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çItûs in Appleûs DNA that technology alone is not enough - itûs technology married with liberal arts, married with the humanities, that yields us the result that makes our heart sing and nowhere is that more true than in these post-PC devices.é Steven Jobs  ß‘Ë æ‘¡æå  °». Õ—π¥—∫∑Ë’ 54/2554 ISBN 978-616-270-006-4

»≈‘ ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» À√∞— Õ‡¡√‘°“ ª“∞°∂“懑 »… ‚¥¬ »“ µ√“®“√¬æå ‘‡»… ®ÕÀπå Õ’«“π ´√’ ’Ë ‡π◊ÕË ß„πæ∏‘ ‡’ ª¥î °“√ª√–™ÿ¡‚µ–ä °≈¡‰∑¬- À√∞— œ §√—Èß∑Ë’ ı ≥ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈¬— Õ—  ¡— ™—≠ «‘∑¬“‡¢µ ÿ«√√≥¿¡Ÿ ‘ «π— ∑’Ë Ú˘ ¡’π“§¡ ÚııÙ  ”π—°ß“π‡≈¢“∏‘°“√ ¿“°“√»÷°…“ °√–∑√«ß»÷°…“∏‘°“√

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»≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» À√∞— Õ‡¡√°‘ “ Liberal Arts Education in the united States  ”π—°ß“πœ ¢Õ¢Õ∫§ÿ≥ »“ µ√“®“√¬å懑 »… ®ÕÀπå Õ«’ “π ´√’ ’Ë ∑Ë’°√ÿ≥“µ√«® Õ∫·≈– àßµâπ©∫—∫¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ… ¡“„Àâ ”π—°ß“πœ ‡æ◊ËÕ ‡º¬·æ√à ¢Õ¢Õ∫§ÿ≥π“ß “««‘¿“¥“ «“π‘™ π°— «™‘ “°“√»°÷ …“ªØ∫‘ µ— ‘°“√ ºâŸ·ª≈ √ÿª®“°µâπ©∫—∫¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ… ¡“‡ªìπ¿“…“‰∑¬ ¢Õ¢Õ∫§ÿ≥ §≥–Õπÿ°√√¡°“√∫√‘À“√‚§√ß°“√ª√–™ÿ¡‚µä–°≈¡‰∑¬- À√—∞œ ∑’ˉ¥â„Àâ §”ª√°÷ …“‚§√ß°“√œ ¡“µ≈Õ¥™à«ß Ò ªï∑˺’ “à π¡“ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬“à ߬ßË‘ ¢Õ¢Õ∫§ÿ≥√Õß»“ µ√“®“√¬å ¥√.§ÿ≥À≠‘ß ÿ¡≥±“ æ√À¡∫ÿ≠ √Õߪ√–∏“πÕπÿ°√√¡°“√∫√‘À“√‚§√ß°“√ª√–™ÿ¡‚µä–°≈¡‰∑¬- À√—∞œ ´÷ËßÕÿ∑‘»‡«≈“ ∑ÿࡇ∑°”≈—ß°“¬ °”≈—ß„® ·≈–°”≈—ߧ«“¡ “¡“√∂ ‡æ◊ËÕ  à߇ √‘¡º≈—°¥—π„Àâ°“√®—¥°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑’Ë·∑â®√‘ß ∫—߇°‘¥¢È÷π„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬  ”π—°ß“πœ À«—ß«à“ª“∞°∂“摇»…¢Õß »“ µ√“®“√¬å摇»… ®ÕÀåπ Õ’«“π ´’√’Ë ®–‡ªìπª√–‚¬™πåµàպ⟰”Àπ¥ π‚¬∫“¬ ºŸ∫â √À‘ “√ §≥“®“√¬å ·≈–º âŸ π„®‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª (»“ µ√“®“√¬å摇»…∏ß∑Õß ®π— ∑√“ß»)ÿ ‡≈¢“∏°‘ “√ ¿“°“√»÷°…“

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»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» À√∞— Õ‡¡√°‘ “ Liberal Arts Education in the united States º¡¡’§«“¡¬‘π¥’·≈–√Ÿâ ÷°‡ªìπ‡°’¬√µ‘Õ¬à“߬ˑß∑’ˉ¥â‡¢â“√à«¡°“√ ª√–™ÿ¡‚µä–°≈¡‰∑¬ -  À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ §√—Èß∑’Ë ı Õ’°∑—È߬—ß√⟠÷°µË◊π‡µâπ ¡“°„π°“√‡¥‘π∑“ß¡“ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‡ªìπ§√—Èß·√°·≈–‰¥â√—∫°“√µâÕπ√—∫ Õ¬“à ßÕ∫Õàπÿ °√≥ÿ “‡™≠‘ º¡¡“Õ’°§√ß—È π–§√—∫ «π— πÈ’º¡‰¥√â ∫— ‡°¬’ √µ„‘ À¡â “∫√√¬“¬„πÀ«— ¢Õâ ‡√ÕË◊ ß »≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å (Liberal Arts Education) „πª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°À—«¢âÕπ’È ¡π’ ¬— ∑°’Ë «“â ß¡“°º¡®ß÷ ¢Õ楟 ∂ß÷ »≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√„å πª√–‡∑» À√∞— Õ‡¡√°‘ “ ®“°¡ÿ¡¡ÕߢÕߺ¡ ´÷ËßÕ“®®–‰¡à§√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡„π∑ÿ°ª√–‡¥Áπ∑Ë’‡°Ë’¬«°—∫ À—«¢âÕ¥—ß°≈à“« ∂â“°≈à“«∂÷ß ∂“π–·≈– ¿“æ¢Õß°“√®—¥°“√»÷°…“¥â“π »‘≈ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» À√∞— Õ‡¡√°‘ “·≈«â π—°°“√»÷°…“À≈“¬∑“à π §ß楟 ∂ß÷  ¿“æ∑ÕË’ ¬„Ÿà π™«à ߢ“≈ßÀ√Õ◊  ¿“«–∂¥∂Õ¬¢Õß°“√®¥— °“√»°÷ …“ ·∫∫¥—ß°≈à“« ´÷Ëß à«πÀπË÷ߢÕߧ«“¡‡™◊ËÕπ’È¡“®“° ∂‘µ‘µ—«‡≈¢∑’Ë∫àß™’È«à“ ®”π«ππ—°‡√’¬π∑Ë’‡≈◊Õ°‡√’¬π«‘™“‡Õ°„π “¢“»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å≈¥≈ß Õ¬à“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß„π»µ«√√…∑Ë’ºà“π¡“ Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ ®”π«ππ—°‡√’¬π∑’Ë≈ß ‡√’¬π«‘™“„π “¢“¥—ß°≈à“«·≈⫇≈‘°‡√’¬π°≈“ߧ—π °Á‡æË‘¡ Ÿß¢È÷πÕ¬à“߇ÀÁ𠉥™â ¥— „π™«à ߬ Ë’ ∫‘ ª∑ï ºË’ “à π¡“ ´ß÷Ë  ßà º≈„À¡â À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— µ“à ß Ê ª√∫— ‡ª≈¬’Ë π ‚ª√·°√¡»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å„Àâ Õ¥√—∫°—∫§«“¡µâÕß°“√°”≈—ߧπ∑Ë’‡πâπ  “¬«‘™“™’æ¡“°°«à“ πÕ°®“°πÈ’ ∂â“®–¡Õߧ«“¡§âÿ¡§à“¢Õß°“√≈ß∑ÿπ ¥â“π°“√»÷°…“ ´Ë÷ß¡’µâπ∑ÿπ∑’ˇæË‘¡ Ÿß¢÷Èπ·≈â« ºŸâª°§√Õß·≈–π—°‡√’¬π  à«π¡“°°Á‡√Ë‘¡‰¡à·πà„®„π°“√≈ß∑ÿπ‡æ◊ËÕ‡√’¬π„π “¢“»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å „π¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π √—∞∫“≈ª√–∏“π“∏‘∫¥’‚Õ∫“¡“„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫ °“√Õ“™’«»÷°…“„π«‘∑¬“≈—¬™ÿ¡™π ‡æ◊ËÕº≈‘µ°”≈—ߧπ„π°“√™à«¬øóôπøŸ ‡»√…∞°‘®¢Õߪ√–‡∑» ´÷Ëßπ‚¬∫“¬πÈ’∑”„À⇰‘¥°√–· °“√‡√’¬°√âÕß ∑—Èß®“°µ—«∑à“πª√–∏“π“∏‘∫¥’ ·≈–ºŸâ∫√‘À“√∑’Ë¡’ à«π√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫„π‡™‘ß 2

π‚¬∫“¬∑“ß°“√»÷°…“ ‚¥¬„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫°“√‡æ‘Ë¡§–·ππ Õ∫¢Õß «‘™“„π°≈àÿ¡ STEM πË—π§◊Õ «‘∑¬“»“ µ√å (Science) ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ (Technology) «‘»«°√√¡»“ µ√å (Engineering) ·≈–§≥‘µ»“ µ√å (Mathematics) ¬Ë‘߉ª°«à“πÈ—π π—°«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ≈“¬∑à“π°≈à“««à“ °“√®¥— °“√»°÷ …“º“à π√–∫∫ÕÕπ‰≈πå (On-line education) °“√ Õ◊Ë  “√ ·∫∫‰√âæ√¡·¥πÀ√◊Õ‚≈°“¿‘«—µπå (Globalization) ·≈–°“√„™â‡§√Ë◊Õß¡◊Õ  ◊ËÕ “√„π√–∫∫¥‘®‘µÕ≈ (Digitalization) ∑”„ÀâÕÿ¥¡»÷°…“√«¡∂÷ß  “¢“·≈–‚ª√·°√¡»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å®”‡ªìπµâÕߪؑ√Ÿª ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ “¡“√∂ ¥”√ßÕ¬àŸ‰¥â ¥â«¬°“√≈ß∑ÿπÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ´÷Ë߇√“Õ“®®–‡ÀÁπ∫â“ß ·≈â««à“∫“ß¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∑Ë’¡’™◊ËÕ‡ ’¬ß‰¥â¬ÿ∫‚ª√·°√¡„π∫“ß “¢“«‘™“ ‡™àπ ¿“…“ »‘≈ª– ª√—™≠“ «√√≥°√√¡ «√√≥§¥’‚∫√“≥ ‡ªìπµâ𠇙àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫°“√‡°‘¥ª√“°Ø°“√≥åøÕß ∫àŸ∑Ë’Õ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬„π√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘® ¢Õß À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ À≈“¬§π§“¥°“√≥å«à“øÕß ∫Ÿà°“√»÷°…“®–·µ° ‡À¡◊Õπ°—π ·≈–‡¡Ë◊Õπ—Èππ—°‡√’¬π·≈–ºŸâª°§√Õߧ߉¡àÕ¬“°∑’Ë®–®à“¬ Ú,-ı, ‡À√’¬≠µàÕªï À√◊ÕµâÕ߇ªìπÀπÈ’„π‡ß‘π®”π«ππ’È ‡æË◊Õ∑Ë’®–‡√’¬πª√‘≠≠“µ√’„π«‘™“‡Õ°¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…„π¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ »‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å „π¢≥–∑Ë’‡¢“ “¡“√∂‡√’¬πºà“π Ë◊ÕÕÕπ‰≈πå·≈–‰¥â ª√‘≠≠“„π “¢“°“√‚√ß·√¡¥â«¬§à“„™â®à“¬‡æ’¬ß‡»…‡ È’¬«‡¥’¬«∑Ë’µâÕß„™â 3

»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ Liberal Arts Education in the united States ¢â“ßµâπ ·µà¡’‚Õ°“ ∑Ë’¥’°«à“„π°“√∑”ß“π∑Ë’‰¥â§à“µÕ∫·∑π∑Ë’ Ÿß°«à“ °“√‡√’¬π‡Õ°¿“…“Õß— °ƒ…À√Õ◊ ª√™— ≠“ »‘≈ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√„å π¡¡ÿ ¡Õß∑·’Ë µ°µà“ß »‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å„π¡ÿ¡¡ÕߢÕߺ¡·µ°µà“ß®“° Ë‘ß∑’Ë°≈à“«¡“ ¢â“ßµâπ °≈à“«§◊Õ „π À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ ∂â“°≈à“«∂÷ß°“√»÷°…“„π√–¥—∫ Õ¥ÿ ¡»÷°…“ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈¬— «‘®¬— ¢π“¥„À≠à (Large Research University) À√◊Õ∑Ë’‡√’¬°«à“ R-Ò ¡—°®–∂Ÿ°°≈à“«∂÷ß·≈–‰¥â√—∫§«“¡ π„® ¡’™◊ËÕ‡ ’¬ß ·≈–‰¥â√—∫ à«π·∫àßß∫ª√–¡“≥∑’Ë¡“°°«à“¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ª√–‡¿∑Õ◊ËπÊ ´ß÷Ë Õ“®“√¬·å ≈–ºŸ∫â √‘À“√¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬—  «à π„À≠à∑Ë‚’ ®¡µ’»≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å ¡—°®–¡“®“°¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬«‘®—¬¢π“¥„À≠à ·µàº¡¡’§«“¡§‘¥∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß ®“°∑“à π‡À≈“à ππÈ— ∂÷ß·¡â«à“º¡®– Õπ„π¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬„À≠àÊ À≈“¬·Ààß ‰¡à«à“ ®–‡ªìπ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬æ√π‘ ´µå —π ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬—  ·µπøÕ√å¥ ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— ∑—ø å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬·§≈‘øÕ√å‡π’¬ ´“πµâ“ §√Ÿ´ ·≈–¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ·§≈‘øÕ√å‡π’¬ ‡∫‘√å°≈’¬å ·µà®√‘ßÊ ·≈â« º¡ ”‡√Á®°“√»÷°…“¡“®“° ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— ·Õ¡‡Œ‘√å ∑å (Amherst University) ¡≈√—∞·¡ ´“´Ÿ‡ µµå ´ß÷Ë ‡ªπì ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— »≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å (Liberal Arts College) ¢π“¥‡≈°Á ·≈–¬‘Ë߉ª°«à“π—Èπ º¡‰¥â∑ÿࡇ∑°“√∑”ß“π∑ȗߥâ“π°“√ Õπ·≈–°“√∑” «®‘ ¬— ∑¡Ë’ À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— ‚æ‚¡π“ (Pomona University) „π¡≈√∞— ·§≈ø‘ Õ√‡å π¬’ ´÷Ëß°Á‡ªìπ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¢π“¥‡≈Á°‡™àπ°—π ¥—ßπ—Èπº¡®÷ß √⟴÷Èß∂÷ߧ«“¡·µ°µà“ß√–À«à“ß¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∑È—ß Õߪ√–‡¿∑‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’ ·≈–®“°¢Õâ ‰¥‡â ª√¬’ ∫‡À≈“à π’È ∑”„Àºâ ¡¡¡’ ¡ÿ ¡Õß„π‡√Õ◊Ë ß»≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å ∑’Ë·µ°µà“߉ª®“°°≈ÿࡧπ∑’Ë¡Õß∂÷ß ¿“«–∂¥∂Õ¬¢Õß°“√®—¥°“√»÷°…“ 4

¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ·µπøÕ√å¥ ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— ·Õ¡‡Œ‘√å ∑å 5

»‘≈ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√°‘ “ Liberal Arts Education in the united States ·∫∫¥—ß°≈à“« ª√–°“√·√° ∂Ⓣ¡àπ—∫√«¡«‘∑¬“≈—¬Õ“™’«»÷°…“·≈– ‚√߇√’¬π “¬Õ“™’æÕË◊πÊ ·≈â« „πª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ ¡’¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ∑’˵à“ߢȗ«°—πÕ¬Ÿà Ú ª√–‡¿∑„À≠àÊ §◊Õ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬«‘®—¬¢π“¥„À≠à ·≈–¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— »≈‘ ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√¢å 𓥇≈Á° ªí®®ÿ∫π— æπ— ∏°®‘ À≈—°¢Õß Õ“®“√¬å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬«‘®—¬¢π“¥„À≠à®–‡πâπÀπ—°„π‡√Ë◊Õß°“√æ—≤π“ ß“π«‘®—¬„π “¢“‡©æ“–∑“ß∑Ë’µπ‡Õß∂π—¥  à«πæ—π∏°‘®√Õß ®–‡ªìπ °“√ Õπ„π√–¥—∫∫—≥±‘µ»÷°…“„π “¢“π—ÈπÊ „π¢≥–∑Ë’¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ »‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¢π“¥‡≈Á°®–„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫°“√ Õπ„π√–¥—∫ ª√‘≠≠“µ√’ ·≈–¡àßÿ ‡πâπ°“√®¥— °“√»÷°…“¥“â π»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√凪ìπÀ≈°— ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∑Ë’¡’≈—°…≥–¥—ß°≈à“«Õ¬à“ß·∑â®√‘ß¡’‡À≈◊ÕÕ¬àŸ‰¡à¡“°π—° ª√–¡“≥ ÒÛı ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ´Ë÷ß¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡À≈à“πÈ’πà“®–∂◊Õ‡ªìπ À—«„®·≈–®‘µ«‘≠≠“≥¢Õß»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å„π À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ ·≈–‡ªìπ ·∫∫Õ¬à“ߢÕß¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑’˪√– ∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á® ´Ë÷ß π—°ªØ‘√Ÿª°“√»÷°…“„πª√–‡∑»·≈–ºâŸπ”∑“ß°“√»÷°…“®“°µà“ߪ√–‡∑» ∑Ë’ π„®‡°Ë’¬«°—∫°“√®—¥°“√»÷°…“¥â“π»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑»  À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ §«√®–‡√¬’ π√⟷π«∑“ß°“√®¥— °“√»÷°…“®“°¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈—¬ ‡À≈“à πÈ’ ‰¡à„™®à “°‚ª√·°√¡»≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å∑‡’Ë ªî¥ Õπ„π¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ «‘®—¬¢π“¥„À≠à §«“¡ ”‡√Á®¢Õß°“√®—¥°“√»÷°…“¥â“π»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å„π ª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ º≈ ”√«®„πªï æ.». ÚıÙÒ ´Ë÷߉¥â√«∫√«¡¢Õâ ¡Ÿ≈„π√Õ∫ Ù ªï ∑Ë’ºà“π¡“ æ∫«à“ ∂÷ß·¡â«à“®”π«ππ—°‡√’¬π∑Ë’ ”‡√Á®°“√»÷°…“®“° ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— »≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√®å –§¥‘ ‡ªπì ·§à Û% ¢Õߺ∑Ÿâ  Ë’ ”‡√®Á °“√»°÷ …“ 6

®“°¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∑—Ë«ª√–‡∑» ·µà∫ÿ§§≈‡À≈à“πÈ—π°≈—∫ª√– ∫§«“¡  ”‡√®Á „πÀπ“â ∑’°Ë “√ß“π‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß¡“° °≈à“«§◊Õ ● ¯% ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘À“√√–¥—∫ Ÿß∑Ë’√Ë”√«¬∑’Ë ÿ¥„πÕ‡¡√‘°“ ´÷Ëß®—¥ Õ—π¥—∫‚¥¬π‘µ¬ “√øÕ√å∫ å ‡ªìπºŸâ∑Ë’ ”‡√Á®°“√»÷°…“®“° ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈¬— »≈‘ ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ● ¯% ¢ÕߺŸâ∑Ë’‡§¬∑”ß“π„π‚§√ß°“√Õ“ “ ¡—§√æ’™§Õ√åª (Peace Corps) ‡ªìπºŸâ∑’Ë ”‡√Á®°“√»÷°…“°“√»÷°…“®“° ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈—¬»≈‘ ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ● Ò˘% ¢ÕßÕ¥’µª√–∏“π“∏‘∫¥’ À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ ‡ªìπºâŸ∑Ë’ ”‡√Á® °“√»÷°…“®“°¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈—¬»≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å ● ÚÛ% ¢ÕߺŸâ∑Ë’‰¥â√—∫√“ß«—≈æŸ≈‘µ‡´Õ√å (Pulitzer Prize) „πª√–‡¿∑∫∑≈–§√ Ò˘% „πª√–‡¿∑ª√–«µ— ‘»“ µ√å Ò¯% „πª√–‡¿∑°«π’ ‘æπ∏å ¯% „πª√–‡¿∑Õ—µ™«’ ª√–«—µ‘ ·≈– ˆ% „πª√–‡¿∑∫—π‡∑‘ߧ¥’ ‡ªìπºŸâ∑Ë’ ”‡√Á®°“√»÷°…“®“° ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— »‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ● ˘% ¢ÕߺâŸ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫√“ß«—≈øÿ≈‰∫√å∑ (Fulbright) ‡ªìπºŸâ∑’Ë  ”‡√Á®°“√»÷°…“®“°¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈—¬»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ● ÚÙ% ¢Õߺ∑⟠‰Ë’ ¥â√—∫∑ÿπ‡¡≈≈Õ¬ (Mellon Fellowships in the humanities) „π “¢“¡πÿ…¬»“ µ√å ‡ªìπºâŸ∑Ë’ ”‡√Á®°“√ »°÷ …“®“°¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬»‘≈ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å ● Ú% ¢ÕߺâŸ∑’ˉ¥â‡¢â“√à«¡‡ªìπ à«πÀπË÷ߢÕß ¡“§¡ øï ‡∫µâ“ ·§ªªÑ“ (Phi Beta Kappa) ‡ªìπºŸâ∑Ë’ ”‡√Á®°“√»÷°…“®“° ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬»≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å 7

»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» À√∞— Õ‡¡√‘°“ Liberal Arts Education in the united States πÕ°®“°πÈ’ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√嬗ߠ“¡“√∂º≈‘µ ∫—≥±‘µ„π√–¥—∫ª√‘≠≠“‡Õ°„π “¢“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√剥⡓°‡ªìπ Õ߇∑à“ ¢Õß∫—≥±‘µ∑Ë’®∫„π√–¥—∫‡¥’¬«°—π®“° ∂“∫—πÕÿ¥¡»÷°…“Õ◊ËπÊ ·≈–ºŸâ∑’Ë  ”‡√Á®°“√»÷°…“®“°¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√åÀ≈“¬Ê§π ¬—ß¡’ ∫∑∫“∑ ”§—≠„πÕߧå°√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·Ààß™“µ‘ Õ’°∑È—ß „π™à«ß Ú ªï∑’Ë º“à π¡“ ‡°Õ◊ ∫ Ú% ¢Õßπ°— «∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√∑å ‰Ë’ ¥â√—∫‡≈Õ◊ °‡¢“â ‡ªπì  à«πÀπßË÷ „π ¡“æ—π∏åπ—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·Ààß™“µ‘ ≈â«π ”‡√Á®°“√»÷°…“¡“®“° ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·∑∫∑È—ß È‘π ∫—≥±‘µ®∫„À¡à∑Ë’‰¥â√—∫‡ß‘𠇥◊Õπ‡√Ë‘¡µâπ Ÿß ÿ¥·≈–§π∑Ë’‰¥â√—∫‡ß‘π‡¥◊Õπ Ÿß ÿ¥¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰¡à„™à§π∑’Ë  ”‡√Á®°“√»°÷ …“®“°¡À“«‘∑¬“≈¬— Œ“√å«“√¥å À√Õ◊ ‡¬≈ À√◊Õ‡ÕÁ¡‰Õ∑’ À“° ·µ‡à ªπì §π∑’ Ë ”‡√®Á °“√»°÷ …“®“°¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈—¬‡≈Á°Ê ∑’™Ë ◊ÕË «“à Œ“√嫬’ å ¡¥— (Harvey Mudd College) ´÷Ë߇ªìπ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬Àπ÷Ëß„π‡§√◊Õ¢à“¬ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈¬— »≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√‡å ™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— ‚æ‚¡π“ 8

π Õ ° ‡ À π◊ Õ ® “ ° § « “ ¡  ” ‡ √Á ® ¢ Õ ß ° “ √ ®— ¥ ° “ √ »÷ ° … “ ¥â “ π »‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑’ˉ¥â°≈à“«¡“¢â“ßµâπ·≈â« º≈°“√ ”√«®‡¡Ë◊Õ‡√Á«Ê π’È ™’È„À‡â ÀπÁ «“à ˜ „π Ò Õ—π¥∫— ¢Õß¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∑’ˉ¥√â —∫‡ß‘π π—∫ ππÿ ®“° »‘…¬å‡°à“¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ‡ªìπ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¢π“¥‡≈Á° ´Ë÷ß °Á§ß®–‰¡à·ª≈°∑’Ë∫ÿ§§≈‡À≈à“πÈ’‡µÁ¡„®∑’Ë®–∫√‘®“§‡ß‘π¡À“»“≈„Àâ°—∫ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¢Õßµπ ¬‘Ë߉ª°«à“π—Èπ À≈“¬Ê §π°Á‡ªìπ¡À“‡»√…∞’ ·≈– ∂◊Õ«à“µπ‡Õß°Á‡§¬‰¥â√—∫‚Õ°“ ·≈–°“√ π—∫ πÿπ∑“ß°“√»÷°…“®“°‡ß‘π √–¥¡∑ÿπ·≈–‡ß‘π∫√‘®“§®“°»‘…¬å‡°à“¢Õß¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¡“°°«à“®“°‡ß‘π ß∫ª√–¡“≥ ‡™àπ ‡ß‘π π—∫ πÿπ®“°√—∞∫“≈ ‡ß‘π π—∫ πÿπ¥â“π«‘®—¬À√◊Õ ¥â“π°’Ó Õ¬à“ß∑Ë’¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬«‘®—¬¢π“¥„À≠à‰¥â√—∫ πÕ°®“°πÈ’ „π®”π«π¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∑—Èß ı˜ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∑’Ë¡’°“√√–¥¡∑ÿπ¡“°°«à“ Ò æ—π≈â“π‡À√’¬≠ À√—∞œ ¯ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡ªìπ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬»‘≈ª- «‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¢π“¥‡≈Á° ´Ë÷ß·∑∫‰¡àπà“‡™◊ËÕ ∂Ⓡ∑’¬∫¢π“¥¢Õß ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— ∑È—ß Õߪ√–‡¿∑ 9

»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» À√∞— Õ‡¡√°‘ “ Liberal Arts Education in the united States ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈—¬»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√‚å æ‚¡π“ Õ’°µ—«Õ¬à“ߧ«“¡ ”‡√Á®¢Õß¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑’Ë º¡Õ¬“°®–°≈à“«∂÷ß §◊Õ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‚æ‚¡π“ ´÷Ëß∂÷ß·¡â®–µÈ—ßÕ¬àŸ„π ‡¡◊Õ߇≈Á° Ê ·µà∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬„πÕÿ¥¡§µ‘ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ‚æ‚¡π“µÈ—ßÕ¬àŸ„πÀÿ∫‡¢“´“π‡°‡∫√’¬≈ Àà“ß®“°µ—«‡¡◊Õß≈Õ ·Õπ‡®≈‘  ¡“∑“ßµ–«—πÕÕ° Ûı ‰¡≈å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‚æ‚¡π“°àÕµ—Èߢ÷Èπ„πªï §.». Ò¯¯˜ „π∑√Ë’ “∫≈¡àÿ ∑Õ’Ë ¥ÿ ¡ ¡∫√Ÿ ≥‰å ª¥«â ¬µπâ ‰¡πâ “π“æπ— ∏ÿå ¡ ’ ¿“æ Õ“°“»¥µ’ ≈Õ¥∑ß—È ªï ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— ‚æ‚¡π“ ¡π’ °— »°÷ …“‡æ¬’ ß·§à Ò,ı §π ·µà‰¥â√—∫∑ÿπ∫√‘®“§∂÷ß Ú, ≈â“π‡À√’¬≠ À√—∞œ ´Ë÷ßÀ¡“¬§«“¡«à“ Õ—µ√“ à«ππ—°»÷°…“ ˜ §π µàÕ Õ“®“√¬å Ò §π ÀâÕ߇√’¬π à«π„À≠à®– ‡ªìπ°“√‡√’¬π·∫∫ —¡¡π“ (Seminar Class) ´Ë÷ß¡’π—°»÷°…“ª√–¡“≥ Òı §π  à«πÀâÕ߇√’¬π√«¡ (Lecture Class) ®–¡’π—°»÷°…“ª√–¡“≥ Úı-Û §π ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— ‚æ‚¡π“¡π’ ‚¬∫“¬°“√√∫— π°— »°÷ …“∑‡’Ë ªπì ∏√√¡ ‚¥¬¥Ÿ∑Ë’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘·≈–§–·ππ¢Õߺ⟠¡—§√‡ªìπ‡°≥±å°“√µ—¥ ‘π ·≈– ‰¡à π„®«à“ºâŸ ¡—§√®–¡’‡ß‘π®à“¬§à“‡≈à“‡√’¬πÀ√◊Õ‰¡à ‚¥¬¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ‚æ‚¡π“®–„Àâ∑ÿπ°“√»÷°…“∑—ÈßÀ¡¥·°àºâŸ ¡—§√∑Ë’‰¥â√—∫°“√µÕ∫√—∫·µà‰¡à  “¡“√∂®à“¬§à“‡≈à“‡√’¬π‰¥â ´Ë÷ß∑ÿππÈ’‡ªìπ∑ÿπ„À⇪≈à“∑’ˉ¡àµâÕß°Ÿâ¬◊¡·µà Õ¬“à ß„¥ππ—Ë À¡“¬§«“¡«“à π°— »°÷ …“‡À≈“à π®È’ –®∫°“√»°÷ …“‰ª·∫∫‰¡¡à À’ πÈ’ ¥â«¬‡Àµÿπ’È∑”„Àâ„π·µà≈–ªï¡’π—°‡√’¬π¡—∏¬¡‡°◊Õ∫ ˜, §π ¡—§√‡¢â“ ‡√¬’ π„π¡À“«‘∑¬“≈¬— ‚æ‚¡π“·≈–ª√–¡“≥ Ú% ¢Õßπ°— »÷°…“∑‰’Ë ¥â√∫— °“√µÕ∫√—∫‡¢â“‡√’¬π ‡ªìπ§π·√°„π§√Õ∫§√—«∑’Ë¡’‚Õ°“ ‰¥â»÷°…“µàÕ„π √–¥∫— ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ 10

´÷Ëß∑”„Àâ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‚æ‚¡π“   – ∑â Õ π § « “ ¡ À ≈ “ ° À ≈ “ ¬ ∑ “ ß ¥â “ π ª√–™“°√∑ÕË’ “»¬— Õ¬„Ÿà π·∂∫·§≈ø‘ Õ√‡å π¬’ µÕπ„µâ ∑—Èßπ’È∑È—ßπ—Èπ π—°‡√’¬π∑Ë’¡“ ¡—§√ ‡√’¬π∑’Ë¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‚æ‚¡π“∑°ÿ §π√«âŸ “à ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— ‡ππâ ¥“â π»≈‘ ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡“°°«à“¥â“π°“√Ωñ°ΩπÕ“™’æ ©–πÈ—π æ«°‡¢“‡À≈à“πÈ’®–‰¡à°—ß«≈∂÷߇√◊ËÕß°“√ ª√–°Õ∫Õ“™’æ„πÕ𓧵 „π™à«ß∑Ë’ »÷°…“„π√–¥—∫ª√‘≠≠“µ√’Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ëπ’Ë ∑’Ë´÷Ëß æ«°‡¢“®–‰¥â‡√’¬π«‘™“§≥‘µ»“ µ√å ¿“…“ ª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å √«¡∑È—ß°“√· ¥ß ≈–§√ √âÕ߇æ≈ß ‡µπâ √” „π‚√ß≈–§√ ·≈– °“√‰ª»÷°…“„πµà“ߪ√–‡∑» πÕ°®“°π’È æ«°‡¢“¬ß— ‰¥√â ∫— ‚Õ°“ „π°“√‰ªΩ°ñ ß“π ∑Ë’‡¡◊Õß≈Õ ·Õπ‡®≈‘  ·≈–„π°“√√à«¡ °‘®°√√¡°’Ó·≈–°‘®°√√¡πÕ°À≈—° Ÿµ√Õ◊ËπÊ Õ’°∑—Èß “¡“√∂æ—≤π“ §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏åÕ—π¥’°—∫ºŸâÕ◊Ëπ·≈– √â“ß —ߧ¡‡§√◊Õ¢à“¬ º¡ “¡“√∂®– ¡Õ∫ß“π„Àâπ—°»÷°…“‡À≈à“πÈ’‰¥â‡µÁ¡∑Ë’ ∑È—ßß“πÕà“π·≈–ß“π‡¢’¬π ·≈â« æ«°‡¢“°Á “¡“√∂∑”ß“π∑ÿ°Õ¬à“ß∑’ˉ¥â√—∫¡Õ∫À¡“¬„Àâ ”‡√Á®¥â«¬ æ√ «√√§å·≈–§«“¡¢¬—πÀ¡Ë—π‡æ’¬√ ´÷Ëß∑”„À⺡√⟠÷°«à“µ—«‡Õ߉¥â√—∫ ‚Õ°“ æ‘‡»…∑’ˉ¥â Õππ—°»÷°…“∑Ë’¡’§«“¡ π„®·≈–´“∫´÷Èß„π§ÿ≥§à“¢Õß ª√– ∫°“√≥å°“√‡√’¬π√⟄π¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ º¡¡Õ߇ÀÁπ°“√Õÿ∑‘»æ≈—ß°“¬ 11

»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√°‘ “ Liberal Arts Education in the united States æ≈—ß„® √«¡∑È—ß®‘µ«‘≠≠“≥ ¢Õ߇æË◊ÕπÕ“®“√¬å „π°“√ ÕπÀπ—ß ◊Õ·≈– ™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ„À⧔ª√÷°…“·°àπ—°»÷°…“ √«¡∑È—ß°“√∑ÿࡇ∑∑”ß“π¥â«¬„® ¢Õߧ≥–ºŸâ∫√‘À“√ ·≈–º¡¬—߇ÀÁπ∂÷ß°“√∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√·≈– π—∫ πÿπ ∑“ߥâ“π°”≈—ß∑√—æ¬å¢Õ߇À≈à“»‘…¬å‡°à“∑Ë’‡™◊ËÕ¡—Ëπ·≈–»√—∑∏“„π¡À“ «‘∑¬“≈—¬‚æ‚¡π“ π—°»÷°…“∑’Ë®∫®“°∑Ë’π’Ë¡—°®–ª√– ∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á® „π™’«‘µ°“√∑”ß“π∑È—ß„π “¬»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å‚¥¬µ√ß·≈–°“√π”«‘™“ §«“¡√¥âŸ ß— °≈à“«‰ªª√–¬°ÿ µ„å ™â µ—«Õ¬“à ß¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— »≈‘ ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑»µ“à ß Ê „π™à«ßª√–¡“≥ Ò ªï∑’˺à“π¡“ ‡√“®–‡ÀÁπ∂÷ßæ—≤π“°“√¢Õß °“√®—¥°“√»÷°…“¥â“π»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å‚¥¬§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ√–À«à“ß ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¢Õß À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“·≈–¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬„πµà“ߪ√–‡∑» ‚¥¬‡©æ“–ª√–‡∑»„π·∂∫µ–«—πÕÕ°°≈“ß·≈–‡Õ‡™’¬ ¬°µ—«Õ¬à“߇™àπ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬π‘«¬Õ√å°‰¥â√à«¡°àÕµ—Èß¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å „π°√ÿßÕ“∫Ÿ¥“∫’ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡¬≈‰¥â√à«¡°àյȗߡÀ“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ »‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» ‘ߧ‚ª√å ¡’°“√√‘‡√‘Ë¡°àյȗߡÀ“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ »‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√åÀ≈“¬Ê ·Ààß„πª√–‡∑»Õ‘π‡¥’¬ √«¡∑ȗߪ√–‡∑»®’π °‡Á æß‘Ë ‡√¡Ë‘ ‚ª√·°√¡»≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√·å ≈–‚§√ß°“√√«à ¡°Õà µß—È ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— »‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å „π™à«ß Ú-Û ªï∑Ë’ºà“π¡“ ∑“ß°“√®’π‰¥â‡√‘Ë¡»÷°…“ ·π«∑“ß°“√®—¥°“√»÷°…“¥â“π»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ´Ë÷ß∂◊Õ‡ªìπ à«πÀπË÷ß ¢Õߧ«“¡æ¬“¬“¡„π°“√ªØ√‘ ªŸ °“√»°÷ …“„π√–¥∫— Õ¥ÿ ¡»°÷ …“∑«Ë— ª√–‡∑» ‡æË◊Õ„À⡧’ «“¡∑π—  ¡¬— ‰¡Àà ¬¥ÿ πßË‘ ·≈–„À§â «“¡√„Ÿâ π “¢“µà“ßÊ ¡§’ «“¡ ‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß°—π 12

¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— ‚µ‡°¬’ « ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— ´πÿ ¬¥— ‡´πÁ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬øŸ¥“π º¡¢Õ¬°µ—«Õ¬à“ß‚§√ß°“√π”√àÕß°“√®—¥°“√»÷°…“¥â“π »≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√„å πª√–‡∑»®π’ ‡¡Õ◊Ë ‡√«Á Ê πÈ’ ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— ø¥Ÿ “π (Fudan University) „π‡¡◊Õ߇´’¬ß‰Œâ ‰¥âπ”·π«∑“ß°“√®—¥°“√»÷°…“·∫∫ ÕäÕ°∫√¥‘ ®å (Oxbridge-Style) ¡“„™â ´Ë÷߇ππâ °“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ·∫∫°≈ÿà¡ ‡≈°Á  ”À√∫— π°— »°÷ …“ª√≠‘ ≠“µ√’ ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— ´πÿ ¬¥— ‡´πÁ (Sun Yat Sen University) „π‡¡◊Õß°«“߇®“‰¥âµ—Èß«‘∑¬“≈—¬»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¢È÷π ¿“¬„π¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ∑’Ë´Ë÷ßªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’π—°‡√’¬π∑’ˉ¥â§–·ππ¥’‡¥àπ Û §π ·√°‰¥â∑”°“√∑¥≈Õ߇√’¬π«‘™“∑Ë’‡°Ë’¬«°—∫«√√≥§¥’®’π‚∫√“≥ ·≈–°√’° ‚√¡—π‚∫√“≥ πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°«‘™“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈–‡»√…∞»“ µ√å „πªï §.». Úı ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‚µ‡°’¬« (Tokyo University) ‰¥â√‘‡√Ë‘¡ ‚§√ß°“√®¥— °“√»°÷ …“¥“â π»≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√„å π¿¡Ÿ ¿‘ “§‡Õ‡™¬’ µ–«π— ÕÕ° ‡æ◊ËÕ à߇ √‘¡µâπ·∫∫°“√®—¥°“√»÷°…“„Àâ·°àª√–‡∑»ÕË◊πÊ ‚¥¬‡©æ“– ª√–‡∑»®’π´÷Ëß¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‚µ‡°’¬«°Á‰¥â°àÕµ—Èß»Ÿπ¬å·≈°‡ª≈Ë’¬π‡√’¬π√⟠¥â“π»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¢Õß¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‚µ‡°’¬«∑’Ë¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬π“π°‘ß (Nanjing University) ·≈â« πÕ°®“°π’È ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬™—Èππ”Õ◊ËπÊ Õ“∑‘ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ªí°°‘Ëß (Peking University) ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡®âÕ‡®’¬ß (Zhejiang University) ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬À«àŒŸ Ëπ— (Wuhan University) °‰Á ¥â √‘‡√Ë‘¡°“√®—¥°“√»÷°…“¥â“π»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ·≈– ÿ¥∑⓬º¡Õ¬“°®– °≈“à «∂ß÷ ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— π“π“™“µ ‘ À√∞— œ (United International College) 13

»≈‘ ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√°‘ “ Liberal Arts Education in the united States „π‡¡◊Õß®Ÿ‰Àà ´÷Ë߇ªìπ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·Ààß·√°¢Õß ª√–‡∑»®’π ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬·ÀàßπÈ’°àÕµ—Èߢ÷Èπ„πªï §.». Úı ‡¡Ë◊Õ §≥–ºŸâ∫√‘À“√¢Õß¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— ŒàÕß°ß·∫Á∫∑ ‘ ∑å (Hong Kong Baptist University) ‰¥â√à«¡¡◊Õ°—∫‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë∫√‘À“√√–¥—∫ Ÿß¢Õß°√–∑√«ß »÷°…“∏‘°“√¢Õß®’π‡æ◊ËÕÀ“·π«∑“ß„π°“√ªØ‘√Ÿª°“√»÷°…“„π ∂“∫—π Õÿ¥¡»÷°…“∑—Ë«ª√–‡∑» π—∫‡ªìπ ‘∫Ê ªï¡“·≈â«∑’Ë¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬„π ª√–‡∑»®’π¡’≈—°…≥–‡ªìπ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬„À≠à∑Ë’Õ“®“√¬å®– Õπ‚¥¬°“√ ∫√√¬“¬„πÀÕâ ߇√¬’ π√«¡¢π“¥„À≠à ´ß÷Ë π°— »°÷ …“®–®¥°“√∫√√¬“¬ππ—È Ê ·∫∫≈«°Ê ·≈–∑àÕß®”‡π◊ÈÕÀ“¥—ß°≈à“«‡æ◊ËÕ®–𔉪 Õ∫ ‚ª√·°√¡∑’Ë ‡√’¬π°Á¡—°‡ªìπ«‘™“‡Õ°‡©æ“–∑“ß ·≈– à«π„À≠à®–Õ¬àŸ„π “¢“ª√–¬ÿ°µå ·µà∑È—ßÀ¡¥∑È—ß¡«≈®–‡πâπÀπ—°∑Ë’‡√Ë◊Õß√—∞»“ µ√å°“√‡¡◊Õß°“√ª°§√Õß Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ °“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ·∫∫π’È´Ë÷ß∂◊Õ‡ªìπ·∫∫‚´‡«’¬µ‡°à“ (Old Soviet-Style) ¥Ÿ®–≈â“ ¡—¬‰ª·≈â« ¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π ∑“ß°“√®’π ´Ë÷ß°”≈—ßÀ“∑“ß∑’Ë®–ªØ‘√Ÿª‡»√…∞°‘®∑’Ë¡’æÈ◊π∞“π‡°…µ√°√√¡·≈–°“√ º≈‘µ ‘π§â“√“§“∂Ÿ°®”π«π¡“°¡“ àŸ‡»√…∞°‘®∑Ë’¡’æ◊Èπ∞“𧫓¡≈È” ¡—¬ ∑“ß«‘™“§«“¡√Ÿâ °Á‡ ’¬„®∑’Ë ‘π§â“„πª√–‡∑»¢“¥ ‘∑∏‘∫—µ√§ÿ⡧√Õß ¢“¥ π«—µ°√√¡∑Ë’≈”È  ¡—¬ √«¡∑ȗߢ“¥°“√°“√—πµ’®“°√“ß«—≈π“π“™“µ‘ ‡™àπ √“ß«≈— ‚π‡∫≈ πÕ°®“°π’È π“¬®“â ßÀ√Õ◊ º®Ÿâ ¥— °“√¬ß— °≈“à ««“à ∫≥— ±µ‘ ®∫„À¡à À≈“¬Ê §π§‘¥‰¡à‡ªìπ ¥—ßπ—Èπæ«°‡¢“®÷ßµ°ß“π ∑Ë’ºà“π¡“ª√–‡∑»®’π¡’ °“√¢¬“¬µ—«∑“ß°“√»÷°…“„π√–¥—∫Õÿ¥¡»÷°…“Õ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á« ®”π«π ∫—≥±‘µ®∫„À¡à‡æË‘¡®“° Ò.ı ≈â“π§π µàÕªï „πª≈“¬∑»«√√… Ò˘˘ ¡“ ‡ªπì °«“à ı ≈“â π§π„πªï∑Ë’·≈«â °“√¢¬“¬µ—«¥—ß°≈à“« àߺ≈„π∑“ß≈∫µÕà À≈°—  µŸ √°“√»°÷ …“ ¥ß— ∑’Ë π°— ª√–«µ— »‘ “ µ√´å Ÿ ®≈’ π‘ ®“°¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— East China Normal University ‰¥â°≈à“««à“ °“√»÷°…“„πªí®®ÿ∫—π‡À¡◊Õπ 14

°—∫ø“√塇≈’Ȭ߉°à¢π“¥„À≠à ´Ë÷߇ª√’¬∫‰¥â°—∫¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ R-Ò ∑’Ë¡àÿß º≈‘µ§πÕÕ°¡“‡æË◊Õ®–·¢àߢ—π°—∫ª√–‡∑»Õ◊ËπÊ „π√–¥—∫ “°≈ ‡æË◊Õ„Àâ ¡’™Ë◊Õ‡ ’¬ßµ‘¥Õ—π¥—∫π“π“™“µ‘ ‚¥¬‡πâπ∑’˺≈ß“π«‘®—¬‡ªìπÀ≈—° ´Ë÷ß„™â«‘∏’ °“√·≈–¡’®ÿ¥¡àÿßÀ¡“¬‡¥’¬«°—π ”À√—∫π—°»÷°…“∑ÿ°§π ‚¥¬‰¡à§”π÷ß∂÷ß °“√ Õπ„π·∫∫‡©æ“–∑Ë’‡À¡“–°—∫π—°»÷°…“·µà≈–§π »“ µ√“®“√¬å °“π À¬“ß ®“°¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬´ÿπ ¬—¥ ‡´Á𠉥â°≈à“«‡ √‘¡°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå ¢ÕßÕ“®“√¬å´Ÿ ®’≈‘π «à“ ªí®®ÿ∫—ππ—°»÷°…“®’π à«π„À≠à‡ªìπ·§àºâŸ√—∫°“√ ‡√’¬π„πÀâÕß„À≠à∑’Ë¡’π—°»÷°…“‡ªìπ√âÕ¬  ‘Ëß∑’Ëπ—°»÷°…“∑”§◊Õ°“√π—Ëßøíß °“√∫√√¬“¬Õ¬à“߇¥’¬« Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ À≈“¬§π‡√‘Ë¡À—π¡“„Àâ §«“¡ π„®°∫— °“√®¥— °“√»°÷ …“Õ°’ √ªŸ ·∫∫Àπß÷Ë ππ—Ë §Õ◊ °“√®¥— °“√»°÷ …“ ·∫∫¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¢π“¥‡≈Á° ‡æË◊Õ‡ªìπ°“√·°âªí≠À“ ¥ß— °≈“à « §«“¡∑â“∑“¬Õ¬à“ßÀπË÷ß∑Ë’ºŸâ π—∫ πÿπ°“√®—¥°“√»÷°…“¥â“π »‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑»®’πª√– ∫§◊Õ °“√ª√–™“ —¡æ—π∏å µÕπ∑Ë’ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬π“π“™“µ‘ À√—∞œ „π‡¡◊Õß®Ÿ‰Àà°àյȗߢ÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕÀ°ªï∑Ë’·≈â« ¡’ π—°‡√’¬π¡—∏¬¡ª≈“¬‡æ’¬ß‰¡à°’˧π∑’Ë√⟧«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å π—°»÷°…“∑’Ë≈߇√’¬π„π™È—π‡√’¬π∑’ˇªî¥·√°‡√Ë‘¡°Á¡’®”π«π‡°‘π§√Ë÷ß®“°∑Ë’ §“¥‰«â (ı §π) ¡“‡æ¬’ ß𥑠‡¥’¬«  à«πÀ≈—° Ÿµ√°Á‡ªìπ·∫∫∑¥≈Õß∑Ë’ ¬—߉¡‡à ªπì ‰ªµ“¡·∫∫·ºπ∑Ë°’ ”Àπ¥ ´Ë÷ß®√‘ßÊ ·≈â«π°— ‡√’¬π¡—∏¬¡ª≈“¬ ¢Õß®’π à«π„À≠à„ΩÉΩíπ∑’Ë®–‡¢â“‡√’¬π„π¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬„πª√–‡∑»  À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ ·≈– à«π„À≠à®– π„®¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∑’Ë¡’™◊ËÕ‡ ’¬ß´÷ËßÕ¬Ÿà„π °≈ÿà¡ ç‰Õ«Ë’≈’°é (Ivy-League universities) ¡“°°«à“¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ »‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¢π“¥‡≈Á° ‡¡Ë◊Õªï∑Ë’·≈â«π“¬‡©‘π À¬ßø“ß π—°»÷°…“ ™“«®’π∑Ë’‡√’¬π„π¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‚∫«¥Õ¬πå (Bowdoin College) ‰¥â√à«¡ 15

»≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√°‘ “ Liberal Arts Education in the united States ‡¢’¬πÀπ—ß ◊Õ‡√◊ËÕß »‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑’Ë·∑â®√‘ß (A True Liberal Arts Education) ‚¥¬¡ßÿà À«ß— „À‡â °¥‘ §«“¡√§âŸ «“¡‡¢“â „®„π‡√ÕË◊ ß»≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å ‚¥¬√«¡·°àπ—°‡√’¬π π—°»÷°…“ √«¡∑ȗߺ⟪°§√Õß™“«®’π Àπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡πÈ’ °≈à“«∂÷ߢâÕ¥’¢Õß°“√‡√’¬π„π¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¢π“¥‡≈Á° Õ“∑‘ °“√‡√’¬π„π ÀâÕ߇√’¬π¢π“¥‡≈Á°∑Ë’¡’ —¥ à«πÕ“®“√¬åµàÕπ—°»÷°…“∑Ë’πâÕ¬ ·≈–Õ“®“√¬å °Á¡àÿ߇πâπ°“√ Õπ‡ªìπÀ≈—°¡“°°«à“°“√∑”«‘®—¬ 𓬇©‘π°≈à“««à“°“√∑Ë’ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‚∫«¥Õ¬πå¡’æ—π∏°‘®„π°“√øŸ¡øí°∑—°…–„π°“√„™â™’«‘µ „Àâ·°àπ—°»÷°…“¡“°°«à“°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ‡æ◊ËÕ°“√ª√–°Õ∫Õ“™’æπÈ—π ∑”„À⇢“ »√—∑∏“°“√®—¥°“√»÷°…“·π«»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å 𓬇©‘π¬—ß°≈à“«Õ’°«à“ ç»≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√∑å ”„À§â «“¡‡ªπì µ«— µπ∑·Ë’ ∑®â √ß‘ ¢Õߺ»âŸ °÷ …“™¥— ‡®π¢π÷È æ—≤𓧫“¡§‘¥·≈–®‘µ«‘≠≠“≥ „Àâ√⟮—°µ—«‡Õß·≈–°“√„™â™’«‘µ∑Ë’∂Ÿ°µâÕß ·≈–‡À¡“– ¡ ºâŸ»÷°…“Õ“®®–®”«‘™“§«“¡√Ÿâ∑’ˉ¥â√Ë”‡√’¬π„π™à«ß Ù ªï„π ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‰¥â‰¡àÀ¡¥ ·µà®–√⟫‘∏’°“√·≈–∑—°…–„π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ´÷Ëß  “¡“√∂𔉪„™â‰¥âµ≈Õ¥™’«µ‘ é ∂÷ß·¡â«à“¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬„πµà“ߪ√–‡∑»À≈“¬Ê ·Ààß®–¡ÕßÀ“ §«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ„π®—¥°“√»÷°…“¥â“π»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√宓°¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∑’Ë ¡’™ÕË◊ ‡ ’¬ß„π À√∞— Õ‡¡√°‘ “ ‡™àπ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈¬— ‡¬≈ ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— 𑫬Õ√°å ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— ¥§ÿ (Duke University) ‡ªπì µπâ ·∑π∑®’Ë –‡ªπì ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— »≈‘ ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√¢å 𓥇≈°Á Õ¬“à ß ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— ·Õ¡‡Œ‘√å ∑å (Amherst University) ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬«‘≈‡≈Ë’¬¡ (Williams University) ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ «“√å∏¡Õ√å (Swarthmore University) ·≈–ÕË◊πÊ ·µàº¡ °≈—∫¡Õß«“à µπâ ·∫∫¢Õß¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬»‘≈ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√¢å 𓥇≈Á° ´Ë÷ß¡’ ≈—°…≥–µ√ߢⓡ°—∫¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ R-Ò ππÈ— °≈—∫¡Õ’ ‘∑∏æ‘ ≈µàÕ°“√»°÷ …“ ·π«»≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√¢å Õß¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— µ“à ߪ√–‡∑»¡“°°«“à ®“°√“¬™Õ◊Ë 16

¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ «“√∏å ¡Õ√å ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈—¬«≈‘ ‡≈¬’Ë ¡ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·Ààß„À¡àÊ ∑’Ë°àյȗߢÈ÷π„πµà“ߪ√–‡∑» ®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡À≈à“π’ȉ¥â√—∫·∫∫Õ¬à“ß°“√®—¥°“√»÷°…“ ¥ß— °≈“à «¡“®“°¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— »≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√¢å 𓥇≈°Á „π À√∞— Õ‡¡√°‘ “ ‚¥¬°“√°Õà µß—È ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— ∑®’Ë ¥— °“√»°÷ …“¥“â π»≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√‚å ¥¬µ√ß ´÷Ë߉¡à„™à·§à°“√®—¥µÈ—ß‚ª√·°√¡»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¿“¬„π¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ „À≠à∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà·≈â« ª√–‡∑»‡À≈à“π’Ȫ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬ ∫—ߧ≈“‡∑» ·§π“¥“ ®π’ ‡¬Õ√¡π— °“π“ ŒÕà ß°ß Õπ‘ ‡¥¬’ Õ ‘ √“‡Õ≈ ≠ª’Ë πÉÿ ‡π‡∏Õ√·å ≈π¥å √— ‡´’¬ °“µ“√å  ‘ߧ‚ª√å  ‚≈«“‡°’¬  «’‡¥π  À√—∞Õ“À√—∫‡Õ¡‘‡√µ å ·≈–‡«¬’ ¥π“¡ ·≈–∑πË’ à“ª√–∑—∫„®§◊ÕÀ≈“¬Ê ª√–‡∑»∑’°Ë ≈“à «¡“¢â“ßµâπ ¡∫’ ∑∫“∑ ”§≠— „π‡«∑°’ “√§“â √–¥∫— ‚≈°´ß÷Ë ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— »≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å ‡À≈à“πÈ’‡¥‘π¡“∂Ÿ°∑“ß·≈â«∑Ë’¬÷¥·∫∫Õ¬à“ß°“√®—¥°“√»÷°…“µ“¡ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¢π“¥‡≈Á° ¡“°°«à“¡àÿ߇πâπ°“√ √â“ß ™ÕË◊ ‡ ¬’ ß‚¥¬√à«¡®—¥°“√»÷°…“°—∫¡À“«‘∑¬“≈¬— ¡™’ ◊ÕË ¢Õß À√∞— Õ‡¡√°‘ “ 17

»≈‘ ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» À√∞— Õ‡¡√°‘ “ Liberal Arts Education in the united States  “√– ”§—≠¢Õß»‘≈ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å  ßË‘ ∑®Ë’ –°≈“à «∂ß÷ µÕà ‰ªπ’È ‡ªπì  ß‘Ë ∑º’Ë ¡‡™ÕË◊ ·≈– “‡Àµ¢ÿ Õߧ«“¡‡™Õ◊Ë „𧫓¡ ”§≠— Õ¬“à ß¬ß‘Ë (Secret Key) ¢Õß»“ µ√∑å ¡’Ë ™’ Õ◊Ë «“à »≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å „π∫√‘∫∑¢Õß¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈—¬‡≈°Á Ê ·Àßà ÀπË÷ß ª√–°“√·√° §Õ◊ §«“¡‡™◊ÕË «à“ ç»≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√åé ‡ªìπ X -Factor ´÷ßË °Á§Õ◊ ª®í ®—¬∑Ëπ’ ”‰ª §Ÿà «“¡§‘¥  √â“ß √√§å ·≈–°“√§‘¥«‘‡§√“–Àå ∑—Èßπ’È¡‘‰¥âÀ¡“¬∂÷ßµ—«À≈—° Ÿµ√∑’Ë ª√–°Õ∫‰ª¥â«¬ “√–«‘™“µà“ßÊ ‡∑à“π—Èπ ·µà»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√凪ìπ »“ µ√å·Ààß®√‘¬∏√√¡ ´÷Ëß„π∑’Ë ÿ¥°Á§◊Õ«‘∂’™’«‘µ¢Õß¡πÿ…¬åπ—Ëπ‡Õß §” Õ∏∫‘ “¬„π‡√◊ÕË ßπ’È §◊Õ Õߧªå √–°Õ∫¢ÕßÀ≈—° µŸ √»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√¡å ’∞“π ¢Õߧ«“¡§‘¥Õ¬Ÿà∑Ë’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ Õ—π‡°‘¥®“°ª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å «√√≥§¥’ «‘∑¬“»“ µ√å §≥‘µ»“ µ√å ‡»√…∞»“ µ√å ·≈–ÕË◊πÊ  “√– ”§—≠¢Õß »“ µ√å„π “¢“«‘™“∑’ËÀ≈“°À≈“¬‡À≈à“πÈ’·∑â®√‘ߧ◊Õ§≈—ß·Ààß°“√æ—≤π“ §«“¡‡ªìπ«‘™“™’æ¢Õß∫—≥±‘µ´÷Ë߉¥â∂Ÿ°≈∫‡≈◊Õπ‰ªÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«®“°°“√ »÷°…“„π√–¥—∫∑’˵”Ë ≈ß¡“ Õ—π‡ªìπº≈¡“®“°°“√®”°—¥∑—ÈߢÕ∫‡¢µ¢Õß  “√–«™‘ “·≈–·π«∑“ß°“√»°÷ …“¢Õß»“ µ√å ∑ßÈ— ∑’‡Ë ªπì Interdisciplinary ·≈– Transdisciplinary √«¡∑ß—È Post-disciplinary ∑’°Ë ≈—∫°≈“¬¡“‡ªìπ ∏√√¡‡π’¬¡ªØ‘∫—µ‘ (Norm) ¡“°°«à“∑’Ë®–‡ªìπ¢âÕ¬°‡«âπÀ√◊Õ∑“߇≈◊Õ° (Exception) µ“¡§«“¡µÕâ ß°“√¢ÕߺŸâ‡√¬’ π ‡¡◊ËÕ„¥°Áµ“¡∑’Ë§π‡°‘¥§«“¡°√–À“¬∑Ë’®–‡√’¬π√⟬àÕ¡„™â«‘∏’°“√ µà“ßÊ „π°“√· «ßÀ“´Ë÷ߧ«“¡√Ÿâµ“¡ —≠™“µ‘≠“≥¢Õߧ«“¡Õ¬“°√Ÿâ ·≈–µ√√°–·Ààßµπ ¡“°°«à“∑Ë’®–∑”µ“¡·π«∑“ßÀ√◊Õ«‘∏’°“√∑’ˉ¥â¡’°“√ °”À𥉫â·≈â«≈«à ßÀπ“â º¡¡§’ «“¡‡™Õ◊Ë «“à ‡¡Õ◊Ë ‰¥â√—∫°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬®“°  ∂“π¿“æ¢Õߧ«“¡‡ªìππ—°«‘™“™’æ·≈–¢âÕ®”°—¥Õ◊ËπÊ ∑—Èߺ⟠Õπ·≈– ºŸâ‡√’¬π¬àÕ¡¡’Õ‘ √–∑’Ë®– ”√«® §âπ§«â“„π Ë‘ß∑’˵âÕß°“√µ“¡«‘∂’∑“ß∑’Ë 18

‡À¡“– ¡  ‘Ëßπ’ȇ∑à“πÈ—π∑’ˇªìπ®–‡ªìπ‡°’¬√µ‘¿Ÿ¡‘·Ààß°“√‡√’¬π√⟷≈– °“√»÷°…“«‘®—¬ °≈à“«§◊Õ ∑ÿ°§π “¡“√∂»÷°…“‡æË◊Õ· «ßÀ“§«“¡√⟠µ“¡§«“¡ π„®·≈–§«“¡æ÷ßæÕ„® à«πµπ¥â«¬«‘∏’°“√∑Ë’À≈“°À≈“¬ ¡“°°«à“°“√»÷°…“‡æË◊ÕµÕ∫ πÕߧ«“¡µâÕß°“√ √Ÿª·∫∫·≈–«‘∏’°“√∑’Ë °”À𥮓°¿“¬πÕ° ´Ë÷ߺ¡¡’™◊ËÕ‡√’¬° ”À√—∫·π«∑“ß°“√»÷°…“ ≈—°…≥–πÈ’«à“ ·π«°“√»÷°…“∑Ë’‰√âÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå (Non-utilitarian Approach) Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ º¡≈∫§”®”°—¥§«“¡πÈ’ÕÕ°‰ª ”À√—∫ »≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√´å ß÷Ë º¡¡§’ «“¡‡™ÕË◊ «“à ‡ªπì »“ µ√∑å §’Ë ß‰«´â ßË÷ Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå Õ¬à“ß¡“°¡“¬∂Ⓣ¡à¬÷¥µ‘¥°—∫√–∫∫°“√«—¥ª√–‡¡‘πº≈∑’Ë∑”„π™à«ß‡«≈“ Õπ—  π—È ∑ºË’ “à π¡“º¡‰¥æâ ¬“¬“¡‡ πÕ∂ß÷ º≈¥¢’ Õß°“√®¥— °“√‡√¬’ π°“√ Õπ „π≈°— …≥–∑‰’Ë ¡‡à ππâ Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå (Non-utilitarion) ·≈–‰¡‡à ππâ «™‘ “™æ’ (Non-professional Pedagogy) ∑Ë’‡°‘¥¢È÷π„πÀâÕ߇√’¬π ´Ë÷ß¡’§«“¡ ·µ°µà“ßÕ¬à“ß È‘π‡™‘ß°—∫ à«π¥’∑È—ß√–¬– —Èπ·≈–√–¬–¬“«∑Ë’‡°‘¥¢È÷π®“° »‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ·≈–‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß¡À—»®√√¬å∑Ë’«à“ °“√„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫ «∏‘ °’ “√®—¥°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ‡™àππÈ∑’ ”„À‡â °‘¥º≈¢π÷È ‰¥â„π∑Ë’ ÿ¥ 19

»‘≈ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» À√∞— Õ‡¡√°‘ “ Liberal Arts Education in the united States ¢Õ„Àâ∑à“π®‘πµπ“°“√∂÷ßÀâÕ߇√’¬π´Ë÷ß¡’π—°»÷°…“∑Ë’‡©≈’¬«©≈“¥ ·≈–æ√âÕ¡∑”ß“πÀπ—°„π°“√»÷°…“À“§«“¡√âŸ π—°»÷°…“‡À≈à“πÈ’µà“ßªî¥ ‚∑√»—æ∑å¡◊Õ∂◊Õ ·≈–À—π¡“¡ÿàß¡Ë—πµ—Èß ¡“∏‘„π°“√Õà“πÀπ—ß ◊Õ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ ¬“«·≈–§àÕπ¢â“߬“°∑Ë®’ –‡¢“â „® ‡™πà Àπ—ß Õ◊ ‡√ËÕ◊ ß Ulysses ´Ë÷ß·µàß‚¥¬ James Joyce ·≈–π”¡“Õ¿‘ª√“¬√à«¡°—π„πÀâÕ߇√’¬π §”∂“¡ §◊Õ ∑”Õ¬à“߉√®– √â“ß √√§å∫√√¬“°“»∑“ß°“√»÷°…“„À⇰‘¥¿“懙àππÈ—π ¢÷Èπ‰¥â ·≈–º¡‰¡à§‘¥«à“ ‘Ë߇À≈à“π’È®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥â‡æ’¬ß·§à°“√®Ÿß„®„Àâ π—°»÷°…“∑”°‘®°√√¡¥—ß°≈à“« „𧫓¡‡ªìπ®√‘ß µ“¡À≈—°°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå µâπ∑ÿπ·≈–º≈µÕ∫·∑π∑“߇»√…∞»“ µ√å °“√Õà“πÀπ—ß ◊Õ¢Õß 20

James Joyce ‡√Ë◊Õߥ—ß°≈à“«¥Ÿ‡ ¡◊Õπ‡ªìπ‡√Ë◊Õß≈â“ ¡—¬∑’Ë∑”„À⇠’¬‡«≈“ ‚¥¬‡ª≈à“ª√–‚¬™πå ·≈–¥Ÿ®–‡ªìπ°“√¥È◊Õ¥÷ß∑Ë’‚ßà‡¢≈“‰ªæ√âÕ¡°—π ∂â“ ‡ªìπ‡™àππ—Èπ °“√«‘®—¬∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑È—ßÀ¡¥πà“®–‡ªìπ°“√· «ßÀ“∑Ë’ ‡ª≈à“ª√–‚¬™π凙àπ°—π Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ ∑à“π®–µâÕß欓¬“¡‚πâ¡πâ“« ™—°™«π≈Ÿ°»‘…¬å¢Õß∑à“π„Àℙ⇫≈“·≈–æ≈—ßß“πÕ—π¡’§à“„π°“√Õà“π·≈– «‘æ“°…å«‘®“√≥åÀπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡πÈ’ ·¡â«à“®–∑”„À⇠’¬‡«≈“„π°“√§‘¥∂÷ß °“√ß“πÕ“™’扪∫â“ß°Áµ“¡ ·µàº≈∑Ë’‰¥â√—∫®“°°“√‡ ’¬‡«≈“π—Èπ §◊Õ §«“¡„§√à√Ÿâ¡“°¬‘ËߢÈ÷π„π Ë‘ß∑’ˬ—ߧߠߠ—¬ §«“¡§‘¥µà“ßÊ ∑Ë’‡°‘¥¢È÷π °“√ ‡¢â“„®À¬Ë—ß√⟠°“√ √â“ߧ«“¡‡°’ˬ«¢âÕ߇™Ë◊Õ¡‚¬ßµà“ßÊ √«¡∑—Èß “√–®“° °“√‡ «π“®–‡ªìπª√–‚¬™πåÕ¬à“ß¡“°„π°“√‡ √‘¡ √â“ß∫√√¬“°“»∑“ß «‘™“°“√∑Ë’·µ°µà“߉ª®“°∑Ë’‡ªìπÕ¬Ÿà·∫∫‡¥‘¡Ê  ∂“π°“√≥å‡À≈à“πÈ’ ‡ª√¬’ ∫‡ ¡Õ◊ π°“√„Àπâ °— »°÷ …“·π«»≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√‡å ¢“â √«à ¡«ßÕÕ√‡å § µ√“â ´÷Ëß∑à“π‰¡à “¡“√∂®–∫Õ°π—°»÷°…“µ“¡À≈—°¢Õßπ—°ª√– “∑«‘∑¬“ (Neuroscientists) ‰¥â«à“ °“√‡≈àπ¥πµ√’®–™à«¬ √â“߇ √‘¡æ≈—ß ¡Õß „Àâ‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷ÈπÀ√◊Õ∫Õ°«à“‰Õ ‰µπ剥â查«à“‡¢“ “¡“√∂§‘¥§âπ∑“ß «‘∑¬“»“ µ√剥â„π¢≥–∑Ë’‡¢“°”≈—߇≈àπ‰«‚Õ≈‘π „π∑”πÕ߇¥’¬«°—π ∑à“π‰¡àÕ“®æŸ¥‰¥â«à“ °“√‡¢â“√à«¡«ßÕÕ√凧 µ“√å®–π”‰ª Ÿàß“πÕ“™’æ ∑’ˬ‘Ëß„À≠à ·µà∑’Ë¡“°°«à“π—Èπ §◊Õ °“√∑Ë’∑à“π欓¬“¡ª≈Ÿ°Ωíߧ«“¡√—° „π¥πµ√’´Ë÷߇ªìπ Ë‘ß∑â“∑“¬æ≈—ߧ«“¡ “¡“√∂Õ¬à“ß¬Ë‘ß ·µàº≈∑Ë’‡°‘¥¢È÷π §◊Õ§«“¡ ÿ¢∑Ë’‰¥â®“°°“√‰¥â∑” ‘Ëß∑’ˬ“°¬Ë‘߇À≈à“πÈ’ ´÷Ë߇ªìπ§ÿ≥§à“„πµπ ¢Õß ß‘Ë ‡À≈“à ππÈ—  «à πº≈µÕ∫·∑πÕË◊πÊ ∑Ë’‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ‡æ’¬ßº≈æ≈Õ¬‰¥â ∑È—ß È‘π ‚¥¬ √ÿª ®ß‡™Ë◊Õ¡—Ëπ„π ‘Ëß∑Ë’∑à“πµâÕß°“√„Àâ≈Ÿ°»‘…¬å¢Õß∑à“π‡ªìπ ·≈–§«“¡§«“¡ ”§—≠Õ—π¥—∫·√°„π‡√◊ËÕßπÈ’ §◊Õ ®√‘¬∏√√¡∑“ß°“√ Õπ (Pedagogical Ethos) 21

»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ Liberal Arts Education in the united States §«“¡‡™Õ◊Ë ª√–°“√∑ ’Ë Õß §Õ◊ ™π—È ‡√¬’ π¢π“¥‡≈°Á (Small Classes) §”∂“¡„π‡√Ë◊Õßπ’È §◊Õ ∑”‰¡¢π“¥¢Õߙȗπ‡√’¬π®÷ß¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠Õ¬à“ß¬Ë‘ß  ”À√∫— °“√®—¥°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ·π«»‘≈ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å µ—«Õ¬à“ß∑’ˇÀÁπ‰¥â™—¥‡®π¡“°„π‡√Ë◊Õßπ’ȧ◊Õ°“√‡√’¬π¥πµ√’ ∑à“π ‰¡à “¡“√∂®–‡≈àπ∑√—¡‚∫π‰¥â‡æ’¬ßπ—Ëßøíߺ⟇≈àπ∑√—¡‚∫π¡◊ÕÕ“™’æ ∫√√¬“¬∂ß÷ °“√‡≈πà ∑√¡— ‚∫π„πÀÕâ ߇√¬’ π∑¡Ë’ π’ °— »°÷ …“ª√–¡“≥ ¯ §π „π∑”πÕ߇¥’¬«°—π ∑à“π‰¡à “¡“√∂‡√’¬π√⟫‘∏’°“√‡≈àπ∑√—¡‚∫π‰¥â¥â«¬ 22

°“√¥Ÿ«‘¥’‚Õ°“√· ¥ß¢Õßπ—°¥πµ√’¡◊ÕÕ“™’æ ·µà«‘∏’°“√∑Ë’¥’°«à“§◊Õ °“√‡√’¬π√⟫∏‘ °’ “√‡≈πà ∑√—¡‚∫π°∫— §√Ÿº Ÿâ Õ𵫗 µàÕµ«— ª√°÷ …“·≈°‡ª≈¬Ë’ π ∂÷ß«‘∏’°“√µà“ßÊ ®“°πÈ—π°Á√à«¡‡≈àπ„π«ß¥πµ√’∑’ˉ¡à„À≠àπ—° °—∫ºŸâ‡≈àπ §πÕË◊πÊ ∑—Èßπ’È °“√‡√’¬π√⟂¥¬°“√√à«¡‡≈àπ„π«ß¥πµ√’°—∫°“√∑”«‘®—¬¡’ §«“¡§≈⓬°—π §◊Õ ¬‘Ëß¡’¢π“¥‡≈Á°‡∑à“‰√ °Á®–¡’§ÿ≥¿“楒¢÷Èπ‡∑à“πÈ—π  ”À√—∫¢âÕ¥’∑Ë’‡ªìπ®ÿ¥‡¥à𠔧—≠¢Õßπ—°»÷°…“¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‚æ‚¡π“ „πªí®®∫ÿ —π §◊Õ Õ“®“√¬åº âŸ Õπ∑ß—È „π “¢“«‘™“«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å·≈– “¢“«™‘ “ ÕË◊π‡ªî¥‚Õ°“ „Àâπ—°»÷°…“„π√–¥—∫µ”Ë °«à“∫—≥±‘µ»÷°…“√à«¡∑”ß“π«‘®—¬ (‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª °“√∑”«‘®—¬√à«¡°—∫Õ“®“√¬å®”°—¥‡©æ“–π—°»÷°…“√–¥—∫ ∫≥— ±µ‘ »°÷ …“) ª®í ®∫ÿ π— π°— »°÷ …“√–¥∫— ª√≠‘ ≠“µ√¡’ ‚’ Õ°“ √«à ¡ß“π‡¢¬’ π ‡Õ° “√∑“ß«‘™“°“√°—∫Õ“®“√¬å ´Ë÷ß∫√√¬“°“»∑Ë’‰¥â∑”ß“π„°≈♑¥°—𠇙πà π¬È’ Õà ¡ àߺ≈¥’µÕà µ«— π°— »°÷ …“‡ªπì Õ¬“à ß¡“° πÕ°®“°πÈπ— ·¡â®–¬ß— ¡’ ¢âÕ¥’¢Õß™—Èπ‡√’¬π∑’Ë¡’¢π“¥‡≈Á°Õ’°À≈“¬ª√–°“√ ·µà„π∑’ËπÈ’º¡µâÕß°“√ ∑’Ë®–°≈à“«∂÷ß≈—°…≥– ”§—≠Õ’°ª√–°“√ÀπË÷ߢÕß»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å §◊Õ °“√®—¥°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ„π≈—°…≥–¢Õß√Ÿª·∫∫°“√Ωñ°ªØ‘∫—µ‘ (Apprentice Model) ´Ë÷߇ªìπ°“√®—¥°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ∑’˧√ŸºŸâ Õπ·≈– π—°»÷°…“®–µâÕß¡’°“√ª√÷°…“À“√◊Õ·≈–¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°—πÕ¬à“ß„°≈♑¥  ”À√—∫º¡ ‡¡Ë◊ÕµâÕß°“√®– ÕπÕ–‰√„À℧√ —°§πÀπË÷ß º¡®–‰¡à„™â‡æ’¬ß °“√∫√√¬“¬‡æ◊ËÕ àߺà“𧫓¡√âŸÕÕ°‰ª ·µà®–„™â«‘∏’°“√‚πâ¡πâ“«„À⇢“ 欓¬“¡§‘¥¥â«¬µ—«‡Õß ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√§‘¥‡™àππ’ȉ¡à„™à°“√∑”µ“¡ °Æ‡°≥±µå “à ß Ê º¡ Õπ„À⧥‘ ‚¥¬¥÷ßæ≈—ߧ«“¡§‘¥ÕÕ°¡“À√Õ◊ ‚¥¬°“√ ‡ªìπµâπ·∫∫ º¡ Õπ‡√◊ËÕߧ«“¡Õ¬“°‡√’¬π√Ÿâ (Curiosity) ´Ë÷ߺ¡°Á À«—ß«à“π—°»÷°…“§ß‡°‘¥§«“¡√—°∑’Ë®–‡√’¬π√ŸâÕ¬à“߇µÁ¡∑’Ë ·≈–º¡ Õπ„Àâ π—°»÷°…“ “¡“√∂‡º™‘≠·≈–‡®√®“µ°≈ß„π‡√Ë◊Õß∑’ˬ—߉¡à°√–®à“ß ¡’§«“¡ 23

»≈‘ ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ Liberal Arts Education in the united States ¬ßàÿ ¬“° ·≈–§≈ÿ¡‡§√Õ◊ ‰¥â „π∑°ÿ Ê §√ßÈ— º¡¡—°®–∑∫∑«π„π«‘™“∑º’Ë ¡ Õπ  ”√«®∞“𧵑„π°“√∑”ß“π¢Õßµ—«‡Õß ´÷Ëß·πàπÕπ«à“§ß‰¡à¡’‡«∑¡πµ√å À√◊Õª“Ø‘À“√‘¬åÕË◊π„¥„π°“√· «ßÀ“§«“¡√⟇°Ë’¬«°—∫‚≈°¢Õ߇√“ ∑ÿ°§π„π·«¥«ß¢ÕߺŸâ∑”Àπâ“∑Ë’ Õπµ√–Àπ—°‰¥âÕ¬à“ß™—¥‡®π«à“ «‘∏’°“√ ®—¥°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ∑Ë’¥’∑’Ë ÿ¥ §◊Õ °≈—∫‰ª‡πâπ∑Ë’µ—«ºâŸ‡√’¬π · «ßÀ“ ·π«∑“ߪ√—∫‡ª≈Ë’¬π∫∑∫“∑§√ŸºâŸ Õπ·∫∫‡¥‘¡Ê ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªî¥‚Õ°“ „Àâ∑È—ß ºâŸ Õπ·≈–π—°»÷°…“ “¡“√∂‡√’¬π√⟮“°°—π·≈–°—π‰¥â ´÷Ëß·π«∑“ßπ’ȇªìπ À≈—°°“√¢Õß°“√®—¥°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ„π≈—°…≥–¢Õß°“√Ωñ°ªØ‘∫—µ‘ (Apprentice Model) ´÷Ëß∑È—ß ÕßΩÉ“¬®–‡√’¬π√Ÿâ‰ª¥â«¬°—π ·≈– Õπ ´Ë÷ß°—π·≈–°—π „π ∂“π°“√≥凙àππ’È ºâŸ Õπ¬—ߧߡ’‚Õ°“ ∑Ë’®–‡√’¬π√Ÿâ ¬—ߧ߇ªìππ—°»÷°…“∑’Ë· «ßÀ“§«“¡√Ÿâ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡µàÕ‰ª ¡‘„™à‡ªìπºŸâ Õπ∑Ë’§ß Õ”π“®«à“µπ‡ªπì ºâ√Ÿ ¥Ÿâ ∑’ Ë ’ ¥ÿ (Know-it-all authority) ·≈–™¥— ‡®π«à“ º¡ Õ“®®–¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ‰¡à¡“°‰ª°«à“π—°»÷°…“√–¥—∫ª√‘≠≠“µ√’ √«¡∑—Èß ‘Ëß∑Ë’ ‡ªì𧫓¡®√‘ßÀ√◊Õ¢âÕ§âπæ∫„π√àÿπ¢Õߺ¡Õ“®‡ªìπ ‘Ëß∑’Ë≈â“ ¡—¬ ”À√—∫ π—°»÷°…“„π√àÿπµÕà Ê ‰ª º¡æ∫«“à π—°»÷°…“‰¥â‡ πÕ√ªŸ ·∫∫°“√‡√¬’ π√â∑Ÿ Ë’ À≈“°À≈“¬®“°°“√ —¡¡π“°≈àÿ¡‡≈Á°Ê ´÷Ë߇ª√’¬∫‡ ¡◊ÕπÀâÕߪؑ∫—µ‘°“√ ∑Ë’π—°»÷°…“®–‰¥â√à«¡°—𫑇§√“–À姓¥°“√≥å¿“æÕ𓧵√à«¡°—∫‡æË◊Õπ π°— »÷°…“√à«¡√ÿàπ„π‡√ËÕ◊ ßµà“ßÊ ∑’§Ë «√®–‡ªìπ‰ª∑—Èß„πªí®®∫ÿ —π·≈–Õ𓧵 Õ—π„°≈â √«¡∑È—ß«‘∂’∑“ß∑Ë’®–‰ª àŸ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬π—ÈπÊ ‡√‘Ë¡µ—Èß·µà°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå «“à Õ–‰√§Õ◊ §”∂“¡∑∂Ë’ °Ÿ µÕâ ß  “√– ”§≠— À≈°— §Õ◊ Õ–‰√ ·≈–·π«§¥‘ æπÈ◊ ∞“π „π‡√◊ËÕßπ—Èπ‡ªìπÕ¬à“߉√ „π∞“π–ºâŸ Õπ‰¡à¡’∑“ß∑Ë’®–‰ª —Ëß°“√„À⇰‘¥°“√ ‡√’¬π√Ÿâ√à«¡√àÿπ‡™àππ’ȉ¥â„πÀâÕß∫√√¬“¬¢π“¥„À≠à ·≈–‰¡à¡’∑“ߧ«∫§ÿ¡ „À⇰‘¥°√–∫«π°“√‡√’¬π√⟇™àππÈ’‚¥¬ºà“π√–∫∫°“√»÷°…“ÕÕπ‰≈πå (On-line Education) ¥«â ¬‡™àπ°—π „π∑”πÕ߇¥’¬«°π— ∂“â ∑“à πµâÕß°“√ 24

‡ªìππ—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ∑à“π°Á®”‡ªìπµâÕ߇¢â“‰ªÕ¬Ÿà„πÀâÕß∑¥≈Õ߇æ◊ËÕ ∑”°“√∑¥≈Õß  —߇°µº≈∑Ë’‡°‘¥¢È÷π √«¡∑—Èߪ√÷°…“À“√◊Õ∂÷ß«‘∏’°“√µà“ßÊ °∫— ‡æÕË◊ π√«à ¡ß“π¢Õß∑à“𠇙àπ‡¥’¬«°—π ‡¡ÕË◊ ∑“à πµÕâ ß°“√‡ªìπºâ§Ÿ «∫§¡ÿ ‡ ’¬ß·≈–®—ßÀ«–¥πµ√’¢Õß«ßÕÕ√凧 µ√â“ ∑à“𮔇ªìπµâÕß„™âÀŸ¢Õß∑à“π „π°“√øíߧ≈Ë◊π‡ ’¬ß∑’ˇ°‘¥¢È÷π®√‘ß ≥ ∑’Ëπ—Èπ ‚¥¬ √ÿª §«“¡‡™Ë◊Õª√–°“√ ∑ ’Ë Õß §Õ◊ °“√¡’¢π“¥‡≈Á° (Smallness) §«“¡‡™ÕË◊ ª√–°“√ ¥ÿ ∑“â ¬ §Õ◊ §«“¡‡ªπì Õ ‘ √– (Independence) ‡¡Ë◊Õ‡√“楟 «“à »≈‘ ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√‡å ªìπ»“ µ√å∑Ë’‡ √‘¡ √â“ß°“√§¥‘ «‡‘ §√“–Àå ‡√“®–µâÕß∑”„Àâ™—¥‡®π«à“ Ë‘ß∑’Ë查À¡“¬∂÷ßÕ–‰√ ‚¥¬∑Ë—«‰ª ·π«°“√ »°÷ …“¢Õß»≈‘ ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å®–¡≈’ —°…≥–‡ªπì Socratic Approach ¡“° °«“à Didactic Approach ·µÕà –‰√§◊Õ “√– ”§≠— ·≈–‡ª“Ñ À¡“¬¢Õß·π« °“√»÷°…“·∫∫ Socratic Approach ‚¥¬ª√°µ‘ Ë‘ß∑’˺¡µâÕß°“√®“° 25

»≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» À√∞— Õ‡¡√‘°“ Liberal Arts Education in the united States π°— »°÷ …“∑‡Ë’ √¬’ π°∫— º¡¡„‘ ™°à “√‡ÀπÁ ¥«â ¬°∫— ∑°ÿ  ß‘Ë ∑‡’Ë ªπì §«“¡‡ÀπÁ ¢Õߺ¡ ·µà Ë‘ß∑Ë’º¡µâÕß°“√¡“°∑Ë’ ÿ¥ §◊Õ °“√· ¥ß§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ∑’ˇªìπ¢Õß π—°»÷°…“„π‡√◊ËÕ߇À≈à“π—Èπ º¡µâÕß°“√„Àâπ—°»÷°…“¡’§«“¡¡Ë—π„®„π »—°¬¿“æ¢Õßµπ∑Ë’®–§âπ§«â“‡æË◊Õ· «ßÀ“§«“¡√Ÿâ„π‡√Ë◊Õ߇À≈à“π—Èπ ·≈– ∑¥ Õ∫¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ß„Àâª√“°Ø ‚¥¬§”®”°—¥§«“¡°Á™—¥‡®π·≈â««à“ º¡‰¡à  “¡“√∂∑” Ë‘߇À≈à“π—Èπ„Àâπ—°»÷°…“ º¡‰¡à “¡“√∂§‘¥·∑ππ—°»÷°…“ ¥—߇™àπ∑’Ë‚ §√“µ‘ ¬◊π¬—π«à“ 秫“¡§‘¥∑’Ë≈Õ°‡≈’¬π·∫∫‰¡à„™à§«“¡§‘¥ Õ¬à“ß·ππà Õπ (An Imitated Thought is not Thought at all)é ¥—ßπ—Èπ  Ëß‘  ”§≠— §◊Õ ∑“à π®– Õπ«®‘ “√≥≠“≥„π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®·≈–§‘¥Õ¬à“߇ªìπ Õ‘ √–‰¥âÕ¬à“߉√  Ë‘ß∑’˺¡®–查µàÕ‰ª §◊Õ »‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√嬗ߧߡ’ §«“¡§¥‘ ∑’Ë¢¥— ·¬âß„πµ«— ‡Õß (Paradox) „π∫“ߪ√–‡¥πÁ À≈—° ‡™πà °“√∑Ë’ §π√àÿπ‡°à“®– “¡“√∂∂à“¬∑Õ¥§ÿ≥§à“¢Õߧ«“¡¡’Õ‘ √–„𧫓¡§‘¥ ·≈– °“√§‘¥‡™‘ß«‘‡§√“–À«å æ‘ “°…å ´ß÷Ë ‡ªπì §«“¡§‘¥∑Ë’·∑®â √ß‘ ‰¥Õâ ¬“à ߉√ ∂“â º¡ „π∞“π–ºâŸ Õπ∑’ˇ™Ë◊Õ¡—Ëπ„πÕ”π“®·Ààߧ«“¡‡ªìπºŸâ Õπ (Authoritative Professor) °Á®–„™«â ‘∏°’ “√∫Õ° ∫√√¬“¬  Ëß— °“√ À√Õ◊ ·¡â°√–∑—ßË §¥‘ ·∑π À√◊Õ·¡â∂⓺¡„π∞“π– Authoritative Professor ∫Õ°„Àâ∑à“πµÈ—ߧ”∂“¡ „π‡√Ë◊ÕߢÕßÕ”π“® (Authority) °Á¬àÕ¡‰¡à¡’∑“ß∑’Ë∑à“π„π∞“π–ºâŸ∑Ë’µâÕß ¡’Àπâ“∑’Ë∑”µ“¡®–§ß‰«â‰¥â∑ȗߧ«“¡À¡“¬µ“¡µ—«Õ—°…√·≈–®‘µ«‘≠≠“≥ „𧔠ßË— ‡™πà πÈ’ ·≈–„π°√≥∑’ ∑’Ë “à πµßÈ— §”∂“¡‡√ÕË◊ ßÕ”π“® (Authority) ‡æ¬’ ß ‡æ√“–º¡„π∞“π–¢Õߺ⟡’Õ”π“®∫Õ°„Àâ∑à“π∑” ∑à“π®–‰¡à¡’∑“ßµÈ—ß §”∂“¡„π‡√◊ËÕßπ’ȉ¥âÕ¬à“ß·∑â®√‘ß ·¡â∑à“π®–‡≈‘°∂“¡µ“¡∑’Ë∂Ÿ° —Ëß‡æ’¬ß ‡æË◊Õ®–∂“¡∂÷ß°“√„™âÕ”π“®·≈–µàÕµâ“πÕ”π“®¢Õߺ¡ ∑à“π°Á®–≈ß∑⓬ °≈“¬‡ªπì §π‚ßà ¥—ßπ—πÈ Paradox §Õ◊ ∑”Õ¬à“߉√∑®’Ë –∑”„Àâ≈Ÿ°»…‘ ¬¢å Õß ‡√“ “¡“√∂§‘¥‰¥â¥â«¬µ—«‡Õß ·¡â§”µÕ∫®“°µ—«Õ¬à“ߢÕߺ¡Õ“®®– 26

‰¡à™—¥‡®π ·µàº¡¢Õ‡ πÕ«à“ °“√ √â“ß∫√√¬“°“»·Ààߧ«“¡‡ªìπ¡‘µ√ ‡ÕÈ◊Õ‡øóôÕ ·≈–¬Õ¡√—∫´÷Ëß°—π·≈–°—π„π°“√∂“¡§”∂“¡·≈–°“√»÷°…“«‘®—¬ ®–∑”„À¡â Õ’  ‘ √–„π°“√§¥‘ º Ÿâ Õπ∫“ß∑“à πÕ“®„™«â ∏‘ °’ “√‡™ß‘ Õªÿ ¡“∑¡Ë’ ™’ Õ◊Ë «“à Piggyback Riding Metaphor °≈à“«§◊Õ ∑à“π®–Õ¬Ÿà∫πÀ≈—ߢÕߺ¡ ·≈⫺¡®–æ“∑à“π‰ª„π∑Ë’µà“ßÊ Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡  ”À√—∫º¡®–„™â«‘∏’°“√ Õÿª¡“°—∫°“√ Õπ¢Ë’®—°√¬“π ‡¡Ë◊Õ ¡—¬∑’Ë≈Ÿ°¢Õߺ¡¬—߇ªìπ‡¥Á°‡≈Á°Ê °àÕπ∑Ë’æ«°‡¢“®–¢’Ë®—°√¬“π‰¥â‚¥¬‰¡àµâÕß¡’≈âÕ°—π≈â¡ º¡µâÕß∑”Àπâ“∑Ë’ ®∫— ∑π’Ë ßË— ¥“â πÀ≈ß— ‰«‡â æÕË◊ ¬¥÷ „À√â ∂·≈πà µ√ß∑“ß ‡¡Õ◊Ë ≈°Ÿ Ê «“߇∑“â ∫π∫π— ‰¥ √∂®°— √¬“π·≈–‡√¡‘Ë ¢√Ë’ ∂ÕÕ°‰ª æ«°‡¢“®–‡√¡‘Ë ª√– “∑‡ ¬’ ·≈–欓¬“¡ À—π¡“¡Õߥâ“πÀ≈—߇æË◊Õ„Àâ·πà„®«à“º¡¬—ߧßÕ¬àŸ¢â“ßÀ≈—ß À√◊Õ«‘Ëßµ“¡‰ª ¢â“ßÊ ‡æ◊ËÕª√–§Õß„Àâ√∂«Ë‘ßµ√ß∑“ßµ≈Õ¥‰ª ·µà‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥ª“Ø‘À“√‘¬å ∑’Ëæ«°‡¢“§âπæ∫ ç ‘Ëßπ—Èπé ‡¢“ “¡“√∂ √â“ß ¡¥ÿ≈·≈–¢’Ë®—°√¬“π‰¥â ¥«â ¬µ«— ‡Õß æ«°‡¢“®–¢®Ë’ °— √¬“πÕÕ°‰ª‚¥¬‰¡µà Õâ ß°“√„Àºâ ¡‡ªπì º™Ÿâ «à ¬ Õ’°µàÕ‰ª º¡√Ÿâ«à“ ‘Ë߇À≈à“π’È®–µâÕ߇°‘¥¢È÷π°àÕπ∑Ë’æ«°‡¥Á°Ê ®– “¡“√∂ ∑”‰¥â®√‘ß √—∫√Ÿâ«à“≈Ÿ° “¡“√∂®–∑”‰¥â‚¥¬Õ‘ √– ·≈–º¡°Á®–‡ΩÑ“¥Ÿ„π ¢≥–∑Ë’ª≈àÕ¬„Àâæ«°‡¢“¢Ë’®—°√¬“πÕÕ°‰ª ¡—π‡ªì𧫓¡√⟠÷°∑’ˬˑ߄À≠à ‡¡◊ËÕ¡Õ߬âÕπÀ≈—ß°≈—∫‰ª ·≈–√—∫√âŸ«à“º¡‰¡àµâÕߙ૬ª√–§Õß√∂„Àâæ«° ‡¢“Õ’°µàÕ‰ª·≈â« ‡æË◊Õπ∑ÿ°∑à“π º¡§‘¥«à“∂÷߇«≈“∑Ë’º¡§«√®∫°“√∫√√¬“¬‰«â ‡æ’¬ß‡∑à“π’È ‡æË◊Õ„Àâ∑à“π‰¥â®‘πµπ“°“√∂÷ß¿“æ°“√¢’Ë®—°√¬“πÕ¬à“ß∑Ë’º¡ ‰¥â‡≈à“„Àâøíß º¡‰¡àµâÕß°“√∑’Ë®–„™â«‘∏’Õÿª¡“‰ª Ÿà∫∑‡√’¬π∑’Ë¢¬“¬„À≠à ÕÕ°‰ª‡°¬Ë’ «°—∫§«“¡®”‡ªìπ∑Ë°’ ”≈ß— ®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„πÕ𓧵Õπ— „°≈⇰˒¬«°∫—  ¿“懻√…∞°‘®∑’ˇπâπ°“√„™â∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘Õ¬à“߬—Ë߬◊π À√◊Õ ·¡â°√–∑—Ëߧ”·π–π”∑Ë’‰¡àπà“æÕ„®π—°∑Ë’„Àâæ«°‡√“À—π¡“„™â®—°√¬“π·∑π 27

»‘≈ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√°‘ “ Liberal Arts Education in the united States °“√¢—∫√∂¬πµå´Ë÷߇ªìπ°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π∑Ë’ È‘π‡ª≈◊ÕßÕ¬à“ß¡“° ‡√◊ËÕß ∑“â ∑“¬‡À≈“à π‡È’ ªπì  ßË‘ ∑§Ë’ π√πÿà µÕà ‰ª®–µÕâ ߇º™≠‘ Õ¬“à ߉¡¡à ∑’ “ßÀ≈°’ ‡≈¬Ë’ ß ·≈–æ«°‡¢“®–µâÕß “¡“√∂§‘¥„À⇢Ⓞ®Õ¬à“ß∂àÕß·∑â¥â«¬‡™àπ°—π „π °“√∫√√¬“¬§√ßÈ— πº’È ¡‡æ¬’ ßµßÈ— §«“¡À«ß— ∑®Ë’ –‡™≠‘ ™«π„À∑â °ÿ ∑“à π√«à ¡§¥‘ «“à ‡¡◊ËÕ„¥°Áµ“¡∑Ë’∑à“𧑥∂÷ß»‘≈ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¢Õ„À⧑¥‡ªìπ ‘Ëß·√°·≈– ‡ªπì  ßË‘  ”§≠— ∂ß÷ §≥ÿ §“à ¿“¬„π (Intrinsic Virtues) ¢Õß»≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å °‘®·ÀàßÀ—«„®·≈–®‘µ„® (Habits of Heart and Mind) ·≈–°“√Õÿª¡“ ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫∑Ë’ ”§—≠ (Key Metaphors) ¡“°°«à“∑’Ë®–§‘¥∂÷ߧ«“¡ ©“∫©«¬¢Õ߬ËÀ’ âÕ π‘ §“â ·≈–º≈ª√–‚¬™π∑å “ß‚≈°µ“à ßÊ º¡¢Õ¢Õ∫§ÿ≥ ‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß¡“° ”À√—∫°“√øíß°“√∫√√¬“¬§√È—ßπÈ’ ·≈–º¡√⟠÷°¬‘π¥’‡ªìπ Õ¬“à ߬ßË‘ ∑‰Ë’ ¥¡â “Õ¬„àŸ πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ √«¡∑ßÈ— µß—È „®√Õ∑®Ë’ –‰¥√â «à ¡·≈°‡ª≈¬’Ë π §«“¡§¥‘ ‡ÀÁπ°∫— ∑à“π„π‚Õ°“ µàÕ‰ª 28

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»‘≈ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» À√∞— Õ‡¡√‘°“ Liberal Arts Education in the united States 30

Liberal Arts Education in the United States by John Evan Seery George Irving Thompson Memorial Professor of Government and Professor of Politics Pomona College Laurance S. Rockefeller Visiting Professor for Distinguished Teaching Princeton University the Fifth Thailand-US Education Roundtable At John XXIII Conference Center Assumption University Suvarnabhumi Campus, Samutprakarn Province, Thailand March 29, 2011 31

»‘≈ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» À√∞— Õ‡¡√‘°“ Liberal Arts Education in the united States 32

Thank you. Your Royal Highness Princess Sirindhorn, Distinguished Guests, Members of the Education Council, Ladies and Gentlemen, Friends and Colleagues: I am absolutely delighted and honored to be able to participate in this 5th Thailand-U.S. Education Roundtable. This is my first trip to Thailand, and I am thrilled to be here! You have made me feel so welcome. Please invite me back! My task is to speak to the topic of Liberal Arts Education in the United States today. That topic is too vast for one person to address, I donût presume to be able to cover all aspects of U.S. liberal arts education across the entire country in the many varieties of institutions that we feature; so I want to make clear to you in advance my particular perspective on the matter. If you ask some other academic observers of higher education in the United States about the state of liberal arts education in that country, you will get a rather bleak response. Many others will tell you that liberal arts education in the United States is very much on the decline, even on the skids. One prominent national commentator pronounced a few years ago that the Golden Age of the Liberal Arts in the United States is over. The statistics would seem to support such a dire conclusion. The number of students majoring in traditional 33

»≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» À√∞— Õ‡¡√°‘ “ Liberal Arts Education in the united States liberal arts subjects has been declining steadily over the last century, but thereûs been a dramatic drop off in the number and rate of such majors in the last twenty years. Many liberal arts programs and colleges have gone belly up or else have changed their core mission to accommodate more pre-professional, technical, and vocational concerns. As the price of higher education has increased, a good number of prospective students, and their parents, and their elected officials have questioned the cost and benefits of a liberal arts education. Indeed, we are witnessing new assessment and accountability campaigns across the country that demand measurable results for oneûs educational investment, and the liberal arts can look particularly suspect, precious, and inefficient according to those assessment initiatives. Meanwhile, the Obama administration has been emphasizing vocational training at the community college level as the preferred way to restore Americaûs economic standing, and he-and many other leaders in educational policy-have called for a renewed national commitment, a second Sputnik movement, toward increasing test scores in STEM fields (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics). Against the economic advantages of on-line education, as well as the globalization and the digitization of higher education, liberal arts fields and programs, many critics contend, need to reform themselves to stay current and cost-effective with the changing times. Weûve already seen some prestigious universities cut back 34

or eliminate entirely programs, for instance, in the languages, the arts, in some places philosophy, literature, classics, and so forth. In much the same way that the U.S. economy experienced a housing bubble, some predict that the education bubble will burst, too, such that parents and students will not be willing to pay $20-50 thousand per year, or assume debt to those amounts, so that young Johnny can become an English major at a traditional liberal arts school when instead young Johnny could get an on-line degree in hotel management at a fraction of the cost and will stand a better chance of finding gainful employment upon graduation than he would as an English or philosophy major. But Iûm here to tell you a different story-and I traveled nine thousand miles to do so, so it better be a story worth telling. In the United States, almost all of the commentary about higher education is about the large research universities. The R-1s, as we call them, receive the lionûs share of attention, reputation, funding, and football revenue. Almost all of the professors and administrators who speak about the plight of the liberal arts at the national level are professors and administrators who hail from large research universities. Iûm something of a different beast. While Iûve taught at large research universities-Princeton, Stanford, Tufts, University of California at Santa Cruz and the University of California at Berkeley, Iûm the product of a small residential liberal arts college-Amherst College in Massachusetts-and Iûve devoted my 35

»≈‘ ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ Liberal Arts Education in the united States teaching and research career to another small liberal arts college, Pomona College in California. So Iûm particularly aware of the differences between the large research university and the small liberal arts college, and Iûve been fortunate to receive invitations to speak across the country about the state of the liberal arts yet as someone who teaches in a small liberal arts college as opposed to an R-1. And from my vantage, I see the state of liberal arts education very differently from the prophets of doom and gloom. First please realize that, in addition to the community colleges and the plethora of vocational schools in the U.S., there are these two prominent models, the research university versus the small liberal arts college. Historically, the American research university emulated the older European universities, in particular the German research university; and yet the Americans democratized the German model by opening up greater access to undergraduates. A professorûs mission at an R-1 university today, however, is first and foremost to advance research in his or her specialized field; and second, to educate graduate students in that field; generalized undergraduate education, while serving as a funding base for the uppermost research pursuits, is not the primary and certainly not the dedicated focus of oneûs professorial efforts. The small residential liberal arts college, as some liberal arts proponents pointed out in a book published about ten years ago, is 36

a distinctively American invention. These small U.S. colleges are devoted exclusively to undergraduate education and exclusively to liberal arts education. There arenût many of them left in pure form-about 135 by some counts. But I want to suggest to you that those colleges should be seen as the heart and soul of U.S. liberal arts education; that they should be seen as a successful and auspicious model for the future; and that when domestic reformers or foreign educational leaders look for an exemplary model of U.S. based liberal arts education, they should be studying Americaûs small liberal arts colleges, not the liberal arts programs embedded within the large research universities. Some figures: A 1998 study covering about forty years of data found that even though only 3 percent of American college graduates were educated at a residential liberal arts college, alumni of these colleges accounted for: 8 percent of Forbes magazineûs listing of the nationûs wealthiest CEOs 8 percent of former Peace Corps volunteers 19 percent of U.S. presidents 23 percent of Pulitzer Prize winners in drama, 19 percent of the winners in history, 18 percent in poetry, 8 percent in biography, and 6 percent in fiction 37

»≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√°‘ “ Liberal Arts Education in the united States 9 percent of all Fulbright scholarship recipients 24 percent of all Mellon fellowships in the humanities 20 percent of Phi Beta Kappa inductions On a per capita basis, liberal arts colleges produce nearly twice as many students who earn a Ph.D. in science as other institutions. Liberal arts graduates also are disproportionately represented in the leadership of the nationûs scientific community. In a recent two-year period, nearly 20 percent of the scientists elected to the prestigious National Academy of Sciences received their undergraduate education at a liberal arts college. The #1 place in the country for the highest starting salaries upon graduation and the highest mid-career salaries isnût Harvard or Yale or MIT; itûs little Harvey Mudd College in the liberal arts consortium to which Pomona College belongs. Some other measures: A recent study of alumni rates of giving showed that out of the top ten colleges and universities in the country, 7 out of those 10 are SLACs (small liberal arts colleges). The alumni of those colleges evidently are willing to demonstrate the lifelong propriety of their educations with their dollars, and indeed many of these small colleges have become very wealthy- and they have gained their wealth almost exclusively through alumni donations rather than through revenue steams available to large research universities, such as government soft money, research 38

patents, or sports income. Out of the 57 colleges and universities with endowments over 1 billion dollars in size, 8 are small liberal arts colleges-which is incredible, when you compare the size and scale of these two kinds of institutions. Of the 48 top institutions in terms of endowment dollars per student, exactly half of these are small liberal arts colleges. Indeed, in light of these statistics, we are starting to see some pushback against nay saying about the liberal arts. A SSRC study showed that liberal arts majors far outperform majors in business, education, and every other field on the College Learning Assessment test. And someone like Steven Jobs, co-founder of Apple Computer, said in a recent speech launching the iPad2: çItûs in Appleûs DNA that technology alone is not enough - itûs technology married with liberal arts, married with the humanities, that yields us the result that makes our heart sing and nowhere is that more true than in these post-PC devices.é Some observers have suspected that Jobs, in emphasizing the importance of a liberal arts education, was tweaking his rival Bill Gates, who has been advocating a strict testing approach to reforming higher education, one that emphasizes STEM subjects to the possible detriment of the humanities and liberal arts. I might note that Bill Gates was a Harvard drop out, whereas Steve Jobs was a Reed College dropout-maybe their different educational philosophies started a long time ago in their respective selection of a prominent R-1 university versus small liberal arts college. That 39

»≈‘ ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» À√∞— Õ‡¡√°‘ “ Liberal Arts Education in the united States Bill Gates versus Steve Jobs dispute about education was featured in this past Mondayûs New York Times. Allow me to dwell on the success of my home institution, Pomona College, as an example of the success of the liberal arts, albeit in the small residential college setting. Pomona College-I want to tell you-is a veritable utopia-and I dare say you will hear, as I have heard as Iûve traveled across the country, students and professors from many other small colleges use similar encomia to talk about their own institutions. Pomona College is nestled against the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains, about 35 miles east of downtown Los Angeles. Founded in 1887, the college is situated in a gorgeous garden-like oasis. The weather is, well, perfect year-round. On an eighty-degree day, with orange trees yielding their fruit in abundance, you can drive up the nearby mountain and be standing in waist deep snow in about ten minutes from the center of campus. Southern California topography astounds in other ways: in about twenty minutes you can experience the high dessert, in about 40 minutes you can be sitting at the beach; in 45 minutes you can be in the midst of downtown LA or in Hollywood. Pomona Collegeûs endowment is approaching two billion dollars, and thatûs for a school with only 1500 students. What that means is that the student to faculty ratio is 7 to 1. Most classes are seminars of about 15 students; a çlecture classé will be about 25-30 students. Pomona College has a need-blind 40

admissions policy: youûre admitted based solely on your qualifications, with no attention paid whatsoever to whether you can pay for it. Then, Pomona provides full financial aid for those students who are admitted; and none of this aid will be in the form of loans. In other words, students who leave Pomona College assume no debt for their lavish undergraduate education-such a deal! As you might imagine, high school students are begging to get admitted-almost 7000 students apply for admission each year. About 20 percent of the students admitted are the first in their families to attend college, and the college increasingly reflects the diversity of its southern California demographics. And the students who come to Pomona College know that it is a liberal arts rather than a pre-professional institution. Hence they suspend workaday concerns for four years while they pursue a broad-based education. They study math, they study languages, they study history, they perform in theatre and dance groups, they study abroad, they do internships in the greater Los Angeles area, they pursue athletics and extracurricular activities, and they develop abiding friendships and social networks. I can tell you that I can throw as much reading and writing at them as I want, and they do it, and they do it with flair and diligence. I find myself just feeling privileged to be at a place where students express great fondness and gratitude for their college experience. I see my colleagues, to a person, dedicated in their heart, souls, and minds to facilitating a superb 41

»≈‘ ª«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ Liberal Arts Education in the united States undergraduate education; I see administrators passionately devoted to the institution; and I see alums and trustees who are true-blue believers in, stewards of, and sponsors of the cause. Our students donût become tragic figures upon graduation; indeed, they go on and have successful careers in both traditional and innovative ways. In other words, morale is extremely high at the college, and the liberal arts are flourishing. Quick anecdote: I had one graduate tell me his career story a few months ago: Heûs a sports commentator in Seattle, and he has his own four-hour radio program, five days a week. And heûs a huge advocate of a liberal arts education: he says, çPeople call into the show, I need to be able to think on my feet. I need to be able to examine an argument on the spot, put it in context, draw critical judgments, and make it all interesting. I learned how to do that in seminars at Pomona College, as a philosophy major. If I had gone to the university and become a broadcast journalism major, I never would have been able to do what Iûm doing today.é I want to build on what that former student was trying to convey about the virtues of a liberal arts education in a small, residential setting. People talk incessantly about critical thinking, but most of the time such talk sounds simply like administrative boilerplate. Whatûs that mean, critical thinking-and how do you cultivate it? I want to tell you what I think are the keys to the success of a liberal arts education, the X factor. And I say this 42

knowing that a lot of foreign university officials are looking to the United States for that very liberal arts x factor, for that spark of independence and critical thinking and risk-taking that gives rise to new inventions, entrepreneurialism, discoveries, and lifelong learning as well as career flexibility. Before I tell you those secrets, let me just digress for just a minute on that last point. In the last ten years or so weûve seen the development of a number of liberal arts partnerships between U.S. universities and foreign universities, particularly in the Mideast and Asia. New York University, for instance, has founded an honors college in Abu Dhabi; Yale is starting a new liberal arts enterprise in Singapore; several universities have undertaken initiatives in India; and China has just started to pursue new liberal arts programs and partnerships. In the last few years Chinese officials have been exploring new liberal arts initiatives, as part of an ongoing effort to remake undergraduate education throughout China, transforming it into a more dynamic, interdisciplinary, and innovative enterprise. Let me list some of those pilot projects (I realize this talk was supposed to be about the liberal arts in the U.S.-but the U.S. models are now extending and competing outwards, and Iûd like to steer those efforts in the right direction if I could a bit). Fudan University in Shanghai has recently introduced an Oxbridge-style of residential-college education, featuring small-scale classes for undergraduates. Guangzhouûs Sun Yat-sen University has set up a 43

»≈‘ ª«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å„πª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ Liberal Arts Education in the united States separate liberal arts college within the university in which a test group of 30 top students now take courses based on the Chinese classics as well as ancient Greek and Latin in addition to science and economics. In 2005 Tokyo University established the East Asia Liberal Arts Initiative to promote the liberal arts model of learning in other countries, with particular emphasis on China-and they have already established the University of Tokyo Liberal Arts Nanjing Exchange Center at Nanjing University. Other liberal arts initiatives have been established at elite institutions such as Peking, Zhejiang, and Wuhan Universities. And finally, I want to mention United International College in Zhuhai, China, which is Chinaûs first independent liberal arts college. United International College began in 2005 as administrators at Hong Kong Baptist University, in cooperation with the highest government officials in the Ministry of Education in Beijing, looked to reform undergraduate education across the land. For decades Chinese universities have been large, impersonal institutions featuring professorial lecturing to massive classes, along with the perfunctory student note taking, rote learning and memorization, standardized test-taking, specialized programs and majors, mostly in applied fields, all alongside a high emphasis on political doctrine. But that old Soviet-style approach now seems hopelessly outdated. Government officials, looking to transform the economy from a rural-agrarian and low-cost manufacturing base into a more cutting-edge knowledge-based 44

economy have bemoaned the countryûs conspicuous lack of patents, modern inventions, and international prizes, such as the Nobel Prize-and managers report that many college graduates are unable to think for themselves and are thus unemployable. China has experienced a rapid expansion of higher education, going from 1.5 million graduates a year in the late 1990ûs to more than 5 million last year. That expansion has had a detrimental effect on the curriculum, thinks historian Xu Jilin at East China Normal University in Shanghai, because, he says, the countryûs universities have been enticed by the R-1, professional research model prominent in Europe and the United States, thinking that the R-1 model is they way to compete globally and to gain international standing. I quote him: çEducation these days is like factory-farming chickens. Universities all want to get into international rankings-and most of these depend on research. Theyûre not interested in providing a unique education for our kids.é Gan Yang, dean of the Institute for Advanced Studies in Humanities at Sun Yat-sen University shares Prof. Jilinûs analysis of the problem: çRight now many Chinese students are just receivers. When you have a classroom of several hundred people, they just listen to the teacher lecture.é But now many in China are considering and implementing another model, the American-style small liberal arts college, as the way to go. 45