NT-465-1-BIOLOGY-9-M-VOL.1
tZio-b-Km\\w P\\-K-W-a-\\- -A-[n-\\m-bI Pbtl `mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm, ]©m_- k- n‘p KpPd- mØ admTm {ZmhnU DXv°e- - _wK- m, hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\\mKwKm, D—e Pe[- nXc- wKm, Xhi- p`- \\- mta PmtK, Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK, Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm P\\K- W- a- wK- e- Z- mb- I Pbtl `mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm Pbt- l, Pbt- l, Pbt- l, Pb Pb Pb Pbtl! {]Xn⁄ C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚ ktlm-Z-co- ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv. Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\\ln°- p∂p; kºq¿Whpw sshhn-[y-]q¿W-hp-amb AXns‚ ]mcº-cy-Øn¬ Rm≥ A`n-am\\w sIm≈p∂p. Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw apXn¿∂-hscbpw _lp-am-\\n-°pw. Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \\m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw t£a-Øn\\pw sFiz-cy-Øn-\\pw- th≠n {]bXv\\n°pw.
{]nb hnZym¿Yn-I-tf, imkv{Xw {]h¿Ø\\m-[n-jvTnX-am-Wv. ap≥hn-[n-I-fn-√msX sXfn-hp- I-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ kXym-t\\z-j-W-amWv AXns‚ coXn. C∂v icn- sb∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂Xv \\msf sX‰m-sW∂v imkv{Xo-b-ambn sXfn-bn-°-s∏-´m¬ AXv AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-XmWv imkv{X-Øns‚ coXn. imkv{X-]-T-\\-Ønepw B coXn Ah-ew-_n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. \\nc- ¥-c-amb \\nco-£-W-ßfpw ]co£-W-ßfpw hni-I-e-\\-ß-fp-amWv imkv{XØ- ns‚ ImgvN∏- mS- pI- sf \\ho\\X- I- f- nt- e°v \\bn°- p∂Xv. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ \\nco-£n-°-m\\pw ]co-£n-®p-t\\m-°m\\pap≈ Ah-k-c-߃ ]c-amh[n {]tbm-P-\\s-∏-SpØWw. ¢mkvap-dn-I-fn¬ Adn-hns‚ \\n¿amWw \\S-t°-≠Xv \\nß-fn-eq-sS- bm-Wv. AXn-\\p≈ Hcp D]m-[n-am-{X-amWv Cu imkv{X-]m-T- ]pkvXIw. A[ym]- Icpw A\\p_- ‘ kma{- KnI- fpw \\nßsf klm- bn-°m-\\p-≠m-Ipw. ka{K F∂ hnZym-`ymk t]m¿´epw, kmt¶-Xn- Ia- mbn i‡ns- ∏S- pØ- nb Iyp.B¿. tImUv tcJs- ∏S- pØ- nb ]mT- ]p-kvX-I-ßfpw ¢mkvdqw ]T-\\-{]-h¿Ø-\\-߃ Bbm-k-c-ln- Xhpw ck-I-chpw B°n Xo¿°pw. tZio-b-sXm-gn¬ ss\\]pWn N´°- qS- pw, Zpc¥- \\- nh- mc- W- Øns‚ ImenI- {- ]k- ‡- nb- pw sF.kn.Sn. km[y-X-Ifpw Cu ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn®n´p-≠v. Poht- emI- Ø- ns‚ \\ne\\- n¬∏n\\- v B[- mc- a- mb {]Imik- wt- «j- Ww, a\\p-jy-i-co-c-Ønse sshhn-[y-am¿∂ Ah-bhhyh-ÿ-Iƒ, Ah \\n¿hl- n°- p∂ k¶o¿Wa- mb Poh[- ¿aß- ƒ, icochf¿®b- nt- e°p \\bn-°p∂ tImi-hn-`-P-\\w, Pohn-h¿K-ß-fpsS X\\na \\ne-\\n¿Ø- s∏-Sp-∂-Xns‚ ]n∂nse imkv{Xo-bX F∂nhbnte°v shfn®whoip∂ ]mT-ß-fmWv Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn- bn-´p-≈-Xv. Pohn-X-ss\\-]p-Wn-Ifpw Btcm-Ky-io-e-ßfpw B¿Pn-°p∂Xn\\v DX- Ip∂ Xc-Øn¬ ico-c-[¿a {]h¿Ø-\\-ßsf tI{μo-I-cn-®p-sIm- ≠p≈ AhX- c- W- c- oX- nb- mWv kzoIc- n®- nc- n°- p∂- X- v. Adnh- pw, BÀm- Zhpw Xcp∂ ]T\\- m\\- p`- h- ß- ƒ- ChnsS Dƒs∏S- pØ- nb- n´- p≠- v. AXp- sIm≠v Xs∂ ]mT]- pk- vXIw XpS¿imk- v{X]- T- \\- ß- sf IqSpX- ¬ klm-b-I-c-am-°p-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°p-∂p. kvt\\lm-iw-k-I-tfm-sS, tUm.sP.-{]-kmZv Ubd- I- vS¿ Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn., tIcfw
State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in e-mail : [email protected] Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869 Typesetting and Layout : SCERT Printed at KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi-30 © Department of Education, Government of Kerala
Cu ]pkvXIØn¬ kuIcyØn\\mbn Nne ap{ZIƒ D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂p. A[nIhmb\\bv°v (hnebncpØen\\v hnt[bamt°≠Xn√) hnebncpØmw XpS¿{]h¿Ø\\߃
'BtKmfXm]-\\-Øn¬ \\n∂v `qansb c£n-°pI' F∂ ktμ-isØ ASn-ÿm-\\- am°n Ip´nI- ƒ°mbn \\SØ- nb t]mÿ cN\\ma’c- Ø- n¬ kwKoXv Xømd- m°nb t]mÃ-dmWv apI-fn¬ ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn¬ \\n∂v \\n߃°v Fs¥ms° \\nK-a-\\-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bpw? BtKm-f-Xm-]-\\-sØ-°p-dn®v tI´n-´p-≠-t√m. `qan-bpsS Xm]-\\ne IqSn-s°m-≠n-cn- °p∂ A]-I-S-I-c-amb {]Xn-`m-k-am-W-Xv. A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Im¿_¨ ssUHmIvssk-Uns‚ Afhv h¿[n-°p-∂-XmWv apJy-Im-c-Ww. AXns\\ Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc XS-bm≥ kky-߃°v Ign-bpw. NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Nn{Xo-I- cWw (1.1) kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\\-Øn¬ hni-I-e\\w sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xbm- dm°n kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-SpØq.
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX A¥-co£w kky-߃ CO2 izk\\w •qt°mkv P¥p-°ƒ A¥-co£w O2 kqNI߃ Nn{XoI-cWw 1.1 A¥-co-£-Ønse HmIvkn-P≥˛ Im¿_¨ ssUHm-IvsskUv k¥p-e\\w $ A¥-co-£-Øn¬ HmIvkn-Ps‚ Afhv Ipd-bm-ØXv F¥psIm≠v? $ A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Im¿_¨ ssUHmIvssk-Uns‚ Afhv IqSm-ØXv F¥p-sIm≠v? $ kky-ß-fn¬ \\S-°p∂ GXv {]{In-b-bmWv A¥-co-£-Øn¬ HmIvkn-P-s‚bpw Im¿_¨ ssUHmIvssk-Uns‚bpw Afhv \\nb- {¥n-°p∂Xv? BtKmf- X- m]- \\- sØ kkyß- ƒ Fßs- \\b- mWv \\nb{- ¥n°- p∂- Xv F∂v \\n߃ a\\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. Im¿_¨ ssUHmIvsskUv IqSmsX {]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-Øn\\v Bh-iy-amb a‰v LS-I-߃ enÃv sNøq. $ [mXpehW߃ $ $$ Cu LSI߃ FhnsS \\n∂mWv kky߃°v e`yamIp∂Xv? N¿® sNøq. CebpsS apIƒhiØv XmcbpsS kwibw {i≤n®t√m. ]®\\ndw IqSpXemIm≥ ImcWw kvIqfnse ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-]m¿°v kμ¿in®v kwi-b-Øns‚ km[pX ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. F¥m-bn-cn°pw? Ceb- nse h¿WI- ß- ƒ 8 kky-`m-K-߃°v ]®-\\ndw \\¬Ip-∂Xv lcn-XIw BsW∂v Adn-bm-a-t√m. A[ym]nIbpsS klmb tØmsS CebpsS tOZw ssat{ImkvtIm∏neqsS \\nco£n®pw \\¬Inbncn°p∂ Nn{XoIcWhpw (1.2) hnh-c-Whpw kqN-I-߃°-\\p-k-cn®v hni-I-e\\w sNbvXpw \\nK-a-\\-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°q.
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX D]-cn-hrXn Bkyc{‘ß- ƒ kwh-l-\\-Ie CebpsS tOZw Cc´]mfnIfp≈ kvXcw kkytImiw kvt{Sma (lcnXIWØnse {ZmhI`mKw) {Km\\ (kvXck©nIfpsS ASp°v) lcnXIWw Nn{XoIc- Ww 1.2 lcnXIWØns‚ LS\\ {]Imikwt«jWw \\S°p∂Xv lcnXIWßfnemWv. CeIfn¬ am{Xa√, FhnsSsbms° lcnXIWßfpt≠m AhnsSsb√mw {]Imikwt«jWw \\S°- p∂- p. lcnX- I- W- Ø- nse {Km\\I- f- ne- mWv kqcy{- ]I- mi- sØ BKnc- Ww sNøm≥ Ignh- p≈ h¿W- Iß- ƒ ImWs- ∏S- p∂- X- v. lcnX- Iw a (Chlorophyll a), lc- nX- Iw b (Chlorophyll b), Itcm´- n≥ (Carotene), kmt¥m^- n¬ (Xanthophyll) F∂o h¿WI- ß- f- mWv {Km\\b- ne- p≈- X- v. Cu h¿W- Iß- ƒs°√mw {]Imi- sØ BKnc- Ww sNøm≥- Ignh- p≠- v. F∂m¬ lc- nX- Iw a bv°v am{Xta {]Imi- k- wt- «j- W- Ø- n¬ t\\cn´p ]s¶S- p°- m≥ Ignb- q. a‰p h¿WI- ß- ƒ {]Im- isØ BKnc- Ww sNbvXv lc- nX- Iw a bnte°v ssIamdp∂- p. AXn\\- m¬ Chsb klm- bI- h- ¿WI- ß- ƒ (Accessory pigments) F∂p hnfn°- p∂- p. kqNI߃ $ lcnXIWØns‚ `mK߃. $ lcnXIWØnse h¿WI߃. $ {]Imikwt«jWØn¬ h¿WIßfpsS ]¶v. 9
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX {]Imikwt«jWØn\\v Im¿_¨ ssUHmIvssk-Un-t\\m-sSm∏w Pehpw Ce-I-fn¬ FtØ-≠-Xp-≠v. Ch Fßs\\bmWv CeIfn¬ FØnt®cp∂Xv? h¿°vjo‰v ]q¿Ønbm°q. Im¿_¨ ssUHmIvsskUv CeIƒ°p≈n¬ A¥-co£w CeIfnseØp∂ am¿Kw Pew CeIfnseØp∂ am¿Kw thcv {]Imikwt«jWØns‚ ckX{¥w Fß-s\\-bmWv kky-߃ {]Imikwt«-j-W-Øn-eqsS Blm-chpw HmIvkn- P\\pw D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv? Nn{XoIcWw (1.3) \\nco£n®v {]Imikwt«-j- W-Øn-s‚ c≠pL´ßtfbpw XmcXayw sNbvXv ]´nI (1.1) ]q¿Ønbm°q. lcnXIWw {Km\\ kvt{Sma Ccp≠L´w {]ImiL´w $ {]Imiw D]tbmKn°p∂p. $ {]Imiw D]tbmKn°p∂n√. $ ATP bnse Du¿Pw D]tbmKn®v $ Pew hnLSn®v HmIvknP≥ ]pd-¥-≈- s∏-Sp∂p. ssl{UP≥ kvt{Sma ssl{UPs\\ Im¿_¨ ssU bnseØp∂p. HmIvsskUpambnt®¿Øv •qt°mkv \\n¿an°p∂p. $ {]Im-tim¿Pw cmtkm¿Pam°n ATP bn¬ kw`cn°p∂p. Nn{XoI-cWw 1.3 {]Imikwt«jWL´ßƒ 10
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX kqNI߃ {]ImiL´w Ccp≠L´w ÿm\\w {]h¿Ø\\w D¬∏∂߃ {]ImiØns‚ BhiyIX cq]s∏Sp∂p. hn\\ntbmKn°s∏Sp∂p. ATP ]´nI 1.1 {]Im-i-L-´Øns‚ XpS¿®-bm-bmWv Du¿P\\- mW- b- ß- ƒ Ccp≠L´w \\S-°p-∂-Xv. Ccp≠-L-´-Øn¬ \\S-°p∂ Nm{InI cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\\-߃ Poh-tIm-i-ß-fn¬ D]m-]-Nb {]h¿Ø-\\- Is≠Øn-bXv sa¬hn≥ Im¬hn≥ F∂ imkv{X-⁄-\\m-Wv. -AXn-\\m¬ CXv ߃ XpS¿®b- mbn \\S°- W- s- a¶- n¬ Du¿P Im¬hn≥ N{Iw (Calvin cycle) F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p. e`yX Dd-∏m-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Du¿P-Øns‚ Cu Is≠-Ø-en\\v \\nc-¥c ssIam-‰-Øn\\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ At±-l-Øn\\v 1961 X∑m-{X-bmWv ATP (AUn-t\\m-kn≥ se t\\m_¬ kΩm ss{St^mk- vt^‰v). ATP X∑m{X hnLS- n®v ADP (AUn-t\\m-kn≥ ssUt^m-kvt^‰v) \\w e`n®p. bpw t^mkvt^‰- pa- mbn amdpt- ºmƒ kzX- sa¬hn≥ Im¬hn≥ {¥a- mI- p∂ Du¿Pw D]t- bmK- n®- mWv D]m- ]-Nb {]h¿Ø-\\-߃ \\S-°p-∂-Xv. ADP {]Imikwt«jW Du¿Pw kw`c- n®v ho≠pw ATP BbnØo {]{Inbbnse cmk{]h¿Ø\\߃ cpw. Cßs\\ Du¿Phn\\na- bw \\SØ- p∂- X- p- a\\ nem°nbt√m. AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\\- sIm≠v ATP tImiØ- ns‚ Du¿P\\- mW- bw Øn¬ NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Nn{Xo-I- F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. cWw (1.4) ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°q. kqcy{]Imiw ...................... + ...................... ...................... + ...................... lcnXIw Nn{XoI-cWw 1.4 k¶o¿Wamb Cu {]{InbbpsS Npcpfgn™Xv \\nch[n imkv{X ⁄≥amcpsS \\o≠ImesØ At\\zjWßfpsSbpw ]co£WßfpsSbpw ^eambmWv. {]Im-i-kw-t«-jWw C∂pw kPo-h-amb Kth-jW taJ-e- bmWv. AØcw Kth-jW {]h¿Ø-\\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \\SØn imkv{X∏Xn∏v Xbm-dm-°q. 11
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX {]Imikwt«jWØn\\ptijw _o\\bpsS kwibw \\ymb-at√? F√m kkyß- fpw {]Imi- k- wt- «j- W ^ea- mb- p≠- mI- p∂ •qt°mk- mWv \\n¿an°- p∂- s- X¶- n¬ ]ns∂- •qt°mk- n\\v ]n∂oSv F¥mWp kw`h- n- °p∂- Xv? NphsS \\¬Inb- nc- n°- p∂ hnh- ßs\\b- mWv kkymlmc- Ø- n¬ \\n∂v cW- hpw Nn{XoI- c- W- hpw (1.5) kqN-I-ß- A∂Phpw t{]m´o\\pw sImgp∏- ps- ams° e`n-°p-∂Xv? fp-sS ASnÿm\\Øn¬ hni-I-e\\w sNbvXv kkyß- f- n¬ •qt°mk- n\\- p≠- m- Ip∂ cmk-am-‰-ßsf°pdn®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm°n kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tN¿°q. Pe-Øn¬ hfsc thKw ebn-°p-∂-Xn-\\m¬ •qt°mkns\\ kky-i-co-c- Øn¬ kw`-cn-°m-\\m-hn-√. X∑qew kky-߃ •qt°m-kns\\ Ate-b- amb A∂Pcq-]-Øn¬ Ce-I-fn¬ kw`-cn-°p-∂p. Poh¬{]-h¿Ø-\\- ߃°p≈ Du¿P-t{km-X- mbpw hf¿®-bv°m-h-iy-amb ]Zm¿Y-߃ \\n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\\pw kky-߃ A∂Pw {]tbm-P-\\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. A∂Pw ]n∂oSv kqt{Im-kmbn amdn ^vtfmbw Ipg-ep-I-fn-eqsS a‰p kky-`m-K- ß-fn-seØn hnhn[ cq]-ß-fn¬ kw`-cn-°s∏Sp-∂p. A∂Pw t{]m´o≥ sImgp∏v {^IvtSmkv kqt{Imkv (Ing-ßp-h¿K-߃) (]b-dp-h¿K-߃) (FÆ-°p-cp-°ƒ) (]gh- ¿Kß- ƒ) (Icnº- v) Nn{XoI-cWw 1.5 •qt°mkns‚ cmkam‰ßƒ 12
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX kqN-I߃ $ •qt°mkv A∂PamtI≠Xns‚ cmkkwt«j- Ww BhiyIX. `qanbnse F√m D¬∏mZ- I- cpw kqcy- $ kky߃ A∂PsØ {]I- mi- sØ B{ib- n°- p∂- h- c- √- . Ic- {]tbmP\\s∏SpØp∂ am¿K߃. bnepw ISe- nepap≈ kƒ^¿ _mIvSo- cnb CXn\\- pZ- ml- c- W- a- mW- v. cmkk- wb- p- $ hnhn[ kky`mKßfn¬ BlmcØns‚ ‡ß- sf hnLS- n∏- n®- mWv Ch Du¿Pw kw`cWw. D¬∏mZ- n∏- n°- p∂- X- v. Cu {]{Inb- b- mWv cmk-kw-t«-jWw (Chemosynthesis). P¥p-°ƒ°v Bh-iy-amb hnhn[ t]mj-I-߃ kky-ßfn¬ \\n∂v Fß-s\\-bmWv e`n-°p-∂- sX∂v a\\- n-em-bt√m. kky-ß-fn¬ \\n∂v Blm-chpw HmIvkn-P\\pw am{X-amtWm e`n-°p-∂Xv? Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ Nn{X-߃ (1.1) \\nco-£n®v IqSp-X¬ DZm-l-c-W-߃ Is≠Øq. Nn{Xw 1.1 kmºØnI {]m[m\\yap≈ D¬∏∂߃ an° kky-`m-K-ßfpw Hcp-X-c-Øn¬ As√-¶n¬ as‰mcp Xc-Øn¬ kmº- ØnI {]m[m\\yw D≈-h-bm-Wv. Ah-bn¬ \\n∂v hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep≈ aqey- h¿[nX D¬∏-∂-߃ \\n¿an-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. CØcw hn`-h-ß-fpsS kwkvI- c-Whpw hn]-W-\\hpw hn]p-e-amb sXmgn¬ km[y-X-Iƒ Xpd-∂p-X-cp-∂p. A[ym]nIbpsS klmbtØmsS kmºØnI {]m[m\\yap≈ kky-hn-`-h- ß-sf-°p-dn®v hnhctiJcWw \\SØq. Ah-bpambn _‘-s∏´ sXmgn¬ km[y-X-I-sf-°p-dn®v ¢mkn¬ N¿® kwL-Sn-∏n-°q. F{X sshhn-[y-am¿∂- XmWv kky-temIw F∂v a\\- n-em-bn-t√. Ics- bt- ∏mse ISepw Icsb°mƒ F{Xtbm hnim-e-amWv IS¬. AZv`p-X-I-c-amb sshhn[yw IS- ense Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bn-ep-ap-≠v. sNdp-Po-hn-Iƒ apX¬ `oam-Im-c-∑m-cmb Xnanw-Ke-߃ hsc AhnsS Pohn-°p-∂p. 13
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX NphsS X∂n-´p≈ Nn{Xo-I-c-Ww (1.6), hn-h-cWw F∂nh kqN-I-߃°-\\p- k-cn®v N¿® sNbvXv \\nK-a-\\-߃ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ Ipdn-°q. ]£n-Iƒ Blmcw a¬ky-ßfpw a‰v Pe- Ic-Po-hn-Iƒ HmIvkn-P≥ kky-π-h-I-߃ B¬KI- fpw Pe-k-ky-ßfpw HmIvknP- ≥ Po-hn-Ifpw Nn{Xo-I-cWw 1.6 kap{Zw F∂ Bhm-k-hy-hÿ Pohn-I-fpsS \\ne-\\n¬∏n\\v HmIvkn-P≥ A\\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. A¥-co-£-Øn¬ HmIvkn-P≥ FØp-∂Xv {]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-Øn-eq-sS-bm-sW∂v \\n߃ a\\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠t√m. A¥-co-£-hm-bphnse GI-tZiw 70 apX¬ 80 iX- am\\w hsc HmIv-kn-P\\pw kap-{Z-Ønse B¬K-I-fpw kky-π-h-IßfpamWv {]Zm\\w sNøp∂Xv. B¬KI- fpw kkyπ- hI- ß- fpw- kqN-I-߃ sshhn[- ya- m¿∂X- mWv B¬KI- f- psS temIw. Ahb- n¬ $ kap{Zw F∂ Bhmk- h- y- ASß- nb- nc- n°- p∂ {][m\\ h¿WI- Ø- ns‚ tXmXv A\\p- h-ÿ-bnse apJy D¬∏m- kc- n®v ]®, Nph∏- v, Xhn´v \\ndß- f- ne- p≈ B¬KI- fp≠v. Z-I¿. hep-∏-Øn-ep-ap-≠v sshhn[yw; kq£vaam-bh apX¬ At\\Iw ao‰-dp-Iƒ \\of-ap-≈h hsc. henb C\\- $ kap-{Z-Øn¬ \\S-°p∂ Øn¬s∏´ Xhn´p\\nd-ap≈ B¬K-bmWv k¿Kmkw {]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W- (Sargassum). kap-{Z-P-e-Øn-\\p-ap-I-fn¬ kzX-{¥-ambn Øns‚ {]m[m\\yw. s]mßn°- nS- °- pI- bpw {]Imi- k- wt- «j- W- Ø- n¬ G¿s∏- SpI- bpw sNøp∂ kq£vaP- oh- nI- f- mWv kkyπ- h- I- ß- ƒ. hnhn[ Imc-W-ß-fm¬ sUkvan-Up-I-fpw, tKmƒU≥ B¬K-I-fpw, kbmt\\m kap{Zw aen-\\o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp- _mIvSoc- nb- I- fpw kkyπ- h- I- ß- ƒ°v DZml- c- W- a- mW- v. ∂p. AXns‚ Imc-W-߃ Is≠Øn Hcp eLpIpdn∏v 14 Xbmdm°q.
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX Ic-a-en-\\o-I-cWw t]mseXs∂ kap{Zaen\\oIcWhpw a\\pjy\\pƒ s∏sSbp≈ PohnIsf {]XnIqeambn _m[n°p∂p. CsXmgnhm°m≥ \\ap°v Fs¥√mw sNøm\\mhpw? \\n¿tZ-i-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°q. kky߃ `qanbpsS kºØv Poh-tem-I-Øns‚ \\ne-\\n¬∏n\\v kky-߃ sNøp∂ tkh\\w \\nkvXp-e-am- Wv. G‰hpw sNehp-Ip-d-™Xpw ^e-{]-Z-hp-w kzm`m-hnIhp-amb hmbpip≤o- I-cW kwhn-[m-\\-amWv kky-߃. A¥-co-£-Øn¬\\n∂p Im¿_¨ ssUHmIvssk-Uv BKn-cWw sNøp-Ibpw HmIvkn-P≥ ]pd-Øp-hn-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS hne-a-Xn-°m-\\m-hmØ tkh-\\-amWv kky-߃ Poh-tem-I- Øn\\v sNøp-∂-sX∂v a\\- n-em-b-t√m. {]IrXnZpc¥ eLq-I-c-W-Ønepw kky-߃°v hen-b-]-¶mWv D≈Xv. I≠¬ h\\ß- ƒ I≠¬h\\w kp\\m-ansb Hcp-]-cn-[n- hsc XSb- p∂- p. apf¶- mS- p- Iƒ, B‰p-Z¿`, cma-®w, C©n∏- p√v F∂nh sh≈ s∏m°-Øn¬ \\Zo-Xocw CSn-™p-Xm-gmsX kwc- £n-°p-∂p. ae-I-fn-se bpw sN¶¬ Ip∂p-I-fn- sebpw ac-ßfpw Ip‰n- °mS- pI- fpw asÆme- n∏pw Dcpƒs]m´- epw XSb- p∂- p. cma®w {]Ir-Xn-Zp-c-¥-߃ D≠m-Ip-tºm-g√ {]IrXn kwc-£-W-sØ-°p-dn®v Nn¥n- t°≠- X- v. {]IrX- nk- wc- £- Ww Hmtcm hy‡nb- ps- Sbpw PohnX- Ø- ns‚ `mKamI- Ww. {]Ir-Xnsb hnth-I-]q¿hw D]-tbm-Kn-®v \\mfsØ Xe-ap-dbv°v ssIam- dpIbpw thWw. Poh-a-fi-e-Øns‚ kwc-£-I¿ lcn-X-k-ky-ß-fm-Wv. AXn- \\m¬ {]IrXnkwc-£-W-Øn¬ kky-]-cn-]m-e\\w apJy-I-S-a-bmbn \\mw Gs‰- SptØ aXn-bm-Iq. 15
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX 1. Xmsg- X-∂n-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ {]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-Øn¬ t\\cn´v ]s¶Sp°p∂ h¿WIw GXv? A. lcn-XIw a B. lcn-XIw b C. kmt¥m-^n¬ D. Itcm-´n≥ 2. {]Imikwt«jW ^eambn cq]s∏Sp∂ •qt°mkv D]m-]-N-b- {]h¿Ø\\-ß-fn-eqsS hnhn[ kky`mKßfn¬ hnhn[ cq]-Øn¬ kw`cn°p∂p. AXns\\ ASn-ÿm-\\-am°n NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn- °p∂ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°q. kky`mKw •qt°mkns‚ kw`cWcq]w 3. lcnXIWØns‚ LS\\ kqNn∏n°p∂ Nn{Xw X∂ncn°p∂p. Nn{Xw ]I¿Ønhc®v lcnXIWØns‚ apJy`mK߃ ASbmfs∏SpØpI. 16
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX 4. NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ {]kvXm-h-\\-I-fn¬ sX‰ps≠¶n¬ ASn-h-c- bn-´n-cn-°p∂ ]Zw am{Xw am‰n sX‰v Xncp-Øp-I. A. {]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-Øn¬ HmIvkn-P≥ D≠m-Ip-∂Xv Im¿_¨ ssUHmIvssk-Uns‚ hnL-S-\\-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. B. {]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-Øns‚ Ccp-≠-L´w \\S-°p-∂Xv kvt{Sma-bn- em-Wv. C. •qt°mkv ^vtfmbw Ipg-en-eqsS kwh-l\\w sNø-s∏´v kky- Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ FØn-t®-cp-∂p. 5. kky-߃ `qan-bpsS izmk-tIm-i-߃. Cu {]kvXm-h-\\-bpsS kmwKXyw hne-bn-cpØn Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I. 1. kvss]tdm-ssKd F∂ ]® B¬K- tiJ-cn®v So®dpsS klmb-tØmsS ssat{Im-kvtIm-∏n-eqsS \\nco-£n®v lcn-X-I-W-Øns‚ BIrXn Is≠Øq. 2. {]Im-i-kw-t«-jWw Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv t\\m°q. kam-\\-amb Nn{XoIc-W-߃ Xbm-dm°n ¢mkvapdn-bn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°q. NT-465-2-BIOLOGY-9-M-VOL.1 {]Imtim¿Pw HmIvknP- ≥ Im¿_¨ ssUHm-IvsskUv •qt°mkv Pew 17
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX 3. Nn{XØn¬ ImWn®ncn°p∂Xpt]mse ]co£Wkwhn[m\\w {IaoIcn°q. kqcy{]Imiw t\\cn´p]Xn°ptºmgpw A√mØt∏mgpw hmXIw ]pdØphcp∂Xnse hyXymkw \\nco£n®v \\nKa\\߃ kb≥kv Ubdnbn¬ FgpXq. 4. NphsS \\¬Inb Nn{Xo-I-cWw hni-I-e\\w sNbvXv BtKm-f-Xm-]-\\- Øns‚ Imc-Ww, {]Xym-Lm-Xw, {]Xn-hn[n F∂nh kw_-‘n®v A[n-I- hn-h-c-ti-J-cWw \\SØn Hcp {]k-t‚-js‚ klm-b-tØmsS ¢mkn¬ skan-\\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°q. 18
Blmcw kzbw \\n¿an®v D]t- bmK- n°- p∂ kkyß- ƒ°v Zl\\- h- yh- ÿ- b- n√- . F¶n¬ ]ns∂ Ahb- n¬ \\n∂v Blmcw kzoIc- n°- p∂ \\aps- °¥- n\\m Zl\\- h- yh- ÿ? kb≥kv ¢∫ns‚ kwi-b-s∏-´n-bnse tNmZy-amWv BZn-Xy≥ hmbn-°p-∂-Xv. \\n߃s°¥p adp-]Sn \\¬Im-\\m-Ipw? kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ FgpXq. Blmc- Ø- ne- qs- Sb- mW- t√m Poh¬{]h¿Ø\\- ß- ƒ°mh- i- ya- mb t]mjI- ß- ƒ e`n-°p-∂-Xv. Ah-bpsS [¿a-߃ IqSn Dƒs∏-SpØn ]´nI (2.1) ]q¿Ønbm- °q.
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX t]mj-I-L-SIw [¿aw [m\\yIw t{]m´o≥ sImgp∏v [mXp-°ƒ hn‰m-an-\\p-Iƒ Pew ]´nI 2.1 \\mw Ign-°p∂ Blm-c-]-Zm¿∞-ß-sf√mw AtX-]Sn ico-c-Øn-te°v BKn- cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂ns√∂p \\n߃°-dn-bm-at√m. k¶o¿W-amb Blm-c-]- Zm¿Y-ßsf BKn-c-W-Øn\\v DX-Ip∂ Xc-Øn¬ eLp-L-S-I-ß-fm°n am‰p∂ {]{In-b-bmWv Zl-\\w (Digestion). Nn{Xw (2.1) ]cntim[n°q. Zl-\\-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS `mK-߃ Xncn-®-dn™v AS- bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øq. Blmcw hmbv°- p≈- n¬ Nn{Xw 2.1 a\\p-jys‚ Zl-\\-h-y-hÿ hmbn¬ h®v Blm-c-Øn-s\\-s¥ms° am‰-ß-fmWv kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xv. $ $ Dan-\\o-cp-ambn Ie-cp-∂p. 20
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX Blmcw \\∂mbn Nh-®-c-bv°p-∂-Xn\\v Dfn-∏√v (Incisor) A\\pt- bmP- ya- mb LS\\- bpw {IaoI- c- W- - Blmcw ISn®p apdn-°p-∂- hp-amWv ]√p-Iƒ°p≈-Xv. ]√p-I-fpsS Xn\\p klm-bn-°p-∂p. {Iao-I-c-WsØ kw_-‘n®v Nn{Xo-I- cW- w (2.1) ¬ hn´pt- ]mb `mKß- ƒ Fgp- tImº√v (Canine) Xn-t®¿°q. ............................................. _mly-LS-\\bnepw [¿a-Ønepw ............................................. hyXymkß-fp-s≠-¶nepw B¥-c-L-S- \\b- n¬ hnhn[ ]√pI- ƒ XΩn¬ Ht´sd A{KN¿hW- Iw (Premolar) kam-\\-X-Iƒ D≠v. .................................. ]q¿Øo-I-cn® Nn{Xo-I-cWw (2.1) Dw ..................................... Nn{Xo-I-cWw (2.2) Dw hni-I-e\\w sNbvXv ]√pI- f- psS B¥c- L- S- \\- bnse N¿h-WIw (Molar) .................................. .................................. Nn{XoIcWw 2.1 hnhn-[-Xcw ]√p-Iƒ kam-\\-X, [¿a-Øn-ep≈ hyXym-k-w F∂n-h-sb-∏‰nIpdn∏v Xbm-dm-°q. Z¥- C\\m-a¬ : sh≈\\- nd- w, ISp∏- - Z¥- aI- pSw tad- nb `mKw, \\n¿Pohw. aI- pSw Z¥K- fw Z¥K- fw Z¥a- qew sUss‚≥ : ]√v \\n¿an®- nc- n- Z¥a- qew °p∂ Poh\\- p≈ Ie. tImº√v 21 ]ƒ∏v : ]ƒ∏pImhn-‰n-bn¬ ImWp∂ arZph- mb tbmPI- - Ie, c‡°- pg- e- pI- fpw enw^v hml- nI- fpw \\mUoX- ¥p°fpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. kna‚w : tamWb- nse IpgnI- - fn¬ ]√ns\\ Dd-∏n®p \\n¿Øp∂, Im¬kyw AS- ßnb tbmPI- I- e. N¿h-WIw Nn{XoIcWw 2.2 ]√ns‚ LS\\ Blmc]Zm¿Y-ßsf sNdpIWn-I-I-fm-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]√p-I-fpsS LS\\ F{X- am{Xw tbmPn-®-Xm-sW∂v t_m[yamb-t√m. Cu {]{In-bbn¬ \\m°n-s‚ ]s¶¥m-Wv? `£W]Zm¿Y-ßsf Dan-\\o-cp-ambn Iq´n-°-e¿Øp∂Xpw ]√p- Iƒ°v Nh-®-c-bv°p-∂-Xn-\\p-th≠ klm-bw sNøp-∂Xpw \\m°m-Wv. IqSmsX cpNnbdn-bm≥ \\m°nse kzmZp-ap-Ip-f-߃ k-lm-bn-°p-∂p. `£Ww Nh-®-c- bv°p-∂-Xn\\pw A∂-\\m-f-Øn-te°v IS-Øn-hn-Sp-∂-Xn\\pw apJy-]¶v hln-°p∂ \\m°pw ]√p-Ifpw kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX t_m[y-s∏´-t√m. AXn- \\m-h-iy-amb ioe-ßsf°pdn®v N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°q.
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX Dan-\\ocpw Zl-\\hpw cpNn-tb-dnb `£-W-]-Zm¿Y-ßsf°pdn®v Btem-Nn-°p- tºmƒ Xs∂ \\ΩpsS hmbn¬ sh≈-aq-dpw. Dan-\\o- cns‚ D¬∏m-Z\\w \\S-°p-∂Xv Fhn-sS-bmWv? Zl-\\-{]- Dan\\- o¿ {KŸnI- ƒ {In-b-bn¬ Dan-\\o-cn\\v Fs¥-¶nepw ]¶pt≠m? Dulw Ipdn°- q. aq∂v tPmUn Dan-\\o¿{K-Ÿn-I-fmWv hmbn¬ D≈Xv. Nn{Xw 2.2 Dan-\\o¿{KŸn-Iƒ (Nn{Xw 2.2). Dan\\o¿{K-Ÿn-I-fn¬\\n∂p {khn-°p∂ Dan- \\o-cn¬ kssehdn Aan-te-kv (Salivary amylase), ssetkmsskw (Lysozyme) F∂o cmkm-·n-Ifpw t«jvahpw AS-ßn-bn-cn- °p-∂p. `£-W-sØ hngp-ßm≥ ]mI-Øn-¬ hgp-h-gp-∏p-≈-Xm-°p-∂Xv t«jva- am-Wv. `£-W-Øn-eqsS {]th-in-°p∂ tcmKm-Wp-°sf Hcp ]cn[n-hsc \\in∏n°p-∂-Xn\\v ssetkmsskw klm-bn-°p-∂p. ksse-hdn Aan-tekv A∂-PsØ `mKn-I-ambn amƒt´m-kv F∂ ]©-km-c-bm-°p∂p. Idn-I-sfm∂pw IqSmsX Ipd-®p-t\\cw tNmdv Nh-®-c-bv°p-tºmƒ sNdp-Xmbn a[pcw A\\p-`-h- s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\\p ]n∂nse ck-X{¥w a\\- n-em-bt√m. Blmcw A∂\\- mf- Ø- ne- qsS `mKn-I-ambn Zln® Blmcw {Kk\\n-bn-eqsS A∂-\\m-f-Øn¬ {]th-in-°p- ∂p. {Kk-\\n-bn¬ \\n∂mWv izmk-\\m-fhpw Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv F∂v \\n߃ a\\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠-t√m. \\mw hngp-ßp∂ Blmcw izmk-\\m-f-Øn-te°p IS-°msX A∂-\\m-f-Øn- te°p Xs∂ IrXy-ambn {]th-in-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\\-bmWv? NphsS sImSp-Øn- cn-°p∂ Nn{Xo-I-cWw (2.3) hni-I-e\\w sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°q. \\m°v `£W- sØ AÆm°- ns‚ klmb- tØmsS Aa¿Øn Dcpf- I- f- m°- p∂- p. sNdp-\\m°v {Kk-\\n-bn-te°p Xpd- °p∂ \\mkm-K-lzc sØ Cu `mKw AS- bv°p-∂p. t¢ma]n-[m\\w \\m°ns‚ ]n≥`mKw `£W- sØ t¢ma]- n- izmk-\\mfw apI-fn- [m\\- Ø- n\\v apIf- ne- qsS te°v Db¿∂v Cu A∂-\\m-f-Øn-te°p `mKw sIm≠v ASb- v°- ISØ- nh- nS- p∂- p. s∏-Sp-∂p. Nn{Xo-I-cWw 2.3 Blm-c-w hngp-ßp∂ coXn 22
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX `£Ww Ign-°p-tºmƒ kwkm-cn-°-cpXv F∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xns‚ kmwKXyw a\\ - ne- mb- t- √m. `£Ww Bami- b- Ø- ns- eØ- p∂- Xv A∂\\- mf- `- nØnb- psS Xcw- Kcq-]-Øn-ep≈ Ne\\w sIm≠m-sW∂v \\n߃°-dn-bm-a-t√m. CØcw Ne-\\- amWv s]cn-Ãmƒknkv (Peristalsis). A∂\\- mfw Bami- bw Nn{Xw 2.3 A∂-\\m-f-Ønse s]cn-Ãmƒknkv Blmcw Bami- bØ- n¬ hmbv°p≈n¬ h®v A¬∏w am{Xw Zln® Blm-c-]-Zm¿Y-߃ Bam-i-b- ØnseØn IqSp-X-embn Zln-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Bam-i-b-Ønse Zl-\\-{]{Inb- bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nn{Xw (2.4), Nn{XoIcWw (2.4) F∂n-hbpw hnh-c-Whpw kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\\-Øn¬ hni-I-e\\w sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°q. heb- t- ]i- nI- ƒ Nn{Xw 2.4 Bam-i-b-Ønse s]cn-Ãmƒknkv Bam-i-b-Ønse i‡-amb s]cn-Ãmƒknkv Blm-csØ Ipg-ºp-cq]-Øn- em-°p-∂p. Bam-i-b-Øns‚ Ah-km-\\-`mKØp-≈ {]tXy-I-Xcw hebt]in- Iƒ Blmcw Bam-i-b-Øn¬ th≠{X kabw \\ne-\\n¿Øp-∂p. Bam-i-b- `n-Øn-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ {KŸn-Iƒ {khn-°p∂ Bam-i-b-c-k-Ønse LS- I-߃ Zl-\\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ hln-°p∂ ]¶v NphsS \\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p. 23
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX s]]vkn≥ t{]m´o\\ns\\ `mKn-I-ambn F≥sskw s]]vt‰mWp-I-fm-°p-∂p. Bam-i-b-ckw Kmkv{SnIv sImgp-∏ns\\ `mKn-I-ambn ent∏kv Zln∏- n°- p∂- p. Nn{Xo-I-cWw 2.4 F≥sskw Bam-i-b-ckw ˛ LS-I-ß-fpw [¿ahpw `£-W-Ønse tcmKm-Wp-°sf sslt{Um- \\in-∏n-°p-∂p. Bami-b-Øn¬ t¢m-dnIv \\S°p∂ Zl\\- {- ]{- Inb- °v t- bmP- n® BknUv pH {Ias∏Sp-Øp-∂p. -t«jvaw Zl\\- c- k- ß- f- psS {]h¿Ø\\- ß- f- n¬ \\n∂v Bami- b- `- nØ- nsb kwc£- n- °p∂p. icoc- Ø- nse BknUv ^mIvSdn kqN-I-߃ Bami- b `nØnb- nse HmIvkn‚n°v tImi- $ Zl-\\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ Bam-i-b-`nØnbnse ßf- mWv Bami- b- ckØ- nse {][m\\ LS- t]inIfpsS ]¶v. Ia- mb sslt{Umt- ¢md- nIv BknUv \\n¿an- °p∂- X- v. AXns‚ pH aqeyw H∂p apX¬ $ Bami- b- c- k- Ø- nse F≥sskw A√mØ aq∂ph- sc BWv. temlsØ hsc {Zhn∏- n- LS-I-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø\\w F¥v? °m≥ Ignb- p∂ Cu BknUv F¥ps- Im≠v Bam-ib `nØnsb XI¿°p-∂n√ F∂ $ Bam-i-b-Øn¬ h®v GsX√mw t]mj- tNmZyw {]k‡- a- mW- v. AhnS- sØ Bhc- W IßfmWv Zl\\- Ø- n\\p hnt[b- a- mI- p∂- Xv? Iebnse khn-tij tImi-߃ {khn- Fßs\\? °p∂ t«jvahpw ss_Im¿_t- W‰- pa- mWv Bam-ib `nØnsb kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xv. Blmcw sNdpI- pS- e- n¬- t«jvaw Bam-ibØns‚ Dƒ`m-KsØ Bh-cWw sNbvXv Bkn-Uns\\ sNdp- a\\p-jys‚ sNdp-Ip-S-en\\v A©p apX¬ Bdp °p∂p. £mca- mb ss_Im¿_tW‰v Bkn- ao‰¿ hsc \\ofa- p≠v. DZc- mi- b- Ø- n¬ At\\Iw Uns\\ \\n¿hoc- ya- m°- p∂p. F∂m¬ Nnec- n¬ aS-°p-I-fmbn Np‰nhf-™mWv sNdp-Ip-S¬ Bkn-Uns‚ D¬∏m-Z\\w {Iam-Xo-X-amIpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. X∑qew sNdp-Ip-S-en-eqsS At∏mƒ kwc£- W kwhn[- m\\w ]cmP- b- - Blmcw hfsc kmh-[m\\w am{Xta s∏-Spw. Akn-Un‰n Hcp BtcmKy {]iv\\- \\oßpIbp-≈q. amIpw. AXv \\o≠p\\- n∂- m¬ Bami- b {hWw Blm-c-Øns‚ Zl\\w ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂Xpw (Gastric ulcer) Bbnamdpw. BKn-cWw Bcw`n°p-∂Xpw sNdp-Ip-S-en¬ h®m-Wv. Ipgºpcq]-Øn-emb Blmcw Bam- i-b-Øn¬\\n∂v sNdp-Ip-S-ens‚ BZy-`m-K-amb ]Izm-i-b-Øn-te°v IS-°p-∂p. AhntSbv°v Icƒ, Bt·b{KŸn F∂n-h- D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Zl-\\-ckß-ƒ Hcp s]mXpIpg-en-eqsS FØn-t®-cp∂p. Ah- bnse F≥ssk-ap-Iƒ `mKn-I-ambn Zln® Blm-c-L-S-I-ß-fn¬ {]h¿Øn®v Zl-\\-{]-{In-bbv°v B°w Iq´p-∂p. Nn{XoIcWw (2.5) hni-I-e\\w sNbvXv Zl-\\-{]-{In-bbn¬ Ic-fns‚ ]¶n-s\\-°p-dn®v \\nK-a\\w cq]o-I-cn-°q. 24
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX s]mXp-Ip-g¬ Icƒ (Liver) Icƒ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ ]nØ-ckØn¬ F≥sska- pI- f- n√- . sImgp∏- ns\\ sNdpI- W- nI- I- - fm-°p-Ibpw `£-WsØ £mc-Kp-W-ap-≈-Xm- °p-Ibpw sNøp-∂XneqsS Ah Zl-\\sØ klmb- n°- p∂p. Icƒ D¬∏mZ- n∏- n°- p∂ ]nØ- ckw ]nØmi- b- Ø- n¬ kw`c- n°- p∂p. Bt·b{KŸn (Pancreas) ]nØmi- bw Bt·b- c- kw D¬∏mZ- n∏- n°- p∂- p. ]nØc- k- hpw ]Izmi- bw Bt·b- c- k- hpw Hcp s]mXpI- pg- e- ne- qsS ]Izm- i-bØ- nte°v Xpd°- p∂- p. Nn{XoI-cWw 2.5 Icfpw Bt·b{KŸnbpw ]nØ-c-k-Øn¬ F≥ssk-ap-Iƒ Cs√-¶nepw Zl-\\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ AXns‚ ]s¶-s¥∂v a\\- n-em-b-t√m. Bt·-b-c-k-Ønse hnhn[ F≥ssk-ap-Iƒ t]mj-I-ßsf Zl-\\-Øn\\v hnt[-b-am-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\\-sb∂v ^vtfmNm¿´v \\nco- £n®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°q. A∂Pw Bt·-b-ckw amƒt´mkv t{]m´o≥ ]m≥{Inb- m‰- nIv Aant- ekv s]∏vss‰Uv sImgp∏v ^m‰n BknUv + •nkt- dmƒ {Sn]vkn≥ ]m≥{Inb- m‰- nIv ent∏kv ]Izm-i-b-Øn¬ \\n∂v Blmcw apt∂m´v t]mIp-tºmƒ sNdp-Ip-S-ense {KŸn- Iƒ {khn-°p∂ B{¥ck-hp-ambn Ie-cp-∂p. AXn¬ hyXykvX F≥ssk- ap-Iƒ D≠v. Ahbn¬ NneXv amƒt´m-kn-s\\bpw ]mense [m\\y-I-amb emIvtSmkn-s\\bpw ]©-km-c-tbbpw (kqt{Im-kv) Zln-∏n®v •qt°m-kv, {^IvtSmk- v, KmeI- vtSmkv F∂o eLpL- S- I- ß- f- m°n am‰p∂- p. as‰mcp hn`mKw F≥ssk-ap-Iƒ s]]vss‰-Up-Isf Aant\\m Bkn-UpI-fm°n am‰p-∂p. ]Izm- i-bØn¬ h®pXs∂ sImgp-∏ns‚ Zl\\w GXm≠v ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°-s∏-´-t√m. Aß-s\\-sb-¶n¬ Zl-\\-ØneqsS cq]-s∏-Sp∂ A¥n-tam¬∏-∂-߃ GsXm- s°-bm-Wv? ]´n-I-bn¬ (2.2) tcJ-s∏-SpØq. Zl-\\-Øn\\p hnt[-b-amb A¥n-tam¬∏-∂-߃ t]mj-I-߃ [m\\yIw t{]m´o≥ sImgp∏v ]´nI 2.2 25
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX k¶o¿W-L-S-\\-bp≈ [m\\y-I-hpw t{]m´o\\pw sImgp∏pw BKn-cWw sNø-s∏- Sm≥ Ign-bpw-hn[w eLp-L-S-I-ß-fm°n am‰p∂ {]{In-b-bmWv Zl-\\-sa∂v a\\ - ne- mb- t- √m. Zl\\- Ø- n\\v hnt[b- a- mI- mØ t]mjI- ß- ƒ GsXms- °b- mWv? $ Pew $ $ AXns‚ ImcWw F¥mb- nc- n°- pw? N¿® sNbvXv \\nKa- \\w cq]oI- c- n®v kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ Fgp-Xq. BKnc- W- w- Bcw`- n°- p∂p eLpt- ]mjI LS- I- ß- f- psS BKnc- W- w- Bcw`- n°- p∂- Xv sNdpI- pS- e- n¬ sh®m- Wv. AXn\\v sNdp-Ip-S-ens‚ LS\\ F{X-am{Xw tbmPn®XmWv? X∂n-cn-°p∂ Nn{Xo-I-c-Whpw (2.6) hnh-c-Whpw hni-I-e\\w sNbvXv kb≥kv Ubdn-bn¬ FgpXq. hn√ v c‡-tem-an-I-Iƒ •qt°mkpw {^IvtSm kpw KmeIv-tSmkpw Aant- \\m B- k- nUpw c‡Ø- nt- e°v BKn- cWw sNøs- ∏S- p∂p. emIvSn-b¬ (lacteal) ^m‰n BknUpw •nk- tdmfpw emIvSn-b-ep- Iƒ°p-≈nse enw^n- tebv°v BKn-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p. Nn{XoIcWw 2.6 hn√ - ns‚ ÿm\\hpw LS\\- bpw [a-\\n-bpsS imJ enw^v hmln kncbpsS imJ sNdp-Ip-S-ens‚ `nØn-bn¬ ImWp∂ kq£va-ß-fmb hnc-ep-Iƒ t]mse-bp≈ `mKßfmWv hn√- p-Iƒ (Villi). Ch sNdp-IpS-en-\\-IsØ t]mjI BKn- cWØn\\p≈ {]X-e-hn-kvXo¿Ww At\\Iw a-Sßv h¿[n-∏n-°p∂p. H‰\\nctImi-ßfm¬ Bh-cWw sNø-s∏´ hn√- p-I-fn¬ c‡-tem-an-I-Ifpw enw^v teman-I-I-fmb emIvSn-b-ep-Ifpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. Pe-Øn¬ ebn-°p∂ eLpt- ]mj- I- ß- ƒ c‡Ø- nt- e°v BKnc- Ww sNøs- ∏S- p∂- p. ^m‰n BknUpw •nk-tdmfpw c‡-Øn-te°p BKn-cWw sNø-s∏-SmØXv F¥vsIm-≠m-sW∂v Duln-°m-a-t√m. t]mj-I-L-S-I-ß-fp-sSbpw GI-tZiw 90% Pe-Øn-s‚bpw BKn-cWw \\S-°p-∂Xv hn√- n-eq-sS-bm-Wv. 26
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX kqN-I-߃ $ sNdp-Ip-S-ens‚ \\ofhpw hn√-kns‚ LS-\\-bpw. $ hn√-kp-Ifpw BKn-cWØns‚ {]XehnkvXo¿Whpw. $ c‡Øn-te-°p≈ eLp-L-S-I-ßfpsS BKn-cWw. $ enw^nte-°p≈ eLp-L-S-I-ßfpsS BKn-cWw. eLp-t]m-j-I-LS-I-߃ c‡-Øn-te°pw enw^n-te°pw BKn-cWw sNøp∂Xv c‡-tem-an-I-I-fp-tSbpw emIvSnbepIfp-tSbpw `nØn-bn-eq- sSbmW∂p a\\- n-em-b-t√m. `nØn-bnse tImi-߃°pw CXn¬ ]¶p-≠v. tImiØ- n\\- I- t- Ø°pw ]pdt- Ø°pw X∑m{- XI- ƒ IS∂v t]mIp∂- X- - n\\v ]n∂n¬ Nne {]{Inb-Iƒ D≠v. kqN-Iß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\\-Øn¬ NphsS sImSp-Øn- cn-°p∂ hnh-cWw hni-I-e\\w sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm°n kb≥kv Ub-dn- bn¬ tcJ-s∏S-p-Øq. BKn-c-W-Øn\\v ]n∂n¬ KmV-Xm-{I-a-Øn-\\-\\p-k-cn®pw KmV-Xm-{I-a-Øn-s\\-Xn-tcbpw sNdp-Ip-S-en¬ \\n∂pw eLpL- S- I- ß- f- psS BKnc- W- w \\S°- p∂p. X≥am{- XI- f- psS KmVX- - IqS- nb `mKØp \\n∂v KmVX Ipd™- `- mK- t- Ø°- p≈ Hgp°- mWv knºnƒ Un^yqj- \\- pw s^kne- nt- ‰‰- Uv Un^yqj- \\pw Hmkvtamk- nk- pw. KmVX- m{- Ia- - Øn\\v A\\pI- qe- a- mb- X- n\\- m¬ Cu {]{Inb- I- ƒ°v Du¿Pw Bhi- ya- n√- . knºnƒ Un^yq-j\\pw s^kn-en-t‰-‰Uv Un^yq-j\\pw Nn{Xw (2.5) \\nco£- n°- q. KmVX IqSnb `mKØp \\n∂v Ipd™ `mKt- Ø°p X≥am{- XI- ƒ HgpI- p∂- Xv I≠nt- √. GXp L´wh- sc Cu Hgp°v XpSc- p∂- p- sh∂v a\\ - ne- mb- t- √m. CXmWv knw]nƒ Un^yqj- ≥. KmV-X- KmV-X- KmV-X- Xpeyw IqSpX- ¬ Ip-dhv Nn{Xw 2.5 Un^yq-j≥ emIvSnb- e- nt- e°- p≈ ^m‰n BknU- ns‚bpw •nkt- dmf- ns- ‚bpw BKnc- Ww \\S°- p∂- Xv knºnƒ Un^yqj- \\- ne- qs- Sb- mW- v. A¿[X- mcykvXcw C√ms- Xbpw Un^yqj- ≥ \\S°- mw. K‘w hym]n°- p∂- Xpw ajn sh≈Ø- n¬ ]Sc- p∂- Xpw Un^yqj- \\- mW- v. Nne- X≥am{- XI- f- psS Un^yqj- ≥ \\S°- p∂- Xv tImik- vXc- Ø- nse t{]m´o≥ X≥am{- XI- f- psS klmb- Ø- me- mW- v. CXmWv s^kne- nt- ‰‰- Uv Un^yqj- ≥. 27
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX •qt°mk- v, {^IvtSmk- v, KmeI- vtSmkv, Nne Aant\\m BknU- pI- ƒ F∂nh- - bpsS c‡t- ema- nI- If- nt- e°p≈ BKnc- Ww \\S°- p∂- X- v Cßs- \\b- mWv. Hmkvtam-knkv Hmkvtamk- nk- ne- qs- Sb- mWv Pew BKnc- Ww sNøs- ∏S- p∂- X- v. KmVX IqSnb `mKØp \\n∂v Ipd™ `mKt- Ø°p Hcp A¿[X- mcykvXcØ- ne- qs- Sb- p≈ PeX≥am-{X-I-fpsS {]hm-l-amWv Hmkvtam-kn-kv. CXv KmV-Xm-{I-a-Øn\\v A\\pI- qe- a- ms- W¶- nepw PeX- ≥am{XI- ƒ°v am{Xw _m[I- a- mW- v. BIvSohv {Sm≥kvt]m¿´v Nne kμ¿`ß- f- n¬ KmVXm{IaØ- n\\p hn]c- oX- a- mbpw BKnc- Ww \\S°- m- dp≠- v. KmVX Ipd™ `mKØp \\n∂v IqSnb `mKt- Ø°p Du¿Pw D]t- bm- Kn®v hmlI t{]m´o\\- pI- f- psS klmb- Ø- m¬ X≥am{- XI- ƒ BKnc- Ww sNø- s∏S- p∂- p≠- v. BIvSohv {Sm≥kvt]m¿´v F∂mWv Cu {]{Inb Adnb- s- ∏S- p∂Xv. sNdpI- pS- e- n¬ •qt°mk- v, ehW- ß- ƒ F∂nh- b- psS KmVX Ipdb- pt- ºmƒ BIvSohv {Sm≥kvt]m¿´ne- qs- Sb- mWv BKnc- Ww \\S°- p∂- X- v. X∑qew tImi- Øns‚ Bhi- yØ- n\\- \\- pk- c- n®v A¬∏w t]mepw \\jvSs- ∏S- msX ]ca- mh- [n •qt°mkpw ehW- ß- fpw c‡Ø- nt- e°p IS°- p∂p. kqN-I-߃ $ eLp-t]m-j-I-ß-fpsS BKn-c-W-Øn\\v klm-b-I-amb {]{InbIƒ. $ knºnƒ Un^yq-j≥, s^kn-en-t‰‰Uv Un^yq-j≥, Hmkvtam-knkv Ch XΩn-ep≈ kmay-hy-Xym-k-߃. $ •q-t°m-kns‚ BKnc-Ww. h≥IpS- e- nt- e°pw ]pdt- Ø°pw t]mjI- L- S- I- ß- f- psS BKnc- W- Ø- n\\- pt- ij- a- p≈ Zl\\- mh- injvS߃ h≥Ip- Se- nt- e°p \\oßp∂- p. sNdpI- pS- e- n¬ h®v BKnc- Ww sNøs- ∏´- p- Ig- n™- - tijw Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ `qcn-`mKw eh-W-ßfpw Pehpw h≥Ip-S-en¬ h®v BKn- cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p. a\\p-jys‚ h≥Ip-S-en¬ hkn-°p∂ Nne _mIvSo-cn-b- Iƒ hn‰m-an≥ K t]mep≈ ]Zm¿Y-߃ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. Ch-bpsS BKncWhpw h≥Ip-S-en¬ h®v \\S-°p-∂p. XpS¿∂v aemib-Øn¬ tiJ-cn- °s∏Sp∂ Zl-\\m-h-in-jvS-߃ ae-Zzm-c-Øn-eqsS ]pd-¥≈-s∏-Sp-∂p. A∂-]-Y-Øn¬ \\S-°p∂ \\nc-h[n k¶o¿W-{]-h¿Ø-\\-ß-fneq-sS-bmWv Zl\\{]{Inb ]q¿W-am-Ip-∂-Xv. CXn\\v \\mep apX¬ A©paWn-°q¿hsc kabw Bh-iy-am-Wv. CXn-\\-\\p-kr-X-ambn thWw `£-W-k-abw {Iao-I-cn- t°-≠-Xv. ]mT-Øns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ BZn-Xy≥ Ah-X-cn-∏n® kwi-b-Øns‚ DØcw hy‡-am-bn-t√. \\n߃ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb DØcw ]pXnb 28
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX Adn-hns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ ]cn-jvI-cn-°q. `£-W-Ønse AXn- k-¶o¿WLS-\\-bp≈ t]mj-I-ßsf BKn-c-W-Øn\\v A\\p-tbm-Py-amb cq]- Øn¬ eLp-L-S-I-߃ B°p∂ {]{In-b-bm-Wt√m Zl-\\w. F∂m¬ kky- ߃ eLp-L-S-I-amb •qt°m-kmWv \\n¿an-°p-∂-Xv. •qt°mkv ho≠pw Zl- \\-Øn\\v hnt[-b-am-tI≠ Imcy-an-√-. Btcm-Kyhpw `£-Whpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘sØ°pdn®v cq]-I¬]\\ sNbvX Nph-sc-gpØv NphsS \\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p. Nph-sc-gpØpw Ip´n-bpsS {]Xn-I-c- Whpw hni-I-e\\w sNbvXv kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\\-Øn¬ A[n-I-hn-h-c- ti-J-cWw \\SØn Hcp skan-\\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°q. hnh-c-ti-JcWØn-\\p≈ kqN-I-߃ $ Zl-\\-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£-W-Øn\\v \\mcp-I-fpsS {]m[m\\yw. $ P¶v^pUpw ^mÃv^pUpw krjvSn-°p∂ Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\\-߃. $ cpNn°pw \\nd-Øn\\pw th≠n `£-W-Øn¬ tN¿°p∂ A]-I-S-I-c-amb cmk-h-kvXp-°ƒ. cpNn°v {]m[m\\yw \\¬In `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv Btcm-Ky- Øn\\v lm\\n-I-c-am-Imw. ]®-°-dn-I-fnepw [m\\y-ß-fnepw AS-ßn-bn-´p≈ \\mcp- Iƒ Zl-\\-Øn\\v hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂n-s√-¶nepw BKn-c-W-{]-{In-bsb klm-bn- °p-Ibpw ae-hnk¿P\\w kpK-a-am°n Zl-\\-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS BtcmKyw kwc- £n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. `£-W-Øn-eqsS BtcmKyw F∂-Xm-hWw \\ΩpsS e£yw . ImcWw hy‡n-bpsS BtcmKyw kmaqly ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS ASn- ÿm-\\-in-e-bm-Wv. 29
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX 1. ]nØ-c-k-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ icn-bmb {]kvXm-h-\\-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-I. A) Icfn¬ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. B) cmkm-·n-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. C) Bam-i-b-Øn-te°v {khn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. D) sImgp-∏ns\\ sNdp-I-Wn-I-I-fm-°p-∂p. 2. a\\p-jy-\\nse Zl-\\-{]-{In-b-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]´nI ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°pI. A∂-]-Y-Ønse `mKw cmkm·n {]h¿Ø\\w A∂Pw amƒt´mkv hmbv ....................... ....................... ....................... s]]vkn≥ ....................... sNdpI- pS- ¬ {Sn]vkn≥ ....................... ....................... ]m≥{In-bm-‰nIv ent∏kv 3. BKnc- W{]X- e- Ø- ns‚ hnkvXo¿Ww h¿[n∏- n°- p∂- Xn\\v sNdpI- pS- e- ns‚ LS\\ Fßs\\ klm-bn-°p-∂p-sh∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I. $ e`y-amb hkvXp-°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v ]√ns‚ B¥-c-L-S\\ ImWn-°p∂ amXrI \\n¿an®v ¢mkn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-I. $ A[ym]- nI- b- ps- Sbpw Ub‰- oj- ys- ‚bpw klmb- Ø- m¬ Blmc- Ø- n¬ AS- ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ t]mj-I-L-S-I-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bp-I. Pohn-X-ssi-eo- tcm-K- ß-fp-sSbpw A]-cym-]vXX tcmK-ß-fp-sSbpw e£-W-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏- Sp-I, ]cn-lm-c-am¿K-߃ \\n¿tZ-in-°p-I. $ Hcp Btcm-Ky-k¿th-bn-eqsS Ip´n-I-fn-sebpw apXn¿∂-h-cn-sebpw A\\m- tcm-Ky-I-c-amb `£-W-io-e-߃ Is≠-Øn k¿th dnt∏m¿´v Xbmdm°pI. 30
c‡-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wt√m D≠mhptam...! eLpt]mjI- ß- ƒ tImiß- f- ns- e- Øp∂- X- v. Aßs- \\s- b¶- n¬ tImiØ- n\\- pf- f- n¬ c‡w {]th-in-°p-∂pt≠m...? \\n߃°pw CØ-c-Øn¬ kwi-b-߃ tXm∂m-dnt√! eLpt]mj-I-߃ sNdp-Ip-S-en¬ h®v c‡-Øn-te°pw enw^n-te°pw BKn-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp- ∂n-t√. AXp-sIm≠v km_p-hn-t‚bpw kn\\n-bp-tSbpw kwi-bsØ \\ap- s°m∂p ]cn-jv°cn-®mtem? Fß-s\\-bmWv eLpt]mj-I-߃ c‡-Øn-eq-sSbpw enw^n-eq-sSbpw tImi-ß-fn-se-Øp-∂Xv? c‡-Øns‚ LS\\ ]Zm¿∞-ßsf hln®vsIm≠p t]mIp-∂-Xn\\v A\\ptbmPyamtWm?
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX πmkva (55%) -AtX∏‰n Adn-b-W-sa-¶n¬ c‡-L-S-I-ß-sf-°p-dn®v a\\- n-em- t°-≠-Xp-≠v. c‡-Øn¬ πmkvabpw c‡-tIm-i-ßfpw Ds≠∂v Adn-bm-a-t√m. F∂m¬ H‰-t\\m-´-Øn¬ Ahsb th¿Xn-cn®v ImWm≥ Ign-bn-√. AXn\\p klm-b-I-amb Hcp ]co-£Ww ]cn- N-b-s∏-Smw. c‡- Hcp sSÃvSyq-_nse c‡Øn¬, c‡w I´]- nS- n°- p∂- Xp XSb- p∂ tIm-i-߃ EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid) t]mep≈ cmkh- kXv p tN¿Øv Ipd®v kabw h®m¬ Nn{X-Øn¬ (3.1) ImWn-®n-cn-°p- (45%) ∂Xp t]mse c‡-tIm-i-ß-sfbpw {ZmhI `mK-sØbpw th¿Xn- cn®p ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. Nn{Xw 3.1 c‡-Øn¬ 45% c‡ tImi-ß-fm-Wt√m. Ah GsXm-s°-bm- c‡- L-S-I-߃ sW∂v enÃv sNøq. $ $ $ tπ‰ve-‰p-Iƒ c‡-tIm-i-߃ hnhn[ [¿a-߃ \\n¿hln°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw eLpt]mj-I- ß-fpsS kwh-l-\\-Øn¬ apJy-]¶v hln-°p-∂Xv πmkva-bm-Wv. πmkva c‡Ø- ns‚ 55% hcp∂, Cfwa™ \\nda- p≈ {ZmhI- amWv πmkva. c‡t- Imi- - ߃ πmkva-bn-emWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Zl-\\-^-e-am-bp-≠m-Ip∂ •qt°m-kv, Aant\\m BknUpIƒ, ^m‰n BknU- pI- ƒ, •nkt- dmƒ- XpSß- nb eLpL- S- I- - ߃ tImi-ß-fn-se-Øp-∂Xv πmkva-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. NphsS \\¬Inbncn-°p∂ Nn{Xo-I-cWw (3.1) kqNI- ß- f- psS klm-b-tØmsS hniI- e- \\w sNbvXv πmkva- sb∏‰n Ipdn∏v Xbmd- m°q. πmkva Pew (90˛- - 92% hsc) t{]m´o-\\p-Iƒ (7˛8% hsc) a‰p LSI- ß- ƒ -B¬_p-an≥ t•m_p-en≥ ss^{_n-t\\m-P≥ $ sImgp∏v $ eh-W-߃ c‡kΩ¿Zw tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[-Øn\\p c‡w I´]- nS- n°- p- $ bqdnb {Iao-I-cn- klmbn°p-∂p. ∂-Xn¬ {][m-\\- $ ]©-kmc °p∂p ]¶v hln-°p-∂p. $ tlm¿tam-Wp-Iƒ apX-em-bh Nn{Xo-I-cWw 3.1 πmkvam-L-S-I-߃ 32
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX kqN-I-߃ $ πmkva-bneqsS BKn-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp∂ LS-I-߃. $ πmkvabnse t{]m´o-\\p-Ifpw Ah-bpsS [¿ahpw. c‡w c‡-°p-g-ep-I-fn-eqsS ico-c-Øn-em-I-am\\w k©-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p- sh∂v \\n߃°-dn-bmw. F∂m¬ Cu Hgp-°n\\v c‡-°p-g-ep-Iƒ am{Xw aXn- bm-hptam? lrZbw a\\p-jy-lr-Z-bw Hcp ]ºp-t]mse \\nc-¥cw {]h¿Øn-°p- ∂XpsIm≠mWv c‡w c‡-°p-g-ep-I-fn-eqsS \\m\\m`mK- tØ°pw XpS¿®-bmbn Hgp-Ip-∂-Xv. Huc-km-i-b-Øn¬ amsd- √n\\v ]nd-In-embn c≠p izmk-tIm-i-ß-fpsSbpw \\Sp-hn-¬ CS- Xp-h-i-tØ°v A¬∏w Ncn™mWv lrZbw ÿnXn-sN-øp- ∂Xv (Nn{Xw 3.2). Hcm-fpsS lrZ-b-Øn\\v Abm-fpsS apjvSn- bpsS hep∏amWv D-≠m-hp-I. lrZb- sØ Bhc- Ww sNbvXp Nn{Xw 3.2 lrZ-b-Øns‚ ÿm\\w ImWp∂ Cc´ kvXca- mWv s]cnI- m¿Unbw (Pericardium). Cu kvXcß- ƒ°nSb- n¬ s]cnI- m¿Unb- ¬ {Zhw \\nd™ncn°p∂- p. lrZbw anSn°p- tºmƒ kvXc-߃°n-S-bn-¬ D≠m-tb-°m-hp∂ L¿jWw Ipdbv°p∂-Xn\\v s]cnI- m¿Unb- ¬ {Zhw klmb- n°- p∂- p. NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Nn{Xw (3.3) kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\\-Øn¬ hni- I-e\\w sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°q. alm-[-a\\n Du¿[z alm-knc heXv izmk-tImi [a\\n CSXv izmk-tIm-i-[-a\\n heXv izmk-tImi CSXv izmk-tIm-i- knc-Iƒ kncIƒ CSXv G{Snbw izmkt- Imi [a\\n heXv G{Snbw ss_°k- v]nUv hm¬hv ss{S°-kv]nUv hm¬hv CSXv sh≥{Sn°- nƒ heXv sh≥{Sn°- nƒ At[m-a-lm-knc kqN\\Iƒ : c‡{- ]h- ml- Z- ni izmk-tIm-i- alm[a- \\- o- [a- \\- oh- m¬hv hm¬hv hm¬hpI- ƒ : c‡-Øns‚ Xncn-s®m- gp°v XS-bp-∂p. Nn{Xw 3.3 lrZ-b-Øns‚ s\\Sp-sI-bp≈ tOZw 33
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX kqN-I-߃ $ lrZb Ad-Iƒ. $ lrZ-b-Øn-te°p c‡wsIm≠p-h-cp∂ c‡-°p-g-ep-Ifpw Ah- h∂p tNcp∂ Ad-Ifpw. $ lrZ-b-Øn¬ \\n∂v c‡w sIm≠p-t]m-Ip∂ Ipg-ep-Ifpw Ah ]pd-s∏- Sp∂ Ad-I-fpw. $ hm¬hp-Iƒ ˛ÿm\\w, [¿aw. [a\\n knc c‡w ico-c-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn-se-Øn-°p-∂-Xn¬ lrZ-b- tØm-sSm∏w c‡-°p-g-ep-Iƒ°pw ]¶p-s≠∂v a\\- n-em-bnt√? lrZ-b-Øn¬\\n∂v Bcw-`n-°p∂ hen-b -[-a-\\n-Iƒ sNdp[a\\n-I- temanI Nn{Xw 3.4 c‡-°p-g-ep-Iƒ fmbpw sNdp-[-a-\\n-Iƒ teman-I-I-fmbpw amdp∂p. XpS¿∂v Cu teman-I-Iƒ tN¿∂v sNdp-kn-c-Ifpw sNdpknc-Iƒ tN¿∂v henb knc-Ifpw cq]-s∏´v lrZ-b-Øn¬ Ah-km-\\n-°p-∂p. aq∂p-X-c-Øn-ep-ff c‡- °p-g-ep-I-fm-Wp-f-f-Xv. c‡-°p-g-ep-Isf Ipdn®v IqSp-Xedn-bm≥ NphsS \\¬Inb Nn{XoIcWw (3.2) \\nco-£n-°q. kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\\-Øn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv ]´nI (3.1) ]q¿Øn-bm-°q. knc (Vein) t]io-]m-fn-Iƒ $ c‡sØ lrZ-b-Ønte°p kwh-ln-°p∂p. hm¬hv $ I\\w Ipd™ `nØn. Cemk- vXnI- X- b- p≈ $ D≈n¬ hm¬hp-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp∂p. $ Ipd™ thK-Ønepw a¿Z-Øn-epamWv _mlyI- h- Nw c‡w Hgp-Ip-∂Xv. [a\\n (Artery) $ lrZ-b-Øn¬\\n∂v c‡sØ kwh-ln-°p-∂p. t]io]m-fn-Iƒ $ Cem-kvXn-I-X-bp-f-fXpw I\\w IqSn-b-Xp-amb Cemk- vXnI- X- b- p≈ `nØn. _mlyI- h- Nw $ Db¿∂ thK-Ønepw a¿Z-ØnepamWv c‡w Hgp- Ip-∂-Xv. temanIIƒ (Capillaries) $ [a-\\n-Isfbpw knc-Isfbpw XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p-∂ t\\¿Ø Ipg-ep-Iƒ. $ H‰\\nc tImi-߃sIm≠v \\n¿an-X-amb `n-Øn. $ `nØn-bn¬ AXn-kq£va kpjn-c-߃. $ hm¬hp-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂n√. $ Ipd™ thK-Ønepw a¿Z-Øn-epamWv c‡w Hgp-Ip-∂-Xv. 34 Nn{Xo-I-cWw 3.2 hnhn[ Xcw c‡-°p-g-ep-Iƒ
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX kqN-I-߃ [a-\\n-Iƒ knc-Iƒ teman-I-Iƒ `nØn-bpsS khn-ti-jX hm¬hp-Iƒ c‡-H-gp-°ns‚ khn-ti-j-X- c‡-H-g- p-°ns‚ Zni [a-\\n-I-fn¬ \\n∂v knc-I-fn-te°v ]´nI 3.1 lrZ-b-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø\\w Ir{Xna t]kvta°- ¿ lrZbw \\nc-¥cw Xmfm-fl-I-ambn anSn®v sIm≠n- lrZbkv]μ\\w {Ia-ambn \\S-°-W-sa-¶n¬ cn°- p∂- p. lrZb- Ø- ns‚ kt¶mN- h- nI- mk- ß- ƒ°p t]kvta-°¿ icn-bmbn {]h¿Øn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. XpS°w Ipdn-°p-∂-Xpw kv]μ\\ \\nc°v \\nb-{¥n- As√¶- n¬ lrZb- a- nS- n∏v {Iac- l- nX- a- mI- pw. ]cnl- - °p-∂-Xpw sskt\\m G{Sn-b¬ t\\mUm-Wv. CXv cn®- ns- √¶- n¬ Poh≥ Xs∂ A]I- S- Ø- ne- mI- mw. heXv G{Sn-b-Øns‚ `nØn-bn¬ ÿnXn F∂m¬ C∂v AsXmcp {]iv\\a- √- . ikv{X{- Inb- - sNøp∂p. Hcp sshZypX sk¬ t]mse {]h¿Øn- bne- qsS Ir{Xna t]kvta°- ¿ Xz°n\\- S- nb- n¬ Dd- °p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Cu `mKw t]kvta-°¿ F∂-dn- ∏n-°phm≥ sshZy-im-kv{X-Øn\\v Ign-bpw. b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ir{Xna t]kvta°- d- n\\v c≠v `mKß- f- p≠- v. BZy- Nn{Xo-I-c-Ww (3.3) ]q¿Øn-bm°n kqN\\-I-fpsS tØXv ]ƒkv P\\-td-‰¿. AXn¬ \\n∂p≈ ASn-ÿm-\\-Øn¬ hni-I-e\\w sNbvXv lrZ-b- sshZypX kn·e- pI- sf lrZbØ- ns- eØ- n°- ph- m- Øns‚ {]h¿Ø\\sØ°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm- \\p≈ kwhn[- m\\- a- mWv c≠ma- t- ØX- v. hn¬k¨ °n kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq. t{K‰_v m®v F∂ Atac- n°- ≥ CeI- {v Sn°- ¬ F©n- \\ob- d- mWv Cu D]I- c- W- Ø- ns‚ Is≠Ø- e- n\\p ]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn®- X- v. 1960Iƒ apX¬ Ir{Xna t]kvta°- ¿ ikv{X{- Inb \\S∂- ph- c- p∂- p. almk- nc- I- ƒ izmk-tImi-kn-c-Iƒ c‡w ico-c-Øns‚ c‡w hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ \\n∂v izmkt- Imi- ß- f- n¬ \\n∂v heXv G{Snbw ................ (1) (2) hm¬hv (3) hm¬hv ....... ....... .................... (4) CSXv sh≥{Sn-°nƒ c‡w izmk- c‡w ico-c-Øns‚ hnhn[ tImi- ß- f- nt- e°v `mKß- f- nt- e°v .................... (5) alm[- a- \\n Nn{Xo-I-cWw 3.3 35
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX kqN-\\Iƒ $ ico-c-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mKßfn¬ \\n∂v Im¿_¨ ssUHmIvssk-Uns‚ Afhv IqSnb c‡w heXv G{Sn-b-Øn¬ FØp-∂p. izmk-tIm-i-Øn¬ \\n∂v izmk-tImi knc-Iƒ hgn HmIvkn-Ps‚ Afhv IqSnb c‡w CSXv G{Sn-b-Ønepw FØp∂p. XpS¿∂v G{Sn-b-߃ kt¶m-Nn-°p∂p. G{Sn-b-߃ kt¶m-Nn-°p-tºmƒ c‡w Fhn-tS°v t]mIp-∂p? $ AtX XpS¿∂v sh≥{Sn-°n-fp-Iƒ kt¶m-Nn-°p-∂p. sh≥{Sn°- nf- pI- ƒ kt¶mN- n°- pt- ºmƒ c‡w Xncn®v G{Snb- ß- f- nt- e°v HgpIptam? F¥p-sIm≠v? sh≥{Sn-°n-fp-Iƒ kt¶m-Nn-°p-tºmƒ c‡w GsXms° c‡-°p-g- ep-I-fn-te-°mWv IS-°p-∂-Xv? $ tImi-߃s°√mw HmIvkn-P≥ FØn-°p-∂Xpw Ahn-sS-\\n∂v Im¿_¨ ssUHmIvsskUns\\ kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xpw c‡-am-sW-∂-dn- bmat√m. izmk-tIm-i-Øn¬ h®v HmIvkn-P≥ kzoI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Im¿_¨ ssUHmIvsskUv ]pd-¥-≈-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. F¶n¬ almk- nc- I- f- nse c‡Ø- n¬ Im¿_¨ ssUHmIvsskU- ns‚ Afhpw izmk-tImi knc-I-fnse c‡-Øn¬ HmIvkn-Ps‚ Afhpw IqSm≥ Imc-W-sa¥v? Zzn]-cy-b\\w lrZ-b-Øn¬ \\n∂v ico-c-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn-te°pw AhnsS \\n∂v Xncn®v lrZ-b-Øn-te°pw c‡w Hgp-Ip-tºmƒ c≠v XhW lrZb Ad-I-fn- eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂p≠t√m. AXp-sIm≠v a\\p-jy-cn¬ Zzn]-cy-b-\\-amWv \\S- °p∂-Xv F∂v ]d-bmw. Zzn]-cy-b-\\-Øn¬ knÃ-anIv ]cy-b-\\hpw ]ƒa-Wdn ]cy-b-\\hpw Dƒs∏´n-cn-°p-∂p. knÃ-anIv ]cy-b-\\w CSXv sh≥{Sn-°n-fn¬ XpSßn heXv G{Sn-b-Øn¬ Ah-km-\\n-°p∂p. heXv sh≥{Sn°nfn¬ XpSßn CSXv G{Sn-b-Øn¬ Ah-km-\\n-°p∂-XmWv ]ƒa-Wdn ]cy-b-\\w. Zzn]-cy-b-\\- Øn¬ Dƒs∏´nc- n°- p∂ lrZb AdI- s- fbpw c‡°- pg- e- pI- s- fbpw Iq´nt- ®¿Øv NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ^vtfmNm¿´v ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°q. knÃa- nIv ]cyb\\w icoc- Ø- ns‚ CSXv hnhn[ `mKß- ƒ sh≥{Sn°- nƒ heXv izmk-tImi߃ sh≥{Sn°- nƒ ]ƒaW- dn ]cyb- \\w 36
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX eLpt- ]mj- I- ß- ƒ lrZb- Ø- nt- e°v sNdp-Ip-S-en¬ h®v c‡-Øn-te°v BKn-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp∂ eLp-t]m-j-I- ߃ Fß-s\\-bmWv lrZ-b-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cp-∂Xv? NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn- °p∂ hnh-c-Whpw ^vtfmNm¿´pw kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\\-Øn¬ hni-I- e\\w sNbvXv \\nK-a\\w cq]o-I-cn-°q. t]m¿´¬ c‡-]-cy-b\\w Nne knc-Iƒ lrZ-b-Øn-se-ØmsX Ah-b-h-ß-fn¬ \\n∂v Ah-b-h-ß-fn- te°v c‡w hln-°p-∂p. CØcw knc-I-fmWv t]m¿´¬ knc-Iƒ. Ah Hcp Ah-b-h-Øn¬ \\n∂v teman-I-I-fmbn Bcw-`n®v as‰mcp Ah-b-h-Øn¬ teman- I-I-fmbn Ah-km-\\n-°p-∂p. t]m¿´¬ knc-Iƒ Dƒs∏´ c‡]cy-b-\\-amWv t]m¿´¬ hyhÿ. DZm: sl∏m-‰nIv t]m¿´¬ hyh-ÿ. IpSe- nse temanI- I- ƒ sl∏m‰- nIv t]m¿´¬ knc Icf- nse temanI- I- ƒ lrZbw alm-knc sl∏m‰- nIv knc Icƒ kqN-I-߃ $ t]m¿´¬ knc-I-fpsS {]tXy-IX. $ sNdp-Ip-S-en¬ \\n∂v eLp-t]m-j-I-߃ lrZ-b-Øn-se-Øp∂ am¿Kw. $ sl∏m-‰nIv t]m¿´¬ hyh-ÿ. eLp-t]m-j-I-߃ Ic-fn-se-Øp-∂-sX-¥n-\\m-sW∂v Nn¥n-®n-´pt≠m? D]m- ]-Nb {]h¿Ø-\\-ß-fpsS tI{μ-amWv Icƒ. eLp-t]m-j-I-L-S-I-߃°v Ic- fn¬ h®v ]e-am-‰-ßfpw kw`-hn-°p-∂p. •qt°m-kns\\ ss•t°m-P-\\m°n kw`- cn-°p-I, ^m‰n Bkn-Un¬ \\n∂v Du¿Pw kzX-{¥-am-°p-I, sImf-kvt{Sm-fns‚ \\n¿amWw XpS-ßn-bh CØcw am‰-ß-fm-Wv. -ico`mK-ß-fn-se√mw eLp-t]m- j-I-߃ FØn-°p-∂-Xn¬ lrZ-b-Øns‚ ]¶v hy‡-am-b-t√m. {Ia-amb lrZ- b-kv]-μ-\\-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv lrZ-b-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø\\w km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv. lrZ-b-kv]-μ\\w, ]ƒkv, c‡-k-Ω¿Zw Hcp knÃfnbpw Ub-Ãfnbpw tN¿∂-XmWv lrZ-b-kv]-μ-\\w. CXn\\v GI-tZiw 0.8 sk°‚ v th≠n-hcpw. lrZ-b-A-d-I-fpsS kt¶m-N-amWv knÃfn (Systole). Cu L´-Øn¬ c‡w G{Sn-b- ß-fn¬\\n∂p sh≥{Sn-°n-fp-I-fn-te°pw Ahn-sS\\n∂v ]pd- tØ°pw {]h-ln-°p-∂p. XpS¿∂v G{Sn-b-߃s°m∏w sh≥{Sn- \\nß-fpsS ssIØ-≠-bn¬ °n-fp-Ifpw hn{im-¥m-h-ÿ-bn-se-Øp-∂p. Cu hn{im-¥m-h-ÿ- ]ƒkv A\\p`-h-s∏-Sp∂ bmWv Ub-tÃmfn (Diastole). Cu L´-Øn¬ lrZb Ad-I-fn¬ ÿm\\w Xncn®- d- nb- pI- . c‡w \\nd-bp-∂p. Nn{Xo-I-cWw 3.4 ]ƒkv Adnbmw 37
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX Nn{Xw 3.5 lrZbw Hcp an\\n-‰n¬ icm-icn 72 XhW F∂ {Ia-Øn¬ kv^nKvtamamt\\m-ao-‰¿ kv]μn°- p∂- p. lrZb- Ø- ns‚ kt¶mNhnImk- ß- f- psS ^ea- mbp- ≠m-Ip∂ Xcw-K-Ne\\w [a-\\n-`n-Øn-bn¬ DS-\\ofw A\\p-`-h-s∏- Nn{Xw 3.6 Sp-∂-XmWv ]ƒkv (Pulse). ]ƒkns‚ \\nc°v lrZ-b-an-Sn-∏ns‚ UnPn-‰¬ _n.]n. A∏m-c-‰kv \\nc-°n\\p Xpey-am-bn-cn-°pw. Nn{Xo-I-c-W-Ønse (3.4) coXn D]- tbm-Kn®v ]ƒkns‚ FÆw Hcp an\\n‰n¬ F{X-sb∂v ]cn-tim- [n®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq. GXm\\pw an\\n-‰p-Iƒ hymbmaw sNbvX- Xn\\p tijw ho≠pw ]ƒkv FSp-°pI. F¥v hyXymkw ImWp∂p? F¥mWv ImcWw? ssIØ-≠-bne-√msX at‰- sXms° ico-c-`m-K-ß-fn¬ \\ap°v ]ƒkv A\\p-`-h-s∏Spw? $s\\‰n-bpsS Ccp-h-i-߃ $ A[ym-]n-I-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS \\nß-fp-sSbpw kl-]m-Tn-I- fp-sSbpw ]ƒkv \\nc°v Is≠Øn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. ]ƒkv\\nc°pw, sÃXkvtIm∏ns‚ klm-b-tØmsS lrZ-b- kv]μ\\ \\nc°pw Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv _‘w Xncn-®-dn-bp-I. Hmtcm Xh-Wbpw lrZbw kt¶m-Nn-°p-tºmƒ GI-tZiw 70 an√nen‰¿ c‡w [a-\\n-I-fn-te°v ]ºv sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Cu A[nIc‡w [a-\\n-I-fn¬ G¬∏n- °p∂ a¿Z-amWv knÃ-fnIv {]j¿ (Systolic pressure). CXv 120mm Hg BWv. lrZbw ]q¿W-ambn hnI-kn-°p-tºmƒ A{X- Xs∂ c‡w lrZ-b-Øn-te°p {]thi- n°- p∂- pa- p≠- v. Cu Ahk- c- Ø- n¬ [a\\- nI- f- n¬ A\\p`- h- s- ∏S- p∂ Ipd™ a¿Z-amWv Ub-Ã-fnIv {]j¿ (Diastolic pressure). CXv 80 mm Hg BWv. Cu c≠v a¿Z-ßfpw tN¿ØmWv Hcm-fpsS c‡-k-Ω¿Zw {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂-Xv. kv^nKvtamamt\\m-ao-‰¿ (Sphygmomanometer) (Nn{Xw 3.5) F∂ D]-I-cWw c‡-k-Ω¿Zw Af-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. UnPn-‰¬ _n.]n. A∏m-c-‰kpw (Nn{Xw 3.6) C∂v e`y-am-Wv. ASp-Øp≈ et_m-d-´-dntbm Btcm-Ky-tI-{μtam kμ¿in®v hnZ-Kv[-cpsS klm-b-tØmsS Cu c≠v D]-I-c-W-ßfpw D]-tbm- Kn®v c‡-k-Ω¿Zw Af-°p∂ coXn ]cn-io-en-°p-I. c‡-k-Ω¿Z-Ønse hyXn-bm\\w A`n-e-j-Wo-b-amb c‡-k-Ω¿Z-\\n-c°v 120/80 mm Hg BsW∂v a\\- n-em-b- t√m. c‡-k-Ω¿Zw Cu \\nc-°n¬ \\n∂v IqSp∂ Ah-ÿ-bmb AXnc‡-k- Ω¿Zw (Hypertension) Hcp tcmKm-h-ÿ-bm-Wv. ]e Imc-W-߃ sIm≠v CXp kw`h- n°- mw. D∏ns- ‚bpw sImgp∏- ns- ‚bpw Aant- Xm]- t- bmK- w, ]pIh- e- n, hymbm- a-Øns‚ Ipdhv XpS-ßnb A\\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-amb ioe-ß-fmWv ]e-t∏mgpw AXn- c-‡-k-Ω¿ZØn\\v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂-Xv. \\n›nX \\nc-°n¬ \\n∂v c‡-k-Ω¿Zw Ipd-bp∂ Ah-ÿ-bmWv sslt∏m sS≥j≥. sslt∏m sS≥j\\pw ssl∏¿ 38
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX sS≥j\\pw ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏´ns√-¶n¬ AXv ]£m-Lm-X-Øn-tet°m (Stroke) lrZ-bm-Lm-X-Øn-tet°m (Heart attack) \\bn-t®°mw. c‡Ø- n¬\\n∂v tImiØ- nt- e°v c‡w ico-c-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn-se-Øp-∂-sX-ßs\\sb∂p a\\- n-em-b- t√m. Aß-s\\-sb-¶n¬ c‡-Øn¬\\n∂v t]mj-I-߃ Fß-s\\- Bbn-cn°pw tImi-߃°p e`yamIp∂-Xv? NphsS \\¬In-b Nn{Xo-I-c-Whpw (3.5) hnh-c-Whpw kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn- ÿm-\\-Øn¬ hni-I-e\\w sNbvXv \\nK-a\\߃ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ FgpXq. temanIIƒ enw^vhmln tImi߃ [a\\n c‡w knc tImim¥cÿ- ew Snjyq{- Zhw enw^v enw^v temanI Snjyq{Zhw tImiw Snjyq{Zhw tImim¥- cÿeØn¬ •qt°mkv, O2 amen\\- yw, CO2 c‡w teman-I- AcpW- - temanI- I- fnt- e°v Snjyq{Zhw c‡- mW- p- XncnsI {]th-in-°p∂p. Nn{XoIcWw 3.5 Snjyq-{Z-h-Øns‚ cq]o-I-c-Whpw Xncn-s®m-gp°pw 39
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX teman-I-I-fn-eqsS c‡w {]hln-°p-tºmƒ temanIm-`nØn-bnse sNdpkpjn- c-ß-fn-eqsS c‡Ønse {Zmh-I-`mKw tImim-¥-c-ÿ-e-tØ°v Dudn-bn-d- ßp∂p. tImim-¥-c-ÿ-eØv cq]-s∏-Sp∂ Cu {Zmh-I-amWv Snjyq{Zhw (Tissue fluid). CXn¬ Acp-W-c-‡m-Wp-°fpw henb t{]m´o≥ -X-∑m-{X-Ifpw tπ‰v- se‰pIfpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. Snjyq-{Z-hhpw tImi-ßfpw XΩn-emWv ]Zm¿Y- hn-\\n-abw \\S-°p-∂-Xv. Snjyq- icoc- Ø- nse {]Xnt- cm[- ∏- pc {Zhw c‡-Øn-te°pw enw^v teman-I-Iƒ°p-≈n-te°pw GIt- Ziw 4 C©v hep∏w, ]¿∏nƒ \\ndw, 200 {Kmtamfw Xq°w. BKn-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p. DZ-cm-i-b-Øns‚ apIƒ`m-KØv Bam-i-b-Øns‚ CSXv `mK- enw^v teman-I-Iƒ°p-≈nep≈ ØmWv ÿm\\w. {]Xn-tcm[ hyh-ÿ-bnse G‰hpw henb Snjyq-{Z-h-amWv enw^v. Ahb- h- w. t]cv kvπo≥. πol F∂v aeb- mf- w. hnhn[ [¿a- ߃ \\n¿h-ln-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw {]Xn-tcm[ {]h¿Ø-\\-amWv kqN-I-߃ apJyw. kvπo\\n¬ 2 Xcw IeI- ƒ ASß- nb- nc- n°- p∂- p. Nph∂ ]ƒ∏v Ie-Iƒ c‡-Ønse {]mb-ta-dn-bXpw tISm-b-Xp-amb $ Snjyq-{Zhw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂- Acp-W-c-‡m-Wp-°sf Acn®v \\o°w sNøp-∂p. Ah-bnse hn[w. ]p\\c- p]- t- bmK- n°- m≥ Ignb- p∂ Ccpºv t]mep≈ LSI- ß- sf kwc£- n°- p∂- p. shfpØ ]ƒ∏v tImiß- ƒ {]Xnt- cm[ kwhn- $ tImi-ßfpw Snjyq- [m-\\-Ønse {][m-\\-L-S-I-ß-fmb T tIm-ißsfbpw B {Zhhpw XΩn-ep-ff tImiß-sfbpw kw`cn-°p-∂p. ico-c-Øn-\\p-≈n¬ IS-°p∂ ]Zm¿∞-hn-\\n-abw. tcmK-Im-cn-I-fmb _mIvSo-cn-b-Ifpw sshd-kp-Ifpw GsX∂v Xncn®- d- n™v Ahsb \\in∏- n°- p∂- X- n\\- mh- i- ya- mb enwt^ms- sk- $ tImim-¥-c-ÿ-eØv ‰p-Iƒ \\n¿an-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv kvπo\\nepw enw^v t\\mUp-I-fnepw Snjyq-{Z-h-Øns‚ Afhv h®m-Wv. Npcp-°-Øn¬ ico-c-Ønse Bbp-[-∏p-ctbm ]´m-f {Iao-I-cn-°p∂ hn[w. Iymtºm BWv Cu sNdnb Ahb- hw F∂v ]db- mw. $ enw^vteman-I-bnse enw^v Snjyq-{Zhw. hmlnI- ƒ ]mT-Øns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ kn\\n D∂-bn® kwi-b-Øn\\v DØ-c-am-b- t√m. c‡-tØm-sSm∏w enw^pw ]Zm¿∞-ß-fpsS kwh-l-\\-Øn¬ kπv o≥ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂p. NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ^vtfmNm¿´v \\nco-£n®v sNdp-Ip-S-en¬ h®v enw^n-te°v BKn-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp∂ ^m‰n BknUpw •nk-tdmfpw tImi-ß-fn¬ FØp-∂-sX-ß-s\\-sb∂v hnh- cWw Xbm-dm°n kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq. ^m‰n BknUpw •nk-tdmfpw emIvSn-b-ep-Iƒ (enw^v) enw^v enw^v henb enw^v hmln-Iƒ sNdnb enw^v hmln-Iƒ t\\mUp- hmln- Iƒ Iƒ alm-knc (c‡w) lrZbw Nn{Xw 3.7 enw^v hyhÿ c‡-]-cy-b\\ hyhÿbv°v kam-¥-c-ambn enw^ns‚ Hgp°pw \\S- °p-∂p-s≠∂v a\\- n-em-b-t√m. c‡-Øn¬ \\n∂v cq]-s∏-Sp∂ enw^v 40 enw^vhmln-I-fn-eqsS IS∂v lrZ-b-Øn-\\-SpØv h®v c‡-Øn-te°v Xs∂ Xncn-s®-Øp-∂p. enw^n-t\\m-sSm∏w enw^v teman-I-Ifpw enw^v hmln-Ifpw enw^vt\\m-Up-Ifpw kvπo\\pw tNcp-∂-XmWv
enw^v hyh-ÿ (Nn{Xw 3.7). Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX kvπo\\pw enw^v t\\mUp-Ifpw tcmKm-Wp-°sf {]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂- lrZbw am‰nh- b- v°epw Ir{Xna- l- rZ- b- hpw Xn¬ {][m\\ ]¶p-h-ln-°p-∂p. Ahb- h- Z- m\\- hpw Ahb- hw am‰nh- b- v°epw Cs∂mcp lrZ-bm-tcmKyw hm¿Øb- √- . _n.kn. 200 ¬ Xs∂ C¥yb- n¬ Xz°ns‚ Poh¬{][m\\w `mK-߃ am‰n-h-®-Xn\\v tcJ-Iƒ D≠v. 1946 ¬ \\mb- bn¬ lrZbw am‰nh- ®- ps- Im≠v lrZbw am‰nh- b- v°¬ Btcm-Ky-ap≈ lrZbw Btcm-Ky-I- ikv{X-{In-bbv°p XpS°w Ipdn-®-Xv djy≥ tUmIvS- c-amb Pohn-X-Øn\\v Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\\m- dmb sUant- °mh- mWv. a\\pj- y\\- n¬ Cu ikv{X{- Inb hm-Ø-Xm-Wv. temIlrZ-b-Zn-\\- BZya- mbn hnPb- n°- p∂Xv 1967 ¬ Z£nW- m{^n°- b- n¬ Øn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°nb IrkvXy≥ s_¿WmU- ns‚ t\\XrX- zØ- ne- mWv. tcmKn Nph¿]-{Xn-I-bpsS `mK-ß-fmWv 18 Znhkw am{Xta Pohn-®n-cp-∂p-≈q-sh-¶nepw Nph-sS. Ah hni-I-e\\w sNbvXv AsXmcp henb XpS°- a- mb- nc- p∂- p. 1994 ¬ \\yqU¬ln- lrZ-bm-tcmKyw \\ne-\\n¿Øm-\\m-h- bn¬ Bƒ C¥ym saUn°- ¬ C≥Ãn‰- yq´- n¬ h®v tUm. iy-amb \\n¿tZ-i-߃ cq]-s∏- ]n. thWpt- Km]- mepw kwLhpw C¥yb- nepw hnPbw SpØpI. Bh¿Øn®- p. lrZbw am‰nh- b- v°¬ C∂p temIh- ym- ]-I-am-Wv. AXpw IS∂v 1982 ¬ tdm_¿´v Pm¿hn°ns‚bpw tPmlm≥ tIm^ns‚bpw t\\Xr-Xz- Øn¬ tcmK_- m[- nX lrZb- Ø- n\\p ]Icw Ir{Xna- l- r- Zbw h®p ]nSn∏- n®v sshZyi- mk- v{Xt- aJ- e- b- n¬ as‰mcp \\mgn-I-°-√n-´p. lrZ-b-]q¿hw.... hymbmaw bph-X-e-ap-dbv°v A\\yw sk]vXw-_¿ 29 IqSpw. Dƒ`nØn ]cp-]-cp-Ø-Xm-Ipw. temI-lr-Z-b-Zn\\w X≥aqew AcpW c‡m-Wp-°ƒ H´n-∏n- Sn®v c‡-°-´-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Spw. lrZ-b-Øn- `£-W-Øn¬ sImgp-∏ns‚ Afhv IqSn- te°v c‡w FØn-°p∂ Ipg-ep-I-fn¬ bm¬ [a-\\o-`n-Øn-I-fn¬ sImgp∏v c‡-°´ D≠m-Ip-∂Xv lrZ-bm- ASn™p IqSp-∂ Ah-ÿ-bmWv AXn- LmXØn\\p Imc-W-am-Ipw...... tdmkv¢otdm-knkv (Atherosclerosis). X≥aqew [a\\- nb- psS Dƒhymkw Ipdb- pw. A[n-I-am-bm¬ IqSmsX c‡-°p-g-ep-I-fpsS Cem-kvXn- sImgp∏pw hn√≥ IX \\jvS-s∏-Spw. s]m´m-\\p≈ km[yX lrt{Zm-Kn-Iƒ s]cp-Ip∂p 41
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX kwhl- \\w kkyß- f- n¬ P¥p°- f- ns- e t- ]mse kkyß- f- nepw ]Zm¿Yß- ƒ kwh-l\\w sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v. kky-ß-fnse kwh-l-\\-I-e-I-sf-°p-dn®v \\n߃ ]Tn-®n-´p-≠t√m. kky-kw- h-l-\\-I-e-I-sfbpw Ah-bpsS [¿a-sØbpw Ipdn-®p≈ ]´-nI (3.2) ]q¿Ønbm°q. kwh-l-\\-Ie [¿aw sskew ]´nI 3.2 kky-ß-fnse kwh-l-\\-I-e-Ifpw [¿ahpw kwh-l\\w sske-Øn-eqsS sske-Øn-eqsS kkyßfnse kwh-l-\\-I- Fßs- \\bm Cu ac- eIƒ thcp-ap-X¬ Ce-Iƒ hsc Øns‚ apIf- ‰- w hsc ]ck- v]c- _- ‘- nX- a- mbn hym]n®p Pew FØnt- ®cp∂- X- v? InS-°p∂p. thcp-Iƒ aÆn¬ \\n∂v hen-s®-Sp-°p-∂ Pehpw ehW- ß- fpw kwhl- \\- I- e- b- mb sske-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv Ce-I-fn- seØp-∂Xv F∂p \\n߃°-dn- bmat√m. sske-Øn-se arX-tIm-i-ß- fmb {S°o-Up-I-fn-eq-sSbpw shk-ep-I-fn-eq-sS-bp-amWv Pe- Øns‚ kwh-l\\w \\S-°p∂-Xv. shk-ep-Iƒ°v {S°o-Up-Isf At]-£n®v hymkw IqSp-X-em- Wv. shk-ep-Iƒ H∂n\\p apI- fn¬ H∂mbn {Iao-I-cn-®n-cn- °p∂p. Ch-bv°nS-bnse tImi- `nØn \\in®p t]mb-Xn-\\m¬ \\o≠-ss]-∏p-Iƒ t]msebmWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv (Nn{Xw 3.8). A_nbpsS kwibw {i≤n- ®nt√. 42
sskew Ipg-ep-I-fn-eqsS kzm`m-hn-I-ambn hf-sc- Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX b-[nIw Db-c-Øn¬ Pew FØn-t®-cp-∂Xv Fß- s\\-bm-bn-cn-°pw? {S°oU- v sskew H´\\-h[n {]{In-b-I-fpsS Iq´mb {]h¿Ø\\w aqe- shk¬ amWv Pew kpK-a-ambn Ce-I-fnepw a‰v `mK-ß- Nn{Xw 3.8 sskew fnepw FØn-t®-cp-∂Xv. Cu {]Xn-`m-k-߃ GsX- √m-sa∂v \\ap-s°m∂p ]cn-tim-[n-®p-t\\m-°mw. Nn{Xw 3.9 kky-tkz-Z\\w (Transpiration), aqe-a¿Zw (Root pressure), sImln-j≥ (Cohesion), AUvln-j≥ 43 (Adhesion) F∂nh Ch-bn¬ apJyam-Wv. efnX- a- mb ]co£- W- Ø- ne- qsS kkyt- kzZ- \\w \\nco- £n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. N´n-bn¬ hf-cp∂ Ce-tbm-Sp - Iq-Sn-bXpw Ce-Iƒ \\o°n-°-f-™-Xp-amb c≠p sNSn-Iƒ Nn{X-Øn¬ (3.9) ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xp- t]mse kpXm-cy-amb πmÃnIv Ih-dp-Iƒ sIm≠v s]mXn-bp-I. Iptd- k-a-b-Øn-\\p-tijw c≠p IhdpIfpw ]cn- tim-[n-°pI. F¥v hyXym-k-amWv \\n߃°v \\nco-£n-°m≥ km[n-®Xv? .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. P- ew CeI- f- n¬\\n∂mWv ]pdØ- ph- ∂- Xv F∂v A\\p- am-\\n-°mw. Ce-I-fn¬ \\n∂v _mjv]o-I-cWw aqew Pew ]pd¥- ≈- p∂p. Cu {]{Inb- sb kkytkzZ\\w F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. thcv hen-s®-Sp-°p∂ Pew Ce-I-fn-se-Øn- °p∂Xn¬ kky-tkz-Z\\{]{Inb F¥p ]¶mWp hln-°p-∂-Xv? Nn{Xo-I-c-Whpw (3.6) hnh-c-Whpw hni-I-e\\w sNbvXv thcn¬\\n∂v Ce-I-fn-te°v Pew Fßs\\ FØnt®cp-∂p-sh∂v kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ Fgp-Xq.
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX Hmkvtamk- nkv hgn Pew CeI- f- nse tImiß- f- nt- e°- v. sskew Ipg¬ kk -ytk -z -Z -\\Ø -neqsS P -ew -\\jv -Ss -∏S -ptºmƒ Bkyc- {‘w- sske-Øn-eqsS Pew Db-cp-∂p. Cu Db¿®bv°v P -e -X∑ -m{ -X -IfpsS sIml -nj\\pw kkyt- kzZ- \\w hgn AUvln-j\\pw klm-bn-°p-∂p. sskew Ipg¬ Pew ]pdt- Ø°v. PeX- ∑- m{- XI- ƒ aÆnse Pemwiw -th-cnse tImi-߃ aqet- emaw sskew Ipg¬ Hmkvtam-knkv aqew Nn{Xo-I-cWw 3.6 Pew tImiß- f- nt- e°v. kky-ß-fn¬ Pe-Øns‚ {]hmlw kky-tkz-Z\\w hgn Ce-I-fnse tImim¥cÿe-ß-fn¬\\n∂v Bky-c-{‘- ßfn-eqsS Pew \\jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p. CXv Ce-I-fnse tImi-ß-fnse a¿Zw Ipd- bv°pw. Cu a¿Z-hy-Xymkw ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\\mbn {]kvXpX tImi-ß-fn- te°v kao-]-tIm-i-ß-fn¬\\n∂p Hmkvtam-kn-kn-eqsS Pew {]th-in-°p-∂p. Cßs\\ kky-tkz-Z\\w hgn-bp-≠m-Ip∂ henhv (Transpiration pull) hfsc Dbc-Øn-te°v Pew FØm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p. CXp IqSmsX Pe-X-∑m-{X- Iƒ°p ]c-kv]chpw Ah k©-cn-°p∂ Ipg-ep-I-fpsS `nØn-bp-ambpw H´n- t®¿∂p \\n¬°m-\\p≈ Ignhpap-≠v. Cu {]Xn-`m-k-߃ bYm-{Iaw sImln- j≥ F∂pw AUvlnj≥ F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ch-tbm-sSm∏w Pew BKn-cWw sNøp-∂-Xp-hgn thcnse tImi-ß-fn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ aqea¿Zhpw Pe-Øns‚ kpK-a-amb Db¿®bv°v klm-b-I-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. 44
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX kwh-l\\w ^vtfmbØneqsS ^vtfmb-Ønse apJy `mK-amb kohv \\mfn- kohv \\mfn (Sieve tube) I-fn-eqsS kqt{Imkv cq]-Øn- klt- Imiw emWv Blmc kwh-l\\w \\S-°p-∂-Xv. sskew shk-ep-Iƒ t]mse kohv \\mfn- Nn{Xw 3.10 ^vtfmbw Ifpw H∂n\\p apI-fn¬ H∂mbn {Iao-I-cn- ®n-´p≈ Ipg-ep-Iƒ t]mse ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p (Nn{Xw 3.10). F∂m¬ sskew shk-ep-I- fn¬\\n∂p hyXy-kvX-ambn Ch-bpsS Ipdp- sI-bp≈ `nØn-bn¬ kpjn-c-߃ ImW- s∏S- p∂- p. Cu kpjnc- ß- f- ne- qsS kohv \\mfn- I-fnse tImi-{Zhyw ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏- ´ncn°p-∂Xn\\m¬ Blm-c- X-∑m-{X-Iƒ°v kohv \\mfn-I-fn-eqsS k©-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp- ∂p. kohv \\mfn-I-tfmSp tN¿∂p kl-tIm- i-߃ (Companion cells) ImW-s∏-Sp∂p. Chbpw kohv \\mfnIfn-eq-sS-bp≈ Blm- c-kw-h-l-\\-Øn\\v klm-bn-°p-∂p. a\\p-jy-\\nse ]Zm¿Y kwh-l-\\hpw kky-ß-fnse ]Zm¿Y kwh-l-\\hpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw t_m[y-am-b-t√m. tImi-ß-fn¬ \\S-°p∂ an° Poh¬ {]h¿Ø-\\-ßfpw P¥p-°-fnepw kky-ß-fnepw kam-\\-am-Wv. AXn-sem∂mWv Du¿tPm¬∏m-Z-\\w. Du¿tPm¬∏m-Z-\\-Øn\\v eLp-t]m-j-I-߃ am{Xw tImi- ß-fn-se-Øn-bm¬ aXntbm? Cu tNmZy-amWv ASpØ A[ym-b-Øn¬ hni-I- e\\w sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. 1. NphsS \\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ \\n∂v c‡-Øn-te°v BKn-cWw sNø- s∏-Sp∂ eLp-t]m-j-I-߃ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-I. A) ^m‰n BknUv B) Aant\\m BknUv C) {^Ivt‰mkv D) •nk-tdmƒ E) •qt°mkv 45
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX 2. izmk-tIm-iw, lrZ-bw, ico-c-`m-K-߃ F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘s∏´ Nn{XoI-cWw \\nco- £n-°p-I. izmk-tImiw lrZbw heXv CSXv G{Snbw G{Snbw heXv CSXv sh≥{Sn°nƒ sh≥{Sn-°nƒ i-co-c-`m-K-߃ Nn{XoIcWw ]I¿Øn hc®v izmk-tIm-i-sØbpw icoc`mK-ßsfbpw lrZ-b-hp-ambn hc- Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v tbmPn-∏n-°p-I. c‡-Øns‚ k©mc-]m-Xbpw ImWn-°-Ww. 3. kky-Øn-¬ ]Zm¿Y-ß-fpsS kwh-l\\w ImWn-°p∂ B Nn{Xw \\nco£n°q. a. A, B F∂nh kqNn-∏n°p∂ kwh-l-\\-I-e-Iƒ Xncn- A ®-dn-bp-I. b. thcv hen-s®-Sp-°p∂ PesØ Ce-I-fn-se-Øn-°m≥ klm-bn-°p∂ {]{In-b-Iƒ Gh? c. Nne kky-ß-fn¬ kky-tkz-Z-\\-\\n-c°v hfsc IqSp- X-em-Wv. CXv B {]tZ-isØ Pe-e-`y-Xsb _m[n- °ptam? F¥p-sIm≠v? 1. hnhn[ \\nd-ß-fp≈ \\q¬, sX¿tam-tImƒ XpS-ßn-bh D]-tbm-Kn®v Zzn]-cy-b-\\-Øns‚ amXrI \\n¿an-°p-I. c‡{]hm-l-Øns‚ Znibpw ImWn-°-Ww (HmIvkn-Ps‚ Afhv IqSnb c‡- ap≈ `mKw ˛ Nph∏p\\ndw, HmIvkn-Ps‚ Afhv Ipd™ c‡-ap≈ `mKw ˛ \\oe-\\ndw) 2. lrZ-bm-tcmKykwc-£-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnh-c-߃ tcJ-s∏-SpØn imkv{X-∏-Xn∏v Xbm- dm°- pI- . 46
]ca- mh- [n izmkw D≈n-te-s°-Sp-°pI A[ym]- I- s‚ \\n¿tZiw A\\pk- c- n®v Ip´nI- ƒ izmtkmO- zmk hymbmaw sNøp- Ibm-Wv. Ãn°-dnse ktμiw {i≤nt®m? KmV-ambn izkn-®m¬ Du¿P-e- `yX IqSp-∂-sX-ß-s\\-bmWv? ImcWw Duln-°mtam? Dulw kb≥kv Ub- dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-SpØq. AXv icn-bmtWm F∂p ]cn-tim[n°mw. {]hrØn sNøm-\\p≈ Du¿Pw kzX-{¥-am°s∏-Sp∂Xv tImi-ß-fn-em-Wv. AXn\\v eLp-t]m-j-I-߃s°m∏w HmIvkn-P\\pw Bh-iy-am-Wv. A¥-co£ hmbp-hnse HmIvkn-Ps\\ ico-c-Øn-te°v kzoIcn°m≥ klm- bn-°p-∂Xv izk-\\-hy-h-ÿ-bm-Wv. izk-\\-hy-h-ÿ-b- psS \\n߃°-dn-bm-h- p∂ `mK-߃ enÃv sNøq. $ $ $
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX Nn{Xo-I-c-W-Øns‚ (4.1) ASn-ÿm-\\-Øn¬ enÃv sa®s∏SpØn NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ amXr-I-bn¬ ]´nI Xbm-dm°q. izk-\\-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS `mK-߃ khn-ti-jX/[¿aw \\mkmZzmcw (Nostril) πqd (Pleura) izk-\\-hm-X-I-߃ ico-c-Øn-\\I- izmk-tIm-isØ tØ°pw ]pd-tØ°pw IS-°p∂ s]mXn-™p≈ Cc-´- `mKw. kvXcw. Cu kvXc ]mfnIƒ°n-S-bnse \\mkm-K-lzcw (Nasal cavity) πqdm-{Zhw izmk- \\mkm-Zzmc-sØbpw {Kk-\\nsbbpw tImih- pw Huck- mi- - _‘n∏- n°- p∂ ]mX. b-`n-Øn-bpw XΩn-ep ≈ L¿jW- w Ipdbv °p∂p. izmk-\\mfw (Trachea) Ub{^w (Diaphragm) 'C' BIrXnbn-ep≈ Xcp-Wmÿnhe- DZc- mi- b- s- Øbpw Huc- b-ßfm¬ _e-s∏-Sp-Ønb \\o≠- km-i-b-sØbpw th¿ Ipg¬. izmk\\- mfw kZm Xpd∂- nc- n°- p- Xnc- n°- p∂ t]io\\- n¿an- ∂X- n\\v Cu heb- ß- ƒ klmb- n°- p∂- p. Xa- mb `nØn. izk\\n (Bronchus) Nn{Xo-I-cWw 4.1 izk-\\-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS `mK-߃ Ccp izmkt- Imi- ß- fnt- e°pw t]mIp ∂ izmk-\\m-f-Øns‚ imJ-Iƒ. Chbnepw Xcp-Wm-ÿn-h-e-b-ß-ƒ ImWs- ∏S- p∂- p. izk-\\nI (Bronchiole) izk-\\n-bpsS A{K-imJIƒ. hmbp AdI- f- nt- e°p Xpd°- p∂ t\\¿Ø Cu Ipg-ep-I-fn¬ Xcp-Wmÿnhe-b-߃ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. hmbp- Ad (Alveolus) izk\\- nI- I- f- psS A{K`- mK- Øp ImW- s∏-Sp∂ Cem-kvXnI kz`m-h-ap≈ AXnt- emeamb kvXcAdI- ƒ. hmbp Ad-I-sf s]mXn™v [mcmfw c‡- tema- nI- I- ƒ ImWs- ∏S- p∂- p. hmXI- h- n- \\na- bw \\S°- p∂- Xv ChnsS h®mWv. 48
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX \\mkm-Zzmcw apX¬ hmbp-Ad hsc IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ A¥-co-£-hm-bp-hns‚ k©m-c-]m-X-bmWv izk-\\-]-Yw. Nn{Xo-I-c-W-w (4.1) hni-I-e\\w sNbvXv hmbp- hns‚ k©m-c-]mX Nn{Xo-I-cn-°q. \\mkmZzmc߃ A¥c- o£- h- mbp izmkt- Imi- Ø- nt- e°- v \\Ω-f-dn-b- msX Xs∂ izmtkm-Ozmkw \\S-°- p-∂p. X¬^-e-ambn hmbp D≈n- te°p {]th-in°pIbpw ]pd-¥-≈-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. izmtkm-OzmkNe-\\-߃°Sn-ÿm\\w Huc-km-i-b-Øns‚ kt¶m-N-hn-Im-k- ß-fm-Wv. CXp {Ia-ambn Bh¿Øn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Huc-km-ibw hnI-kn-°p- tºmƒ DOzm-khpw kt¶m-Nn-°p-tºmƒ \\nizm-khpw kw`-hn-°p-∂p. Fß- s\\-bmWv Huc-km-ibw {Ia-ambn kt¶m-Nn-°p-Ibpw hnI-kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp- ∂Xv F∂p t\\m°mw. Huc-km-i-b-sØbpw DZ-cm-i-b-sØbpw th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ Iam\\- mI- rX- nb- ne- p≈ Ub{^w F∂ t]io]- mf- nb- ps- Sbpw C‚¿tImì t]in- Iƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ hmcn-sb-√p-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ {]tXy-I-Xcw t]in-I-fp- sSbpw kwtbm-PnX{]h¿Ø-\\-am-Wv Huc-km-i-b-Øns‚ hym]vXw IqSm\\pw Ipd-bm\\pw CSbm°p-∂-Xv. hnh-c-Whpw Nn{Xo-I-cWhpw (4.2) hni-I-e\\w sNbvXv X∂n-cn-°p∂ ]´nI (4.1) ]q¿Øn-bm-°q. DOzmkw C‚¿tImÃ- ¬ t]inI- ƒ \\nizmkw ]q¿hÿnXn C‚¿tIm-ì t]in-Iƒ kt¶mN- n°- p∂- Xp aqew hmcn- {]m]n°- p∂X- pa- qew sb√- pI- ƒ Dbc- p∂p. hmcns- b√- pI- ƒ Xmgp∂p. Ub{^w Ub{^w ]q¿hÿ- nXn kt¶mN- n°- p∂p {]m]n-°p∂p Huck- mi- bhym]vXw IqSp∂p. Huckmibhym]vXw Huc-km-iba¿Zw A¥co£ Ipdbp∂p. Huck- mi- ba¿Zw a¿ZtØ°mƒ Ipd-bp-∂p. A¥co£ a¿ZtØ°mƒ hmbp AI-tØ°v {]th-in- °p∂p. IqSp∂- p. hmbp ]pd¥- ≈s- ∏S- p∂p. Nn{Xo-I-cWw 4.2 izk\\ Ne-\\-߃ DOzmkw Ub{^w \\nizmkw .......................... hmcn-sb-√p-Iƒ .......................... Huc-km-i-b-hym-]vXw .......................... .......................... Huc-km-iba¿Zw .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... hmbp .......................... .......................... ]´nI 4.1 Huc-km-ibNe-\\ßfpw izmtkmOzmkhpw 49
Poh-imkv{Xw ˛ IX hmXI- h- n\\- na- bw hmbpAdI- f- - n¬ DOzm-k-Øns‚ ^e-ambn A¥co-£-hmbp Xz°n-t\\-°mfpw hmbp Ad-Ifn¬ FØn-t®-cp-∂p. izk-\\-hm- hnkvXo¿Wtam! X-I-ß-fmb HmIvkn-Ps‚bpw Im¿_¨ ssUHm-Ivssk-Un-s‚bpw ssIam-‰w icoc- sØ samØw s]mXnb- p∂ Xz°ns‚ hmbpAd-I-fnemWv \\S°p-∂Xv. hmbpAd- {]Xe- h- nk- vXo¿Ww c≠v NXpc{i ao‰¿ I-fpsS LS\\ AXn\\v F{X-am{Xw A\\p-tbm- am{Xta D≈q. F∂m¬ c≠v izmkt- Im- Py-amWv? i-ß-fn-tebpw hmbpAd-I-fpsS BsI {]Xe- h- nk- vXo¿Ww GIt- Ziw 70 NXpc{i Nn{Xhpw (4.1) hnh-c-Whpw hni-I-e\\w ao-‰¿ BWv. AXm-bXv Hcp sS∂okv sNbvXv kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\\-Øn¬ tIm¿´ns‚ hnkvXo¿W-Øn\\v Xpeyw! Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm°n kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ C{Xbpw IqSnb {]Xe- h- nk- vXo¿Ww izk- tN¿°q. \\h- mX- I- ß- f- psS hn\\na- bw Ffp∏- Ø- n¬ izmk-tIm-i-Øn-te°p {]th-in-°p∂ izk- \\S°- p∂- X- n\\v klmb- n°- p∂p. \\n-bpsS A{KimJ-I-fmb izk-\\n-I-Iƒ Xpd- °p-∂Xv Zi-e-£-°-W-°n\\v hmbpAd-I-fn- te°- mW- v. hmbpAdI- ƒ izmk- HmIvknP- ≥ tIm-i-Ønse izk-\\-{]-X-e- AIt- Ø°v Øns‚ hn-kvXo¿Ww h¿[n- hmbpAdbpsS `nØn ∏n°p∂p. hmbpAd-Isf Bh- Im¿_¨ cWw sNbvXv [mcmfw c‡t- em- anI- I- fp≠v. Ahb- psS Dƒ`nØ- n ssUHmI- vssk-Uv -kZm Cu¿∏-ap-≈-Xmbn ImW- s∏-Sp-∂p. Ah-bpsS `nØnbpw ]pd-tØ°v O2 Ahsb Bh-cWw sNbvXn-cn- CO2 c‡- °p∂ c‡-tem-an-I-I-fpsS tem-an-Im - `nØn `nØnbpw Hmtcm\\nc -tIm-i-ß- AcpW- - fm¬ am{Xw \\n¿an-X-am-Wv. Npcp- c‡- mW- p°- ƒ °-Øn¬ c‡-tem-an-I-Ifnse c‡Øns\\bpw hmbpAd-I- Nn{Xw 4.1 hmbpAd fnse hmbp-hn-s\\bpw XΩn¬ th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ {]X-e-Øn\\v c≠v \\nc tImi-ß-fpsS I\\w am{Xta D≈q. DOzm-k-th-f-bn¬ hmbpAd-I-fn¬ HmIvkn-Ps‚ KmVX IqSp-Xepw Im¿_¨ ssUHm-Ivssk-Uns‚ KmVX Ipd-hp-am-Wv. F∂m¬ CXn¬ \\n∂p hyXykvX- ambn c‡-tem-an-I-I-fn¬ HmIvkn-Ps‚ KmV-X- Ipdhpw Im¿_¨ ssUHm- IvsskU- ns‚ KmVX IqSpX- epa- mW- v. X≥aqew hmbpAdI- f- n¬ \\n∂v HmIvkn- P≥ c‡-tem-an-I-I-fn-te°pw AhnsS \\n∂v Im¿_¨ ssUHmIvsskUv hmbpAd-I-fn-te°pw Un^yq-j\\neqsS hn\\n-abw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p. 50
Search
