sarah connolly 2a HS flipbook

Body Systems Flipbook HS beaty 2A by : sarah connolly



Table of Contents ● Integumentary System (2-3) ● Musculoskeletal System (4-5) ● Nervous System (6-7) ● Special Senses (8-9) ● Cardiovascular System (10-11) ● Respiratory System (12-13) ● Digestive System (14-15) ● Urinary System (16-17) ● Reproductive System (18-19) 1

Integumentary System functions: protection, body temperature regulation, excretion (perspiration- sweating), perception of stimuli ~key terms 10 vocab words: epidermis: outermost layer of skin and functions to keratinization: the process of protect dermis: lies directly under keratin accumulating within the epidermis and contains blood vessels, nerve fibers, keratinocytes hair follicles, all glands, and sweat glands cutaneous sensation: allows body subcutaneous layer: deepest layer of skin and to sense external environment stores fat, heat insulation, protection, also known as excretion: other than sweat, the “hypodermis” sebaceous gland: (oil) are sudoriferous glands secrete all over the body except palms and soles waste products out of the body sudoriferous gland: (sweat) tiny glands that release anagen: active phase of hair perspiration to decrease body heat growth cycle nails: distal and dorsal side of fingers, superior and cuticle: outermost layer of distal side of toes, protects the tips of fingers keratinocytes originating from the hair matrix desmosome: structure that forms an impermeable junction between cells lunula: basal part of the nail body that consists of thick epithelium melanin: pigment that determines the color of the hair and skin sebum: oily substance that lubricates the hair and skin telogen: resting phase of hair cycle 2

4 diseases/abnormal conditions: eczema: allergic reaction shown as dry, itchy, and red patches that resemble a rash. managed by moisturizer scars and keloids: collagen rich skin formed after a healing wound. a keloid is classified as a raised scar. acne: skin disturbance occurring in areas of rich sebaceous glands, such as face and back. common to come with puberty stretch marks: results in when the dermis is overstretched, typically as a result of excessive weight gain 2 health care careers: dermatologist: diagnoses and treats skin conditions of hair, skin, and nails. some specialize in burn treatment. In individual and group practice dermatology nurse practitioner: prescribe medication, lab work, suturing wounds, and assists the doctor 3

Musculoskeletal System functions: protects internal organs, supports and gives body shape, allows for movement, blood cell production ~key terms 10 vocab words: joint: point in which 2 or skull: protects brain and supports more bones meet facial structure cartilage: soft connective spine: protects spinal cord and tissue between joints supports head ligaments: connective rib cage: protects the organs tissue that attaches bone to within the chest bone at a joint smooth muscle: involuntary and tendons: connective tissue non-striated, found in stomach, that connects muscle to intestines, and around blood bone vessels voluntary muscle: muscle cardiac muscle: involuntary and that can be consciously striated, found in heart to pump controlled blood involuntary muscle: muscle clavicle: also known as the that is unconsciously collarbone, located in shoulder controlled calcium: mineral found in bones striated muscle: striped fossa: shallow cavity in bone appearance due to its fiber osseous tissue: bone tissue composition epiphysis: each end of a long bone 4

4 diseases/abnormal conditions: tendonitis: inflammation of the tendon, caused by overuse, can be chronic carpal tunnel: numbness, tingling, weakness in hand due to pressure on the nerves osteoarthritis: degeneration of joint cartilage and the underlying bone fibromyalgia: a chronic disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and tenderness in localized areas 2 health care careers: physical therapist: Physical therapists are movement experts who improve quality of life through prescribed exercise, hands-on care, and patient education orthopaedic surgeon: devoted to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders of the bones, joints, ligaments, tendons and muscles 5

Nervous System functions Creates electrical impulses, maintains homeostasis input, integration, and output. ~key terms~ neur/o: nerve encephal/o: brain myel/o: bone marrow; spinal cord ambul/o: walking -esthesia: sensation mening/o: meninges psych/o: mind concuss/o: violently agitated 10 vocab words spinal cord: transmits impulses Pons: bridge where nerves pass over Midbrain: impulse passageway Medulla oblongata: vital functions Brain stem: connects cerebrum to spinal cord Sensory input: electrical impulse sent from the 5 senses to the nervous system Integration: information from senses is interpreted Motor output: response generated from the interpretation of sensory input Cerebrum: ALL lobes of the brain Meninges: the 3 membranes that line the skull and vertebral canal to protect the nervous system 6

4 diseases / abnormal conditions Schizophrenia: produces a distorted thought process and emotional perceptions. Autism: disability character by difficulty communicating with others, making eye contact, and focusing beyond oneself. OCD: irritations thoughts causing one to do something repeatedly. PTSD: triggers on persistent thoughts and memories of a traumatic experience. 2 health care careers Neurological surgeon: One who operates on the nervous system, including the brain, spinal column, and nerves. Neuropathologist: A scientist specializing in diseases of the nervous system. 7

Special Senses functions Motor stimuli, and monitor changes in the internal and external environment. ~key terms~ 10 vocab words irid/o: iris (colored portion of the Photoreceptors: light eye) sensitive cells that receive -cusis: hearing images -opia: vision condition Optic disc: distribution of ot/o: ear photoreceptor cells tympan/o: tympanic membrane Auricle: directs sound to (eardrum) auditory ophthalm/o: eye Semicircular canals: -metry: process of measuring transmit information around the body Organ of corti: sound wave 8 conversion Vestibulocochlear nerve: transmits balance and hearing nerve impulses Olfactory nerve: transmits neural impulses Olfactory receptor cells: occupy roof of nasal cavity Gustatory sense: basic taste sensations Papillae: contain taste buds

4 diseases / abnormal conditions Tinnitus: ringing of ears Cataract: clouding of eye lense Strabismus: crossed eyes; weakened eye muscles Hordeolum: inflammation of the eye gland (stye) 2 health care careers Audiologist: works with hearing disorders and cochlear implants. Optometrist: performs eye exams, diagnoses, and prescribes lenses or glasses. 9

Cardiovascular System functions Circulate oxygen rich blood throughout the body. ~key terms 10 vocab words cardi/o: heart epicardium: the thin inner layer of angi/o: vessel the pericardium (sac around the hem/o: hernia heart) brady-: slow myocardium: layer of cardiac tachy-: fast muscle, making up the middle of thromb/o: clot the heart -emia: blood condition endocardium: innermost layer leuk/o: white that lines the chambers erythr/o: red pulmonary: blood pumped from arteri/o: artery heart to lungs and back into the heart systemic: blood pumped from heart to all parts of the body conductions: electrical current causing contractions Sphygmomanometer: instrument used to measure blood pressure blood pressure: pressure exerted by blood against the artery walls ventricle: lower cavities of the heart atrium: upper cavities of the heart 10

4 diseases / abnormal conditions embolus: obstruction of the blood vessel caused by mass of solid, liquid, or gas in the bloodstream. aneurysm: balloon dilation of blood vessel (local). thrombus: blood clot formed on the wall of a blood vessel. heart murmur: harmless abnormal sound heard during auscultation of the heart. 2 health care careers cardiologist: Diagnoses and treats diseases or conditions of the heart. telemetry nurse: Monitors a patient's heart rhythm and supervises nursing assistants. 11

Respiratory System functions Inhalation,exhalation, and exchange of CO2 for oxygen. ~key terms 10 vocab words bronch/o: bronchial tube spirometry: measurement of air cyan/o: blue capacity using a spirometer laryng/o: larynx (voice box) tracheostomy: surgical creation -oxia: oxygen of an opening in the trachea to oxy-: sharp allow easier breathing pleur/o: pleura ventilation: process of moving pneum/o: lung, air, gas air in and out of the lungs pulmon/o: lung inspiration: inhalation (breathing thorac/o: chest in) trache/o: trachea (windpipe) expiration: exhalation (breathing out) respiration: exchange of O2 and 12 CO2 lungs: 2 spongy organs located in the thoracic cavity that adds oxygen to the blood pharynx: only structure that takes in air, food, and liquid (throat) diaphragm: muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and aids in breathing alveoli: tiny air sacs in the lungs that allow the exchange of

4 diseases / abnormal conditions asthma: spasm of the bronchial tubes. nasopharyngitis: inflammation of the throat. pneumonia: inflammation of lungs caused by fungus, bacteria, or virus. tuberculosis: a contagious disease caused by bacterial infection on the lungs. 2 health care careers pulmonologists: diagnose and treat respiratory diseases or conditions. perfusionists: manage heart and blood machines during surgery. 13

Digestive System Functions: taking whole foods and turning them into energy and nutrients to allow the body to function, grow, and repair itself, and Ingestion of food. Secretion of fluids and digestive enzymes ~key terms cholecyst/o: gallbladder enter/o: intestines col/o, colon/o: large intestines hepat/o: liver gastr/o: stomach or/o: mouth -pepsia: digestion chol/e: bile proct/o: anus 10 vocab words: 14 peristalsis: muscular contraction defecation: elimination of waste feces: indigestible waste masication: chewing digestion: break down food into nutrients small intestine: chemical digestion large intestine: passageway for feces liver: store nutrients, filter blood, turn carbs into glucose gallbladder: stores bile pancreas: produces digestive enzymes

4 diseases/abnormal conditions: cholelithiasis: abnormal condition of gallstones dyspepsia: painful digestion hematemesis: vomiting blood appendicitis: inflammation of the appendix 2 health care careers: bariatrician: specialize in the prevention and control of obesity gastroenterologist: specializes in stomach and intestinal issues 15

Urinary System functions: filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product. The body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy ~key terms 10 vocab words: -cele: denoting a swelling or electrolyte: one of the hernia in a specified part substances in the blood that -lysis- destruction of cells, helps to regulate the proper including bacteria balance of body fluids cyst/o: urinary bladder catheter: tube for injection or nephr/o: kidney removing fluids ren/o: kidney creatinine: nitrogenous waste -uria: presence of urine excreted in urine -pexy: surgical fixation urea: major nitrogenous waste -ectasis: dilation of tubular excreted through urine structure ureter: one of two tubes leading pyel/o: related to renal pelvis from the kidney to the urinary bladder uresis: production of urine enuresis: bladder control KUB: kidney, ureters, bladder transplant: removal of an old organ and implantation of a healthy organ renal cell: cells in the kidneys 16

4 diseases / abnormal 2 health care careers conditions urologists: diagnose and urinary retention: difficulty treat diseases of the emptying the bladder urinary tract. completely. nephrologists: treats nephrosclerosis: kidney disorders of the kidneys stones. and treats issues of pyelonephritis: a kidney homeostasis infection. incontinence: loss of control of urine flow during sneezes, coughs, etc. 17

Reproductive System function: To produce egg and sperm cells. To transport and sustain these cells. To nurture the developing offspring 10 vocab words: uterine tube: either of a pair of tubes conducting the egg from the ovary to the uterus endometrium: the mucous membrane that lines ~key terms the uterus cervic/o: cervix estrogen: a general term for female steroid sex salping/o: hormones that are secreted by the ovary and fallopian tube responsible for typical female sexual ov/o: oocyte or characteristics egg ovum: female reproductive cell; female gamete orchid/o: testicle menstrual cycle: a recurring cycle (beginning at oophor/o: ovary menarche and ending at menopause) in which men/o: the endometrial lining of the uterus prepares for menstruation pregnancy; if pregnancy does not occur the lining mamm/o: breast is shed at menstruation gynec/o: female sperm: male reproductive cell; male gamete reproduction testis: one of the two male reproductive glands colp/o: vagina that produce spermatozoa and secrete prostat/o: androgens prostate gland semen: the thick white fluid containing spermatozoa that is ejaculated by the male genital tract scrotum: the external pouch that contains the testes erectile: capable of being raised to an upright 18 position

4 diseases/abnormal conditions: 2 health care careers: vaginal yeast infection: caused by gynecologists: yeast fungus in the vagina gynecologists deal with hypospadias: a condition in which the health of the female the external urinary meatus reproductive system. they (opening) opens anywhere below can do anything from the tip of the penis rather than at the examine the vagina for tip vaginal cancer to give cryptorchidism: a condition of lack of ultrasounds to help give descent of one or both testes into birth the scrotum. If not corrected, usually obstetricians: obstetrics is by surgery, before puberty, can lead the study of caring for to sterility and increased risk of women before, during, testicular cancer and after pregnancy. there hydrocele: a fluid filled sac partially are different types of surrounding the testis. manifests people in this profession itself as a swelling on the side of the including obstetricians, scrotum. may cause discomfort. can midwives, and nurse be surgically corrected wives 19