BerensEM_MythsLegends_s

958 [ 9 ] tary agencies, who, by severely punishing sin, upheld the ¨ cause of morality and social order, and thus contributed 959 to the welfare of mankind. They now lose their awe- ˛ inspiring aspect, and are represented, more especially 960 [ 1 ] in Athens, as earnest maidens, dressed, like Artemis, in THE MYTHS AND 961 [ 2 ] short tunics suitable for the chase, but still retaining, in LEGENDS OF ANCIENT their hands, the wand of office in the form of a snake. 962 [ 3 ] GREECE AND ROME Their sacrifices consisted of black sheep and a liba- tion composed of a mixture of honey and water, called E. M. Berens Nephalia. A celebrated temple was erected to the Eu- menides at Athens, near the Areopagus. ˙ PART I ¸ MYTHS Moiræ or Fates (Parcæ) ˙¸ The ancients believed that the duration of human ex- MINOR DIVINITIES istence and the destinies of mortals were regulated by three sister-goddesses, called Clotho, Lachesis, and At- ˙¸ ropos, who were the daughters of Zeus and Themis. Moiræ or Fates (PARCÆ) The power which they wielded over the fate of man page 201 of 459 was significantly indicated under the figure of a thread, which they spun out for the life of each human being MM.140 from his birth to the grave. This occupation they divided between them. Clotho wound the flax round the distaff, ˇ˚ ˘¯ ready for her sister Lachesis, who span out the thread of ˝ ˙¸ life, which Atropos, with her scissors, relentlessly snapt asunder, when the career of an individual was about to terminate. Homer speaks of one Moira only, the daughter of Night, who represents the moral force by which the uni- verse is governed, and to whom both mortals and immor- tals were forced to submit, Zeus himself being powerless to avert her decrees; but in later times this conception

963 [ 4 ] of one inexorable, all-conquering fate became amplified ¨ by the poets into that above described, and the Moiræ 964 [ 5 ] are henceforth the special presiding deities over the life ˛ and death of mortals. 965 [ 6 ] THE MYTHS AND 966 [ 7 ] The Moiræ are represented by the poets as stern, in- LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 967 [ 8 ] exorable female divinities, aged, hideous, and also lame, 968 [ 9 ] which is evidently meant to indicate the slow and halt- GREECE AND ROME ing march of destiny, which they controlled. Painters and sculptors, on the other hand, depicted them as beautiful E. M. Berens maidens of a grave but kindly aspect. ˙ PART I ¸ There is a charming representation of Lachesis, which MYTHS depicts her in all the grace of youth and beauty. She is sitting spinning, and at her feet lie two masks, one comic, ˙¸ the other tragic, as though to convey the idea, that, to MINOR DIVINITIES a divinity of fate, the brightest and saddest scenes of earthly existence are alike indifferent, and that she qui- ˙¸ etly and steadily pursues her occupation, regardless of Moiræ or Fates (PARCÆ) human weal or woe. page 202 of 459 When represented at the feet of Aïdes in the lower world they are clad in dark robes; but when they appear ˇ˚ ˘¯ in Olympus they wear bright garments, bespangled with ˝ ˙¸ stars, and are seated on radiant thrones, with crowns on their heads. It was considered the function of the Moiræ to indi- cate to the Furies the precise torture which the wicked should undergo for their crimes. They were regarded as prophetic divinities, and had sanctuaries in many parts of Greece. The Moiræ are mentioned as assisting the Charites to conduct Persephone to the upper world at her periodical

reunion with her mother Demeter. They also appear in MM.141 ¨ company with Eileithyia, goddess of birth. 969 ˛ Nemesis 970 [ 1 ] THE MYTHS AND Nemesis, the daughter of Nyx, represents that power LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 971 which adjusts the balance of human affairs, by award- ing to each individual the fate which his actions deserve. GREECE AND ROME 972 [ 2 ] She rewards, humble, unacknowledged merit, punishes crime, deprives the worthless of undeserved good for- E. M. Berens 973 [ 3 ] tune, humiliates the proud and overbearing, and visits 974 [ 4 ] all evil on the wrong-doer; thus maintaining that proper ˙ PART I ¸ balance of things, which the Greeks recognized as a nec- MYTHS essary condition of all civilized life. But though Nemesis, in her original character, was the distributor of rewards ˙¸ as well as punishments, the world was so full of sin, that MINOR DIVINITIES she found but little occupation in her first capacity, and hence became finally regarded as the avenging goddess ˙¸ only. Nemesis We have seen a striking instance of the manner in page 203 of 459 which this divinity punishes the proud and arrogant in the history of Niobe. Apollo and Artemis were merely ˇ˚ ˘¯ the instruments for avenging the insult offered to their ˝ ˙¸ mother; but it was Nemesis who prompted the deed, and presided over its execution. Homer makes no mention of Nemesis; it is therefore evident that she was a conception of later times, when higher views of morality had obtained among the Greek nation. Nemesis is represented as a beautiful woman of thoughtful and benign aspect and regal bearing; a di- adem crowns her majestic brow, and she bears in her

hand a rudder, balance, and cubit;—fitting emblems of ¨ the manner in which she guides, weighs, and measures all 975 human events. She is also sometimes seen with a wheel, MM.142 ˛ to symbolize the rapidity with which she executes jus- 976 [ 5 ] tice. As the avenger of evil she appears winged, bearing THE MYTHS AND 977 [ 6 ] in her hand either a scourge or a sword, and seated in a LEGENDS OF ANCIENT chariot drawn by griffins. 978 GREECE AND ROME Nemesis is frequently called Adrastia, and also Rham- 979 [ 1 ] nusia, from Rhamnus in Attica, the chief seat of her wor- E. M. Berens ship, which contained a celebrated statue of the goddess. 980 [ 2 ] ˙ PART I ¸ Nemesis was worshipped by the Romans, (who in- MYTHS voked her on the Capitol), as a divinity who possessed the power of averting the pernicious consequences of ˙¸ envy. MINOR DIVINITIES NIGHT AHD HER CHILDREN: DEATH, ˙¸ SLEEP, AND DREAMS NIGHT AHD HER CHILDREN: DEATH, SLEEP, AND DREAMS Nyx (Nox) Nyx (NOX) Nyx, the daughter of Chaos, being the personification of Night, was, according to the poetic ideas of the Greeks, page 204 of 459 considered to be the mother of everything mysterious and inexplicable, such as death, sleep, dreams, &c. She ˇ˚ ˘¯ became united to Erebus, and their children were Aether ˝ ˙¸ and Hemera (Air and Daylight), evidently a simile of the poets, to indicate that darkness always precedes light. Nyx inhabited a palace in the dark regions of the lower world, and is represented as a beautiful woman, seated in a chariot, drawn by two black horses. She is clothed in dark robes, wears a long veil, and is accompa- nied by the stars, which follow in her train.

Thanatos (Mors) and ¨ 981 Hypnus (Somnus) ˛ 982 [ 1 ] Thanatos (Death) and his twin-brother Hypnus (Sleep) THE MYTHS AND 983 [ 2 ] were the children of Nyx. LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 984 [ 3 ] Their dwelling was in the realm of shades, and GREECE AND ROME when they appear among mortals, Thanatos is feared 985 [ 4 ] and hated as the enemy of mankind, whose hard heart E. M. Berens 986 [ 5 ] knows no pity, whilst his brother Hypnus is universally loved and welcomed as their kindest and most beneficent ˙ PART I ¸ 987 friend. MYTHS But though the ancients regarded Thanatos as a ˙¸ gloomy and mournful divinity, they did not represent MINOR DIVINITIES him with any exterior repulsiveness. On the contrary, he appears as a beautiful youth, who holds in his hand an ˙¸ inverted torch, emblematical of the light of life being ex- Thanatos (MORS) and tinguished, whilst his disengaged arm is thrown lovingly Hypnus (SOMNUS) round the shoulder of his brother Hypnus. page 205 of 459 Hypnus is sometimes depicted standing erect with closed eyes; at others he is in a recumbent position beside MM.143 his brother Thanatos, and usually bears a poppy-stalk in his hand. ˇ˚ ˘¯ ˝ ˙¸ A most interesting description of the abode of Hyp- nus is given by Ovid in his Metamorphoses. He tells us how the god of Sleep dwelt in a mountain-cave near the realm of the Cimmerians, which the sun never pierced with his rays. No sound disturbed the stillness, no song of birds, not a branch moved, and no human voice broke the profound silence which reigned everywhere. From the lowermost rocks of the cave issued the river Lethe, and one might almost have supposed that its course was arrested, were it not for the low, monotonous hum of

988 the water, which invited slumber. The entrance was ¨ 989 partially hidden by numberless white and red poppies, which Mother Night had gathered and planted there, and ˛ 990 from the juice of which she extracts drowsiness, which she scatters in liquid drops all over the earth, as soon THE MYTHS AND 991 [ 1 ] as the sun-god has sunk to rest. In the centre of the LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 992 [ 2 ] cave stands a couch of blackest ebony, with a bed of down, over which is laid a coverlet of sable hue. Here the GREECE AND ROME 993 [ 3 ] god himself reposes, surrounded by innumerable forms. These are idle dreams, more numerous than the sands of E. M. Berens the sea. Chief among them is Morpheus, that changeful god, who may assume any shape or form he pleases. Nor ˙ PART I ¸ can the god of Sleep resist his own power; for though he MYTHS may rouse himself for a while, he soon succumbs to the drowsy influences which surround him. ˙¸ MINOR DIVINITIES Morpheus ˙¸ Morpheus, the son of Hypnus, was the god of Dreams. Morpheus He is always represented winged, and appears some- page 206 of 459 times as a youth, sometimes as an old man. In his hand he bears a cluster of poppies, and as he steps with MM.144 noiseless footsteps over the earth, he gently scatters the seeds of this sleep-producing plant over the eyes of weary ˇ˚ ˘¯ mortals. ˝ ˙¸ Homer describes the House of Dreams as having two gates: one, whence issue all deceptive and flattering vi- sions, being formed of ivory; the other, through which proceed those dreams which are fulfilled, of horn.

994 The Gorgons ¨ 995 [ 1 ] The Gorgons, Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, were the ˛ 996 [ 2 ] three daughters of Phorcys and Ceto, and were the per- sonification of those benumbing, and, as it were, petri- THE MYTHS AND 997 [ 3 ] fying sensations, which result from sudden and extreme LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 998 [ 4 ] fear. GREECE AND ROME 999 [ 5 ] They were frightful winged monsters, whose bodies were covered with scales; hissing, wriggling snakes clus- E. M. Berens 1000 tered round their heads instead of hair; their hands were of brass; their teeth resembled the tusks of a wild boar; ˙ PART I ¸ and their whole aspect was so appalling, that they are MYTHS said to have turned into stone all who beheld them. ˙¸ These terrible sisters were supposed to dwell in that MINOR DIVINITIES remote and mysterious region in the far West, beyond the sacred stream of Oceanus. ˙¸ The Gorgons The Gorgons were the servants of Aïdes, who made use of them to terrify and overawe those shades, doomed page 207 of 459 to be kept in a constant state of unrest as a punish- ment for their misdeeds, whilst the Furies, on their part, MM.145 scourged them with their whips and tortured them in- cessantly. ˇ˚ ˘¯ ˝ ˙¸ The most celebrated of the three sisters was Medusa, who alone was mortal. She was originally a golden-haired and very beautiful maiden, who, as a priestess of Athene, was devoted to a life of celibacy; but, being wooed by Po- seidon, whom she loved in return, she forgot her vows, and became united to him in marriage. For this offence she was punished by the goddess in a most terrible man- ner. Each wavy lock of the beautiful hair which had so charmed her husband, was changed into a venomous snake; her once gentle, love-inspiring eyes now became

1001 blood-shot, furious orbs, which excited fear and disgust ¨ in the mind of the beholder; whilst her former roseate 1002 hue and milk-white skin assumed a loathsome greenish ˛ tinge. Seeing herself thus transformed into so repulsive 1003 an object, Medusa fled from her home, never to return. THE MYTHS AND Wandering about, abhorred, dreaded, and shunned by LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 1004 [6] all the world, she now developed into a character, wor- thy of her outward appearance. In her despair she fled GREECE AND ROME 1005 [7] to Africa, where, as she passed restlessly from place to place, infant snakes dropped from her hair, and thus, ac- E. M. Berens 1006 [1] cording to the belief of the ancients, that country became 1007 the hotbed of these venomous reptiles. With the curse ˙ PART I ¸ of Athene upon her, she turned into stone whomsoever MYTHS 1008 [2] she gazed upon, till at last, after a life of nameless mis- ery, deliverance came to her in the shape of death, at the ˙¸ hands of Perseus. MINOR DIVINITIES It is well to observe that when the Gorgons are spoken ˙¸ of in the singular, it is Medusa who is alluded to. Grææ Medusa was the mother of Pegasus and Chrysaor, page 208 of 459 father of the three-headed, winged giant Geryones, who was slain by Heracles. ˇ˚ ˘¯ ˝ ˙¸ Grææ The Grææ, who acted as servants to their sisters the Gorgons, were also three in number; their names were Pephredo, Enyo, and Dino. In their original conception they were merely person- ifications of kindly and venerable old age, possessing all its benevolent attributes without its natural infirmities. They were old and gray from their birth, and so they ever remained. In later times, however, they came to be

1009 regarded as misshapen females, decrepid, and hideously ¨ ugly, having only one eye, one tooth, and one gray wig 1010 [3] between them, which they lent to each other, when one ˛ of them wished to appear before the world. MM.146 THE MYTHS AND When Perseus entered upon his expedition to slay LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 1011 [1] the Medusa, he repaired to the abode of the Grææ, in 1012 the far west, to inquire the way to the Gorgons, and on GREECE AND ROME their refusing to give any information, he deprived them of their one eye, tooth, and wig, and did not restore them E. M. Berens until he received the necessary directions. ˙ PART I ¸ Sphinx MYTHS The Sphinx was an ancient Egyptian divinity, who per- ˙¸ sonified wisdom, and the fertility of nature. She is rep- MINOR DIVINITIES resented as a lion-couchant, with the head and bust of a woman, and wears a peculiar sort of hood, which com- ˙¸ pletely envelops her head, and falls down on either side Sphinx of the face. page 209 of 459 Transplanted into Greece, this sublime and myste- 1013 [2] rious Egyptian deity degenerates into an insignificant, and yet malignant power, and though she also deals in 1014 [3] mysteries, they are, as we shall see, of a totally different character, and altogether inimical to human life. 1016 ˇ˚ ˘¯ 1015 The Sphinx is represented, according to Greek ge- ˝ ˙¸ nealogy, as the offspring of Typhon and Echidna.1 Hera, being upon one occasion displeased with the Thebans, sent them this awful monster, as a punishment for their offences. Taking her seat on a rocky eminence near the city of Thebes, commanding a pass which the Thebans were compelled to traverse in their usual way of business, 1Echidna was a bloodthirsty monster, half maiden, half serpent.

1017 [4] The Sphinx ¨ 1018 [5] she propounded to all comers a riddle, and if they failed ˛ to solve it, she tore them in pieces. 1019 THE MYTHS AND During the reign of King Creon, so many people had LEGENDS OF ANCIENT fallen a sacrifice to this monster, that he determined to use every effort to rid the country of so terrible a scourge. GREECE AND ROME On consulting the oracle of Delphi, he was informed that the only way to destroy the Sphinx was to solve one of her E. M. Berens riddles, when she would immediately precipitate herself from the rock on which she was seated. ˙ PART I ¸ MYTHS Creon, accordingly, made a public declaration to the effect, that whoever could give the true interpretation of ˙¸ a riddle propounded by the monster, should obtain the MINOR DIVINITIES crown, and the hand of his sister Jocaste. Œdipus of- fered himself as a candidate, and proceeding to the spot ˙¸ where she kept guard, received from her the following Sphinx riddle for solution: “What creature goes in the morn- ing on four legs, at noon on two, and in the evening on page 210 of 459 three?” Œdipus replied, that it must be man, who dur- ing his infancy creeps on all fours, in his prime walks MM.147 erect on two legs, and when old age has enfeebled his ˇ˚ ˘¯ ˝ ˙¸

1020 [6] powers, calls a staff to his assistance, and thus has, as it ¨ were, three legs. 1021 [7] ˛ The Sphinx no sooner heard this reply, which was the 1022 correct solution of her riddle, than she flung herself over THE MYTHS AND the precipice, and perished in the abyss below. LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 1023 [1] 1024 The Greek Sphinx may be recognized by having GREECE AND ROME wings and by being of smaller dimensions than the Egyp- 1025 tian Sphinx. E. M. Berens 1026 [2] Tyche (Fortuna) and ˙ PART I ¸ Ananke (Necessitas) MYTHS 1027 Tyche (Fortuna) ˙¸ MINOR DIVINITIES Tyche personified that peculiar combination of circum- stances which we call luck or fortune, and was considered ˙¸ to be the source of all unexpected events in human life, Tyche (FORTUNA) and Ananke whether good or evil. If a person succeeded in all he un- (NECESSITAS) dertook without possessing any special merit of his own, Tyche was supposed to have smiled on his birth. If, on ˙¸ the other hand, undeserved ill-luck followed him through Tyche (FORTUNA) life, and all his efforts resulted in failure, it was ascribed to her adverse influence. page 211 of 459 This goddess of Fortune is variously represented. MM.148 ˇ ˚ ˘ ¯ Sometimes she is depicted bearing in her hand two rud- ˝ ˙¸ ders, with one of which she steers the bark of the fortu- nate, and with the other that of the unfortunate among mortals. In later times she appears blindfolded, and stands on a ball or wheel, indicative of the fickleness and ever-revolving changes of fortune. She frequently bears

1029 [3] the sceptre and cornucopia2 or horn of plenty, and is usu- ¨ ally winged. In her temple at Thebes, she is represented 1030 [1] holding the infant Plutus in her arms, to symbolize her ˛ 1031 power over riches and prosperity. THE MYTHS AND 1032 [2] Tyche was worshipped in various parts of Greece, but LEGENDS OF ANCIENT more particularly by the Athenians, who believed in her 1033 [3] special predilection for their city. GREECE AND ROME 1034 [1] FORTUNA E. M. Berens 1035 Tyche was worshipped in Rome under the name of For- tuna, and held a position of much greater importance ˙ PART I ¸ 1036 [2] among the Romans than the Greeks. MYTHS 1028 In later times Fortuna is never represented either ˙¸ winged or standing on a ball; she merely bears the cornu- MINOR DIVINITIES copia. It is evident, therefore, that she had come to be regarded as the goddess of good luck only, who brings ˙¸ blessings to man, and not, as with the Greeks, as the Tyche (FORTUNA) and Ananke personification of the fluctuations of fortune. (NECESSITAS) In addition to Fortuna, the Romans worshipped Fe- ˙¸ licitas as the giver of positive good fortune. Ananke (NECESSITAS) Ananke (Necessitas) page 212 of 459 As Ananke, Tyche assumes quite another character, and ˇ˚ ˘¯ becomes the embodiment of those immutable laws of na- ˝ ˙¸ ture, by which certain causes produce certain inevitable results. In a statue of this divinity at Athens she was repre- 2One of the horns of the goat Amalthea, broken off by Zeus, and supposed to possess the power of filling itself with whatsoever its owner desired.

sented with hands of bronze, and surrounded with nails ¨ and hammers. The hands of bronze probably indicated 1037 [3] the irresistible power of the inevitable, and the hammer ˛ and chains the fetters which she forged for man. 1038 MM.149 THE MYTHS AND 1039 Ananke was worshipped in Rome under the name of LEGENDS OF ANCIENT [1] Necessitas. GREECE AND ROME Ker E. M. Berens In addition to the Moiræ, who presided over the life of mortals, there was another divinity, called Ker, ap- ˙ PART I ¸ pointed for each human being at the moment of his birth. MYTHS The Ker belonging to an individual was believed to de- velop with his growth, either for good or evil; and when ˙¸ the ultimate fate of a mortal was about to be decided, MINOR DIVINITIES his Ker was weighed in the balance, and, according to the preponderance of its worth or worthlessness, life or ˙¸ death was awarded to the human being in question. It Ate becomes evident, therefore, that according to the belief of the early Greeks, each individual had it in his power, page 213 of 459 to a certain extent, to shorten or prolong his own exis- 1040 tence. 1041 [2] The Keres, who are frequently mentioned by Homer, were the goddesses who delighted in the slaughter of the 1042 [1] battle-field. 1043 Ate 1044 [2] Ate, the daughter of Zeus and Eris, was a divinity who delighted in evil. ˇ˚ ˘¯ ˝ ˙¸ Having instigated Hera to deprive Heracles of his birthright, her father seized her by the hair of her head, and hurled her from Olympus, forbidding her, under the

1045 most solemn imprecations, ever to return. Henceforth ¨ she wandered among mankind, sowing dissension, work- 1046 [1] ing mischief, and luring men to all actions inimical to ˛ 1047 their welfare and happiness. Hence, when a reconcilia- tion took place between friends who had quarrelled, Ate THE MYTHS AND 1048 was blamed as the original cause of disagreement. LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 1050 [2] Momus GREECE AND ROME 1051 [1] Momus, the son of Nyx, was the god of raillery and E. M. Berens 1052 ridicule, who delighted to criticise, with bitter sarcasm, the actions of gods and men, and contrived to dis- ˙ PART I ¸ 1049 cover in all things some defect or blemish. Thus when MYTHS Prometheus created the first man, Momus considered his work incomplete because there was no aperture in the ˙¸ breast through which his inmost thoughts might be read. MINOR DIVINITIES He also found fault with a house built by Athene because, being unprovided with the means of locomotion, it could ˙¸ never be removed from an unhealthy locality. Aphrodite Eros (CUPID, AMOR) and Psyche alone defied his criticism, for, to his great chagrin, he could find no fault with her perfect form.3 page 214 of 459 MM.150 In what manner the ancients represented this god is unknown. In modern art he is depicted like a king’s ˇ˚ ˘¯ jester, with a fool’s cap and bells. ˝ ˙¸ Eros (Cupid, Amor) and Psyche According to Hesiod’s Theogony, Eros, the divine spirit of Love, sprang forth from Chaos, while all was still in confusion, and by his beneficent power reduced to order and harmony the shapeless, conflicting elements, which, 3According to another account, Momus discovered that Aphrodite made a noise when she walked.

1053 [2] under his influence, began to assume distinct forms. This ¨ ancient Eros is represented as a full-grown and very beau- 1054 [3] tiful youth, crowned with flowers, and leaning on a shep- ˛ herd’s crook. 1055 THE MYTHS AND In the course of time, this beautiful conception grad- LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 1056 [4] ually faded away, and though occasional mention still continues to be made of the Eros of Chaos, he is replaced GREECE AND ROME 1057 [5] by the son of Aphrodite, the popular, mischief-loving lit- tle god of Love, so familiar to us all. E. M. Berens In one of the myths concerning Eros, Aphrodite is de- ˙ PART I ¸ scribed as complaining to Themis, that her son, though MYTHS so beautiful, did not appear to increase in stature; where- upon Themis suggested that his small proportions were ˙¸ probably attributable to the fact of his being always MINOR DIVINITIES alone, and advised his mother to let him have a compan- ion. Aphrodite accordingly gave him, as a playfellow, his ˙¸ younger brother Anteros (requited love), and soon had Eros (CUPID, AMOR) and Psyche the gratification of seeing the little Eros begin to grow and thrive; but, curious to relate, this desirable result page 215 of 459 only continued as long as the brothers remained together, for the moment they were separated, Eros shrank once MM.151 more to his original size. ˇ˚ ˘¯ By degrees the conception of Eros became multiplied ˝ ˙¸ and we hear of little love-gods (Amors), who appear un- der the most charming and diversified forms. These love- gods, who afforded to artists inexhaustible subjects for the exercise of their imagination, are represented as being engaged in various occupations, such as hunting, fishing, rowing, driving chariots, and even busying themselves in mechanical labour. Perhaps no myth is more charming and interesting

Eros and Psyche ¨ than that of Eros and Psyche, which is as follows:— ˛ Psyche, the youngest of three princesses, was so tran- scendently beautiful that Aphrodite herself became jeal- THE MYTHS AND ous of her, and no mortal dared to aspire to the honour LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 1058 of her hand. As her sisters, who were by no means equal to her in attractions, were married, and Psyche still re- GREECE AND ROME mained unwedded, her father consulted the oracle of Del- phi, and, in obedience to the divine response, caused her E. M. Berens to be dressed as though for the grave, and conducted to the edge of a yawning precipice. No sooner was she ˙ PART I ¸ 1059 alone than she felt herself lifted up, and wafted away by MYTHS the gentle west wind Zephyrus, who transported her to ˙¸ MINOR DIVINITIES ˙¸ Eros (CUPID, AMOR) and Psyche page 216 of 459 ˇ˚ ˘¯ ˝ ˙¸

a verdant meadow, in the midst of which stood a stately ¨ palace, surrounded by groves and fountains. 1060 [6] ˛ Here dwelt Eros, the god of Love, in whose arms 1061 Zephyrus deposited his lovely burden. Eros, himself un- THE MYTHS AND seen, wooed her in the softest accents of affection; but LEGENDS OF ANCIENT warned her, as she valued his love, not to endeavour to MM.152 behold his form. For some time Psyche was obedient to GREECE AND ROME 1062 the injunction of her immortal spouse, and made no ef- fort to gratify her natural curiosity; but, unfortunately, E. M. Berens in the midst of her happiness she was seized with an un- conquerable longing for the society of her sisters, and, ˙ PART I ¸ in accordance with her desire, they were conducted by MYTHS Zephyrus to her fairy-like abode. Filled with envy at the sight of her felicity, they poisoned her mind against ˙¸ her husband, and telling her that her unseen lover was MINOR DIVINITIES a frightful monster, they gave her a sharp dagger, which they persuaded her to use for the purpose of delivering ˙¸ herself from his power. Eros (CUPID, AMOR) and Psyche After the departure of her sisters, Psyche resolved page 217 of 459 to take the first opportunity of following their malicious 1063 [7] counsel. She accordingly rose in the dead of night, and taking a lamp in one hand and a dagger in the other, 1064 stealthily approached the couch where Eros was repos- ing, when, instead of the frightful monster she had ex- 1065 pected to see, the beauteous form of the god of Love ˇ˚ ˘¯ greeted her view. Overcome with surprise and admira- ˝ ˙¸ tion, Psyche stooped down to gaze more closely on his lovely features, when, from the lamp which she held in her trembling hand, there fell a drop of burning oil upon the shoulder of the sleeping god, who instantly awoke, and seeing Psyche standing over him with the instrument

1066 [8] of death in her hand, sorrowfully reproached her for her ¨ treacherous designs, and, spreading out his wings, flew 1067 [9] away. ˛ 1068 [ 10 ] In despair at having lost her lover, the unhappy Psy- THE MYTHS AND che endeavoured to put an end to her existence by throw- LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 1069 ing herself into the nearest river; but instead of closing over her, the waters bore her gently to the opposite bank, GREECE AND ROME 1070 [ 11 ] where Pan (the god of shepherds) received her, and con- soled her with the hope of becoming eventually recon- E. M. Berens 1071 ciled to her husband. ˙ PART I ¸ Meanwhile her wicked sisters, in expectation of meet- MYTHS ing with the same good fortune which had befallen Psy- che, placed themselves on the edge of the rock, but were ˙¸ both precipitated into the chasm below. MINOR DIVINITIES Psyche herself, filled with a restless yearning for her ˙¸ lost love, wandered all over the world in search of him. Eros (CUPID, AMOR) and Psyche At length she appealed to Aphrodite to take compassion on her; but the goddess of Beauty, still jealous of her page 218 of 459 charms, imposed upon her the hardest tasks, the accom- plishment of which often appeared impossible. In these MM.153 she was always assisted by invisible, beneficent beings, sent to her by Eros, who still loved her, and continued ˇ˚ ˘¯ to watch over her welfare. ˝ ˙¸ Psyche had to undergo a long and severe penance be- fore she became worthy to regain the happiness, which she had so foolishly trifled away. At last Aphrodite com- manded her to descend into the under world, and ob- tain from Persephone a box containing all the charms of beauty. Psyche’s courage now failed her, for she con- cluded that death must of necessity precede her entrance into the realm of shades. About to abandon herself to

Eros ¨ despair, she heard a voice which warned her of every ˛ danger to be avoided on her perilous journey, and in- structed her with regard to certain precautions to be THE MYTHS AND 1072 observed. These were as follows:—not to omit to provide LEGENDS OF ANCIENT herself with the ferryman’s toll for Charon, and the cake to pacify Cerberus, also to refrain from taking any part GREECE AND ROME in the banquets of Aïdes and Persephone, and, above all things, to bring the box of beauty charms unopened E. M. Berens 1073 to Aphrodite. In conclusion, the voice assured her, that compliance with the above conditions would insure for ˙ PART I ¸ her a safe return to the realms of light. But, alas, Psy- MYTHS che, who had implicitly followed all injunctions, could not withstand the temptation of the last condition; and, ˙¸ 1074 hardly had she quitted the lower world, when, unable to MINOR DIVINITIES resist the curiosity which devoured her, she raised the lid of the box with eager expectation. But, instead of the ˙¸ wondrous charms of beauty which she expected to be- Eros (CUPID, AMOR) and Psyche hold, there issued from the casket a dense black vapour, page 219 of 459 ˇ˚ ˘¯ ˝ ˙¸

which had the effect of throwing her into a death-like ¨ sleep, out of which Eros, who had long hovered round 1075 her unseen, at length awoke her with the point of one of his golden arrows. He gently reproached her with this 1076 [ 12 ] second proof of her curiosity and folly, and then, having ˛ persuaded Aphrodite to be reconciled to his beloved, he induced Zeus to admit her among the immortal gods. MM.154 THE MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 1077 [ 13 ] Their reunion was celebrated amidst the rejoicings of all the Olympian deities. The Graces shed perfume on GREECE AND ROME their path, the Hours sprinkled roses over the sky, Apollo added the music of his lyre, and the Muses united their E. M. Berens voices in a glad chorus of delight. ˙ PART I ¸ This myth would appear to be an allegory, which sig- MYTHS nifies that the soul, before it can be reunited to its orig- inal divine essence, must be purified by the chastening ˙¸ sorrows and sufferings of its earthly career.4 MINOR DIVINITIES Eros is represented as a lovely boy, with rounded ˙¸ limbs, and a merry, roguish expression. He has golden Eros (CUPID, AMOR) and Psyche wings, and a quiver slung over his shoulder, which con- tained his magical and unerring arrows; in one hand he page 220 of 459 bears his golden bow, and in the other a torch. 1079 [ 14 ] He is also frequently depicted riding on a lion, dol- 1080 [ 15 ] phin, or eagle, or seated in a chariot drawn by stags or wild boars, undoubtedly emblematical of the power of 1081 [ 16 ] love as the subduer of all nature, even of the wild ani- mals. 1078 ˇ˚ ˘¯ In Rome, Eros was worshipped under the name of ˝ ˙¸ Amor or Cupid. 4The word Psyche signifies “butterfly,” the emblem of the soul in ancient art.

Hymen ¨ 1082 [1] Hymen or Hymenæus, the son of Apollo and the muse ˛ 1083 Urania, was the god who presided over marriage and nup- tial solemnities, and was hence invoked at all marriage THE MYTHS AND 1084 [2] festivities. LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 1085 There is a myth concerning this divinity, which tells GREECE AND ROME us that Hymen was a beautiful youth of very poor par- ents, who fell in love with a wealthy maiden, so far above MM.155 E. M. Berens him in rank, that he dared not cherish the hope of ever becoming united to her. Still he missed no opportunity ˙ PART I ¸ of seeing her, and, upon one occasion, disguised himself MYTHS as a girl, and joined a troop of maidens, who, in company with his beloved, were proceeding from Athens to Eleu- ˙¸ sis, in order to attend a festival of Demeter. On their way MINOR DIVINITIES thither they were surprised by pirates, who carried them off to a desert island, where the ruffians, after drinking ˙¸ deeply, fell into a heavy sleep. Hymen, seizing the op- Hymen portunity, slew them all, and then set sail for Athens, where he found the parents of the maidens in the great- page 221 of 459 est distress at their unaccountable disappearance. He 1086 comforted them with the assurance that their children 1087 should be restored to them, provided they would promise to give him in marriage the maiden he loved. The con- dition being gladly complied with, he at once returned to the island, and brought back the maidens in safety to Athens, whereupon he became united to the object of his love; and their union proved so remarkably happy, that henceforth the name of Hymen became synonymous with conjugal felicity. ˇ˚ ˘¯ ˝ ˙¸

1088 [1] Iris (The Rainbow) ¨ 1089 Iris, the daughter of Thaumas and Electra, personified ˛ 1090 [2] the rainbow, and was the special attendant and messen- ger of the queen of heaven, whose commands she exe- THE MYTHS AND 1091 [3] cuted with singular tact, intelligence, and swiftness. LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 1092 [1] Most primitive nations have regarded the rainbow GREECE AND ROME 1093 as a bridge of communication between heaven and earth, and this is doubtless the reason why Iris, who represented E. M. Berens 1094 [2] that beautiful phenomenon of nature, should have been invested by the Greeks with the office of communicating ˙ PART I ¸ 1095 [3] between gods and men. MYTHS Iris is usually represented seated behind the chariot ˙¸ of Hera, ready to do the bidding of her royal mistress. MINOR DIVINITIES She appears under the form of a slender maiden of great beauty, robed in an airy fabric of variegated hues, re- ˙¸ sembling mother-of-pearl; her sandals are bright as bur- Hebe (JUVENTAS) nished silver, she has golden wings, and wherever she appears, a radiance of light, and a sweet odour, as of page 222 of 459 delicate spring flowers, pervades the air. MM.156 Hebe (Juventas) ˇ˚ ˘¯ Hebe was the personification of eternal youth under its ˝ ˙¸ most attractive and joyous aspect. She was the daughter of Zeus and Hera, and though of such distinguished rank, is nevertheless represented as cup-bearer to the gods; a forcible exemplification of the old patriarchal custom, in accordance with which the daughters of the house, even when of the highest lineage, personally assisted in serving the guests. Hebe is represented as a comely, modest maiden, small, of a beautifully rounded contour, with nut-brown

1096 [4] Hebe ¨ 1097 [5] tresses and sparkling eyes. She is often depicted pour- ˛ ing out nectar from an upraised vessel, or bearing in her hand a shallow dish, supposed to contain ambrosia, the THE MYTHS AND ever youth-renewing food of the immortals. LEGENDS OF ANCIENT In consequence of an act of awkwardness, which GREECE AND ROME caused her to slip while serving the gods, Hebe was de- prived of her office, which was henceforth delegated to E. M. Berens Ganymedes, son of Tros. ˙ PART I ¸ Hebe afterwards became the bride of Heracles, when, MYTHS after his apotheosis, he was received among the immor- tals. ˙¸ MINOR DIVINITIES ˙¸ Hebe (JUVENTAS) page 223 of 459 ˇ˚ ˘¯ ˝ ˙¸

Juventas ¨ 1098 [1] Juventas was the Roman divinity identified with Hebe, ˛ 1099 whose attributes, however, were regarded by the Romans as applying more particularly to the imperishable vigour THE MYTHS AND 1100 [2] and immortal glory of the state. LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 1101 In Rome, several temples were erected in honour of MM.157 GREECE AND ROME 1102 this goddess. [1] E. M. Berens Ganynedes ˙ PART I ¸ Ganymedes, the youngest son of Tros, king of Troy, was MYTHS one day drawing water from a well on Mount Ida, when he was observed by Zeus, who, struck with his wonder- ˙¸ ful beauty, sent his eagle to transport him to Olympus, MINOR DIVINITIES where he was endowed with immortality, and appointed cup-bearer to the gods. ˙¸ The Muses Ganymedes is represented as a youth of exquisite beauty, with short golden locks, delicately chiselled fea- page 224 of 459 tures, beaming blue eyes, and pouting lips. 1103 [2] The Muses 1104 [1] 1105 Of all the Olympic deities, none occupy a more dis- tinguished position than the Muses, the nine beautiful 1106 [2] daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne. 1107 [3] In their original signification, they presided merely ˇ˚ ˘¯ over music, song, and dance; but with the progress of ˝ ˙¸ civilization the arts and sciences claimed their special presiding divinities, and we see these graceful creations, in later times, sharing among them various functions, such as poetry, astronomy, &c. The Muses were honoured alike by mortals and im-

mortals. In Olympus, where Apollo acted as their leader, ¨ no banquet or festivity was considered complete without 1108 their joy-inspiring presence, and on earth no social gath- ˛ ering was celebrated without libations being poured out 1109 [4] to them; nor was any task involving intellectual effort THE MYTHS AND ever undertaken, without earnestly supplicating their LEGENDS OF ANCIENT assistance. They endowed their chosen favourites with knowledge, wisdom, and understanding; they bestowed GREECE AND ROME upon the orator the gift of eloquence, inspired the poet with his noblest thoughts, and the musician with his E. M. Berens sweetest harmonies. ˙ PART I ¸ Like so many of the Greek divinities, however, the MYTHS refined conception of the Muses is somewhat marred by the acerbity with which they punished any effort on the ˙¸ part of mortals to rival them in their divine powers. An MINOR DIVINITIES instance of this is seen in the case of Thamyris, a Thra- cian bard, who presumed to invite them to a trial of skill ˙¸ in music. Having vanquished him, they not only afflicted The Muses him with blindness, but deprived him also of the power of song. page 225 of 459 Another example of the manner in which the gods MM.158 punished presumption and vanity is seen in the story 1110 [5] of the daughters of King Pierus. Proud of the perfec- tion to which they had brought their skill in music, they 1111 presumed to challenge the Muses themselves in the art over which they specially presided. The contest took place on Mount Helicon, and it is said that when the ˇ˚ ˘¯ mortal maidens commenced their song, the sky became ˝ ˙¸ dark and misty, whereas when the Muses raised their heavenly voices, all nature seemed to rejoice, and Mount Helicon itself moved with exultation. The Pierides were

1112 [6] signally defeated, and were transformed by the Muses ¨ into singing birds, as a punishment for having dared to 1113 [7] challenge comparison with the immortals. ˛ 1114 [8] Undeterred by the above example, the Sirens also en- THE MYTHS AND tered into a similar contest. The songs of the Muses were LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 1115 loyal and true, whilst those of the Sirens were the false and deceptive strains with which so many unfortunate GREECE AND ROME mariners had been lured to their death. The Sirens were defeated by the Muses, and as a mark of humiliation, E. M. Berens were deprived of the feathers with which their bodies were adorned. ˙ PART I ¸ MYTHS The oldest seat of the worship of the Muses was Pieria in Thrace, where they were supposed to have first seen ˙¸ the light of day. Pieria is a district on one of the slop- MINOR DIVINITIES ing declivities of Mount Olympus, whence a number of rivulets, as they flow towards the plains beneath, pro- ˙¸ duce those sweet, soothing sounds, which may possibly The Muses have suggested this spot as a fitting home for the presid- ing divinities of song. page 226 of 459 They dwelt on the summits of Mounts Helicon, Par- MM.159 nassus, and Pindus, and loved to haunt the springs and fountains which gushed forth amidst these rocky heights, ˇ˚ ˘¯ all of which were sacred to them and to poetic inspira- ˝ ˙¸ tion. Aganippe and Hippocrene on Mount Helicon, and the Castalian spring on Mount Parnassus, were sacred to the Muses. The latter flowed between two lofty rocks above the city of Delphi, and in ancient times its waters were introduced into a square stone basin, where they were retained for the use of the Pythia and the priests of Apollo.

1116 [9] Calliope ¨ 1117 [ 10 ] The libations to these divinities consisted of water, ˛ 1118 [ 11 ] milk, and honey, but never of wine. THE MYTHS AND 1119 [ 12 ] Their names and functions are as follows:— LEGENDS OF ANCIENT CALLIOPE, the most honoured of the Muses, 1120 [ 13 ] presided over heroic song and epic poetry, and is rep- GREECE AND ROME resented with a pencil in her hand, and a slate upon her 1121 [ 14 ] knee. E. M. Berens CLIO, the muse of History, holds in her hand a roll of parchment, and wears a wreath of laurel. ˙ PART I ¸ MELPOMENE, the muse of Tragedy, bears a tragic MYTHS mask. THALIA, the muse of Comedy, carries in her right ˙¸ MINOR DIVINITIES ˙¸ The Muses page 227 of 459 ˇ˚ ˘¯ ˝ ˙¸

(a) Clio (b) Terpsichore (c) Euterpe (d) Erato ¨ 1122 [ 15 ] hand a shepherd’s crook, and has a comic mask beside ˛ her. 1123 [ 16 ] THE MYTHS AND POLYHYMNIA, the muse of Sacred Hymns, is LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 1124 [ 17 ] crowned with a wreath of laurel. She is always repre- sented in a thoughtful attitude, and entirely enveloped GREECE AND ROME 1125 [ 18 ] in rich folds of drapery. E. M. Berens TERPSICHORE, the muse of Dance and Rounde- lay, is represented in the act of playing on a seven- ˙ PART I ¸ stringed lyre. MYTHS URANIA, the muse of Astronomy, stands erect, and ˙¸ bears in her left hand a celestial globe. MINOR DIVINITIES EUTERPE, the muse of Harmony, is represented ˙¸ bearing a musical instrument, usually a flute. The Muses page 228 of 459 ˇ˚ ˘¯ ˝ ˙¸

¨ ˛ THE MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME E. M. Berens ˙ PART I ¸ MYTHS ˙¸ MINOR DIVINITIES ˙¸ The Muses page 229 of 459 (e) Urania (f) Melpomene (g) Thalia (h) Polyhymnia 1126 [ 19 ] ERATO, the muse of Love and hymeneal songs, wears a wreath of laurel, and is striking the chords of 1127 [ 20 ] a lyre. MM.160 MM.161 With regard to the origin of the Muses, it is said that they were created by Zeus in answer to a request on the part of the victorious deities, after the war with the Titans, that some special divinities should be called into existence, in order to commemorate in song the glorious deeds of the Olympian gods. ˇ˚ ˘¯ ˝ ˙¸

1128 Pegasus MM.162 ¨ 1129 [1] Pegasus was a beautiful winged horse who sprang from ˛ the body of Medusa when she was slain by the hero 1130 Perseus, the son of Zeus and Danaë. Spreading out his THE MYTHS AND wings he immediately flew to the top of Mount Olym- LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 1131 [2] pus, where he was received with delight and admiration by all the immortals. A place in his palace was assigned GREECE AND ROME to him by Zeus, who employed him to carry his thunder and lightning. Pegasus permitted none but the gods to E. M. Berens mount him, except in the case of Bellerophon, whom, at the command of Athene, he carried aloft, in order that ˙ PART I ¸ he might slay the Chimæra with his arrows. MYTHS The later poets represent Pegasus as being at the ˙¸ service of the Muses, and for this reason he is more cele- MINOR DIVINITIES brated in modern times than in antiquity. He would ap- pear to represent that poetical inspiration, which tends ˙¸ to develop man’s higher nature, and causes the mind to Pegasus soar heavenwards. The only mention by the ancients of Pegasus in connection with the Muses, is the story of page 230 of 459 his having produced with his hoofs, the famous fountain 1132 [3] Hippocrene. 1133 It is said that during their contest with the Pierides, the Muses played and sang on the summit of Mount He- licon with such extraordinary power and sweetness, that ˇ˚ ˘¯ heaven and earth stood still to listen, whilst the moun- ˝ ˙¸ tain raised itself in joyous ecstasy towards the abode of the celestial gods. Poseidon, seeing his special function thus interfered with, sent Pegasus to check the boldness of the mountain, in daring to move without his permis- sion. When Pegasus reached the summit, he stamped the ground with his hoofs, and out gushed the waters of

Hippocrene, afterwards so renowned as the sacred fount, ¨ whence the Muses quaffed their richest draughts of in- 1134 [1] spiration. ˛ 1135 The Hesperides THE MYTHS AND [2] MM.163 LEGENDS OF ANCIENT The Hesperides, the daughters of Atlas, dwelt in an is- 1136 land in the far west, whence they derived their name. GREECE AND ROME 1137 [3] They were appointed by Hera to act as guardians to E. M. Berens a tree bearing golden apples, which had been presented to her by Gæa on the occasion of her marriage with Zeus. ˙ PART I ¸ MYTHS It is said that the Hesperides, being unable to with- stand the temptation of tasting the golden fruit confided ˙¸ to their care, were deprived of their office, which was MINOR DIVINITIES henceforth delegated to the terrible dragon Ladon, who now became the ever-watchful sentinel of these precious ˙¸ treasures. Charites (GRATIÆ) or Graces The names of the Hesperides were Aegle, Arethusa, page 231 of 459 and Hesperia. 1138 [4] Charites (Gratiæ) or Graces 1139 [1] 1140 All those gentler attributes which beautify and refine human existence were personified by the Greeks under 1141 [2] the form of three lovely sisters, Euphrosyne, Aglaia, and Thalia, the daughters of Zeus and Eurynome (or, accord- 1142 [3] ing to later writers, of Dionysus and Aphrodite). ˇ˚ ˘¯ ˝ ˙¸ They are represented as beautiful, slender maidens in the full bloom of youth, with hands and arms lovingly intertwined, and are either undraped, or wear a fleecy, transparent garment of an ethereal fabric. They portray every gentle emotion of the heart,

which vents itself in friendship and benevolence, and ¨ were believed to preside over those qualities which con- 1143 [4] stitute grace, modesty, unconscious beauty, gentleness, ˛ kindliness, innocent joy, purity of mind and body, and 1144 [5] eternal youth. THE MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF ANCIENT They not only possessed the most perfect beauty themselves, but also conferred this gift upon others. All GREECE AND ROME the enjoyments of life were enhanced by their presence, and were deemed incomplete without them; and wher- E. M. Berens ever joy or pleasure, grace and gaiety reigned, there they were supposed to be present. ˙ PART I ¸ MYTHS Temples and altars were everywhere erected in their honour, and people of all ages and of every rank in life en- ˙¸ treated their favour. Incense was burnt daily upon their MINOR DIVINITIES altars, and at every banquet they were invoked, and a libation poured out to them, as they not only height- ˙¸ ened all enjoyment, but also by their refining influence Charites (GRATIÆ) or Graces moderated the exciting effects of wine. page 232 of 459 Music, eloquence, poetry, and art, though the direct work of the Muses, received at the hands of the Graces MM.164 an additional touch of refinement and beauty; for which 1145 [6] reason they are always regarded as the friends of the Muses, with whom they lived on Mount Olympus. 1146 [7] Their special function was to act, in conjunction with 1147 [8] the Seasons, as attendants upon Aphrodite, whom they ˇ˚ ˘¯ adorned with wreaths of flowers, and she emerges from ˝ ˙¸ their hands like the Queen of Spring, perfumed with the odour of roses and violets, and all sweet-scented blos- soms. The Graces are frequently seen in attendance on other divinities; thus they carry music for Apollo, myr-

1148 [1] tles for Aphrodite, &c., and frequently accompany the ¨ 1149 Muses, Eros, or Dionysus. ˛ 1150 [2] Horæ (Seasons) THE MYTHS AND 1151 Closely allied to the Graces were the Horæ, or Seasons, LEGENDS OF ANCIENT who were also represented as three beautiful maidens, 1152 [3] daughters of Zeus and Themis. Their names were Euno- GREECE AND ROME mia, Dice, and Irene. 1153 E. M. Berens It may appear strange that these divinities, presid- 1154 [4] ing over the seasons, should be but three in number, but ˙ PART I ¸ this is quite in accordance with the notions of the an- MYTHS cient Greeks, who only recognized spring, summer, and autumn as seasons; nature being supposed to be wrapt ˙¸ in death or slumber, during that cheerless and unproduc- MINOR DIVINITIES tive portion of the year which we call winter. In some parts of Greece there were but two Horæ, Thallo, goddess ˙¸ of the bloom, and Carpo, of the corn and fruit-bearing Horæ (SEASONS) season. page 233 of 459 The Horæ are always regarded as friendly towards mankind, and totally devoid of guile or subtlety; they are MM.165 represented as joyous, but gentle maidens, crowned with flowers, and holding each other by the hand in a round ˇ˚ ˘¯ dance. When they are depicted separately as personi- ˝ ˙¸ fications of the different seasons, the Hora representing spring appears laden with flowers, that of summer bears a sheaf of corn, whilst the personification of autumn has her hands filled with clusters of grapes and other fruits. They also appear in company with the Graces in the train of Aphrodite, and are seen with Apollo and the Muses. They are inseparably connected with all that is good

1155 and beautiful in nature, and as the regular alternation ¨ of the seasons, like all her other operations, demands 1156 [5] the most perfect order and regularity, the Horæ, being ˛ the daughters of Themis, came to be regarded as the 1157 [6] representatives of order, and the just administration of THE MYTHS AND human affairs in civilized communities. Each of these LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 1158 [1] graceful maidens took upon herself a separate function: 1159 Eunomia presided more especially over state life, Dice GREECE AND ROME guarded the interests of individuals, whilst Irene, the 1160 [2] gayest and brightest of the three sisters, was the light- E. M. Berens hearted companion of Dionysus. ˙ PART I ¸ The Horæ were also the deities of the fast-fleeting MYTHS hours, and thus presided over the smaller, as well as the larger divisions of time. In this capacity they assist every ˙¸ morning in yoking the celestial horses to the glorious MINOR DIVINITIES chariot of the sun, which they again help to unyoke when he sinks to rest. ˙¸ The Nymphs In their original conception they were personifica- tions of the clouds, and are described as opening and page 234 of 459 closing the gates of heaven, and causing fruits and flow- ers to spring forth, when they pour down upon them ˇ˚ ˘¯ their refreshing and life-giving streams. ˝ ˙¸ The Nymphs The graceful beings called the Nymphs were the presid- ing deities of the woods, grottoes, streams, meadows, &c. These divinities were supposed to be beautiful maid- ens of fairy-like form, and robed in more or less shad- owy garments. They were held in the greatest venera- tion, though, being minor divinities, they had no tem-

ples dedicated to them, but were worshipped in caves or MM.166 ¨ grottoes, with libations of milk, honey, oil, &c. 1161 [3] ˛ They may be divided into three distinct classes, viz., 1162 water, mountain, and tree or wood nymphs. THE MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 1163 [1] Water Nymphs GREECE AND ROME 1164 Oceanides, Nereides, and Naiades E. M. Berens The worship of water-deities is common to most prim- itive nations. The streams, springs, and fountains of a ˙ PART I ¸ country bear the same relation to it which the blood, MYTHS coursing through the numberless arteries of a human be- ing, bears to the body; both represent the living, moving, ˙¸ life-awakening element, without which existence would MINOR DIVINITIES be impossible. Hence we find among most nations a deep feeling of attachment to the streams and waters of their ˙¸ native land, the remembrance of which, when absent in The Nymphs foreign climes, is always treasured with peculiar fond- ness. Thus among the early Greeks, each tribe came ˙¸ to regard the rivers and springs of its individual state as WATER NYMPHS beneficent powers, which brought blessing and prosperity to the country. It is probable also that the charm which Oceanides, Nereides, and ever accompanies the sound of running water exercised Naiades its power over their imagination. They heard with de- light the gentle whisper of the fountain, lulling the senses page 235 of 459 with its low, rippling tones; the soft purling of the brook 1165 as it rushes over the pebbles, or the mighty voice of the 1166 waterfall as it dashes on in its headlong course; and the beings which they pictured to themselves as presiding over all these charming sights and sounds of nature, cor- ˇ˚ ˘¯ ˝ ˙¸

responded, in their graceful appearance, with the scenes ¨ with which they were associated. 1167 [1] ˛ 1168 Oceanides The Oceanides, or Ocean Nymphs, were the daughters THE MYTHS AND 1169 [2] of Oceanus and Tethys, and, like most sea divinities, were LEGENDS OF ANCIENT endowed with the gift of prophecy. MM.167 GREECE AND ROME They are personifications of those delicate vapour- 1170 [1] like exhalations, which, in warm climates, are emitted E. M. Berens 1171 from the surface of the sea, more especially at sunset, and are impelled forwards by the evening breeze. They are ˙ PART I ¸ accordingly represented as misty, shadowy beings, with MYTHS graceful swaying forms, and robed in pale blue, gauze- like fabrics. ˙¸ MINOR DIVINITIES The Nereides The Nereides were the daughters of Nereus and Doris, ˙¸ and were nymphs of the Mediterranean Sea. The Nymphs They are similar in appearance to the Oceanides, but ˙¸ their beauty is of a less shadowy order, and is more like WATER NYMPHS that of mortals. They wear a flowing, pale green robe; their liquid eyes resemble, in their clear depths, the lucid Oceanides, Nereides, and waters of the sea they inhabit; their hair floats carelessly Naiades over their shoulders, and assumes the greenish tint of the water itself, which, far from deteriorating from their ˙¸ beauty, greatly adds to its effect. The Nereides either The Nereides accompany the chariot of the mighty ruler of the sea, or follow in his train. page 236 of 459 1172 [2] We are told by the poets that the lonely mariner watches the Nereides with silent awe and wondering de- 1173 1174 [3] ˇ˚ ˘¯ ˝ ˙¸

light, as they rise from their grotto-palaces in the deep, ¨ and dance, in joyful groups, over the sleeping waves. 1175 Some, with arms entwined, follow with their movements ˛ the melodies which seem to hover over the sea, whilst 1176 [4] others scatter liquid gems around, these being emblem- THE MYTHS AND atical of the phosphorescent light, so frequently observed LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 1177 [1] at night by the traveller in southern waters. 1178 GREECE AND ROME The best known of the Nereides were Thetis, the 1179 [2] wife of Peleus, Amphitrite, the spouse of Poseidon, and E. M. Berens Galatea, the beloved of Acis. MM.168 ˙ PART I ¸ The Naiades MYTHS The Naiades were the nymphs of fresh-water springs, lakes, brooks, rivers, &c. ˙¸ MINOR DIVINITIES As the trees, plants, and flowers owed their nour- ishment to their genial, fostering care, these divinities ˙¸ were regarded by the Greeks as special benefactors to The Nymphs mankind. Like all the nymphs, they possessed the gift of prophecy, for which reason many of the springs and ˙¸ fountains over which they presided were believed to in- WATER NYMPHS spire mortals who drank of their waters with the power of foretelling future events. The Naiades are intimately Oceanides, Nereides, and connected in idea with those flowers which are called af- Naiades ter them Nymphæ, or water-lilies, whose broad, green leaves and yellow cups float upon the surface of the wa- ˙¸ ter, as though proudly conscious of their own grace and The Naiades beauty. page 237 of 459 We often hear of the Naiades forming alliances with 1180 mortals, and also of their being wooed by the sylvan deities of the woods and dales. 1181 [3] ˇ˚ ˘¯ ˝ ˙¸

1182 [1] Dryades, or Tree Nymphs ¨ 1183 The tree nymphs partook of the distinguishing charac- ˛ 1184 [2] teristics of the particular tree to whose life they were wedded, and were known collectively by the name of the THE MYTHS AND 1185 [3] Dryades. LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 1186 [4] The Hamadryades, or oak nymphs, represent in GREECE AND ROME their peculiar individuality the quiet, self-reliant power 1187 [5] which appears to belong essentially to the grand and E. M. Berens lordly king of the forest. 1188 [6] ˙ PART I ¸ The Birch Nymph is a melancholy maiden with MYTHS floating hair, resembling the branches of the pale and fragile-looking tree which she inhabits. ˙¸ MINOR DIVINITIES The Beech Nymph is strong and sturdy, full of life and joyousness, and appears to give promise of faithful ˙¸ love and undisturbed repose, whilst her rosy cheeks, deep The Nymphs brown eyes, and graceful form bespeak health, vigour, and vitality. ˙¸ Dryades, or Tree Nymphs The nymph of the Linden Tree is represented as a little coy maiden, whose short silver-gray dress reaches page 238 of 459 a little below the knee, and displays to advantage her delicately formed limbs. The sweet face, which is partly MM.169 averted, reveals a pair of large blue eyes, which appear to look at you with wondering surprise and shy mistrust; ˇ˚ ˘¯ her pale, golden hair is bound by the faintest streak of ˝ ˙¸ rose-coloured ribbon. The tree nymph, being wedded to the life of the tree she inhabited, ceased to exist when it was either felled, or so injured as to wither away and die.

1189 Nymphs of the Valleys and Mountains ¨ 1190 [1] Napææ and Oreades ˛ 1191 [2] The Napææ were the kind and gentle nymphs of the THE MYTHS AND valleys and glens who appear in the train of Artemis. LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 1192 They are represented as lovely maidens with short tunics, which, reaching only to the knee, do not impede their GREECE AND ROME 1193 [3] swift and graceful movements in the exercise of the chase. Their pale brown tresses are fastened in a knot at the E. M. Berens 1194 back of the head, whence a few stray curls escape over their shoulders. The Napææ are shy as the fawns, and ˙ PART I ¸ quite as frolicsome. MYTHS The Oreades, or mountain nymphs, who are the ˙¸ principal and constant companions of Artemis, are tall, MINOR DIVINITIES graceful maidens, attired as huntresses. They are ardent followers of the chase, and spare neither the gentle deer ˙¸ nor the timid hare, nor indeed any animal they meet with The Nymphs in their rapid course. Wherever their wild hunt goes the shy Napææ are represented as hiding behind the leaves, ˙¸ whilst their favourites, the fawns, kneel tremblingly be- NYMPHS OF THE VALLEYS AND side them, looking up beseechingly for protection from MOUNTAINS the wild huntresses; and even the bold Satyrs dart away Napææ and Oreades at their approach, and seek safety in flight. page 239 of 459 There is a myth connected with one of these moun- tain nymphs, the unfortunate Echo. She became enam- ˇ˚ ˘¯ oured of a beautiful youth named Narcissus, son of the ˝ ˙¸ river-god Cephissus, who, however, failed to return her love, which so grieved her that she gradually pined away, becoming a mere shadow of her former self, till, at length, nothing remained of her except her voice, which hence- forth gave back, with unerring fidelity, every sound that

was uttered in the hills and dales. Narcissus himself also MM.170 ¨ met with an unhappy fate, for Aphrodite punished him 1195 [4] by causing him to fall in love with his own image, which ˛ he beheld in a neighbouring fountain, whereupon, con- 1196 [5] sumed with unrequited love, he wasted away, and was THE MYTHS AND changed into the flower which bears his name. LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 1197 [6] The Limoniades, or meadow nymphs, resemble the GREECE AND ROME 1198 [7] Naiades, and are usually represented dancing hand in hand in a circle. E. M. Berens The Hyades, who in appearance are somewhat simi- ˙ PART I ¸ lar to the Oceanides, are cloudy divinities, and, from the MYTHS fact of their being invariably accompanied by rain, are represented as incessantly weeping. ˙¸ MINOR DIVINITIES The Meliades were the nymphs who presided over fruit-trees. ˙¸ The Nymphs Before concluding this subject, attention should be drawn to the fact that, in more modern times, this beau- ˙¸ tiful idea of animating all nature in detail reappears un- NYMPHS OF THE VALLEYS AND der the various local traditions extant in different coun- MOUNTAINS tries. Thus do the Oceanides and Nereides live again Napææ and Oreades in the mermaids, whose existence is still believed in by mariners, whilst the flower and meadow nymphs assume page 240 of 459 the shape of those tiny elves and fairies, who were for- 1199 merly believed to hold their midnight revels in every wood and on every common; indeed, even at the present day, the Irish peasantry, especially in the west, firmly believe in the existence of the fairies, or “good people,” as they are called. ˇ˚ ˘¯ ˝ ˙¸

The Winds ¨ 1200 [1] According to the oldest accounts, Æolus was a king of ˛ 1201 the Æolian Islands, to whom Zeus gave the command of the winds, which he kept shut up in a deep cave, and THE MYTHS AND 1202 [2] which he freed at his pleasure, or at the command of the LEGENDS OF ANCIENT gods. MM.171 GREECE AND ROME In later times the above belief underwent a change, 1203 [3] and the winds came to be regarded as distinct divini- E. M. Berens ties, whose aspect accorded with the respective winds with which they were identified. They were depicted as ˙ PART I ¸ winged youths in full vigour in the act of flying through MYTHS the air. ˙¸ The principal winds were: Boreas (the north wind), MINOR DIVINITIES Eurus (the east wind), Zephyrus (the west wind), and Notus (the south wind), who were said to be the children ˙¸ of Eos and Astræus. The Winds There are no myths of interest connected with these page 241 of 459 divinities. Zephyrus was united to Chloris (Flora), the 1204 [4] goddess of flowers. Of Boreas it is related that while flying over the river Ilissus, he beheld on the banks Or- 1205 [5] eithyia, the charming daughter of Erechtheus, king of Athens, whom he carried off to his native Thrace, and 1206 [6] there made her his bride. Boreas and Oreithyia were the parents of Zetes and Calais, afterwards famous in the expedition of the Argonauts. ˇ˚ ˘¯ ˝ ˙¸ There was an altar erected at Athens in honour of Boreas, in commemoration of his having destroyed the Persian fleet sent to attack the Greeks. On the Acropolis at Athens there was a celebrated octagonal temple, built by Pericles, which was dedicated

¨ ˛ THE MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME E. M. Berens ˙ PART I ¸ MYTHS ˙¸ MINOR DIVINITIES ˙¸ The Winds page 242 of 459 “Father Nile” The Nile of the Vatican Museum at Rome is probably the work of a Greek sculptor at Alexandria during the reign of the Ptolemies. The statue was found at Rome near the Sopra Minervam Church, which stands on the site of a temple of Isis. The figure symbolizes tlie productiveness of the Nile, the sixteen little Cupids signifying the sixteen cubits of the annual overflow of the river. ˇ˚ ˘¯ ˝ ˙¸

to the winds, and on its sides were their various repre- ¨ sentations. The ruins of this temple are still to be seen. ˛ Pan (Faunus) THE MYTHS AND 1207 LEGENDS OF ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME E. M. Berens ˙ PART I ¸ MYTHS ˙¸ MINOR DIVINITIES ˙¸ Pan (FAUNUS) page 243 of 459 1208 [1] Pan and Syrinx 1209 [2] Pan was the god of fertility, and the special patron of shepherds and huntsmen; he presided over all rural oc- cupations, was chief of the Satyrs, and head of all rural MM.172 ˇ ˚ ˘ ¯ divinities. ˝ ˙¸ According to the common belief, he was the son of Hermes and a wood nymph, and came into the world with horns sprouting from his forehead, a goat’s beard and a crooked nose, pointed ears, and the tail and feet of a goat, and presented altogether so repulsive an ap-

1210 [3] pearance that, at the sight of him, his mother fled in ¨ dismay. 1211 [4] ˛ Hermes, however, took up his curious little offspring, 1212 wrapt him in a hare skin, and carried him in his arms THE MYTHS AND to Olympus. The grotesque form and merry antics of LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 1213 the little stranger made him a great favourite with all 1214 the immortals, especially Dionysus; and they bestowed GREECE AND ROME upon him the name of Pan (all), because he had delighted them all. E. M. Berens His favourite haunts were grottoes, and his delight ˙ PART I ¸ was to wander in uncontrolled freedom over rocks and MYTHS mountains, following his various pursuits, ever cheerful, and usually very noisy. He was a great lover of mu- ˙¸ sic, singing, dancing, and all pursuits which enhance the MINOR DIVINITIES pleasures of life; and hence, in spite of his repulsive ap- pearance, we see him surrounded with nymphs of the ˙¸ forests and dales, who love to dance round him to the Pan (FAUNUS) cheerful music of his pipe, the syrinx. The myth concern- ing the origin of Pan’s pipe is as follows:—Pan became page 244 of 459 enamoured of a beautiful nymph, called Syrinx, who, appalled at his terrible appearance, fled from the pertina- ˇ˚ ˘¯ cious attentions of her unwelcome suitor. He pursued her ˝ ˙¸ to the banks of the river Ladon, when, seeing his near ap- proach, and feeling escape impossible, she called on the gods for assistance, who, in answer to her prayer, trans- formed her into a reed, just as Pan was about to seize her. Whilst the love-sick Pan was sighing and lamenting his unfortunate fate, the winds gently swayed the reeds, and produced a murmuring sound as of one complain- ing. Charmed with the soothing tones, he endeavoured to reproduce them himself, and after cutting seven of

the reeds of unequal length, he joined them together, ¨ and succeeded in producing the pipe, which he called 1215 [5] the syrinx, in memory of his lost love. ˛ 1216 Pan was regarded by shepherds as their most valiant MM.173 THE MYTHS AND protector, who defended their flocks from the attacks of LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 1217 [6] wolves. The shepherds of these early times, having no penfolds, were in the habit of gathering together their GREECE AND ROME flocks in mountain caves, to protect them against the inclemency of the weather, and also to secure them at E. M. Berens night against the attacks of wild animals; these caves, therefore, which were very numerous in the mountain ˙ PART I ¸ districts of Arcadia, Bœotia, &c., were all consecrated to MYTHS Pan. ˙¸ As it is customary in all tropical climates to repose MINOR DIVINITIES during the heat of the day, Pan is represented as greatly enjoying his afternoon sleep in the cool shelter of a tree ˙¸ or cave, and also as being highly displeased at any sound Pan (FAUNUS) which disturbed his slumbers, for which reason the shep- herds were always particularly careful to keep unbroken page 245 of 459 silence during these hours, whilst they themselves in- 1218 [7] dulged in a quiet siesta. 1219 [8] Pan was equally beloved by huntsmen, being himself a great lover of the woods, which afforded to his cheer- ful and active disposition full scope, and in which he ˇ˚ ˘¯ loved to range at will. He was regarded as the patron of ˝ ˙¸ the chase, and the rural sportsmen, returning from an unsuccessful day’s sport, beat, in token of their displea- sure, the wooden image of Pan, which always occupied a prominent place in their dwellings. All sudden and unaccountable sounds which startle travellers in lonely spots, were attributed to Pan, who

1220 [9] possessed a frightful and most discordant voice; hence ¨ the term panic terror, to indicate sudden fear. The Athe- 1221 [ 10 ] nians ascribed their victory at Marathon to the alarm ˛ which he created among the Persians by his terrible 1222 [ 11 ] voice. THE MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 1223 [ 12 ] Pan was gifted with the power of prophecy, which he is said to have imparted to Apollo, and he possessed a GREECE AND ROME 1224 [1] well-known and very ancient oracle in Arcadia, in which 1225 state he was more especially worshipped. E. M. Berens 1226 [2] The artists of later times have somewhat toned down ˙ PART I ¸ the original very unattractive conception of Pan, as MYTHS above described, and merely represent him as a young man, hardened by the exposure to all weathers which a ˙¸ rural life involves, and bearing in his hand the shepherd’s MINOR DIVINITIES crook and syrinx—these being his usual attributes— whilst small horns project from his forehead. He is ei- ˙¸ ther undraped, or wears merely the light cloak called the Pan (FAUNUS) chlamys. ˙¸ The usual offerings to Pan were milk and honey in Faunus shepherds’ bowls. Cows, lambs, and rams were also sac- rificed to him. page 246 of 459 After the introduction of Pan into the worship of MM.174 Dionysus, we hear of a number of little Pans (Panisci), who are sometimes confounded with the Satyrs. ˇ˚ ˘¯ ˝ ˙¸ Faunus The Romans had an old Italian divinity called Faunus, who, as the god of shepherds, was identified with the Greek Pan, and represented in a similar manner. Faunus is frequently called Inuus or the fertilizer, and

1227 [3] Lupercus or the one who wards off wolves. Like Pan, ¨ he possessed the gift of prophecy, and was the presid- 1228 ing spirit of the woods and fields; he also shared with ˛ his Greek prototype the faculty of alarming travellers in solitary places. Bad dreams and evil apparitions were at- THE MYTHS AND tributed to Faunus, and he was believed to enter houses LEGENDS OF ANCIENT stealthily at night for this purpose. GREECE AND ROME Fauna was the wife of Faunus, and participated in his functions. E. M. Berens The Satyrs ˙ PART I ¸ MYTHS ˙¸ MINOR DIVINITIES ˙¸ The Satyrs page 247 of 459 1229 [1] A Satyr The Satyrs were a race of woodland spirits, who evi- ˇ˚ ˘¯ dently personified the free, wild, and untrammelled life ˝ ˙¸ of the forest. Their appearance was both grotesque and

repulsive; they had flat broad noses, pointed ears, and lit- ¨ tle horns sprouting from their foreheads, a rough shaggy 1230 skin, and small goat’s tails. They led a life of pleasure ˛ and self-indulgence, followed the chase, revelled in ev- 1231 [2] ery description of wild music and dancing, were terrible THE MYTHS AND wine-bibbers, and addicted to the deep slumbers which LEGENDS OF ANCIENT follow heavy potations. They were no less dreaded by mortals than by the gentle woodland nymphs, who al- GREECE AND ROME ways avoided their coarse rough sports. E. M. Berens The Satyrs were conspicuous figures in the train of Dionysus, and, as we have seen, Silenus their chief was ˙ PART I ¸ tutor to the wine god. The older Satyrs were called MYTHS Silens, and are represented in antique sculpture, as more nearly approaching the human form. ˙¸ MINOR DIVINITIES In addition to the ordinary Satyrs, artists delighted in depicting little Satyrs, young imps, frolicking about the ˙¸ woods in a marvellous variety of droll attitudes. These The Satyrs little fellows greatly resemble their friends and compan- ions, the Panisci. page 248 of 459 1232 [3] In rural districts it was customary for the shepherds MM.175 and peasants who attended the festivals of Dionysus, to 1233 [4] dress themselves in the skins of goats and other animals, and, under this disguise, they permitted themselves all 1234 [5] kinds of playful tricks and excesses, to which circum- stance the conception of the Satyrs is by some authorities attributed. In Rome the old Italian wood-divinities, the FAUNS, who had goats’ feet and all other characteristics of the Satyrs greatly exaggerated, were identified with them. ˇ˚ ˘¯ ˝ ˙¸

Marble Faun ¨ From the number of replicas of this statue extant we ˛ know that it is a copy of a very celebrated original which was undoubtedly from the chisel of Praxiteles, who was THE MYTHS AND ranked by the ancients as second only to Phidias LEGENDS OF ANCIENT himself. The gracefully indolent pose, and elusive smile just illumining the features, are both characteristic of GREECE AND ROME Praxiteles’ work as we now know it. The young faun is resting idly against the trunk of a tree, a panther-skin, E. M. Berens which he wears as a follower of Dionysus, hanging across his breast. The pointed ears mark his half-animal ˙ PART I ¸ nature. A being standing below man in the standard of MYTHS intellect, yet raised above him by his natural powers, his instinctive sympathy with all forms of natural life—a ˙¸ woodland creature, devoid of man’s anxieties, never MINOR DIVINITIES hearing the “sad music of humanity,” free from evil because ignorant of it, a soul forever carelessly ˙¸ happy—this is one of the most poetic creations of The Satyrs antiquity. page 249 of 459 ˇ˚ ˘¯ ˝ ˙¸

1235 [1] Priapus ¨ 1236 Priapus, the son of Dionysus and Aphrodite, was re- ˛ 1237 [2] garded as the god of fruitfulness, the protector of flocks, sheep, goats, bees, the fruit of the vine, and all garden THE MYTHS AND 1238 produce. LEGENDS OF ANCIENT 1239 His statues, which were set up in gardens and vine- GREECE AND ROME yards, acted not only as objects of worship, but also as 1240 [3] scarecrows, the appearance of this god being especially E. M. Berens repulsive and unsightly. These statues were formed of 1241 [4] wood or stone, and from the hips downwards were merely ˙ PART I ¸ rude columns. They represent him as having a red and MYTHS very ugly face; he bears in his hand a pruning knife, and his head is crowned with a wreath of vine and laurel. ˙¸ He usually carries fruit in his garments or a cornucopia MINOR DIVINITIES in his hand, always, however, retaining his singularly re- volting aspect. It is said that Hera, wishing to punish ˙¸ Aphrodite, sent her this misshapen and unsightly son, Priapus and that when he was born, his mother was so horrified at the sight of him, that she ordered him to be exposed page 250 of 459 on the mountains, where he was found by some shep- MM.176 herds, who, taking pity on him, saved his life. ˇ˚ ˘¯ This divinity was chiefly worshipped at Lampsacus, ˝ ˙¸ his birthplace. Asses were sacrificed to him, and he re- ceived the first-fruits of the fields and gardens, with a libation of milk and honey. The worship of Priapus was introduced into Rome at the same time as that of Aphrodite, and was identified with a native Italian divinity named Mutunus.