Science 4

IVSCIENCE

Module 1 Physics: The Basic Science What this module is about The study of science has two branches namely, the life sciences and the physicalsciences. The life sciences include biology, zoology and botany. The physical sciencesbranch into areas such as geology, astronomy, chemistry and physics. However, physics ismore than part of physical sciences because it does not only deal with matter and energybut it also deals with the other basic concepts like motion, forces, heat, sound, light,electricity, magnetism and the composition of atoms. Science has different fields and yet physics is considered the basic science. Why doyou think so? How does physics help improve our lives? How does physics help produce thedifferent technologies that are introduced in society? How do physicists come up with theprinciples, theories, laws, and inventions, which are instrumental in providing the comforts oflife? Do you want to be clarified on these questions? Then read and work on the activitiespresented in this module. Module 1 includes the following lessons:  Lesson 1 - Nature of Physics  Lesson 2 - Physics Connections: Technology and Society  Lesson 3 - The Physicists: Their Role in Society  Lesson 4 - Thinking Physics: The Scientific Method What you are expected to learn After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. describe the nature of physics and explain its relationship to other sciences; 2. relate physics to technology and society; 3. give some contributions of physicists and technologists; 4. use the scientific method to solve problems; 5. perform the activities systematically; and 6. appreciate the roles of physics in the modern world. 1

How to learn from this module Below are guidelines for you in going about the module:1. Read and follow instructions very carefully.2. Answer the pre-test to determine how much you already know about the lessons in this module.3. Check your answers against the given answer key at the end of this module.4. Read each lesson and do the activities that are provided for you.5. Perform all the activities diligently to help you understand the topic.6. Take the self-test after each lesson to determine how much you understand the topic.7. Answer the posttest to measure how much you have gained from the lessons. Good luck and have fun!What to do before (Pretest)A. Select and write in a separate sheet of paper the letter of the best answer.1. All of the following are physical sciences excepta. physics c. botanyb. chemistry d. astronomy2. Which of the statements below is a scientific hypothesis?a. Seawater is denser than freshwaterb. Physics is the study of matter and energy.c. Atoms are the smallest particles of matter.d. Albert Einstein is the greatest physicist of the twentieth century.3. Which step in the scientific method involves giving a tentative answer to the problem?a. interpreting data c. predictingb. formulating hypothesis d. experimenting 2

4. Which of the following is a positive impact of technology on society?a. pollutes the air c. alters natureb. improves industry d. changes the values of man5. Suppose you performed an experiment on specific heat of metals but you forgot to record the initial temperature of the metal. Which of the following ways of action would you take?a. Present data that are not based on the experiment.b. Start over again as soon as you realize your mistake.c. Copy the data of the other groups who worked on the same activity.d. Continue with the experiment to see if the mistake makes any difference.6. Which of the following is the application of science?a. law c. technologyb. theory d. principle7. To avoid accidents in performing a laboratory activity, you shoulda. ignore the scientific method.b. follow precautionary measures.c. talk with your friends as you work.d. skip the procedures that require the use of breakable materials.8. All of the following statements describe science EXCEPT one. Which is it?a. It is a logical way of thinking.b. It seeks to discover the truth about events.c. It is a body of knowledge that could not be questioned.d. It is a search for order in many different areas on nature.Below are the processes of the scientific method. Arrange these steps chronologically from numbers 9-15. a. make predictions b. formulate hypothesis c. identify and state the problem d. accept hypothesis or theory conditionally e. gather observations, facts, and data f. test predictions by experiments g. pass all tests / fail all tests completely or partially 3

9. 12. 15. 10. 13. 11. 14. B. Classify whether each item represents technology or pure science. 16. improvised Boyle’s Law apparatus 17. improved procedure on determining the relative density of solids 18. the density of water is 1 g/cc 19. devices for measuring length 20. mass is the quantity of matter Key to answers on page 19Lesson 1 Nature of Physics As mentioned in the early part of this module, physics falls under physical sciencesand it is more than just a body of laws and facts. It deals with motion, forces, energy, heat,sound, light, electricity and magnetism, and the composition of atoms. Physics is a uniqueactivity of each physicist. It is a continuing activity that sometimes leads to discovery. Itdiscusses the basic nature of matter and the various ways by which different forms of matterinteract with one another. Another form of study, which falls under physical science, is chemistry. It is a branchof science, which deals with how matter is put together, to make up the different things thatare around us. On the other hand, biology is a life science, which deals with livingorganisms. The interrelationship between physics and biology has given birth to a new fieldof study known as biophysics. Similarly, the interrelationship between biology and chemistryhas led to the emergence of biochemistry. The ideas of physics are basic to these fields ofsciences, that is why physics is considered the most basic science, which simply means thatyou can understand other sciences better if you understand physics. In addition, physics helps us develop the different traits of scientists. Theexperiments conducted in physics could provide students not only with the needed skills inoperating laboratory equipment but also with the discipline to work systematically. Finally, the principles and laws of physics have practical applications in the home,transportation, industry, in communication, in amusements and many others. 4

What you will do Activity 1.1 Below are examples of technology that operate on the principles, laws and theories ofphysics. Identify which of them have practical applications in the following areas: home,transportation, industry, communication and information technology, and amusement.Technology Area of ApplicationEx. 1. videoke amusement 2. car _______________ 3. computer _______________ 4. fax machine _______________ 5. light-rail transit system (LRT) _______________ 6. refrigerator _______________ 7. generator _______________ 8. TV sets _______________ 9. fluorescent lamps _______________ 10. air conditioning units _______________ Key to answers on page 20 What you will do Self-Test 1.11. What is physics?2. Why is physics considered the basic science?3. What field of study links physics to biology?4. How does physics relate to chemistry? Key to answers on page 20 5

Lesson 2 Physics Connections: Technology and Society We could not deny the fact that we live in a technological society and we livecomfortably because of these products of science. All these technologies were madepossible by breakthroughs in scientific research. But what is the difference between scienceand technology? Science is a body of systematized knowledge, which is based onobservations, tests and experiments while technology is an applied science. This meansthat if science ideas are put into practice, then that is technology, which could be a gadget,an instrument, an appliance, or an improved procedure made on the existing product. Knowledge of physics helps us understand our environment. Many of the things wedo right at home involve physics. Say for example, knowledge of heat and thermodynamicsimproves our understanding of the process of cooking and ironing clothes. How do you thinkthe introduction of pressure cooker in the market affect society and what physics principle isapplied in the operation of the pressure cooker? A pressure cooker allows us to cook food ata shorter time. This technology has a tight-fitting lid that does not allow steam to escape. Asvapor builds up inside the pressure cooker, pressure on the surface of the liquid is increasedand this results to an increase in the boiling point of water. The increased temperature ofwater cooks food faster.What you will do Activity 2.1Fill out the table below to show the connection of physics to technology and society. Physics Concepts Technology SocietyEx. Radiowaves, cellphone Use as means of communication Electronics thermos car 2. _______________1. _______________ 4. _______________3. _______________ meterstick 6. _______________5. _______________ Key to answers on page 20 6

What you will do Self-Test 2.1 Identify which of the following represents pure science and which are technologies. 1. light travels in a straight line 2. acceleration is the rate of change in velocity 3. construction of hydroelectric power plant 4. the speed of sound is 331.5 m/s at 00 C 5. developing colored pictures Key to answers on page 20Physics Appreciation Knowledge of physics helps us understand our environment. You cannot dissociateyourself from the world of physics. As even the simple activities we do at home involvephysics. Say for example, we apply the knowledge on heat and thermodynamics inunderstanding the process of cooking, ironing clothes, boiling water, and ice making. Outside our home, all the activities that we do involve the application of physicsprinciples such as the concept of motion in running an automobile, electricity in theoperation of light-rail transit, the coefficient of expansion and pressure in the construction ofbridges and dams, Bernoulli’s principle in flying an airplane, and the concept of energytransformation in the roller coaster, radio, television, and other means of modern daycommunication. An understanding of physics is needed in the study of other subject areas likebiophysics, chemical physics, and astrophysics. Physics helps an individual develop scientific attitudes and solve problemsystematically. The experiments in physics provide students the needed practice and training in themanipulation of instruments, which serve as basis for operating more complicated machineslike computers. One who is skillful in the field of physics can either be a physics teacher, a laboratorytechnician, a mechanic, a meteorologist, an engineer, or a science researcher. 7

Thus, the principles and laws of physics are applied practically in all our activities.Physics is applied in the home, in transportation, communication, amusement, sports, andindustry. Everything you see, hear or feel has links with physics. What you will do Activity 2.2 Cut some pictures from newspapers and magazines, which show applications ofphysics. Discuss each picture briefly. Key to answers on page 21What you will do Self-Test 2.2 Classify whether the following technologies/events/processes of physics apply to thehome, transportation, industry, sports, amusement or communication.Technology / Process / Event Area1. boat transportation2. gym ____________3. hydroelectric power plant ____________4. radio ____________5. melting ____________ Key to answers on page 21 8

Lesson 3 The Physicists: Their Role in Society Do you want to know who are the people behind the development of physics? Whatdo you think are the different traits these people exhibit while working on theirinventions/discoveries? The succeeding discussion will give you answers to these queries. 1. He studied the behavior of falling bodies and formulated laws covering the behavior of these objects. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)2. He discovered that the planets move in an elliptical orbit. The laws of Kepler are used in calculating the flight paths of today’s space vehicle. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)3. He formulated Boyle’s law, which states that at constant temperature the volume of gas is inversely proportional to pressure. Robert Boyle (1627-1691)4. He formulated the laws of motion and the universal law of gravitation.5. He is noted for his experiments on Sir Isaac Newton electricity. His renowned kite experiment to (1642-1727) study lightning led him to the invention of the lightning rod. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) 9

6. His invention was the generator, which Michael Faraday worked on the principle that magnets can be (1791-1867) used to produce electric current.7. He worked on electromagnetism and made important contributions to the development of the kinetic theory of gases.8. He discovered x-rays in 1895. Studies on James Maxwell radioactivity led to the development of (1831-1870) nuclear physics. Wilhelm Roentgen9. He discovered radioactivity in 1896. Just like (1845-1923) Roentgen’s discovery, his study led to the development of nuclear physics.10. A German physicist who formulated the Henri Becquerel quantum theory, which is the basis of (1851-1908) quantum mechanics. Max Planck (1858-1947)10

11. He formulated the theory of relativity and his famous equation, E = mc2. Albert Einstein (1879-1955)Getting to know our Filipino scientists1. Arturo Alcaraz was responsible for the discovery of geothermal energy in the country.2. Melecio Magno worked as an atmospheric physicist. He studied how the principles of physics are applied to the study of weather elements. Further, he explained how the laws of thermodynamics explain the different phase changes.3. Christopher Bernido provided the rationale for the unification of the four fundamental interactions of elementary particles.4. Henry Ramos is famous for his first plasma experimental device, which can produce gases that can be manipulated for the generation of energy.5. Benjamin Almeda is known as the Thomas Edison of the Philippines. He invented the automatic cooler and the electric grinder.6. Gregorio Zara is the inventor of an aircraft engine using alcohol as fuel with an airplane propeller that is made of local materials. He also invented the video telephone.7. Aluminada dela Rosa conducted a study on the use of agriculture cellulose waste materials for energy production. Her study won her the third prize in the 1982 NSTA- DOST most outstanding research award.8. Linda Posadas researched on the applications of lasers in communications, medicine, defense, architecture, space, science and entertainment. Do you want to be one of these physicists/scientists? Do you ever know that thesuccess of science has more to do with the attitudes common to scientists? What do youthink are these traits? These scientific attitudes are as follows.• Curiosity A scientist is a curious person. He/She asks questions as to the causes of some events, which are not yet known; he/she keeps on reading to find information. 11

• Open-mindedness A scientist is an open-minded person who considers suggestions and accepts criticism, shares ideas with others, and considers several possibilities when investigating a problem.• Questioning Attitude A scientist questions the inconsistencies in statements and conclusions, and makes decisions after collecting all-important facts. Also, a scientist challenges the validity of unsupported statements.• Respect for Evidence A scientist is one who checks consistency of observations, considers and evaluates ideas presented by others, and consults available data before drawing a conclusion.• Believing in Cause-and-Effect A scientist believes that for every effect there is aRelationship corresponding cause and accepts a statement as fact only if supported by evidence.• Honesty A scientist reports the data truthfully, gives comments as situations demand, and acknowledges the work done by others.• Humility A scientist shows awareness of one’s shortcomings and indicates willingness to ask help from someone who can assist him/her.• Patience and Determination A scientist carries out investigations in spite of limited time, keeps working in spite of several failures, and remains firm even in the face of criticisms.• Resourcefulness and CreativityA scientist makes optimum use of equipment and suggests substitutes for material that are not available in the school or in the community.• Intellectual Responsibility A scientist performs assigned tasks dutifully, shows willingness to do extra work if necessary, and accepts failures if any are made during an investigation. Try to develop the above scientific attitudes and who knows you will be the AlbertEinstein of the Philippines someday. 12

What you will do Activity 3.1Match column A with column B.A. Scientists B. Contributions1. Sir Isaac Newton a. Invented the lightning rod2. Albert Einstein b. Law of universal gravitation3. Michael Faraday c. PV = K4. Robert Boyle d. E = mc25. Galileo Galilei e. Invented the generator6. Henry Ramos f. Plasma experiment device7. Linda Posadas g. Thomas Edison of the Philippines8. Gregorio Zara h. Discovered geothermal energy in the Philippines9. Benjamin Almeda i. Inventor of aircraft engine10. Arturo Alcaraz j. Research on applications of laser k. Studied the behavior of falling bodies Key to answers on page 21 What you will do Self-Test 3.1 Write the letter of the best answer for numbers 1-2.1. A student demonstrates honesty when he a. recognizes conclusions as tentative. b. looks for inconsistencies in statements. c. reports the data truthfully. d. challenges the validity of unsupported statements.2. A person exhibits open-mindedness when he a. discusses his ideas with others. b. agrees with the ideas presented by others. c. evaluates ideas, which do not agree with his/her ideas. d. asks others to provide evidences to support their arguments.3-5. Give at least three scientific attitudes and describe each trait. Key to answers on page 21 13

Lesson 4 Thinking Physics: The Scientific Method We know that some scientific concepts were discovered by accident, which we callserendipity. However, most of these science ideas are the results of carefully plannedinvestigation by scientists. Scientists solve scientific problems through a systematicapproach. Below are the processes of the scientific method applied to every scientificinvestigations. Identify and state the problemGather observations, facts and dataFormulate hypothesisMake predictionsTest predictions by Revise hypothesis experiments or theoryPass all Fail tests completely tests or partially Accept hypothesis or theoryconditionally; set additional tests and data Fig. 4.1 An Outline of the Scientific Method Several important points should be remembered about the scientific method:1. Science does not demand that we have no ideas when we engage on the processes of the scientific method, only that we be ready to change those ideas if the evidence forces us. 14

2. Scientists can and have started their work by making extensive observations, but they can also start with a theory and test it. It makes no difference where you enter the cycle because the scientific process takes you all the way round. 3. Scientific results must be reproducible. 4. The cycle is continuous, it has no end. Science does not provide final answers; nor is it a search for ultimate truth. 5. Finally, the steps of scientific method shouldn’t be thought of as a kind of rigid cookbook style set of steps to follow. To give you a specific situation where the problem is solved scientifically, considerthe case below: The electric fan in your classroom is out of order. You tried investigating why it doesnot work. Observations on the wiring, on the chord, the plug and the outlet were done. Youformulated a hypothesis on why it does not function. Series of testing were conducted toprove your hypothesis. Finally, you were able to find out that the main cause is a defectiveoutlet. In this situation, you have followed a series of steps in solving the problem. Do youthink you have followed the steps of scientific method? What you will do Activity 4.1 Cite a given problem where you can apply the steps of scientific method. Key to answers on page 22 What you will do Self-Test 4.1 What are the steps of scientific method and describe each step. Key to answers on page 22 15

Let’s summarize1. Physics is considered the basic science because physics could explain science ideas in both chemistry and biology, which simply means that other sciences could be understood better if you understand physics.2. Principles and laws of physics are applied in the home, in transportation, industry, communication, amusement, and information technology.3. Technology is an application of science.4. The following scientists contributed much to the development of physics:  Galileo Galilei  Johannes Kepler  Robert Boyle  Sir Isaac Newton  Benjamin Franklin  Michael Faraday  James Maxwell  William Roentgen  Henri Becquerel  Max Planck  Albert Einstein5. The Filipino scientists who did a lot in the development of physics in the Philippines are as follows:  Melecio S. Magno  Christopher Bernido  Henry Ramos  Benjamin G. Almeda  Gregorio Zara  Aluminada Dela Rosa  Linda S. Posadas6. The following are the scientific attributes which are exhibited by scientists:  Curiosity  Open Mindedness  Questioning Attitude  Respect for Evidence  Believing in Cause-and-Effect Relationship 16

 Honesty  Humility  Patience and Determination  Resourcefulness and Creativity  Intellectual Responsibility7. Scientists worked on their investigations / experiments following the steps of the scientific method which are as follows:  Identify and state the problem.  Gather observations, facts, and data.  Formulate hypothesis.  Make predictions.  Test predictions by experiments.  Accept hypothesis or theory conditionally; set additional tests and data.PosttestWrite only the letter of the best answer.1. Which of the following fields of study is a physical science?a. biology c. zoologyb. botany d. physics2. When you perform an experiment, what is the next step to do after defining a problem?a. gather relevant data c. test the hypothesisb. formulate the hypothesis d. formulate a conclusion3. Jose saw big crabs crawling on the sand. He wondered where they came from so he started investigating. What scientific attitude did Jose show?a. open-mindedness c. curiosityb. resourcefulness d. patience 17

4. All of the following are positive effects of technology on society EXCEPT one. Which is it?a. improves industry c. gives comfort to manb. pollutes the environment d. makes work easier5. Which of the statements below is a scientific hypothesis?a. Energy is the capacity to do work.b. Physics deals with matter and energy.c. The higher the temperature of the substance the faster its molecules move.d. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.6. Which of the following steps involves giving an educative guess to the problem?a. making predictions c. stating the problemb. gathering observations d. formulating hypothesisArrange the different processes of the scientific method chronologically fromnumbers 7-13.a. Formulate hypothesis.b. Make predictions.c. Accept hypothesis or theory conditionally.d. Identify and state the problem.e. Gather observations, facts, and data.f. Pass all tests / fails completely or partially.g. Test predictions by experiments.7. 11.8. 12.9. 13.10.14. Who formulated the laws of motion?a. Sir Isaac Newton c. Albert Einsteinb. Robert Boyle d. Benjamin Franklin15. Who was responsible for the discovery of geothermal energy in the country?a. Melecio S. Magno c. Arturo P. Alcarazb. Christopher Bernido d. Henry Ramos 18

Give 5 scientific attitudes that scientists possesses (16-20): 16. 19. 17. 20. 18. Key to answers on page 22 Key to AnswersPretestA. 1. c 2. c 3. b 4. b 5. b 6. c 7. b 8. c 9. c 10. e 11. b 12. a 13. f 14. g 15. dB. 16. technology 17. technology 18. pure science 19. technology 20. pure science 19

Lesson 1Activity 1.1 1. videoke – amusement 2. car – transportation 3. computer – information technology 4. fax machine – communication 5. LRT – transportation 6. refrigerator – home 7. generator – industry, home 8. TV set – home 9. fluorescent lamps – home, industry 10. air conditioning unit – home, industrySelf-Test 1.1 1. Physics deals with matter and energy. 2. Physics is considered the basic science because the principles, laws and theories of physics are needed in understanding other fields of sciences like chemistry, biology, geology and astronomy. 3. Biophysics 4. Physics deals with matter and energy while chemistry also deals with matter specifically the interaction between the atoms and the properties of the substances.Lesson 2Activity 2.1 1. It reduces the loss of heat by conduction, convection and radiation. 2. Humans need hot water for mixing hot water with milk or coffee. 3. Motion 4. People need cars to travel longer distances at the shortest possible time. It is a means of transportation. 5. Measurement 6. People need meterstick for measuring the length precisely and accurately.Self-Test 2.1 1. pure science 2. pure science 3. technology 4. pure science 5. technology 20

Activity 2.2Example: Picture of moving electric fan. In this picture, transformation of energy is shown from electrical energy to mechanical energy and heat.Note:Students’ collection of pictures may vary.Self-Test 2.2 1. boat – transportation 2. gym – sports 3. hydroelectric power plant – industry 4. radio – communication 5. melting - industryLesson 3Activity 3.1 1. b 2. d 3. e 4. c 5. k 6. f 7. j 8. i 9. g 10. hSelf-Test 3.1 1. c 2. a 3. Resourceful and Creative. He suggests a substitute for materials that are not available in the school or in the community. 4. Humble. He does not belittle others whom he thinks do not meet his standards. 5. Responsible. He performs his assigned tasks dutifully; shows willingness to do extra work if necessary. Note: Students’ answer may vary for items 3-5. 21

Lesson 4Activity 4.1 Ex. My grade in physics in the second grading period is much lower than the firstgrading. I would like to improve my class standing in the subject so I decided to list down thepossible reasons of getting low grades in physics. I came up with the following possiblereasons: a. I spend so much time watching TV at night. b. I only spend a little time studying physics compared with the time spent in other subjects. c. I do not answer my assignment in physics regularly. Then I tried to reduce the number of hours watching TV program, answeredassignment promptly and have spent more time studying physics than in other subjects.Finally, when all these ways were tried in a month, I have noticed that my grade improved.Thus, I have found out that improving one’s study habit is a way of getting a good grade inthe subject.Posttest 1. d 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. c 6. d 7. d 8. e 9. a 10. b 11. g 12. f 13. c 14. a 15. c 16. curiosity 17. open-mindedness 18. questioning attitude 19. humility 20. resourcefulness and creativityNote: Students may have varied answers for item numbers 16-20. -End of Module- 22

ReferencesHewitt, P.G. (1997). Conceptual physics. USA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc.Navasa, D. and Valdez, B.J. (2001). Physics. Quezon City: Sibs Publishing House, Inc.Salmorin, L.M. and Florido, A. (2004). Physics IV. Quezon City: Abiva Publishing House, Inc.See Tho Weng Fong (1995). Science for secondary schools. Singapore: Longman Singapore Publishers.Taffel, A. (1992). Physics: Its methods and meanings. USA: Prentice Hall Publishers.Tan, M.(2001). TIMSS-LIKE test items in science and mathematics. DOST-SEI, UPNISMED, Pundasyon Para sa mga Guro ng Agham at Matematika, Ink.Tillery, B.W. (1999). Physical science. Singapore: WCB McGraw-Hill. 23

Module 2 Energy in Society What this module is about Physics is a physical science, focusing on matter and energy. In biology andchemistry, energy is also discussed but to a very limited extent. It is in physics that we get adetailed information about energy. We should be aware of the important role of energy in our lives. Can you imaginewhat life would be like if there were no hydroelectric power plants and no geothermal powerplants to generate electricity? Do you think we could reach distant places if crude oil was notintroduced in the market? We learned how to harness energy for our benefit. What do youthink are the benefits that we get from energy? While energy is very beneficial to us, wemust not forget that it can also cause harm. What do you think are the bad effects of energyon the environment? How do you explain the idea that the total mass-energy in the universeis constant? Reading and doing the activities in Module 2 could answer all these queries. Enjoy reading! Module 2 includes the following lessons:  Lesson 1 - Energy: Its Role in the Development of Human Society  Lesson 2 - Energy Conservation: An Answer to Energy Crisis  Lesson 3 - Fossil Fuels and the Environment  Lesson 4 - The Relationship between Matter and Energy What you are expected to learn After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. explain the role of energy in human development; 2. discuss energy and its role in the following areas: home, transportation economy, information and communication technology, and environment; 3. discuss the different forms of energy and the law of conservation of energy as applied in transportation, economy, information and communication technology, and, environment and at home; 4. explain energy resources and their relation to energy crisis; 1

5. enumerate the environmental effects of the production and use of fossil fuels; 6. list the ways of conserving oil; 7. discuss the effects of energy in the environment; and 8. explain the meaning of E= mc2. How to learn from this module Below are guidelines for you in going about the module: 1. Read and follow instructions very carefully. 2. Answer the pre-test to determine how much you already know about the lessons in this module. 3. Check your answers against the given answer key at the end of this module. 4. Read each lesson and do the activities that are provided for you. 5. Perform all the activities diligently to help you understand the topic. 6. Take the self-test after each lesson to determine how much you understand the topic. 7. Answer the posttest to measure how much you have gained from the lessons. Good luck and have fun! What to do before (Pretest)Encircle the letter of the best answer.1. All of the following are related to energy EXCEPT a. work b. joules c. heat d. time2. Which of these refers to the capacity to do work? a. power b. energy c. velocity d. momentum3. Which of the following situations shows that potential energy is stored? a. a bouncing ball b. a speeding car 2

c. exploding firecracker d. a book on top of the cabinet4. Which quantity has the greatest influence on the amount of kinetic energy that a large truck has while moving down the highway? a. mass b. weight c. velocity d. size5. Which does not conserve energy? a. using firewood in cooking b. riding a bicycle to school c. riding a bus for long trips d. using several electric appliances at one time6. Which of the following represents energy changes, which take place in a coal-fired power station? a. heat→ kinetic→ electrical b. heat→ light→ electrical c. heat→ chemical→ electrical d. kinetic→ electrical→ potential7. What are the energy changes that take place in a hydroelectric power plant? a. electrical→ potential→ kinetic b. kinetic→ electrical→ potential c. potential→ kinetic→ electrical d. potential→ electrical→ kinetic8. The vacuum in a thermos bottle reduces heat loss by a. radiation alone b. conduction alone c. convection alone d. conduction and radiation9. Why are cooking pans usually made of metal while their handles are often made of plastic? a. Metals are good conductors and plastics are good insulators of heat. b. Metals are poor conductors and plastics are good insulators of heat. c. Metals and plastics are both good conductors of heat. d. Metals and plastics are good insulators.10. Which of the following terms correctly describes the action of glass prism in splitting white light into the colors of the spectrum? a. deviation b. diffusion c. dispersion 3

d. image formation11. Which of the following is a radioactive substance? a. deuterium b. helium c. hydrogen d. uranium12. Which of the following devices does NOT make use of electromagnetic waves in its operation? a. camera b. loudspeaker c. television set d. radio set13. Which of the following graphs shows what will probably happen to the supply of petroleum in the years to come?a. c. Amount of Petroleum Amount of Petroleum Time Timeb. d. Amount of Petroleum Amount of Petroleum Time Time14. What is true about a nuclear power plant and a geothermal power plant? a. They are renewable sources of energy. b. They use steam to turn turbines. c. They are easy to operate and maintain. d. They give off the same kind of pollutants.15. Why does the greenhouse effect result to warmer temperature near the surface of earth? a. Clouds trap infrared radiation b. Ozone traps ultraviolet radiation c. Carbon dioxide traps infrared radiation d. Soil absorbs incoming radiation16. Which statement is TRUE about fluorescent bulbs and incandescent bulbs? a. Fluorescent bulbs are more efficient than incandescent bulbs b. Incandescent bulbs are more efficient than fluorescent bulbs c. The bulbs are equally efficient d. The efficiency of the bulbs cannot be compared 4

17. A plug connected to a table lamp contains a 3 A fuse. Why is the fuse needed? a. to make it easier for the current to flow b. to increase the resistance of the circuit c. to prevent the lamp from getting too bright d. to protect the wiring from overheating18. Which form of energy is common among the following objects: lighted bulb, hot soup, burning firewood and electric stove? a. heat b. light c. electric d. chemical19. A tuning fork, a violin string, and a loudspeaker cone all produce sound. This is because they are all in a state of a. compression b. rarefaction c. vibration d. tension20. What should be the speed of the object to convert mass to energy? a. increasing speed b. decreasing speed c. constant speed d. average speed A. Key to answers on page 23 5

Lesson 1 Energy: Its Role in the Development of Human Society What does a physicist mean by energy? Energy is the ability to do work. In addition,energy has different forms, each of which can be converted into any other form. The metricunit (SI) for energy is joule (J). What is the role of energy in the development of human society? In answering thisquestion consider the figure below.Environment HomeCommunication Energy Transportation & Information Technology Economy It could be gleaned from the preceding figure that energy is greatly utilized in thefollowing areas: environment, home, transportation, economy, and information andcommunications technology. The development of these areas greatly helps us to livecomfortably. To discuss the dependence of these fields on energy, topics on the different sourcesof energy and energy conversion will be considered. What do you think are the sources ofenergy and the different forms of energy that are used in these areas? 6

A. Energy: Its Role Environment What helps you appreciate the beauty of your environment? Yes, you are right when yousay its because of light reaching your eyes either directly or indirectly from some sourceslike the sun, light bulbs, fireflies, etc. The colorful environment makes you appreciate your surroundings. It was Sir IsaacNewton who was the first to make a systematic study of color. With the use of a glass prism,the color of sunlight disperses into rainbow colors in the order of red, orange, yellow, green,blue, and violet. Newton called this spread of colors a spectrum. The sun is the main source of light. Its radiation supplies heat to warm the earth andmaintain human, animal and plant lives. Without light there will be darkness all over theearth. Our planet earth would rapidly cool off. Water and air would freeze. Light can produce change. For example, a chemical change takes place when lightstrikes a photographic paper. When light strikes a certain metal, electric current is produced. Another important form of energy is the nuclear energy. Nuclear energy can beformed by fission or fusion reactions. Fission is the splitting of heavy atoms, such asuranium, into lighter atoms. Fusion is the combining of lighter atoms like hydrogen anddeuterium into heavier ones like helium. In both processes, tremendous amount of heat arereleased. At present, nuclear power plants use fission reaction to generate electricity. Fusion isstill currently being explored for electric power generation. It requires high temperature,which can now be obtained using laser beams. A nuclear power plant uses uranium, a radioactive substance, as fuel. The majorproblems associated with nuclear power plants are the radioactive waste disposal and therisk of radioactive contaminant to our environment. B. Energy: Its Role in the Home Electricity is a form of energy and like all other forms of energy, it obeys the laws ofenergy conversion. When an electric current flows through a circuit, it may give rise toheating effects or chemical effects. We can make use of these effects to construct differentkinds of electrical appliances. There are different types of electrical appliances in your home. Each one changeselectrical energy to some other forms. Some of these electrical appliances are the electric iron, kettle, and electric stove.These appliances make use of the heating effect of an electric current. The element is 7

usually made of nichrome wire coiled round an insulating fireproof material, e.g., silica ormica. The heat produced by an electric iron must be spread evenly over a large surface. Ametal base, which conducts heat well, is used. In the case of an electric kettle, the heating element is enclosed in a metal tube andelectrically insulated from it. When a current flows through the heating element, the wateraround the element is heated first by conduction. Then the heat is spread through the waterby convection. Another very common example, which makes use of electricity for its operation is theelectric fan. Electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy specifically kinetic energy,the energy in motion. C. Energy: Its Role in Transportation It is said that approximately 80% of our fossil fuels are used directly in transportationand industry. Petroleum and natural gas are formed from the remains of tiny plants andanimals that lived millions of years ago. Coal, on the other hand, is formed from anaccumulation of plant materials under special conditions millions of years ago. Thuspetroleum, natural gas, and coal are called fossil fuels. These fuels contain energy store inthe chemical bonds in their molecules. When they are burnt, the energy is released. The illustration below shows the energy conversion from oil.oil is burned steam turbine rotates generatorChemical Heat Kinetic Electrical Energy Energy Energy Energy D. Energy: Its Role in Economy Every month we pay our energy bills. We have a budget for the use of electricity, oil,and natural gas in our homes and for the gasoline used in our automobiles. There areindirect charges that we pay for the energy used in manufacturing processes and for thetransportation of goods. Because our rate of using energy is increasing, it is becoming moreexpensive to generate sufficient energy to meet current demands. Thus, as we manufactureand sell more goods, add more technologies for our comfort and entertainment, and makemore use of transportation facilities, we can look forward to larger and larger energy bills aswell as to shortages of some of our fuels. Modern society cannot exist without the production and utilization of energy. As longas we continue to use fuels, there will necessarily be undesirable side effects. 8

E. Energy: Its Role in Communication and Information Technology What do you think are the sources and forms of energy that are greatly involved inthis field? Moving water has been used as a source of energy for thousands of years. It isconsidered a renewable energy resource, inexhaustible as long as the rain falls.Hydroelectric power plants generate electricity. For the generation of hydroelectric power,dams are built across rivers high up in the hills to store water. The water behind the dampossesses potential energy. The potential energy (PE) of the water in the dam changes tokinetic energy (KE) when the water is allowed to run down the pipes. The KE of the waterturns a turbine, which in turn drives a generator to produce electrical energy. The electricalform of energy is responsible for the operation of the different communication andinformation technologies. A computer, for example, is run by electricity. The conveniencethat this gadget gives to humans is tremendous. This is an example of technology thatmakes the world smaller. By just surfing the Internet we get to know the different events thatare happening in the opposite side of the globe in a matter of seconds. Radio and television sets are examples of communication technologies, which showhow electrical energy is converted into sound energy and to some other form of energy, likeheat energy. Sound energy is best transmitted in solid, followed by liquid and the least is gas. Inother words, there is a need for a medium for sound, which is produced by a vibrating body,to be transmitted. Below is an illustration of energy conversion taking place in the operation of televisionto show the law of conservation of energy. The law of conservation of energy states thatenergy cannot be created or destroyed, but only changed from one form to another.Electrical Light Sound Heat Energy Energy Energy Energy 9

What you will do F. Activity 1.1Identify the energy conversions in each of the following technology/process: Example: lighted candle: chemical energy→ light energy 1. dry cell 2. photosynthesis 3. burnt gasoline 4. charging of battery 5. loudspeaker B. Key to answers on page 23 What you will do G. Self-Test 1.1 Fill out the table below. Choose the form of energy from following: chemical energy,mechanical energy (PE or KE), heat energy, electrical energy, light energy, and soundenergy. Choose the field/area from the following: transportation, industry, communicationand technology, home, and economy. Technology/ Process Forms of Field/Area energy TransportationEx. Car chemical1. geothermal power plant2. radio3. guitar4. fluorescent bulb5. car battery6. refrigerator Key to answers on page 23 10

Lesson 2 Energy Conservation: An Answer to the Energy Crisis In the early part of our discussion of energy, we have mentioned about energy’s rolein human development and the benefits that humans get in utilizing the different forms ofenergy. Majority of our activities require the use of energy. Hence, we should learn toconserve energy. But what is energy conservation? Why conserve energy? How can youconserve energy? As mentioned in Lesson 1 of this module, oil and coal are needed forelectricity, transportation and industries. We depend so much on oil and its products likegasoline and cooking gas. But why save oil? It takes millions of years for plants and animalsto decay and form oil. We burn oil faster than it is formed, hence we are experiencingenergy crisis. Clearly, the supply is limited and the demand is high. The price of oil is fastincreasing. Do you think the government is doing something to lessen the energy crisis thecountry is facing? Yes, the government is looking for alternative sources of energy. Below are the alternative sources of energy: 1. Energy of falling water. Water is stored at high level in dams of rivers. Falling water turns turbines of generators producing electricity. 2. Energy from the earth’s interior. Ground water in contact with hot rocks gets heated. Steam coming out through rock openings is used to produce steam, which turns turbines of generators producing electricity. 3. Energy of the sun. Heat from the sun is trapped and concentrated for cooking and heating. 4. Energy of the wind. Wind turns windmill blades to pump water or produce electricity. 5. Energy from waste. Waste is changed to methane gas, a substitute for cooking gas. 6. Energy from alcohol. Alcohol from sugar cane is used as a gasoline substitute. 7. Energy from the atom. Energy from splitting the nucleus of the atom can be used to produce steam. Steam turns turbines of electric generators. Can you help the government conserve energy from oil? Do Activity 2.1 in answeringthis question. 11

What you will do H. Activity 2.1 Below are ways by which you can help conserve energy. Put a check mark on thoseways that you practice wherever you are, whether you are at home or in school.___1. Turn off electric lights and electrical or gas appliances when these are not in use.___2. Open ovens and refrigerators only when necessary.___3. Turn off radios and televisions when not in use.___4. Clean and oil machines regularly. Dust or dirt reduces efficiency of machines.___5. Save on gasoline by using public rather than private vehicles. C. Key to answers on page 24 What you will do I. Self-Test 2.1 The passage below contains keywords on energy that have been jumbled up anditalicized. Can you rearrange these words? Energy cannot be dactree nor reyossetdd, but it can be changed from one form toanother. The amount of energy during the change may be the same. The type or quality ofenergy is useful for living organisms but it is not so useful in mechanical processes. Toomuch heat produced by industrial production and operating equipment contributes to globalmwgrain. At the same time, this means energy is lost and usable energy is reduced. We get most of our energy from the sun. This is because billions of nuclear reactionsoccur at the core. The sun can be thought as a giant nuclear rotacre. The energy it emits willbe gone one day, though that will not be for many millions of years at least. It has beenestimated that the mass of the sun is being converted to energy at the rate of 4 million tonsper second. F. Key to answers on page 24 12

Lesson 3 Fossil Fuels and the Environment We rely almost completely on fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas, and coal for ourenergy needs. However, these are nonrenewable resources, and their production and usehave a variety of serious environmental impacts. Do you want to know the environmentalissues linked to the production and use of these fuels? The succeeding discussion will giveyou information about this problem. As mentioned in the early part of this module, fossil fuels are forms of stored solarenergy. The main fossil fuels used today were created from incomplete biologicaldecomposition of dead organic matter. The major fossil fuels- crude oil (petroleum), naturalgas, and coal are our primary energy sources. On a worldwide basis, they provideapproximately 90% of the energy consumed.Oil in the 21st Century Recent estimates of proven oil reserves suggest that, at present production rates, oiland natural gas will last only a few decades. The important question, however, is not howlong oil is likely to last at present and future production rates, but when will we reach peakproduction? This is important because following peak production, less oil will be available,leading to shortages and price shocks. World oil production is likely to peak between theyears 2020 and 2030, within the lifetime of many people living today. It is projected thatworld production of oil will be nearly exhausted by 2100 What do you think should be the appropriate response by people worldwide to thelikelihood that production rate of oil will likely fall in the mid- 21st century? 1. We need an educational program early in the 21st century to inform people and governments of the potential depletion of crude oil and the consequences of shortages. 2. Planning and appropriate action are necessary to avoid military confrontation, food shortages, and social disruption. Before significant shortages of oil occur, we need to develop alternative sources ofenergy such as solar energy and wind power and perhaps rely more on nuclear energy.Environmental Effects of Oil and Natural Gas Development of oil and gas fields involves drilling wells on land or beneath the seafloor. What are the possible environmental impacts on land?  Use of land to construct pads for wells, pipelines, and storage tanks and to build a network of roads and other facilities. 13

 Pollution of surface waters and ground water from: 1. leaks from broken pipes or tanks containing oil or other oil-field chemicals 2. salty water (brine) that is brought to the surface in large volumes with the oil. The brine is toxic and may be disposed of by evaporation in lined pits, which may leak.  Accidental release of air pollutants, such as hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulfide, a toxic gas.  Land subsidence (sinking) as oil and gas are withdrawn.  Loss or disruption and damage of fragile ecosystems, such as wetlands or other unique landscapes. Environmental impacts associated with oil production in the marine environmentinclude:  Oil seepage into the sea from normal operations or large spills from accidents, such as blowouts or pipe ruptures  Release of drilling mud containing heavy metals, such as barium, that may be toxic to marine life  Aesthetic degradation from the presence of offshore oil-drilling platforms, which some people think is unsightly.Refining Refining crude oil and converting it to related products also create environmentalimpacts such as the following:  Accidental spills and slow leaks of gasoline and other products from storage tanks and pipes.  Over years of operation, large amounts of liquid hydrocarbons maybe released, polluting soil and groundwater resources below the site.  Crude oil and its distilled products are used to make fine oil, a wide variety of plastics, and organic chemicals used by society in huge amounts. The industrial processes involved in the production of organic chemicals have the potential for releasing a variety of pollutants into the environment. 14

Delivery and Use Some of the most extensive and significant environmental problems associated withoil and gas occur when the fuel is delivered and consumed. • Crude oil is mostly transported on land in pipelines or across the ocean by tankers and both methods present the danger of oil spills. • Air pollution is associated with the burning of oil. Combustion of gasoline in automobiles produces pollutants that contribute to urban smog.Coal Mining and the Environment Strip Mining Coal mining is done by strip mining. This is a surface mining process in which theoverlying layer of soil and rock is stripped off to reach the coal. Strip mining has thepotential to pollute or damage water, land, and biological processes. Underground Mining Underground coal mining is a dangerous profession; there are always hazards ofcollapse, explosion, and fire. Miners are at risk of contracting respiratory illnesses,especially black lung disease, due to their exposure to coal dust. Black lung disease haskilled or disabled many miners. Some of the environmental problems associated with underground mining include thefollowing:  Acid mine drainage from the mines and waste piles has polluted thousands of kilometers of streams.  Land subsidence can occur over mines  Coal fires in underground mines maybe either naturally caused or deliberately set. The fires may belch smoke and hazardous fumes, causing people exposed to them to suffer from a variety of respiratory diseases. 15

What you will doJ. Activity 3.1 Fill out the table below regarding the environmental impacts related to therecovery of oil and gas up to its delivery and use by consumers. Stages/Processes Environmental ImpactsRecovery Ex. Pollution of surface waterRefining 1.Delivery and Use 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. D. Key to answers on page 24 What you will doK. Self-Test 3.1 Answer the following questions:1. Differentiate strip mining from underground mining.2. What are the three major fossil fuels? Key to answers on page 24 16

Lesson 4 The Relationship between Mass and Energy In 1905 Albert Einstein published his theory ofspecial relativity. In it he concluded that mass and energy areinterchangeable. The quantitative mass-energyrelationship is given in his famous equation E0= mc² Albert Einstein (1879-1955)where: E0 is the amount of rest energy and c is the speed of light, which is3 x 108 m/s. This equation gives the total energy content of a piece of stationary matter ofmass m. The value of c² is a large number, and so a large amount of energy can beobtained from the conversion of a small amount of mass. In nuclear reaction, when the nucleus of radium undergoes fission, the mass of theoriginal radium nucleus is greater than the combined mass of the fission products. Noprotons and neutrons are destroyed during fission reaction. Before and after fission reaction,the total number of protons and neutrons are still the same. But the protons and neutronsare rearranged resulting to change in mass. The mass difference is converted to energy.Sample Problem: Calculate the amount of energy obtained from converting 1.0 g of mass into energyand compare it to the 3000 kcal of food used by a normal person in one day.E= mc² = (1.0 x 10-3 kg)(3 x108 m/s)² = 9.0 x 1013 kg.m²/s² = 9.0 x 1013 N-m = 9.0 x 1013 JCompare this to 3000 kcal:9.0 x 1013 J x 1kcal/4186 J =2.15 x1010 kcalby taking the ratio2.15 x 1010 kcal/3000 kcal = 7.2 x 106 This is seven million times as much energy as the average person consumes in foodin one day. 17

What you will doL. Activity 4.1 Answer the following:1. Calculate the amount of energy obtained from converting 1000 kg of mass.2. What do you mean by rest energy? What you will do Key to answers on page 24 Key to answers on page 25M. Self-Test 4.11. Who formulated the equation, E0= mc2?2. What is the value of c in the equation?3. What does E0 represent? How about m? Let’s summarize!1. Energy is the capacity to do work. It is expressed in Joules (J).2. Energy is utilized in the following areas: home, transportation, economy, communication and information technology and environment.3. The different forms of energy are, namely: mechanical (PE and KE), chemical, electrical, sound, heat, light, and nuclear.4. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed but it can be transformed from one form into another form.5. We rely almost completely on fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal) for our energy needs.6. Fossil fuels are nonrenewable, so we have to develop other sources to meet our energy demands. These alternative sources of energy are: energy of falling water, 18

energy from the earth’s interior, energy of the sun, energy of the wind, energy from wastes, energy from alcohol and energy from atom.7. Environmental impacts related to oil and natural gas include those associated with exploration and development ( damage to ecosystems, water pollution, air pollution, and waste disposal; those associated with refining and processing (soil, water, and air pollution) and those associated with burning oil and gas for energy to power automobiles, produce electricity, run industrial machinery, heat homes (air pollution).8. Coal is a source of energy particularly damaging to the environment. Problems associated with mining include fires, subsidence, acid mine drainage, and difficulties related to land reclamation. Burning coal can release air pollutants, including sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide.9. Mass and energy are equivalent that is anything with mass also has energy. For an object at rest, its energy is its mass. PosttestChoose the letter of the best answer. Write the letter on your answer sheet1. Which of the following is related to energy? a. time b. force c. heat d. speed2. Which of the following refers to the capacity to do work? a. power b. energy c. velocity d. momentum3. Which of the following situations possesses kinetic energy? a. a bouncing ball b. a car in a parking place c. a book on top on top of the table d. a hammer raised at a certain height4. Which quantity has the greatest influence on the amount of kinetic energy that the car has while moving in a superhighway? a. mass b. weight c. velocity d. size 19

5. All of the following practices conserve energy EXCEPT a. using firewood in cooking b. riding a bicycle to school c. riding a bus for long trips d. using many electrical appliances at the same time6. Which of the following energy changes take place in a hydroelectric power station? a. potential→ kinetic→ electrical b. kinetic→ potential→ electrical c. heat→ chemical→ electrical d. kinetic→ electrical→ potential7. What are the energy changes that take place in a television? a. electrical→ potential→ kinetic b. kinetic→ electrical→ potential c. electrical→ light→ sound d. potential→ electrical→ kinetic8. A photographer wants to determine the color of light he can use in the darkroom that will not expose the films he is processing. In one trial, he used blue incandescent bulb. Which bulb can he use for another trial? a. red incandescent bulb b. green incandescent bulb c. red fluorescent bulb d. blue fluorescent bulb9. Why are cooking pans usually made of metal while their handles are often made of plastic? a. Metals are good conductors while plastics are good insulators of heat. b. Metals are poor conductors while plastics are good insulators of heat. c. Metals and plastics are both conductors of heat d. Metals and plastics are good insulators10. Which of the following terms correctly describes the action of glass prism in splitting white light into the colors of the spectrum? a. deviation b. diffusion c. dispersion d. image formation11. Purple light is a mixture of red and blue light. Orange paint reflects only red and yellow light. When purple light falls on orange paint, what color does the paint appear to be? a. purple b. red 20

c. yellow d. orange12. Which one of the following devices does NOT make use of electromagnetic waves in its operation? a. camera b. loudspeaker c. television set d. radio set13. Which one of the following graphs shows what will probably happen to the supply of petroleum in the years to come?a. c. Amount of Petroleum Amount of Petroleum Time Timeb. d. Amount of Petroleum Amount of Petroleum Time Time14. All of the following are alternative sources of energy EXCEPT: a. wind energy b. natural gas c. solar energy d. energy from the earth’s interior15. Why does the greenhouse effect result to warmer temperature near the surface of earth? a. Clouds trap infrared radiation. b. Ozone traps ultraviolet radiation. c. Carbon dioxide traps infrared radiation. d. Soil absorbs incoming radiation.16. Which of the following activities helps reduce water pollution? a. throwing liquid wastes b. using organic fertilizers in farms c. using soap instead of detergents d. treating wastewater before it is discharged 21

17. Atomic fission involves the splitting of atoms resulting in a tremendous release of energy. This is used to produce steam in electric power plants. Which of the following is the MOST accurate energy transformation? a. nuclear→chemical→mechanical→electrical b. nuclear→heat→mechanical→electrical c. chemical→mechanical→light→electrical d. chemical→nuclear→electrical-→light18. Which process does NOT involve release of heat? a. explosion of bombs b. breakdown of food in the body c. melting of butter d. burning of gasoline19. What form of energy does an object produce, which is set into vibration? a. compression b. rarefaction c. electrical d. sound20. What should be the speed of the object to convert mass to energy? a. increasing speed b. decreasing speed c. constant speed d. average speed E. Key to answers on page 25 22

Key to AnswersPretest1. d 11. a2. b 12. b3. d 13. a4. c 14. b5. d 15. c6. a 16. a7. c 17. d8. d 18. a9. a 19. c10.c 20. bLesson 1Activity 1.11. chemical → light2. light → chemical3. chemical → kinetic4. electrical → chemical5. electrical → chemicalSelf-Test 1.1 Technology Forms of Energy Area/Field1. geothermal power 1. heat economy plant 2. electrical communication2. radio technology home3. guitar 3. sound home4. fluorescent bulb 4. light economy5. car battery 5. chemical home/economy6. refrigerator 6. electrical 23

Lesson 2Activity 2.1Note: Student’s responses may vary because they may have different practices.Self-Test 2.1 1. created 2. destroyed 3. warming 4. creatorLesson 3Activity 3.1For recovery: They may choose only 3 out of 5 environmental impacts 1. accidental release of air pollutants 2. land subsidence 3. disruption and damage of fragile ecosystems 4. oil seepage into the sea 5. release of drilling mud 6. aesthetic degradationFor refining 1. accidental spills and slow leaks of gasoline 2. soil and water pollution 3. release of pollutants in the atmosphereFor delivery and use 1. oil spill 2. air pollution 3. effects of smog on vegetationLesson 4Activity 4.1 1. 9 x 1019 J 2. Rest energy is the energy stored in matter which is at rest 24

Self-Test 4.11. Albert Einstein2. c = 3 x 108 m/s3. E= energy m=massPosttest1. a 11. b2. b 12. b3. a 13. a4. c 14. b5. d 15. c6. a 16. d7. c 17. b8. d 18. c9. a 19. d10. c 20. a -End of Module-ReferencesBotkin, D. & Keller, E. (2003). Environmental science. (4th Ed.) USA: John Wiley and Sons.Hewitt, P.G. (1997). Conceptual physics. USA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc.Navasa, D. & Valdez, B.J. (2001). Physics. Quezon City: Sibs Publishing House, Inc.Salmorin, L.M. & Florido, A. (2004). Physics IV. Quezon City: Abiva Publishing House, Inc.See Tho Weng Fong. (1995). Science for secondary schools. Singapore: Longman Singapore Publishers.Taffel, A. (1992). Physics: Its methods and meanings. USA: Prentice Hall Publishers.Tan, M., Rivero, C. (2001). TIMSS-LIKE test items in science and mathematics. Quezon City: DOST-SEI, UPNISMED, Pundasyon Para sa mga Guro ng Agham at Matematika, Ink.Tillery, B.W. (1999). Physical science. Singapore: WCB McGraw-Hill.Urone, P. (2004). Physics with health science applications. Manila: C and E Publishing Co.Yong Loo Wan, Wai Kwok & Fong See Tho Weng. (2004). Physics insights. Manila: Pearson Educ. South Asia PTE LTD. 25

Module 3 The Nature and Properties of Light What this module is about Most of the things that you know you have learned about through your eyes. Youcan only see if there is light. Light makes you see shapes and colors. Light also helps youidentify objects both near and far. But what is light? In this module you will learn about the nature and properties of light in the followinglessons:  Lesson 1 – The Nature of Light  Lesson 2 – Reflection and Mirrors  Lesson 3 – Refraction and Lenses  Lesson 4 – Colors, Interference and Polarization What you are expected to learn After studying the lessons in this module, you are expected to: 1. state the different theories about the nature of light; 2. demonstrate reflection properties of light using mirrors; 3. describe the image formed by mirrors; 4. show the refraction properties of light using lenses; 5. give applications of total internal reflection; 6. describe the image formed by lenses; 7. enumerate the colors that make up white light; 8. explain what causes colors of object; and 9. cite applications of diffractions, interference and polarization of light.