["{]Ir-Xn-bpsS ssII-fm\u00ac Hmtcm L\u00b4-\u00d8nepw \\\\Zn-bn\u00ac hyXykvX khn-ti-j-X-I\u0192 ImWm-\\\\m- Nn{Xw 4.4 Ipw. Nn{Xw (4.3) \\\\nco-\u00a3n\u00aev Cu aq\u2202p -`m-K-\u00df-fp-sSbpw khn-ti-j-X- I\u0192 hni-I-e\\\\w sNbvXv NphsS \\\\\u00acIn-bn-\u00b4p-\u2248- tNmZy-\u00df\u0192\u00b0v D\u00d8cw Is\u2260\u00d8q. $ A]-c-Z\\\\{]{Inb kPo-h-am-Ip-\u2202Xv \\\\Zn-bpsS GXp L\u00b4-\u00d8n-emWv? $ IogvL\u00b4-\u00d8n\u00ac ImW-s\u220f-Sp\u2202 `qcq]\u00df\u0192 GXp {]h\u00bf\u00d8-\\\\-\u00d8ns\u201a ^e-amWv? \\\\Zn-bpsS DZv`hw apX\u00ac ]X\\\\w hscbp\u2248 khn-ti-j-X-I\u0192 a\\\\-\u00a0n-em- \u00b0nb- t- \u221am. \\\\Znb- psS Hmtcm L\u00b4\u00d8- nepw cq]ws- Im\u2248- p\u2202 `qcq]- \u00df- \u0192 hyXy- kvX-\u00df-fm-bn-cn-\u00b0pw. \\\\Zn-bpsS A]-c-Z-\\\\ \u02db \\\\nt\u00a3-]W {]h\u00bf\u00d8-\\\\-\u00dffpw AXns\u201a ^e-am-bp-\u2260m-Ip\u2202 Nne `qcq-]-\u00dffpw ]cn-N-b-s\u220f-Smw. \\\\ZnbpsS A]-c-Z\\\\w Hgp-\u00b0ns\u201a thKw, Hgp-Ip\u2202 {]tZ-i-s\u00d8 Ncn-hv (Slope), inem-L-S\\\\ (Rock structure) F\u2202nh \\\\Zn-bpsS A]-c-Z\\\\Xo{h-Xsb kzm[o-\\\\n-\u00b0p\u2202 LS-I- \u00df-fm-Wv. \\\\Zn Hgp\u00b0ns\u00b0m\u2260p-t]m-Ip\u2202 Nc\u00ac, aW\u00ac, Dcp-f\u2265I\u221ap-I\u0192 XpS-\u00dfnb inem-]Zm\u00bfY\u00df\u0192 ASn-\u00d8-\u00b4nepw Ccp-h-i-\u00df-fn-epap\u2248 ine-I-fn\u00ac Dc- kp-\u2202Xn\\\\pw X\u2211qew ]md-I\u0192\u00b0v tXbvam\\\\w D\u2260m-Ip-\u2202-Xn\\\\pw Imc-W- amI- p\u2202p. C{]I- mc- a- p\u2248 A]c- Z- \\\\- s\u00d8 A]L- \u00bfjWw (Abrasion\/corrasion) F\u2202-dn-b-s\u220f-Sp-\u2202p. Hgp-Ip\u2202 {]tZ-is\u00d8 ITn-\\\\-in-e-I-sf-t\u220fmepw an\\\\p-k- s\u220f-Sp-\u00d8p-\u2202-Xn\\\\v Cu {]h\u00bf\u00d8-\\\\-\u00d8n-eqsS \\\\Zn-I\u0192\u00b0v km[n-\u00b0p\u2202p. Nn{X\u00d8- n\u00ac (Nn{Xw 4.4) ImWp\u2202- X- pt- ]me- p\u2248 Dcpf- \u2265 I\u221apI- \u0192 \\\\ZoX- S- \u00df- f- n\u00ac \\\\n\u00df\u0192 I\u2260n\u00b4p\u2260- mIpa- t\u221am. Ch- bpsS Dcp-f\u2265 BIr-Xn\u00b0pw sagp-\u00b0\u2265 -{]-X-e-\u00d8n\\\\pw Imc-W-sa-\u00a5mIpw? A]-L\u00bfjWw \\\\Zn-bpsS ASn-\u00d8-\u00b4nepw hi-\u00df-fnepw F{]-Imcw am\u2030w hcp-\u00d8p\u2202p F\u2202p Nn{Xw 4.5 kqNn-\u220fn-\u00b0p-\u2202p. ASn\u00d8- \u00b4- nse hi\u00df- f- nse A]c- Z- \\\\w A]c- Z- \\\\w \u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv IX Nn{Xw 4.5 51","kmaqlyimkv{Xw II \\\\Zn-bpsS D]-cn-L-\u00b4-\u00d8n\u00ac ASn-\u00d8-\u00b4ns\u201a A]-c-Z-\\\\-amWv Gsd kPo-h-ambn \\\\S-\u00b0p-\u2202Xv. \\\\Zo-`q-cq-]-\u00df-fn-te\u00b0v Nn{Xw 4.6 t\\\\m\u00b0q. i\u2021n-bmbn Hgp-Ip\u2202 sh\u2248- \u00d8ns\u201a A]-c-Z\\\\\u00d8neqsS cq]-s\u220f\u00b4 \\\\o\u00bf\u00aem\u00ac I\u2260n-t\u221a. Ip\u00d8-s\\\\ Ncn\u2122 {]tZ-i-\u00df-fn\u00ac C\u00d8cw \\\\o\u00bf\u00aemep-I\u0192 (Nn{Xw 4.6) cq]w sIm\u2248p\u2202sX\u00a5ps- Im\u2260- mb- nc- n- \u00b0pw? Hgp\u00b0ns\u201a thKw h\u00bf[n-\u00b0p-\u2202-Xn-\\\\-\\\\p-k-cn\u00aev i\u2021-amIp\u2202 A]-c-Z\\\\{]{InbbpsS ^e-am-bn \\\\Zn-I-fpsS Bgw h\u00bf[n-\u00b0p-\u2202p. \\\\Zn-bpsS ASn-\u00d8- \u00b4n\u00ac A]c- Z- \\\\w Xo{ha- mI- p\u2202- t- - XmsS XmgvhcI- \u0192\u00b0v {]tXyI cq]w ssIh-cp-\u2202p. C\u00d8-c-\u00d8n\u00ac cq]wsIm\u2260 Hcp Xmgvhc-bpsS BIrXn {i\u2264n\u00b0q (Nn{Xw 4.7). Ch 'V' cq]-Xmgvhc-I\u0192 F\u2202-dn-b- s\u220f-Sp-\u2202p. Nn{Xw 4.6 Nn{Xw 4.7 \\\\Zn-bpsS A]-c-Z\\\\ \\\\nt\u00a3-]W^e-am-bp-\u2260m-Ip\u2202 `qcq-]-\u00dfsf \\\\Zo-P\\\\y`qcq-]-\u00df\u0192 (Fluvial landforms) F\u2202p hnfn-\u00b0p-\u2202p. 52 \u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv IX","{]Ir-Xn-bpsS ssII-fm\u00ac Hcp sh\u2248-\u00aem-\u00b4-(Water fall) \u00d8ns\u201a Nn{Xw {i\u2264n-\u00b0q (Nn{Xw 4.8). \\\\Zn-bpsS A]-c- Z\\\\- ^- e- a- mbn km[mc- W- b- mbn D]-cn-L-\u00b4-\u00d8n-emWv sh\u2248-\u00aem- \u00b4-\u00df\u0192 cq]w-sIm-\u2248p-\u2202Xv. ITn-\\\\hpw arZp-hp-amb ine- I\u0192 CS-I-e\u00bf\u2202p ImW-s\u220f- Nn{Xw 4.8 Sp\u2202 Xmgvhc-I-fn\u00ac arZp-in-e- I\u0192 IqSp-X-\u00ac A]-c-Z\\\\hnt[-b-am-Ip-\u2202p. CXv sh\u2248-\u00aem-\u00b4-\u00df\u0192 cq]w-sIm- \u2248p-\u2202Xn\\\\v Imc-W-am-Ip\u2202p. D]-cn-L\u00b4w ]n\u2202n-Sp-\u2202-tXmsS \\\\Zn-bpsS ASn-\u00d8-\u00b4n-te-\u00b0p\u2248 A]-c-Z\\\\ t\u00d8mXv Ipd-bp-\u2202p. F\u2202m\u00ac hi-\u00df-fn-te-\u00b0p\u2248 A]-c-Z\\\\w i\u2021-amIp\u2202p. Xmc-X-tay\\\\ Ncnhv Ipd\u2122 {]tZ-i\u00d8pIqSn t]m-Ip\u2202 \\\\Zn-bpsS Hgp- \u00b0ns\\\\ Ah-km-Z-\u00df-tfm inem-cq-]-\u00dftfm XS-\u00a0s\u220f-Sp-\u00d8p-t\u00bam\u0192 \\\\Zn hfs\u2122m-gp-Ip-\u2202p. C\u00d8-c-\u00d8n\u00ac hfs\u2122m-gp-Ip\u2202 Hcp \\\\Zo`mK-amWv Nn{X-\u00d8n\u00ac (Nn{Xw 4.9). \\\\Zoam\u00bfK-\u00d8n\u00ac ImWs- \u220fS- p\u2202 C\u00d8cw hfh- pI- sf heb- \u00df\u0192 AYhm anbm-\u2265U-dp-I\u0192 (Meanders) F\u2202p ]dbp\u2202p. henb \\\\Zn- I-fpsS a[y-L-\u00b4-\u00d8nepw IogvL-\u00b4-\u00d8nepw anbm-\u2265U-dp-I\u0192 cq]w sIm\u2248mdp-\u2260v. XpS\u00bf\u2202p\u2248 A]-c-Z\\\\\u02db\\\\nt\u00a3-]W Nn{Xw 4.9 {]h\u00bf\u00d8-\\\\-\u00df-fpsS ^e-ambn heb- Nn{Xw 4.10 \u00df\u0192\u00b0v D\u2260m-Ip\u2202 cq]-am\u2030w {i\u2264n-\u00b0q (Nn{Xw 4.10). XpS\u00bf\u00ae-bmb A]-c-Z-\\\\-\u02db-\\\\n- t\u00a3-]W{]{In-b-I-fn-eqsS heb-\u00df\u0192- IqSp-X\u00ac hf-bp-Ibpw XpS\u00bf\u2202v \\\\Zn t\\\\\u00bfKXn kzoI-cn-\u00b0p-Ibpw sN\u00f8p-\u2202p. hfs\u2122mgp-Inb `mKw \\\\nt\u00a3-]-W-\u00d8n- eqsS \\\\Zn-bpsS {][m\\\\ `mK\u00d8p\\\\n\u2202v th\u00bfs]\u00b4v H\u2030-s\u220f\u00b4 XSm-I\u00df\u0192 cq]-s\u220fSp- \u2202p. \\\\Zn-bn\u00ac\\\\n\u2202v thdn\u00b4p ImWp\u2202 C\u00d8cw XSm-I-\u00dfsf HmIvkv-\u02dbt_m XSm- I\u00df- \u0192 (Oxbow lakes) F\u2202p hnfn-\u00b0p- \u2202p (Nn{Xw 4.11). \u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv IX 53","kmaqlyimkv{Xw II heb\u00df- fn\u00ac\\\\n\u2202v HmIkv v \u02db t_m XSm-I-\u00df\u0192 cq]wsIm\u2248p-\u2202Xv F\u00dfs- \\\\s- b\u2202v Nn{Xw 4.10, Nn{Xw 4.11 F\u2202nh \\\\nco\u00a3- n\u00aev a\\\\\u00a0- ne- m\u00b0- q. {]fb- k- a- X- e- \u00df\u0192 a\\\\pj- y\\\\v KpWtam? Nn{Xw 4.11 ag\u00b0m-e\u00d8v \\\\ZnI- \u0192 IcI- h- ns- \u2122mg- pI- p- {]fbk-a-Xew \u2202Xv \\\\n\u00df\u0192 I\u2260n-\u00b4p-\u2260m-hpw. \\\\Zn- H-gp- Ip\u2202 Nmens\u201a CcpIc-I-fn-te\u00b0pw Gsd Zqct- \u00d8mfw {]fb- P- ew F\u00d8p\u2202- p. C\u00dfs\\\\ {]f-b-_m-[n-X-am-Ip\u2202 Ccp-I-c-I-fnepw F\u00b0\u00ac \\\\nt\u00a3-]n\u00aev ka-X-e\u00df\u0192 cq]s\u220fSp-\u2202p. C\u00d8cw ka-X-e-\u00dfsf {]f-b-k-a-X-e-\u00df\u0192 (Flood plains) (Nn{Xw 4.12) F\u2202p hnfn\u00b0p-\u2202p. temI-{]-i-kvX-amb ]e \\\\Zo-X-S kw-kvIm-c-\u00dffpw DS-se-Sp-\u00d8Xv C\u00d8cw {]fb ka-X-e-\u00df-fn-em-Wv. Nn{Xw 4.12 Irjn\u00b0v A\\\\p-tbm-Py-ambXn\\\\m\u00ac {][m-\\\\s\u220f-\u00b4-Xm-Wv. C\u00d8cw F\u00b0\u00ac ka-X-e-\u00df\u0192 Gsd {]fbka-X-e-\u00df-fpsS Im\u00bfjn-I-{]m-[m\\\\yw N\u00bf\u00aesNbvXv Ipdn\u220fv Xbm- dm\u00b0q. kqN\\\\I\u0192 : a\u00c6v, Pe-e-`yX, `q{]-IrXn D\u00d8-tc-\u00a5y\u2265 F\u00b0\u00ack-a-X-e-\u00df\u0192 t]mj-I-\\\\-Zn-bpw (Tributaries) ssIh-gnbpw (Distributaries) \\\"C\u00a5y\u2265 Im\u00bfjnI- t- aJ- e- b- psS \\\\s\u00b4\u221av' F\u2202-dn-b-s\u220f-Sp\u2202 D\u00d8-tc-\u00a5y\u2265 ka-X-e-\u00df\u0192 Hcp \\\\Zn-bn-te\u00b0v temIs\u00d8 hnkvXrX- a- mb F\u00b0\u00ac kaX- e- \u00df- - HgpI- nt- \u00aec- p\u2202 D]\\\\- - fns- em\u2202- mW- v. kn\u2018p kaX- e- w, KwKmk- a- X- e- w, Zn-I-sfbpw \\\\o\u00bf\u00aem- {_\u201c]- p{Xm kaX- ew F\u2202n\u00df- s\\\\ aq\u2202p `mK- epI- s- fbpw t]mj- \u00df-fmbn ImW-s\u220f-Sp-\u2202 Cu ka-X-e-{]tZ-i- I-\\\\-Zn-I\u0192 F\u2202p \u00d8ns\u201a G\u2030hpw hnkvXrX- a- mb `mKw KwKmk- - hnfn-\u00b0p-\u2202p. \\\\Zoap-Jt\u00d8mSv ASp-\u00b0p- aX- e- a- mW- v. tKmX\u00bav, tNmfw, ]b\u00bfh\u00bfK\u00df- \u0192, t\u00bam\u0192 h\u2265tXmX- ne- p\u2248 Ahk- mZ \\\\nt\u00a3- Icn-\u00bav, NWw apX-emb hnf-I\u0192 ChnsS ]Ww, Ncnh- ns\u201a A`mhw F\u2202nhbpsS IrjnsN\u00f8p-\u2202p. C\u00a5ybpsS P\\\\-kw-Jy-bpsS ^ea- mbn \\\\ZnI- \u0192 ]eX- mbn th\u00bf]nc- n\u2122v \\\\s\u221am-cp ]\u00b6v A[n-h-kn-\u00b0p\u2202 Cu {]tZiw HgpI- md- p\u2260- v. Chsb ssIhg- nI- \u0192 F\u2202p D\u00d8-tc-\u00a5y\u2265 \\\\Zn-I-fpsS \\\\nt\u00a3-]W `q{]-tZ- hnfn\u00b0- p\u2202p. ia- mW- v. 54 \u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv IX","{]Ir-Xn-bpsS ssII-fm\u00ac \\\\Zo-apJ-t\u00d8m-S-Sp-\u00b0p-t\u00bam\u0192 \\\\Zn hfsc kmh[- m\\\\w HgpI- p\u2202- p F\u2202p \\\\n\u00df\u0192 a\\\\- \u00a0ne- m\u00b0- nb- t- \u221am. \\\\ZoP- e- \u00d8- ns- \u201abpw Ah- sU\u00ac\u2030 kmZ- \u00d8- ns- \u201abpw Afhv IqSpX- e- mb Cu {]tZ-i\u00d8v an\u00b0 -\\\\-Zn-Ifpw sNdnb ssIhgnIfmbn (Distributaries) ]ncns- \u2122m- gpI- p\u2202- p. \\\\ZnI- \u0192 Hgp\u00b0- ns- \u00b0m\u2260phcp\u2202 Ah-km-Z-\u00df\u0192 Cu ssIh-gn-I\u0192\u00b0n-S- bn\u00ac \\\\nt\u00a3-]n-\u00aep-\u2260m-Ip\u2202 {XntImW kam-\\\\-amb BIrX- nb- ne- p\u2248 `qcq-]a- mWv sU\u00ac\u2030 (Nn{Xw 4.13). {Ko\u00b0v A\u00a3-c- Nn{Xw 4.13 amebnse \uf044 (sU\u00ac\u2030) F\u2202 A\u00a3-c-\u00d8nt\\\\mSv kmay-ap\u2248 `qcq]- a- mb- X- n\\\\- memWv CXns- \\\\ sU\u00ac\u2030 F\u2202p hnfn\u00b0- p\u2202- X.v kp\u03bc-c-h-\\\\-\u00d8nse kp\u03bc-cn-I\u0192 temI\u00d8nse G\u2030hpw henb sU\u00ac\u2030{]tZ-i-amWv ]\u203an-a-_w- Km-fnse kp\u03bcc- h- \\\\- w. Cu sU\u00ac\u2030{]tZiw KwK, {_\u201c]- p{X F\u2202o \\\\Zn- If- psS \\\\nt\u00a3]- W^ea- mb- mWv cq]ws- Im\u2248- p\u2202- X- v. \\\"kp\u03bccn' F\u2202 I\u2260\u00ac- h\u00bfKkky\u00df- \u0192 ImWp\u2202- X- n\\\\- me- mWv Cu sU\u00ac\u2030{]tZiw kp\u03bcc- h- \\\\w (Sundarbans) F\u2202dnbs- \u220fS- p\u2202- Xv. I\u2260\u00ac\u00b0mS- pI- \u0192 \\\\nd\u2122 ChnSw C\u00a5y- bnse Hcp {][m\\\\ ssPhs- shh- n[y taJe- b- mW- v. \\\\Zn-I\u0192 cq]w\\\\\u00acIp\u2202 `qcq-]-\u00df-sf-\u00b0p-dn\u00aev \\\\n\u00df\u0192 t\\\\Snb Adn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-\u00ff-m\\\\-\u00d8n\u00ac ]\u00b4nI ]q\u00bf\u00d8n-bm-\u00b0q. `qcq-]-\u00df\u0192 cq]wsIm\u2248p\u2202 L\u00b4w A]-c-Z\\\\w\/\\\\nt\u00a3-]Ww $ sh\u2248-\u00aem\u00b4w $ D]-cn-L\u00b4w $ A]-c-Z\\\\w $$ $ $$ $ `utam-]-cn-Xe\\\\oscmgp-\u00b0ns\u201a A]-c-Z-\\\\ \u02db \\\\nt\u00a3-]W `qcq-]-\u00df-fmWv CXp-hsc \\\\n\u00df\u0192 a\\\\-\u00a0n-em-\u00b0n-bXv. D]-cn-Xe \\\\oscm-gp-\u00b0ns\u201a Hcp `mKw a\u00c6n-\\\\-Sn-bn-te\u00b0v Du\u00bf\u2202n-d\u00dfn `qK\u00bf`-P-e-ambn (Ground water) ]cn-W-an- \u00b0p-\u2202p F\u2202p \\\\n\u00df\u0192\u00b0dn-bm-a-t\u221am. F\u00a5ps- Im\u2260- mWv Pes\u00d8 km\u00bfhe- mb- Iw (Universal solvent) F\u2202p hnfn\u00b0- p\u2202- X- v? H\u00b4p-an\u00b0 hkvXp-\u00b0-sfbpw Aenbn\u00aep tN\u00bf\u00b0m\u2265 Ign-hp\u2248 Pew ine-I- fn-eqsS Hgp-Ip-t\u00bam\u0192 ine-I-fnse Nne [mXp-\u00b0\u0192 Pe-\u00d8n\u00ac Aen-\u2122p- tNcp\u2202p. Cu {]h\u00bf\u00d8\\\\w e-b\\\\w (Solution) F\u2202-dn-b-s\u220f-Sp-\u2202p. `qK\u00bf`-P- e-\u00d8ns\u201a A]-c-Z\\\\{]h\u00bf\u00d8-\\\\hpw XpS\u00bf\u2202p\u2248 `qcq]cq]o-I-c-Whpw e- b\\\\-{]-h\u00bf\u00d8-\\\\-\u00d8ns\u201a ^e-am-Wv. Ch F{]-Im-c-sa\u2202v t\\\\m\u00b0mw. \u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv IX 55","kmaqlyimkv{Xw II `qK\u00bf`-PeP\\\\y`qcq-]-\u00df\u0192 `qanbn\u00ac Xmgv\u2202nd\u00dfp\u2202 ag-sh-\u2248w Np\u00c6m- \u00bap-I\u221av t]mep\u2248 ine-I-fn\u00ac ]Xn-\u00b0p-t\u00bam\u0192 Ah hfsc Ffp\u220fw Pe-\u00d8n\u00ac ebn-\u00b0p\u2202p. Bb-Xn-\\\\m\u00ac `qK\u00bf`-P-e-\u00d8ns\u201a A]-c-Z-\\\\ \\\\nt\u00a3-]W `qcq-]-\u00df\u0192 apJy-ambpw Np\u00c6m\u00bapinem{- ]t- Zi- \u00df- f- ne- mWv ImWp\u2202- Xv. C\u00d8cw `qk-hn-ti-j-X-Isf s]mXpsh Im\u00c3v `q{]-IrXn (Karst topography) F\u2202mWv hnfn- \u00b0p-\u2202-Xv. Nne `qK\u00bf`-PeP\\\\y`qcq-]-\u00df\u0192 ]cn-N-b-s\u220f- Smw. Np\u00c6m\u00bapinem-`m-K-\u00df\u0192 `qK\u00bf`Pe-hp-ambn Nn{Xw 4.14 ebn-\u00b0p\u2202Xns\u201a ^e-ambn cq]w-sIm\u2260 KplbpsS tcJm-Nn-{X-am-WnXv (Nn{Xw 4.14). Peh- pa- mbn Aen\u2122- ptN\u00bf\u2202p\u2260- mb Np\u00c6m\u00bapa- n{- inXw Kplb- psS ta\u00ac\u00b0q- c-bn\u00ac-\\\\n\u2202v Xmtg\u00b0v Xp\u2248n-Ifmbn hogp-\u2202p. C{]-Imcw Xmtg\u00b0p hogp\u2202 an{inX\u00d8ns\u201a Ipd\u00aep`mKw Kpl-bpsS ta\u00ac`m-K\u00d8v ]\u2030n-\u220fn-Sn-\u00aen-cn-\u00b0p-\u2202p. Cu {]{Inb Gsd-\u00b0mew XpS-cp-\u2202-Xns\u201a ^e-ambn Cu Np\u00c6m\u00bap \\\\nt\u00a3- ]-cq-]-\u00df\u0192 Xmtg\u00b0v hf-cp-\u2202p. Cu `qcq-]\u00df\u0192 \u00c3me-Ivss\u2030-\u2030p-I\u0192 (Stalactites) F\u2202-dn-b-s\u220f-Sp-\u2202p. Kpl-bpsS ta\u00ac\u00b0q-c-bn\u00ac\\\\n\u2202v Xp\u2248n-bmbn hogp\u2202 Np\u00c6m\u00bapan-{inXw Kpl-bpsS ASn-\u00d8-d-bn\u00ac hogp-t\u00bam\u0192 AhnsS ASn-\u2122p-Iq-Sp\u2202 Np\u00c6m\u00bap\\\\nt\u00a3]w Xmsg-\\\\n\u2202v apI-fn-te\u00b0p hf-cp-\u2202p. Cu `qcq-]-\u00dfsf \u00c3meKvssa-\u2030p-I\u0192 (Stalagmites) F\u2202p hnfn-\u00b0p-\u2202p. \u00c3me-Ivss\u2030-\u2030p-Ifpw \u00c3meKvssa\u2030p-Ifpw IqSp-X\u00ac hf-cp-\u2202-Xn-eqsS Ah ]c-kv]cw IqSn-t\u00ae\u00bf\u2202v kv-Xw-`-\u00df\u0192 (Pillers) cq-]w sIm-\u2248p\u2202p. Nn{Xw 4.15 \\\\nco-\u00a3n\u00aev \u00c3me-Iv-ss\u2030\u2030pw \u00c3me-Kvssa\u2030pw tN\u00bf\u2202p-\u2260m-Ip\u2202 `qcq-]-ta-sX\u2202v Is\u2260-\u00d8q. Np\u00c6m\u00bapKpl-I\u0192 A]-c-Z-\\\\-^-e-ambn cq-]wsIm-\u2248p-\u2202-hbpw \u00c3me-Kvssa-\u2030v, \u00c3me-Ivss\u2030-\u2030v, Np\u00c6m\u00bapinemkvXw`-\u00df\u0192 F\u2202nh \\\\nt\u00a3-]W^e-am-bn cq-]wsIm-\u2248p-\u2202-hbpamsW\u2202v a\\\\-\u00a0n-em-b-t\u221am. Np\u00c6m\u00bapinemKpl-bpsS D\u0192`m-K-\u00d8ns\u201a Nn{X-amWv \\\\\u00acIn-bn-\u00b4p-\u2248-Xv (Nn{Xw 4.15). C\u00d8cw IqSp-X\u00ac Nn{X-\u00df\u0192 C\u201a\u00bfs\\\\-\u2030ns\u201a klm-b- t\u00d8msS tiJ-cn-\u00b0pat\u221am. 56 \u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv IX","{]Ir-Xn-bpsS ssII-fm\u00ac \u00c3me-Ivss\u2030-\u2030p-I\u0192 Np\u00c6m\u00bapinemkvXw`-\u00df\u0192 \u00c3me-Kvssa-\u2030p-I\u0192 Nn{Xw 4.15 B{\u2018m-{]-tZ-inse hnim-J-]-\u00b4-W-\u00d8n-\\\\-Sp- \u00d8p\u2248 t_mdmK- pl- I- \u0192 Np\u00c6m\u00bapinemK- p- l-I\u0192\u00b0pZm-l-c-W-am-Wv (Nn{Xw 4.16). hnkva-b-P-\\\\-I-amb Cu `qcq-]-k-hn-ti-j-X- I\u0192sIm\u2260v hnt\\\\m-Z-k-\u00a9m-cn-I-fpsS CjvS- tI-{\u03bc-am-Wn-hn-Sw. Nne IS-tem-c-\u00b0mgvN-I\u0192 Xnc-am-e-I-fpsS A]-c-Z-\\\\w, \\\\nt\u00a3-]Ww Nn{Xw 4.16 t_mdm KplI\u0192 F\u2202nh- b- psS ^ea- mb- mWv IS\u00ac\u00d8oc `qcq- ]-\u00df\u0192 D\u2260m-Ip-\u2202-Xv. IS\u00ac\u00d8oc\u00dffnse Nne `qcq]-\u00df\u0192 ]cn-N-b-s\u220f-Smw. IS-en-te\u00b0p X\u2248n\\\\n\u00ac\u00b0p\u2202 sN\u00b6p-\u00d8mb Ip\u2202p-I-fmWv IS\u00ac\u00d8o-c- \u00a2n-^p-I\u0192 (Sea cliffs). Xnca- me- I- f- psS A]c- Z- \\\\^- e- a- mbn ISe- n\\\\v A`na- pJ- - amb Ic-`mKw CSn-\u2122mWv sN\u00b6p-\u00d8mb Cu cq]w D\u2260m-Ip-\u2202-Xv. Xncp-h- \u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv IX 57","kmaqlyimkv{Xw II IS\u00ac\u00d8o-c-\u00a2n-^p-I\u0192 \\\\-\u00a5-]pcw Pn\u221a-bnse h\u00bf\u00b0eXo-c\u00d8v Nn{Xw 4.17 ImWp\u2202 IS\u00ac\u00d8o-c-\u00a2n-^p-I-fmWv Nn{X- \u00d8n\u00ac (Nn{Xw 4.17). kvXw`-\u00df\u0192 Nn{Xw 4.18 Xnc-am-eI-\u0192 IS\u00ac\u00d8o-c-ine-I-fn\u00ac i\u2021-am- bS- n\u00b0- p\u2202- X- n\\\\- m\u00ac Ahbv\u00b0v tXbvam\\\\w kw`- hn-\u00b0p-\u2202p. C{]-Imcw Xnc-am-e-IfpsS A]- L\u00bfjW (Abrasion) ^e-ambn IS\u00ac\u00d8o-c- ine-I\u0192 H\u2030-s\u220f\u00b4 XqWp-I-fmbn cq]-s\u220f-Sp-\u2202p. IS\u00ac\u00d8oc- \u00d8v Fgp\u2202p\\\\n\u00ac\u00b0p\u2202 XqWpI- \u0192 t]mep\u2248 C\u00d8cw inem-cq-]\u00dfsf kvXw`- \u00df\u0192 (Stacks) F\u2202mWv hnfn\u00b0- p\u2202- Xv. I\u00c6q\u00bf Pn\u221a-bnse Xe-t\u00bbcn IS\u00ac\u00d8o-c\u00d8v ImW- s\u220f-Sp\u2202 kvXw`-\u00df-fpsS Zriy-amWv Nn{X- \u00d8n\u00ac (Nn{Xw 4.18). Xnca- me- I- f- psS i\u2021a- mb A]- cZ- \\\\- s\u00d8 AXnP- oh- n\u00aev Ch \\\\ne- \\\\n\u00ac\u00b0p\u2202- Xv F\u00a5ps- Im\u2260mbn- cn\u00b0pw? Xnc-am-e-I-fmep-\u2248 \\\\nt\u00a3-]W\u00d8ns\u201a ^e-am-bmWv _o\u00aep-I\u0192 (Beaches) cq]wsIm\u2248p\u2202- Xv. aW\u00ac, an\\\\pk- a- mb Nc\u00ac apX-em-bh IS\u00ac\u00d8o-c\u00d8v \\\\nt\u00a3- ]n\u00aep\u2260mIp\u2202 `qcq-]\u00dffmWv _o\u00aep-I\u0192 (Nn{Xw 4.19). tImh-fw, iwJp-ap-Jw, h\u00bf\u00b0e, sNdmbn, tImgn-t\u00b0m-Sv, apgp-\u220fn-e-\u00dfmSv XpS-\u00dfnb tIc- f-\u00d8nse Nne {][m\\\\ _o\u00aep-IfpsS hnt\\\\m- Z-k-\u00a9mc km[y-X-I\u0192 \\\\n\u00df\u0192\u00b0-dn-hp-\u2248-Xm- W-t\u221am. Nn{Xw 4.19 tIc-f-\u00d8nse hnt\\\\m-Z-k-\u00a9mc {]m[m-\\\\y-ap\u2248 _o\u00aep-I\u0192 Is\u2260\u00d8n Ah-bpsS Nn{X-\u00df\u0192 C\u201a\u00bfs\\\\-\u2030ns\u201a klm-b-t\u00d8msS tiJ-cn-\u00aev `qan- im-kv{X- Nn-{X-ti-J-c-\u00d8n\u00ac D\u0192s\u220f-Sp\u00d8q. 58 \u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv IX","{]Ir-Xn-bpsS ssII-fm\u00ac tIc-f-\u00d8ns\u201a ssZ\u00bfLyta-dnb IS-tem-cw Hcp-\u00b0p\u2202 sshhn-[y-am\u00bf\u2202 Xoc- tZ-i-`q-cq-]-\u00df\u0192 ]T-\\\\-bm-{Xm-th-f-bn\u00ac t\\\\cn\u00ac I\u2260v a\\\\-\u00a0n-em-\u00b0p-a-t\u221am. aW-em-c-Wy\u00df-fn-eq-sS... Nn{Xw {i\u2264n-\u00b0q (4.20). a\u2030p {]tZ-i-\u00df-fn\u00ac\\\\n\u2202v acp-`q-an-Isf thdn-\u00b4-Xm-\u00b0p\u2202 khn-ti-j-X-I\u0192 Fs\u00a5- \u221am-sa\u2202p Is\u2260\u00d8n ChnsS Fgp-Xn- t\u00ae\u00bf\u00b0q. $ Db\u00bf\u2202 Dujvamhv $ Nn{Xw 4.20 $ acp`- qa- nb- n\u00ac `qcq]- \u00df\u0192 D\u2260mI- m\u2265 ImcW- a- mI- p\u2202 _mlyi- - \u2021nt- bX- mWv? Im\u2030ns\u201a {]h\u00bf\u00d8-\\\\-^-e-am-bp-\u2260m-Ip\u2202 `qcq-]-\u00df\u0192 {][m-\\\\-ambpw ImW-s\u220f-Sp-\u2202Xv acp-`q-an-I-fn-emWv. Nn{Xw 4.21 {i\u2264n-\u00b0q. i\u2021-amb Im\u2030n-t\\\\m- acp-`q-an-bnse aW\u00ac\u00b0m\u2030v sSm\u220fw acp-`q-an-bnse aW\u00ac\u00d8-cn-I\u0192 Nn{Xw 4.21 CfInt\u220fmIp-\u2202Xv I\u2260-t\u221am. Npg\u2030n hoip\u2202 i\u2021-amb Im\u2030v acp-`q-an-bnse Nn{Xw 4.22 hc\u2260 aW\u00aca\u00c6ns\\\\ Cf-\u00b0n-am\u2030n as\u2030m-cn- St- \u00d8\u00b0p sIm\u2260pt]mIp\u2202- p. Im\u2030ns\u201a Cu A]-c-Z\\\\{]h\u00bf\u00d8-\\\\s\u00d8 Un^vtfj\u2265 (Deflation) F\u2202p ]dbp-\u2202p. i\u2021-ambn hoip\u2202 Im\u2030p-I\u0192 hln-\u00aep- sIm\u2260phcp\u2202 aW\u00ac\u00d8c- nI- fpw a\u2030p inem- ]Zm\u00bfY\u00dffpw acp-`q-an-bn\u00ac Db\u00bf\u2202p \\\\n\u00ac\u00b0p\u2202 ine-I-fn\u00ac \\\\nc-\u00a5-c-ambn B\u2122Sn\u00b0p-\u2202-Xns\u201a ^e-ambn ine- I\u0192\u00b0v tXbvam\\\\w kw`h- n\u00b0- p\u2202- p. Im\u2030ns\u201a Cu A]-c-Z-\\\\-{]-h\u00bf\u00d8-\\\\w A]-L\u00bfjWw (Abrasion) F\u2202dnbs- \u220fS- p\u2202p. C\u00d8c- \u00d8- n\u00ac cq]-s\u220f\u00b4 Hcp ine-bpsS Nn{Xw {i\u2264n\u00b0q(Nn{Xw 4.22). acp-`q-an-bn\u00ac \u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv IX 59","kmaqlyimkv{Xw II Im\u2030ns\u201a Zni s]mXpsh Iq\u00a8 cq]-\u00d8n\u00ac ImWp\u2202 C\u00d8cw aW\u00ac \\\\nt\u00a3-]n- ine-Isf Iq\u00a8in-e-I\u0192 (Mushroom rocks) (Nn{Xw 4.22) F\u2202p hnfn-\u00b0p-\u2202p. aW\u00ac CfI- na- md- p\u2202p \u00b0p\u2202p Im\u2030ns\u201a Zni Nn{X\u00d8- n\u00ac (Nn{Xw 4.22) ImWp\u2202- Xp t]mse ineb- psS ASn`- mK\u00d8v IqSp- _\u00bf\u00b0\u2265 Xembn A]c- Z- \\\\w D\u2260mh- m\u2265 Imc- Nn{Xw 4.23 W-sa-\u00a5m-bncn\u00b0pw? Im\u2030ns\u201a \\\\nt\u00a3]- W^ea- mb- mWv acp`- qa- nI- f- n\u00ac aW\u00ac\u00b0q-\\\\-I\u0192 (Sand dunes) cq]w-sIm\u2248p- \u2202Xv. N{\u03bc-\u00b0-e-bpsS BIr-Xn-bn\u00ac ImW-s\u220f- Sp\u2202 aW\u00ac\u00b0q-\\\\-Isf _\u00bf\u00b0-\\\\p-I\u0192 (Barchans) F\u2202p hnfn-\u00b0p\u2202p. (Nn{Xw 4.23). Im\u2030v GXn\u00bfZn-i-bn\u00ac\\\\n\u2202mWv hoip-\u2202-sX\u00b6n\u00ac _\u00bf\u00b0-\\\\p-I-fpsS BIrXn-bn-ep-\u2260m-Ip\u2202 am\u2030w hc\u00aep ImWn-\u00b0q. Nn\u00a5n\u00b0q... Is\u2260\u00d8q... temI\u00d8- nse acp`- qa- nI- fn\u221a- m\u00d8 GI h\u2265Ic GsX\u2202v C\u201a\u00bfs\\\\- \u2030ns\u201a klmb- t- \u00d8msS Is\u2260\u00d8- pI. \\\\\u03a9psS \\\\m\u00b4nepw \\\\nc\u00a5- cw Im\u2030v hoimd- p\u2260- t- \u221am. F\u2202m\u00ac C\u00d8cw `qcq]- \u00df- s- fm\u2202pw ChnsS ImWm\u2265 Ignb- m\u00d8- X- n\\\\p ImcW- - sa-\u00a5mWv? a\u2122pae-I-fn\u00ac hnim-e-amb Hcp a\u2122p]mSamWv Nn{X-\u00d8n\u00ac (Nn{Xw 4.24). h\u00bfj-\u00df\u0192 \\\\o\u2260 a\u2122p-ho-gvNbn-eq-sS-bmWv C\u00d8cw a\u2122p]m-S-\u00df\u0192 cq]w-sIm-\u2248p-\u2202Xv. At\\\\Iw NXp-c-{i-In-tem-ao-\u2030\u00bf hnkvXr-Xnbpw Intema- o\u2030- dpIt- fmfw I\\\\h- pw AXy[- nIw `mchp- ap\u2248 `oamI- mc- a- mb a\u2122pa- e- I- \u0192 cq]ws- Im\u2248- p- \u2202 CS-\u00df-fn\u00ac\\\\n\u2202v kmh-[m\\\\w Xmgvhmc-\u00df- fn-te\u00b0v \\\\o\u00dfp-\u2202p. C{]-Imcw Nen-\u00b0p\u2202 Nn{Xw 4.24 60 \u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv IX","{]Ir-Xn-bpsS ssII-fm\u00ac a\u2122p]m-fn-I-fmWv lnam-\\\\n-I\u0192 (Glaciers). a\u2122p-]m-fn-I\u0192 \\\\o\u00dfp-t\u00bam\u0192 Ahn-S\u00df-fnse ]md-\u00b0jW-\u00dffpw a\u00c6pw a\u2030p ]Zm\u00bfY-\u00dffpw H\u220fw \\\\o\u00b0n- s\u00b0m-\u2260p-t]m-Ip-\u2202p. lnam-\\\\n-bpsS ASn-bn\u00ac ]\u2030n-\u220fn-Sn-\u00aen-cn-\u00b0p\u2202 ]md-\u00b0- jW-\u00df\u0192 Ah k\u00a9-cn-\u00b0p\u2202 {]X-e-\u00dfsf Dc\u00aev an\\\\p-ks\u220f-Sp-\u00d8p-\u2202p. CXv hnhn[Xcw lnam-\\\\ob A]-c-Z\\\\`qcq-]-\u00df\u0192 krjvSn-\u00b0p\u2202-Xn\\\\v Imc- W-am-Ip-\u2202p. lnam-\\\\n-I-fpsS {]h\u00bf\u00d8-\\\\-^-e-am- A]-c-Z\\\\w bp\u2248 `qcq-]-\u00df\u0192 Dbcw IqSnb ]\u00bfh- X-{]-tZ-i-\u00df-fnepw {[ph-{]-tZ-i-\u00df-fn- A]-c-Z\\\\w ep-am-Wv km[m-c-W-bmbn ImW-s\u220f- Nn{Xw 4.25 Sp-\u2202-Xv. kn\u00bf\u00b0p-I\u0192 ]\u00bfhXNcn-hn-eq-sS-bp\u2248 lnam- Nn{Xw 4.26 \\\\nbpsS Ne\\\\-amWv Nn{X\u00d8n\u00ac 'U' cq] Xmgvhc (Nn{Xw 4.25). Cu Ne\\\\w \\\\nan\u00d8w ]\u00bfhX\u00d8ns\u201a hi-\u00df\u0192\u00b0v Hmtcm L\u00b4-\u00d8nepw D\u2260m-Ip\u2202 am\u2030w \\\\nco- \u00a3n-\u00b0q. lnam-\\\\n-I-fpsS A]-c-Z-\\\\-^- e-ambn Nn{X-\u00d8n\u00ac (Nn{Xw 4.26, 4.27) ImWn-\u00aen-\u00b4p\u2248 hyXy-kvX-\u00df-fmb Xmgvhc-I\u0192 cq]wsIm\u2248p-\u2202p. NmcpI- tk-c-bpsS cq]-\u00d8n-ep\u2248 C\u00d8cw Xmgvhc-Isf kn\u00bf\u00b0p-I\u0192 (Cirques) F\u2202p hnfn-\u00b0p-\u2202p. (Nn{Xw 4.26). Xmgvhc-I-fn-eqsS lnam-\\\\n-I\u0192 IS\u2202pt]mIp-t\u00bam\u0192 A]-c-Z\\\\w \\\\nan\u00d8w s]mXpsh \\\\nc-\u220fmb ASn- \u00d8\u00b4pw sN\u00b6p-\u00d8mb hi-\u00df-fpap\u2248 'U' cq] lnaXmgvhcI- \u0192 cq]ws- Im\u2248- p- \u2202p (Nn{Xw 4.27). lnam-\\\\n-I\u0192 hln-\u00aep-sIm-\u2260p-h-cp\u2202 Nn{Xw 4.27 Ahkm-Z-\u00df\u0192.lna-Xmgvhc-bpsS hnhn[ `mK-\u00df-fn\u00ac \\\\nt\u00a3-]n\u00b0s\u220f- \u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv IX 61","kmaqlyimkv{Xw II A{K-`m-K a[y-`mK ]m\u00bfiz`- mK -sam-ssd-\\\\p-I\u0192 -sam-ssd-\\\\p-I\u0192 -sam-ssd-\\\\p-I\u0192 Sp\u2202- p. Cu \\\\nt\u00a3]`- qcq]- \u00df- f- mWv samssd\\\\- pI\u0192 (Moraines). 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P-e-\\\\n-c-\u220fv Xm-gp-\u2202 Cu {]-Xn-`m-kam-Wv th-en-bn-d-\u00b0w (Low tide). 72 \u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv IX","kap-{Zhpw a\\\\p-jy\\\\pw the- nI- \u0192\u00b0- v N{- \u03bcs- \u201a BI- \u00bfj- W- _- e- w am{- Xa- \u221a- Imc- W- a- mI- p\u2202- Xv. kqcy\u2265 `q-an-bn\u00ac sN-ep-\u00d8p-\u2202 B-I\u00bf-j-W-_-e-hpw th-en-I\u0192-\u00b0v Im-c-W-am-Ip-\u2202p. kq-cy-s\\\\ A-t]-\u00a3n-\u00aev N-{\u03bc-\\\\v h-en\u220fw Ip-d-hm-sW-\u00b6n-epw `q-an-tbmSv G-\u2030-hpw A-Sp-\u00d8p\\\\n\u00ac-\u00b0p-\u2202-Xn-\\\\m\u00ac N-{\u03bc\u2265 `qan-bn\u00ac sNep-\u00d8p\u2202 B-I\u00bf-j-Ww kq-cy-\u2265 sN-ep-\u00d8p-\u2202 B-I\u00bf-jWs\u00d8 A-t]-\u00a3n-\u00aev IqSp-X-em-bn-cn-\u00b0pw. hm-hp-th-en-I-fpw k-]v-X-anth-en-I-fpw N{\u03bc\u2265 `qan N{\u03bc\u2265 ]u\u00bfWan Aamh- mkn Nn{Xw 5.5 Nn{Xw (Nn{Xw 5.5) {i\u2264n\u00b0- q. Hmt- cm amk- \u00d8- ne- pw Aa- mh- mk- n (Id- p\u00d8- hmhv) Zn-h-k-\u00d8n-epw ]u\u00bf-W-an (sh-fp-\u00d8hm-hv) Zn-h-k-\u00d8n-epw kq-cy-\\\\pw N-{\u03bc- \\\\pw `q-an-bpw t\\\\\u00bf-tc-J-bn\u00ac h-cp-\u2202p. Cu Zn-h-k-\u00df-fn\u00ac kq-cy-s\u201abpw N{\u03bc-s\u201abpw BI\u00bfj-W-i\u2021n IqSp-X-em-bn-cn- \u00b0pw. X-\u2211q-ew a-\u2030p- Zn-h-k-\u00df-sf A-t]-\u00a3n-\u00aev i- N{\u03bc\u2265 \u2021-am-b th-en-tb-\u2030w D-\u2260m-Ip-\u2202p. C-\u00d8-cw then- tb-\u2030-\u00df-sf-bm-Wv hm-hp-th-en-I\u0192 (Spring tides) F-\u2202p hn-fn-\u00b0p-\u2202-Xv. A-am-hm-kn, ]u\u00bf-W-an F-\u2202o Zn-h-k-\u00df\u0192-\u00b0p `qan ti-jw G-g-v Zn-h-kw I-gn-bp-t\u00bam\u0192 kq-cy-\\\\pw `q-an-bpw N-{\u03bc-\\\\pw 90 Un-{Kn tIm-Wo-b A-I-e-\u00df- fn\u00ac F-\u00d8p-\u2202p. Cu Zn-h-k-\u00df-fn\u00ac kq-cy-\\\\pw N-{\u03bc-\\\\pw `q-an-sb 90 Un-{Kn tIm-Wo-b A-I-e-\u00df- fn\u00ac\\\\n\u2202- v BI- \u00bfj- n\u00b0- p\u2202- X- n\\\\- m\u00ac hf- s- c Zp\u00bf_- e- N{\u03bc\u2265 Nn{Xw 5.6 am-b th-en-I-fm-Wv D-\u2260m-Ip-\u2202-Xv. Zp\u00bf-_-e-am-b C-\u00d8-cw th-en-I-sf k-]v-X-anth-en-I\u0192 (Neap tides) F-\u2202p ]dbp-\u2202p. k-]v-X-an-th-en-Isf kqNn\u220fn-\u00b0p-\u2202 Nn{Xw (Nn{Xw 5.6) \\\\\u00ac-In-bn- cn\u00b0p-\u2202p. Nn{Xw \\\\nco-\u00a3n\u00aev kq-cy\u2265, N-{\u03bc\u2265, `q-an F\u2202n-h-bp-sS \u00ffm-\\\\w a\\\\-\u00a0n-em\u00b0q. DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDSD \u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv IX 73","kmaqlyimkv{Xw II thenI\u0192 krjvSn\u00b0p\u2202 ^e\u00df\u0192 the- nt- b-\u2030-hpw th-enb- n-d\u00b0- -hpw Ht- \u00b4-sd ^-e-\u00dff- mW- v kr-jv-Sn\u00b0- p\u2202- -Xv. Ah F-s\u00a5m-s\u00b0-sb-\u2202v t\\\\m\u00b0mw. $ Xp-d-ap-J-\u00df-fn-epw k-ap-{Z-Xo-c-\u00df-fn-epw \\\\n-t\u00a3-]n-\u00b0-s\u220f-\u00b4n-\u00b4p-\u2248 ame- n\\\\- y\u00df- \u0192 kap{- Z\u00d8- ns- \u201a D\u0192`- mK- \u00df- f- nt- e\u00b0v \\\\o\u00b0- w sN\u00f8s- \u220fS- p\u2202- p. $ i-\u2021-am-b th-en-I-fp-sS ^-e-am-bn \\\\-Zo-ap-J-\u00df-fn\u00ac sU\u00ac-\u2030-I\u0192 cq-]w- sIm-\u2248p-\u2202-Xv X-S-\u00a0-s\u220f-Sp-\u2202p.- $ the- nt- b\u2030- ka- b- \u00df- f- n\u00ac D\u220f- f- \u00df- f- n\u00ac IS- \u00acsh\u2248- w Ib\u2030- m\u2265 Ignb- p\u2202p. $ ao\u2265-]n-Sn-\u00d8\u00d8n\\\\mbn ISente\u00b0v I\u00b4ac\u00dffn\u00ac t]m-Ip-\u2202-Xn\\\\pw h-cp-\u2202Xn\\\\pw. $ th-en-tb-\u2030i-\u2021n-bn\u00ac\\\\n-\u2202p ssh-Zyp-Xn D\u00ac-\u220fm-Zn-\u220fn-\u00b0p-\u2202p.- $ Bgw Ipd\u2122 Xpd-ap-J-\u00df-fn-te\u00b0v I\u220f-ep-I\u0192 ASp-\u220fn-\u00b0p-\u2202Xv then- tb\u2030 k\u03bc\u00bf`-\u00df-fn-em-Wv. kap{ZPe{]hml\u00df\u0192 Hcp Zni-bn\u00ac\\\\n\u2202v as\u2030mcp Zni-bn-te-\u00b0p\u2248 kap-{Z-P-e-\u00d8ns\u201a XpS\u00bf\u00ae- bmb {]hm-l-amWv kap-{Z-P-e-{]-hm-l-w. D-jv-W-P-e {]-hm-l-\u00df\u0192 F-\u2202pw io-X-P-e-{]-hm-l-\u00df\u0192 F-\u2202pw {]hm-l-\u00df\u0192 c\u2260p-X-c-\u00d8n-ep-\u2260v. D-jv-W- ta-J-e-bn\u00ac\\\\n-t\u2202m D-t]m-jv-W-ta-J-e-bn\u00ac\\\\n-t\u2202m k\u00a9-cn-\u00aev {[p-ho-b-\u02db-D- ]-{[p-ho-b ta-J-e-I-fn-te-\u00b0v H-gp-Ip-\u2202 kap{ZP-e- {]-hm-l-\u00df-fmWv D-jv-W- P-e-{]-hm-l-\u00df\u0192. A-Xpt]m-se {[p-ho-b \u02db D]-{[p-ho-b ta-J-e-I-fn\u00ac\\\\n\u2202v D-jv-W-ta-J-e-bn-tet\u00b0m D-t]m-jv-W-taJ-e-bn-te-t\u00b0m H-gp-In-sb-\u00d8p-\u2202 kap{ZP-e-{]-hm-l-\u00df-fm-Wv io-X-P-e-{]-hm-l-\u00df\u0192. k-ap-{Z-P-e e-h-W-Xzw, Xm-]-\\\\n-e F-\u2202n-h Hm-tcm k-ap-{Z-\u00d8n-epw hy-Xy-kv- X-am-Wv. 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