oxygen, water,temperature and light. Oxygen and water supply the needed materials for cellular functionsof the plants. Light supplies the necessary energy the plants need to carry outphotosynthesis. However, some plants need darkness for them to germinate, so they areplanted by farmers deeper in the soil. What you will do Activity 3.1 Soak ten seeds of mongo beans in water for around 3 hours. Observe the size andstructure of the seed. Did you see some cracks on the outer covering, the seed coat?These cracks are caused by the absorption of water by the seeds. Put half of the seeds in atissue paper and cover them with aluminum foil leave the other half on tissue paperunwrapped. Moisten the seeds daily and observe their growth. Be sure that no lightpenetrates the seeds with foil. Which seed germinated first? Which has longer stems? Using the table below,describe the external features (color, thickness etc.) of the plant after 5 days. - 14 -

Number of Wrapped in Without Aluminum Foil Days Aluminum Foil Key to answers on page 20. 2 3 4 5 6 7 The process involved in the above activity is germination. With water, righttemperature and right location (soil), the seed will start to germinate. Every seed is a tiny plant (embryo) with leaves, stems, and root parts waiting togerminate and grow. It is protected by a coat, which could either be thin or thick and hard toprotect the embryo from tough conditions. The seed also contains a short-term food supply called endosperm. This is found inthe plant's cotyledons. Plants with one cotyledon (like corn) are called monocots. If theyhave two cotyledons (like beans), they are called dicots. Seeds are a plant's way of beingdispersed from one place to another.http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/lb4pg12.htm http://www.cin.butte.cc.ca.us/~rslavich/info/ demclass/pls15dem/diagrams/seed_c_3.htm - 15 -

What you will do Activity 3.2 Collect seeds of beans and corn. Soak them in water for around three hours and place them on a moistened tissue paper. Be sure the tissue paper does not dry up. Observe what happens to the seeds daily. Can you make a drawing of the germinating seeds? Do it on a separate sheet of bond paper. Is there a difference between how corn and beans grow? You are almost finished, now: Let’s Summarize 1. Plant parts are grouped into vegetative and reproductive parts. Vegetative parts are involved in asexual reproduction while reproductive parts are involved in sexual reproduction. 2. The plant parts involved in vegetative growth are the roots, stems, and leaves. Those involved in the reproductive growth are the flowers, fruits and seeds. 3. Plants can be classified based on the number of cotyledons, venation and type of roots system. 4. Monocot plants have one cotyledon, while dicots have two cotyledons. 5. Photosynthesis, which is the transformation of solar energy to chemical energy, takes place in the leaves. 6. Roots anchor the plants to the ground, and absorb water and nutrients while stems give support to the plant. 7. Asexual reproduction does not involve the sex cells whereas sexual reproduction takes place in the flower containing the male (stamen) and female (pistil) organs of the plant. 8. After the flowers have been pollinated, they are capable of producing a new structure called the fruit. The fruits contain the seeds, which are responsible in producing a new individual. 9. Given the right environment such as water, temperature and soil or any similar substrate seeds are capable of breaking their dormancy and start to germinate. 10. Germination is the process of producing a new plant having the characteristic of the mother plant.Congratulations for finishing this module! Everything is over except for the Post-Test nextpage. Don’t fail to answer this part of the module. This will check how much you learned. - 16 -

PosttestMultiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on aseparate sheet of paper.1. Which of the following is not a vegetative part of a plant?a. stem c. rootsb. leaves d. flowers2. What kind of root system does monocot plants have?a. tap roots c. modified rootsb. fibrous roots d. adventitious roots3. In what part of the plant does transpiration takes place?a. stem c. rootsb. leaves d. branches4. In which part of the plant do photosynthesis or the production of sugar and release ofoxygen occur?a. roots c. stemb. flowers d. leaves5. In what parts of the plant do the nutrients from the soil enter?a. roots c. stemb. flowers d. leaves6. In what part of the plant can you find the adventitious roots?a. taproot c. radicleb. primary root d. branches7. The vascular bundles are responsible for the distribution of nutrients to all parts of theplant. What makes up the vascular bundle?a. xylem and phloem c. endodermis onlyb. phloem and endodermis d. xylem and endodermis8. What process involves the release of water vapor by the plant?a. osmosis c. evaporationb. plasmolysis d transpiration9. Which of the following does not belong to the plant’s shoot system?a. stem c. rootsb. flowers d. leaves - 17 -

10. What kind of root system does a dicot plant exhibit?a. adventitious root c. modified rootsb. tap root d fibrous root11. Which of the following can be counted to determine the age of a tree?a. diameter of the trunk c. number of branchesb. number of leaves d. annual rings12. What do you call the structures seen traversing through the leaves of the plants?a. blade c. veinsb. lamina d. stomata13. From which of the following do primary roots arise?a. endosperm of seeds c. embryo of seedsb. radicle of seeds d. cotyledon of seeds14. What is the male reproductive part of the flower?a. sepal c. pistilb. petal d. stamen15. What is the female reproductive part of the flower?a. stamen c. petalb. sepal d. pistil16. Which of the following is not found in the pistil?a. filament c. ovaryb. style d. stigma17. From which of the following do seeds originate?a. ovary c. styleb. ovules d. stigma18. What do you call the small openings found in the plants’ leaves?a. lenticels c. stomatab. pores d. none of the above19. Which of the following is needed by seeds in order for them to germinate?a. temperature and pH c. temperature and soilb. water and heat d. water and soil20. What part of the flower produces pollen grains?a. filament c. antherb. ovary d. stigma Key to answers on page 21. - 18 -

Key to AnswersPretest1. d 6. d 11. a 16. c2. b 7. b 12. a 17. d3. d 8. d 13. b 18. c4. c 9. b 14. d 19. a5. b 10. a 15. c 20. aLesson 1Activity 1.1 Common Name of Plant Tap Root Fibrous Root Adventitious RootCogon / /Bermuda grass / /Kawayan / /Ipil-ipil /Sampalok / /Makaiya /Santol /BaleteManggaBayabas1. Tap roots – has well developed primary roots that gives rise to smaller roots or secondary roots Fibrous roots – has more or less the same size of radiating roots Adventitious roots – originates from other parts of the plants such as leaves, stems and branches2. Tap root is capable of supporting taller plants than those having fibrous roots. They are usually deeply rooted and can withstand strong winds.3. Carrot is a primary root. Vegetable is a term used for any plant being utilized as food. Radish is the same as carrot. Both of them are primary roots which are typical characteristics of dicot plants. Sweet potato is a specialized root modified for storage specifically starch.Activity 1.41. There were some colored circular lines formed on the stem and leaves of the plant. - 19 -

2. The change in the color of the plant is attributed to the absorption of nutrients by the plant, in this case, the colored solution. The solution passed through the xylem of the stem to the leaves of the plant.Self-Test 1.11. axillary bud 6. terminal bud 11. leaf2. node 7. flower 12. petiole3. internode 8. peduncle 13. secondary root4. stem 9. axil 14. root hairs5. primary root 10. branchLesson 2Self-Test 2.11. Ovary 6. Fruit2. Seed 7. Stamen3. Anther 8. Pistil4. Filament 9. Pollination5. Stigma 10. EggLesson 3Activity 3.1Possible observations:Number of Wrapped in Without Aluminum Foil Days Aluminum Foil 2 Seeds cracked Seeds cracked 3 Radicle starts to come out of Radicle starts to come out of 4 the cracked seed the cracked seed 5 Radicle continues to elongate Radicle continues to elongate 6 (approx. 0.5 cm) (approx. 0.5 cm) Radicle continues to elongate Radicle continues to elongate 7 (approx. 1 cm) (approx. 0.75 cm) Radicle continues to elongate Radicle continues to elongate (approx. 2 cm); epicotyl (approx. 1.25 cm); epicotyl emerges with a light yellowish emerges with a greenish plumule becoming evident plumule becoming evident Radicle continues to elongate Radicle continues to elongate (approx. 3-4 cm); secondary (approx. 2.5 cm); secondary roots continuously growing; roots continuously growing; epicotyl extends with a light eoucityl extends with dark yellowish plumule approx 2 cm greenish plumule approx. 1 cm - 20 -

Posttest 6. d 11. d 16. a 7. a 12. c 17. b 1. d 8. d 13. b 18. c 2. b 9. c 14. d 19. d 3. b 10. b 15. d 20. c 4. d 5. aReferencesBooks:Balbach, M. and Bliss, L.C. (1991). A laboratory manual for botany. USA: Saunders College PublishingCampbell, N.A. (1996). Biology. (4th Ed.) California: The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.Wong, H.K. and Dolmatz, M.S. (1983). Biology: The key ideas. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.Electronic Sources:http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPLANTANAT.htmlhttp://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/gpe/case3/c3brief.htmlwww.arboretum.fullertonhttp://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/lb4pg12.htmhttp://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/label/plant/)http://www.cin.butte.cc.ca.us/~rslavich/info/demclass/pls15dem/diagrams/seed_c_3.htmhttp://waynesword.palomar.edu/trjuly99.htmhttp://personal.nbnet.nb.ca/trevgall/biology/plant.htmlhttp://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0518.JPG - 21 -

Module 8 The Integumentary and Excretory Systems What this module is about Did you have a nice time learning about the energy producing and distributingsystems? You’ve got to learn more systems to complete your knowledge about the humanbody. Living cells form chemical wastes. One of these wastes is carbon dioxide gas that isexhaled by the lungs. Other organs, such as your skin and kidneys, help in getting rid ofliquid waste materials. In this module, the following lessons are prepared for you.  Lesson 1 – The Integumentary System  Lesson 2 – The Excretory System  Lesson 3 – Problems of the Integumentary and Excretory System What you are expected to learn After finishing this module, you will have a working knowledge of the functions of theintegumentary and urinary systems. Specifically, you are expected to: 1. List the important functions of the integumentary systems. 2. When provided with a model or diagram of the skin, recognize and name the different skin structures. 3. Describe the characteristics and functions of each structure. 4. Describe the location of the kidney in the body. 5. Identify the organs that comprise the excretory system. 6. Name the three major types of body wastes. 7. Explain the function of the kidneys in the excretion of nitrogen-containing wastes. 8. Discuss common problems of the integumentary and excretory systems and ways of keeping them healthy.

How to learn from this module1. Read and follow directions carefully.2. Answer the pretest before you start the lesson.3. Take notes and record points for clarification.4. Try to achieve at least 75% level of proficiency in the tests.5. Work diligently and honestly.6. Answer the posttest honestly.What to do before (Pretest)I. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on aseparate sheet of paper.1. The two major organs that remove chemical waste are the skin and thea. anus c. kidneysb. eyes d. nose2. What layer of the skin prevents evaporation of body fluids?a. dermis c. sebaceousb. epidermis d. subcutaneous3. Which gland helps the body excrete waste and control body temperature?a. dermis c. sebaceousb. epidermis d. subcutaneous4. The organs below are parts of the integumentary system, except:a. hair c. nailsb. kidneys d. skin5. What organs act as filters by removing wastes such as urea from the blood?a. kidneys c. liverb. heart d. lungs6. These are the two major functions of the kidneys: a. bring and carry out blood b. clean blood and remove the chemical waste c. excrete sweat and urine d. excrete waste and control body temperature -2-

7. The process by which a person gets rid of wastes is called a. digestion c. excretion b. circulation d. respiration8. This system is made up of organs that rid the body of liquid wastes. a. circulatory c. excretory b. digestive d. urinary9. The organ where urine passes from the kidneys to the urinary bladder is the a. pelvis c. urethra b. ureter d. urinary bladder10. The main excretory organ of the body is/are the a. skin c. kidneys b. liver d. large intestine11. The microscopic filtering units of the kidneys which remove wastes from the blood arethe a. glomeruli c. medulla b. nephrons d. renal pelvis12. The organ/s which help(s) get rid of carbon dioxide and excess heat in the body is/arethe a. kidneys c. liver b. large intestines d. skin13. The system that helps keep the body fluids at a constant level is the a. excretory c. integumentary b. digestive d. respiratory14. The integumentary system collects chemical wastes and excretes them as a. amino acids c. sweat b. feces d. urine15. The kidneys filter blood and excrete waste as a. carbon dioxide c. sweat b. feces d. urine -3-

II. Try to recall the parts of the skin as numbered below. Key to answers on page 21.Lesson 1. Integumentary system Your body is like a factory, constantly building new materials and producing wasteproducts such as smoke, solid garbage, and dirty water. Waste products must be removedif a factory is to continue operating Your body makes and excretes waste products similar to those in a factory. First,carbon dioxide waste is removed by the respiratory system. Second, the solid waste, orfeces, is excreted by the digestive system. It is the third type of waste that is especiallydangerous to the body--chemical waste products. Most of the body’s chemical wasteproducts come from the chemical reactions of proteins. These waste products containnitrogen. Wastes with nitrogen in them are poisonous and must be removed from the bodyas quickly as possible. What you will do Self-Test 1.1Complete the table below with the correct answer.The Three Major Types of Body Wastes Type Example System usedGaseous wastes _______________ _______________Solid wastes _______________ _______________Chemical wastes _______________ -4-

The two major organs that remove chemical waste are the skin and the kidneys. Theskin is part of the integumentary system while the kidneys are part of the excretory system. 1. Name the three major types of body wastes 2. What kind of wastes result from the chemical reactions of protein? 3. Why must the body remove waste products? 4. Name the two major organs of excretion. To what systems do these organs belong? Key to answers on page 21.Your First Impression When you meet people for the first time, what do you notice? Chances are younotice their appearance. You don’t just see their special features; you also see how theytake care of their skin, hair, nails, and teeth. You may also notice their clothes, facialexpressions, and posture. When others meet you, what impressions do they form aboutyou? Do you make the best impression about yourself?Your Skin Figure 1. The Human Skin http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/skin.html -5-

The skin is the largest and the most visible organ of your body. It measures over19, 000 square centimeters (3,000 square inches). The condition of the skin is an importantpart of your appearance. Do you know how to keep your skin looking its best? If youunderstand the structure and function of the skin, then you can apply the basics of properskin care. Now, take a look at the structure of the skin and its importance. The skin has two main layers sitting on top of a layer of fatty tissue. The outer layeris called the EPIDERMIS. The epidermis forms an outer covering that prevents evaporationof body fluids. The epidermis also protects the body from bacteria and other foreign matter. Under the epidermis is a much thicker layer of cells, the dermis. Located deep in thedermis are the sweat glands. The SWEAT GLANDS help the body excrete waste andcontrol body temperature. The sweat gland collects waste chemicals and mix them with afluid made in the gland. These chemicals are then secreted as SWEAT. Sweat travels up atwisting tube and leaves the body through a pore. The skin, together with its accessory organs, constitutes the integumentary system.It is composed of different types of membranes – the serous membranes, mucousmembranes, the cutaneous membrane and the synovial membranes. It functions as a protective covering, aids in regulating body temperature, housessensory receptor, synthesizes various chemicals, and excretes waste. The skin iscomposed of an epidermis and a dermis, and has a subcutaneous layer beneath. The skin is also called the integument, which means “covering” but it is much morethan external covering. It plays a key role in a number of body processes. It keeps waterand other precious molecules in the body from drying out. It also keeps water likeperspiration out. It is possible for an adult to lose half a liter of water each day through the skin withoutnoticing it. Does this loss of water through the skin help the body? Yes, it does. This water lossis one way for the body to cool itself. You usually sweat more when the weather is warm.Water moving onto the skin from the sweat glands evaporates, which helps lower the body’stemperature. You may not think of your skin as a sense organ. It does, however, have manydifferent kinds of nerve cells that detect changes around the body. Each nerve cell detectsa different condition. The nerve cells detect pain, pressure, touch, heat and cold. Note thatmost nerve cells are found in the dermis. Only nerve cells that detect pain are found in boththe epidermis and the dermis. Like messages from other sense organs, messages from the nerve cells in the skinalso travel to the brain. There they are decoded as hot, cold, pain, pressure or touch -6-

messages. The sense of touch is located on the skin. Many nerves end at the skin. The skin provides people with information about their surroundings. The skin, hair,and nails make up the integumentary system. Try this: Look at your forefinger. It will show you the marvelous wonders in your body. Notice the flawless skin that covers it. What is found at its tip? Observe the hard structure, the fingernails. Your forefinger is a part of your hand where tiny hair grows out of the skin. Touch your forefinger. Feel its hardness. Bend it and straighten it.Parts and Functions The skin proper is composed of two main layers-the outer layer, called epidermis (anoutermost protective tissue), and an inner layer or dermis which is thicker subcutaneousregion, made up of fatty tissues. The dermis provides insulation and supports reserve ofcalories in times of need. Both the epidermis and the dermis alert us to tissue injuries, andmake us feel the cold air and feel a hug. Look at the cross section of the skin in Figure 1. Study it carefully and analyze itsparts. Can you relate these parts to the functions mentioned earlier? Exposure of the skin to sunlight stimulates the production of more melanin pigmentwhich results in a tan. The melanin has a protective effect but excessive sun exposuredamages the skin, causing leathery skin or worse, skin cancer.The Epidermis The epidermis is the outer skin layer. The skin’s surface has many ridges andvalleys. The ridges are called papillae. The eye can detect small openings in the skinsurface called the pores. A pigment called melanin is made in the inner layer of theepidermis.The Dermis The dermis connects the epidermis to the underlying tissues. It is composed largelyof nerve endings, blood vessels and muscle fibers. Oil glands and sweat glands are foundin the dermis. The sebaceous glands found around the hair shafts secrete oil known assebum. Sebaceous glands are found almost everywhere on the surface of the body excepton the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. Sebum moves up through the ductaround the hair shaft and out of the pore at the surface the skin. It coats and lubricates the -7-

carotene layer of the epidermis and makes the skin more waterproof. It also helps preventwater loss from the body. Cone-like elevations on the surface of the dermis, or papillae, arethe structures that are responsible for fingerprints. Elastic fibers in the dermis allow for extensibility and elasticity of the skin. There areconsiderably more elastic fibers in the dermis of the youth than an elderly person. This factand the disappearance of fat from the subcutaneous layer result in the characteristicwrinkled appearance of the skin in elderly people.The Subcutaneous layer The deepest of the skin layer is the subcutaneous. It supplies fat to our body. Itinsulates the body against heat and cold and also acts as an inner cushion to protect thebody against injuries. What you will do Activity 1.2 Do you eat pork chop? Which part do you eat? What do you notice about the outercovering? Is it tough? Why it is so? Now, look at the diagram of the human skin andcompare its layers to those in the pork chop. Are there similarities? The hair and nails are structures related to the skin. Both are made of keratin andgrow from the epidermal layer of skin.Hair Hair is a special structure of the skin. Look at the structure of the hair on the nextpage. Hair is formed by epidermal cells that line a pocket called follicle, which lies deepwithin the dermis. The outside layer of the hair and the skin are both composed oftransparent keratin cells. If you look at Figure 1, you will see these cells overlap like scaleson a fish. When these cells lie flat, they reflect light, giving hair its shine. The melaninpigments give hair as well as skin its color. Whether hair is curly or straight depends on theangle of the hair follicle and the shape of the hair shaft. Curly hair has a flat shaft; straighthair has a round one. Hair fullness depends on the number of shafts and the diameter ofeach one. Hair is present on most of the skin surfaces. However, it is most abundant on thescalp. The hair grows from a follicle deep in the dermis. Because the hair that you see isnot a living tissue, cutting or shaving the hair has no effect on its growth. -8-

Figure 2. Parts of the Hair http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/skin.htmlNails The nail is another special structure of the skin. To give you a clear idea of how thenail looks like see the illustration below. The hard part of the nail is made of skin tissue.The nail grows from the epidermal cells below it. The skin around the nail forms a hardenedmargin called the cuticle. Figure 3. The Parts of a Nail http//www.sirinet.ml/~jgjohnso/biologyII.html Fingernails and toenails protect the distal parts of your fingers and toes. The nailsare most firmly attached to the base of the nail. This crescent-shaped area is called thelunula. -9-

Teeth Your teeth play an obvious role in appearance. They also have important functions.Teeth are helpful for clear speech. Certain sounds cannot be pronounced without the frontteeth. Teeth are also important for grinding food into small particles.What you will doSelf-Test 1.2Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on aseparate sheet of paper.1. The waste that comes out of our skin after playing hard isa. carbon dioxide c. perspirationb. feces d. urine2. When we get wet by the rain, we find droplets of rainwater on our skin. This effect ismade possible by this gland.a. oil c. subcutaneousb. sebaceous d. sweat3. Which of the following is an important function of the evaporation of perspiration in ourbody?a. responds to body temperature c. responds to sensation to touchb. responds to pressure d. responds to various stimuli4. When you cut your nails you don’t feel pain. This shows that it isa. attached to the skin c. a part of the skinb. a dead cell d. a living cell5. When you pull a strand of your hair from your head it is painful. Why? a. The dead part of the hair is found at its tip. b. Hair strand secretes oil. c. Layers of new hair cells are being pulled d. Nerve endings and capillaries are part of the base of the hair. Key to answers on page 22. - 10 -

Lesson 2. The Excretory System Your blood contains many different chemical wastes. Wastes are chemicals that arenot needed and maybe harmful. If wastes were not removed from the body, the tissuescould fill with poisonous waste products. The wastes could destroy cells and tissues.Fever, poisoning, or even death can result from wastes building up in the tissue. Wastes are either made by your body cells or are taken into your body as part of yourdiet. Getting rid of liquid waste is the job of the urinary system. A urinary system is madeup of those organs that rid the body of liquid waste. Urea is a waste that results from the breakdown of body protein. It is poisonous andmust be removed from the body. Urea is picked up by the blood and carried to the kidneys.The kidneys are the most important organs of the urinary system. The kidneys lie in the small of the back, one on each side of the vertebrae. Eachkidney is shaped like a kidney bean. Each kidney is about 10 cm long, 6 cm wide, 2.5 cmthick and has a mass of about 225 grams. Attached to the kidneys are three tubes - the renal artery, the renal vein, and theureter. The renal arteries bring blood to the kidneys and the renal veins take it away. The kidneys clean the blood by removing waste chemicals. These waste chemicalsare carried out of the kidneys by the ureter and stored in the bladder as urine. Thus, thefunction of the kidneys is to clean the blood. The kidneys undertake the followingprocedures during the cleansing of blood. 1. Blood carrying wastes moves through the body’s arteries. 2. Small arteries carry the blood to be filtered into each kidney. 3. The kidneys filter the blood. 4. Blood leaves the kidneys through a vein. The blood is now free of wastes. 5. These veins connect to large veins in the body bringing clean blood to all body parts. 6. Wastes leave the kidneys through the ureters. 7. The urinary bladder is a sac that stores wastes removed from the kidneys. 8. The urethra is a tube that carries wastes from the urinary bladder outside the body. - 11 -

Figure 4. The Urinary System http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/urinary.html The urinary system shown above is composed of two kidneys, one urinary bladder,two tubes called ureters, and another tube called the urethra. You probably know that the kidneys filter blood, so it is no surprise that there are acouple of blood vessels attached directly to each kidney. The full names of these bloodvessels are the renal artery and the renal vein. Three of the four major metabolic wastes produced by the body are filtered from theblood by the kidneys. Any idea which ones? They are water, salts, and urea (the fourth,carbon dioxide, is excreted by the lungs, remember?). These are the same three wastes that sweat glands filter and excrete. So, sweat andurine are made basically from the same ingredients (except in different concentrations). Microscopic filtering units in the kidneys called NEPHRONS (Figure 5) removewastes from the blood. There are approximately one million nephrons in each kidney. Thekidneys take all of the blood out of the bloodstream, clean it and then return it to thebloodstream minus the waste products. - 12 -

Figure 5. The Nephron http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/urinary.html Your kidneys clean all the blood in your body every thirty minutes. In one day thattotals 200 liters of blood, from which 2 liters of urine are produced. Without your kidneys,you would poison yourself rapidly. A large amount of the water your body needs comes from the foods you eat and theliquids you drink. Water is lost through the skin as perspiration, from the lungs in exhaling,from the kidneys as urine, and from the large intestine in feces. Therefore, adequate fluidintake, at least eight or ten glasses a day, everyday, is necessary. Did you notice that cold weather and nervous tension promote urine flow? Theamount of urine flow also varies with how much fluid you drink. Some substances calleddiuretics stimulate urine flow. Caffeine and alcohol are examples of diuretics. What you will do Self-Test 2.1Answer the following questions: 1. Where are the kidneys located? 2. Name the three tubes attached to the kidneys and tell what flows through each. 3. Where are the wastes from the kidneys stored and in what form are they stored? - 13 -

4. What is the function of the kidneys? 5. How do the excretory system and the integumentary system work together? Key to answers on page 22.Excretion through the Lungs Although the lungs are part of the respiratory system, they also rid the body ofwastes. They help in getting rid of unneeded carbon dioxide. Lungs also help in ridding thebody of water and excess heat. You lose water each time you breathe out. If you exhale ona cold day, the “breath” you can see is water from your lungs forming in the air.Excretion through the Large Intestine The colon or large intestine is about 1.5 to 1.8 meters (5 to 6 ft.) long and 5centimeters (2 inches) in diameter. Indigestible matter or wastes enter it from the smallintestine in a watery mixture and spends about 4 hours here. When the contents enter therectum, they have become nearly solid because of water absorption. The feces in therectum are held by sphincter muscle until they are discharged through the anus.Excretion and homeostasis The main function of the integumentary and excretory system is to excrete waste.The integumentary system does it by excreting sweat, and the excretory system does it byexcreting urine. The integumentary and the excretory system also help the body to maintainhomeostasis. The word homeostasis comes from the Greek word homoio, which means“the same” or “constant”. The integumentary system and the excretory system each help the body to maintainhomeostasis in a different way. The integumentary system helps keep the body at aconstant temperature. The excretory system helps keep the body fluids at a constant level. In summary, the integumentary and excretory systems help the body maintain certainactivities at a constant level, or at, homeostasis. - 14 -

What you will do Self-Test 2.21. Define homeostasis.2. Name one way by which the integumentary system helps the body maintain homeostasis.3. Name one way by which the excretory system helps the body maintain homeostasis. Key to answers on page 22.Before we end this module, remember that:INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Collects chemical wastes and excretes sweat.EXCRETORY SYSTEM The KIDNEYS filter blood and excrete wastes as URINE.Lesson 3. Problems of the Integumentary and Excretory SystemsProblems of the Integumentary System There are problems of the skin you should be familiar with. Many of these diseasesare of unknown origin and as a result treatment is done only to relieve the symptoms.Fortunately, although the disease of the integumentary system causes discomfort, most ofthem are self-limiting. One of the most common symptoms associated with diseases of the skin is itching.Excessive warmth, rough fabrics and emotional stress add more to itching. Itching is morenoticeable at night, probably because you are not preoccupied with something else. Are you bothered by skin problems? Skin problems are among the most commoncomplaints of teenagers and adults like you. Proper care can help correct various skinproblems. - 15 -

Have you experienced having acne? If so, at what age did this occur? What did youdo to overcome the problem? Acne. It is one of the most common problems of the integumentary system. Thisoccurs during adolescence and usually it is self-limiting. It will disappear in the late teens orearly twenties. However, 8-10 years is a long time for a young person who longs to beattractive and popular to endure the pimples and blackheads of acne. During adolescence,sex glands increase the secretion of hormones, which produce many body changes. Thereis a noticeable growth spurt and an increase in body hair. A child’s figure changes into thatof an adult. At the same time, these hormones stimulate the oil glands to produce moresebum. This extra oil causes the acne problem. Frequent and thorough washing of the affected areas with a mild soap is helpfulbecause it helps reduce oiliness and the number of bacteria causing the infections on theskin. Have you seen white flakes coming out of the scalp of some people while brushingtheir hair? These are called dandruff. Dandruff. Dandruff or white flakes on the head is characterized by oily scalp, itchingand irritation. If one has dandruff, this may cause the premature loss of hair. Dandruff canbe lessened through frequent shampooing (two or three times a week), brushing the hairand massaging the scalp. Lice (pediculosis). Also attached to the hair of some persons are nits and head lice.Lice and nits are carried easily from one person to another through direct body contact orthrough the use of infected articles, such as clothes, blankets and combs. Specialshampoos must be applied to kill the lice. Fine combs can also be used to pull nits off thehair. Ringworm. This is caused by skin fungus. Its name comes from the distinct, raisedcircular areas that characterize the infection. These areas are caused by a fungus growth inthe scalp tissues. As the fungus spreads, spotty and ragged bald spots appear on thescalp. Ringworm can also infect the face, neck, and other areas. Scratching the infectedarea generally spreads the infection. Washing with soap and water and then thoroughlydrying the area also prevents the growth of ringworms. Do you know why the exchange of items that make contact with the head like scarf’sand combs are not allowed in some establishments? This is because they would like toprevent the spread of ringworm which is a contagious scalp infection. Eczema. It is characterized by vesicles (blister) on reddened itchy skin. The blistersburst and white fluid comes out of them; crusts form later from the dried fluid. This is usuallyaggravated by emotional stress. Starch baths may relieve some of the symptoms. Warts. Warts appear as raised growths on the skin. Warts are caused by a virusthat can be picked up anywhere. Warts can grow anywhere but are most common on the - 16 -

face and hands. Warts can spread from one person to another, or from one area to anotheron the same person’s body. Prickly Heat. It is a rash of bright red pimples usually contracted during hot weather.The discomfort of prickly heat may be relieved by cool baths using mild soap. The personshould apply a light coat of starch powder. Many babies suffer from prickly heat during the summer months when the weather ishot. Athlete’s Foot. It is caused by a fungus infection. This affects the skin between thetoes; the skin is red, cracked and sore. The infectious may spread to other parts of the feet,the hands, axillae and the groin. Because it is infectious, care must be taken to avoidtransmission from one person to another by means of contaminated towels and other toiletarticles. This disease is common among athletes who do not wear footwears when playing.Also, laundry women are affected by said disease. Corns and Calluses. They are usually the result of friction caused by poorly fittedshoes. Corns are hard, raised areas that are often painful. Calluses are flat, thickenedpatches. The only effective treatment is to relieve the pressure of friction. Rubbing creammay soften the areas. What you will do Activity 3.1 Survey on Skin Diseases Using your knowledge about the nature of the different skin diseases, conduct a minisurvey among l5 people and find out if they have any one of these skin diseases. Recordyour findings on a piece of paper and ask them how they solve their respective problems.Excretory Problems The kidneys may become diseased. They are often damaged if a person has highblood pressure. Another cause of damage may be kidney infection caused by bacteria. Humans are rather lucky in that they can live with only one kidney. Thus, if onekidney is damaged, you still have one to help with the excretion. But what happens whenboth kidneys are damaged? In cases like this, a kidney transplant may be undertaken. Some of the most common disorders of the urinary system are urinary tractinfections, kidney obstructions, kidney stones, and strictures. Kidney obstructions may becaused by tumors, cysts, and stones. If this is not corrected it can damage the kidney. - 17 -

Calculi or Kidney Stones. Kidney stones develop from various minerals likecalcium compounds and nitrogen-containing waste products that are present in the food youeat. The stone can be small and numerous like gravel. Small stones can pass through theureter to the bladder. This usually causes extreme pain across the back, down the ureterand into the thigh. When the ureter is completely blocked by a large stone it causes urine toback up into the kidney. If the stone is not removed or dissolved, it can lead to completedestruction of the kidney. Stone formation is caused by any condition that leads to theformation of salts in urine. Urinary Tract Infections. The urinary bladder can be infected by bacteria enteringthe urethra. Some symptoms are frequent and painful elimination of small amounts of urinecontaining pus, pain over the lower abdomen, fever and chills. Bladder infections are morecommon among women than among men. This is due to a shorter urethra, which providesless protection for the bladder against bacteria. Strictures. These are bands of fibrous tissue that reduce the circumference ofthe urethra or ureter. They may be caused by infection or trauma. Have you experiencedburning sensation while urinating, a slow stream of urine, frequency of urination or difficultyremoving? If so, these are some of the symptoms. Are you fond of eating salty foods? Do you often use “patis”? These practices leadto stone formation. Others are prolonged bed rest or inactivity. Drinking plenty of water and other juices, exercise and avoiding salty foods will helpmaintain a healthy urinary system. Challenge! Do you drink buko juice? Did you notice how often you urinate after drinking buko juice? This frequent urination helps clean your kidneys. Can you think of other ways by which you can clean the kidneys? Let’s Summarize 1. Most of the chemical waste products come from the processing of proteins. 2. Excretion is the process by which a person gets rid of wastes. 3. The major organs that excrete chemical wastes are the skin and the kidneys. 4. Some functions of the skin are to excrete chemical wastes, maintain fluid balance, maintain a constant temperature, and provide the brain with information. 5. The sweat glands help excrete waste chemicals and control body temperature. 6. The kidneys clean the blood. - 18 -

7. The kidneys are the main excretory organs of the body.8. Microscopic filtering units in the kidneys, called nephrons, remove waste from the blood.9. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and excrete its urine.10. The functions of the integumentary and excretory systems are to excrete waste and help maintain homeostasis.11. Acne, dandruff, eczema, prickly heat, athlete’s foot, corns and calluses, and ringworm are some of the common problems of the skin.12. Some excretory problems are kidney obstructions, stones, strictures and cystitis.PosttestMultiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on aseparate sheet of paper.1. The excretory organ that eliminates carbon dioxide is/are thea. large intestine c. lungsb. liver d. skin2. The main excretory organ of the body is/are thea. kidneys c. lungsb. large intestine d. skin3. The amount of blood that is filtered by the kidneys each day isa. 100 liters c. 300 litersb. 200 liters d. 400 liters4. About how many liters of urine is produced by the kidneys if 200 liters of blood isfiltered?a. 2 c. 4b. 3 d. 55. All of the organs below make up the integumentary system except:a. hair c. skinb. kidneys d. toe nails6. The true location of the kidney is c. one on each side of the ribs a. one on each side of the hips d. one on each side of the vertebrae b. one on each side of the pelvis7. Two of the body wastes below are classified as chemical wastes. These area. feces and carbon dioxide c. sweat and urineb. sweat and carbon dioxide d. urine and carbon dioxide - 19 -

8. The organ that removes solid waste is/are thea. large intestine c. lungsb. liver d. skin9. The gaseous waste expelled by the lungs isa. carbon dioxide c. nitrogenb. hydrogen d. oxygen10. All of these are body wastes except: c. perspiration a. carbon dioxide d. urine b. garbage11. Sweat leaves the human body through c. pore a. dead cell d. wound b. hair12. Which organ serves as storage of urine? c. ureter a. renal artery d. urinary bladder b. renal vein13. What organ serves both as an excretory as well as a reproductive organ?c. renal artery c. urethrad. ureter d. urinary bladder14. What do you call the removal of wastes in the body?a. breathing c. excretionb. defecation d. micturation15. The kidneys clean the blood in the body once every __________.a. 20 min. c. 40 min.b. 30 min. d. 50 min.16. Homeostasis is a function of both the integumentary and excretory systems. The integumentary do this by: a. keeping the body at a constant temperature b. keeping the body fluids at a constant level c. keeping the body from harm d. keeping the body healthy17. What are the main functions of both the integumentary and excretory system? a. absorb waste and maintain homeostasis b. excrete wastes and maintain homeostasis c. provide brain information d. maintain body’s balance - 20 -

18. The inner layer of the skin is the c. sebaceous a. dermis d. subcutaneous b. epidermis19. On which layer do we find cone like elevations responsible for fingerprints?a. dermis c. sebaceousb. epidermis d. subcutaneous20. Which of these protects us from harm and contains nerve endings that respond todifferent sensations?a. large intestine c. lungsb. liver d. skin Key to answers on page 22. Key to AnswersPretestI. II. 1. hair1. c 6. b 11. b 2. nerves 3. epidermis2. b 7. c 12. d 4. dermis 5. subcutaneous layer3. a 8. d 13. a System used4. b 9. b 14. c respiratory5. a 10. c 15. d digestive excretoryLesson 1Self-Test 1.1 Type Example Gaseous wastes carbon dioxide Solid wastes feces Chemical wastes nitrogen1. gaseous, solid , chemical2. nitrogen3. they are poisonous4. skin, kidneys – integumentary, urinary - 21 -

Self-Test 1.21. c2. a3. a4. b5. dLesson 2Self-Test 2.11. on each side of the vertebrae.2. 2 ureters, urethra - urine3. urinary bladder, liquid4. blood is cleanse and waste chemicals are removed.5. maintain homeostasis.Self-Test 2.21. Constant or the same.2. Integumentary system keeps the body at constant temperature.3. Excretory system keeps the body fluids at constant level.Post-Test1. c 6. d 11. c 16. a2. a 7. c 12. d 17. b3. b 8. a 13. c 18. a4. a 9. a 14. c 19. a5. b 10. b 15. b 20. dReferencesBooks:Daniel, L. (1994). Life science. Westerville, OH: Merill Publishing Co., Mcmillan/McGraw- Hill.Grabowski, T. (2003). Principles of anatomy and physiology. NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. - 22 -

Holo, W. (1984). Human anatomy and physiology. (3rd Ed.) Dubuque, Iowa: W. C. Brown Publishers.Hopson, J.L. & Wessells, N.K. (1990). Essentials of biology. USA: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.Kaskel, A., Hummer, P.J. & Daniel, L. (1981). Biology on everyday experience. USA: Merill Publishing Co.Mariele, E.N. (1998). Essentials of human anatomy and psychology. (3rd Ed.) USA: Addison- Wesley Longman, Inc.Payne, H. (1995). Understanding your health. St Louis, Missouiri: Mosby Publishing Company.Pikering, W.H. (2000). Complete biology. New York: Oxford University PressWong, H.K. & Dolmatz, S. (1986). Biology: The key ideas. New Jersey: Prentice – Hall, Inc. Eaglewood Cliffs.Electronic Sources:Retrieved January 10, 2005 htttp//www4.tpgi.com.au/users/amcgann/body/htmlRetrieved January 10, 2005 from http//www.innerbody.comRetrieved January 10, 2005 from http/www.bartleby.comRetrieved January 10, 2005 from http//www.sirinet.ml/~jgjohnso/biologyII. - 23 -