วิชาชีวะ เล่ม 3

เลม‹ 3

BioKruKing ระบบแลกเปลี่ยนแก๊ส ระบบลำเลียงสารในร่างกาย

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coutercurrentexcnangecaot) '' i Of Of. . Of . Ogg. 10%0-200-3(9) WHO 't . ' . 40%0-50%06901%0%0-99100-%1 9105 plot pro -→1410%%41#0%M410%0410I DM'd - . -080%0-90%410. 09← H2O ( 0.004% ) concurrent exchange oooh I I ← ← ← Soyo ←. BIO - -40%0-30i 50%0-96100%-7009%100-82901%0%00-199010%0%00f-o10r0. %-1420 50% - ← ←← ← - G) oierylnnihhdorr ' - 02 , Arthropod alibis , \" was ) i r 9 . ,cgosgn )Hachem f:l¥opiGLirWa¥isio¥oa¥oss¥nrptcniritsraarn¥cu5enntroarcehreeaeaste)iailccsla.c r,e.o . ffib:¥- rotunda offcsqpirade Ostrom 's od rstaioavinniohinsrosstcellannlahoi.

qigtognndom.cu.io, Estoy G \"' \" I ' 'm Arthropod. .% [email protected] ¥±←÷¥¥E¥wIEg¥\"-FE¥co :&3!:theyRespiratorypigment ni on⇒ 121 oieorllnnisnhdorrcasoosnnsisricierrestial ) Pulmonary . 2.2 lungcsdon, pulmonary vein artery 1%0 , oooo !- th1eI y1↳ HI -o ' . ÷÷:÷÷÷:÷- Bronchus . o, ronqniok÷O÷÷¥¥÷÷÷÷:÷÷- If ! y. I

.TT?as:uoiFes:sin&m ⇒E.'d . tfHsFfiTgrfeuos9csirrao.t.gcrig#E:@::iB::3:i:i:a:o.i.e..s.ii.m....o. simoom .sn Breathing Mechanism crammed, • mslddowlisbsllrsn-NCPressure.pl/in.volymecW9MMD oimoinirrsion 1¥::÷÷:÷÷f¥% .. Tf

Pio pyo 07mA oimoinirrsion oimoininsion . ' ÷fog)f→¥€÷÷:÷÷÷÷:÷- amaranth ¥f ⑤nm '' ① asanas. molar. ' % - amaranth . Bo pyo oimoininsion oimoinirrsion , pp i fl r@oads ) It.es#.÷o. :.i :::::.onn . . \" . 4:←¥8¥ 7. ostenson snots CPinky

° External intercostal 9thuringiensis-1% ¥' nniisvnoonnrgnodnssumsonoyg ¥¥¥*e*¥¥¥*÷÷÷÷÷÷. Xo Indiantownnighters ° unwind ① on cioiaphragml Inhalation Pio un Ossington -2 ÷÷:÷÷Diaphragm canopy a.m . , Inix. cmsuiuoioisuI nudaviai:n:'si:u÷cnn.I. T\" off t cannons , lahtagonism, Diaphragm ( HUNTING 'd ) ✓ Vinogradov 'wJNCvmmTH ✓ nnsroiwlosonnnns L PANAH

Exhalation luncheon , Antagonism \" intercostal intercostal Ribbons www.oetnodino einxt:te¥er÷rnn÷a⇒l:io÷÷¥÷.÷Ei÷oU÷#÷?¥i*Eiiii9ioiioi*o :* Eppnnwa-wtosomnbrfwlplwwlnwos-ndnowp.am 0h58'm rename Diaphragm ✓ diurnal osorinnnscvnnas ) Pindar'Nam ✓ sunda Catan ::* :B 'D cerebrum :÷÷::÷¥*'wiwwr8wn.9##:n↳iIµfn+por fifte\"oesnta go:#niffago, Chrono Diaphragm ✓ onanistic .

Fundamental ofcelhulartranspoot :* . Homeostasis . hi nungoumn) ionssrohnndwrhsmoshrsirow Protozoa l Pro - A on ,209 : 200--0%87 iuicellinnmr .io?ganiYa , nniruaanaso . oPHtyhe'ldmn8inwtrhioess9cirwunwousnpmm-8mumw8monftoinonrs.tw 9wmsusysri8owavdnr.us'D cell 1499k¥CO2 Hoshino ° Hypotonic solution .cn ;8n , NHS Hypozoilstonosznios . Waitomo ) Amoeba costume Protozoa

Paramecium cmr78i8oH Porifera charm guides Contractile vacuole I . Nlrb = l contracts vacuole .Trois) . 99Hi a \" \" , HI w:w¥% ' w.Pknytonl\" ,, § #dnmoldVuincongruence , 0,9→19 FTT !choapnocyte , cos '. Brimming' Diffusion . Amebocyte W8ivrooowiisunHaomsn8. 0m%o %o von . , tho ② %mutdVwVoNbN9niovdou using Tatarstan,m8uH8on. Cnidaria Gastrovascular )WNm . crop , Platyhelminths cavity a owns . ::¥÷¥qq.s.a.i.o..o.m.in¥?&÷÷÷ . j¥¥f-¥÷etdoderm Gastrovascular cavity. Coast - naw , vascular . Vos .

Platyhelminth es CUNONM.mu 'm takin www.hri8omdon. Planarian . ⇒ ::ito q. :*a . stiniovdozrni ( thtoiekousoiasrnsyl i Vow . OMVrnowoosrwousym8umdon.li/Ui90lHearH www.sri8Uo\"m\"d%on°%ccircMu&lamtooysy's\"te\"ry7-imhs%mmov&v°\" \" \"TA ) Copen circulatory system ) l Blood vessel ) 137 Mindon Arthropod airway ( Blood) www.m8eomngonnsiwdb I close circulatory system Broy

erwww.m8owidonnwwfhk aishndihhdowsnatnanon on . Copen circulatory system ) ① Tubular heart Arthropod 'D cardiac muscle . Cuando- alf_¥.a#u-Ci&¥iwm!#nqof§fy¥.tw-③Blood =\\ - ⑨ Blood - f vessel ostoig \" :&IL:t⇒⇒ . numinous , [ r Pseudo heart Winos vneurogenuigmnnefutoirnuruuoro.nl in - - ←fE÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷⇒ ↳ ② ninnonunoo MUTA [ Wanna 0180909 → animus ,Ni8om8on ③ ninaoninnmswosrriw Voluntarism @ C interstitial fluid ) innvoswasrndhonnil \" \" Hemolymph

:i . Bloodcniihon, :*↳ omg ~→ :÷':si*m . .. Cellmate Boog :i÷÷÷÷÷÷¥÷÷:iiH on ⑤ urination , . → .fm/.ge.yo9iiomnaste ° oo cells 'DM0HWd ostrich 072118W Blood Close circulatory system 'D cellar Bloodiness . ?= ,- on Bteqlootaoiodblhtaohnuinnnmdsnonidduwr.us A⇐- ¥i÷÷, \" ' road , Cell BEE - interstitial fluid uol.uozr.ie %

circulation , . • lsrdouiahiiosventrideluiosn' Twn39dsl8on7uINmsioTuz . sindg④vaero¥cia.itriocnus itcwuuhwmdonhaltrnsiomdveonotirdlicVoulaDnr o7o8m01l.a8m00#1a8qonlonah:r.f::w;n.p8qoaneo ..io a Gillcapillary. 18008 y → 81002=104 → mdonndwYwu% ← ← ← ← pcq.gs . systemic capillary . ( Binning ✓ ventricle -08191 Double circuit circulation . pulmocutaneus capillary . Amphibian Latish said lhlontetounio ) 807-770 pqzgo 870 B- PO -404 , Pcg 40' . ventripcolet sDouble. circuitfPcogzqg Aorta ① ventricle ribas → ,Juris - odon ¥t.gg#se::*ruoohsmoloiroia-o:*inm. o * Boasts ! cnioo) f lion 'D 99W Aortas Pulmonary , vein ② ventricle visa . y systemic capillary.

Double circuit circulation . Reptile Pulmonary capillary. oioot . Hgouidisont① ventricle 870 i Vislefttventricle::*8wcouia--sobfanimioPoideo.SsrEs#yr/*mThri9iiaoodmsnsinlwonriirnir:o9i*no.inl.hooom° , Right ventricle ② ventricle on 08¥ ) Furio - odon i . systemic capillary. Cardiovascular system . ciwsrinonniunonhon ) cardiac - UH vascular - n' . , %%: % ::n&:n T⑥ITOtoooo :pH amongst. aim , , neg0,40%6707415.ro#ioEiE*h.iii:::ii:i::imm - intracellular fluid . , guff Electrolier

bi1i←u÷I 7n¥\":it9÷i,Il I Cardiumcsinhl Heart anatomy cmufmnoosu.AT nary artery superior vena Cara ① Right Atrium CRA I Anterior vena carat , - -- . . .Hniai:oin:*i.m:.r:*iei%l,yI 1 msn.i.ve#:i:oei.r . . :÷÷:÷÷ivnigeinimnacatpflnlajmfioj.ae . inferiorEMvena . . I ④ Left ventricle . Posterior cardiac, , , muscle, 1810921041

cardiac - valve mind - ① Eminem ujiioswnc Atrium , q - .. n-wwoiosnbcventri.de/ C Atrioventricular valve , µ÷:*i:ii÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷i÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ .- - Right 6 eiswuoiossnois cannoning left msn.ismroosn-nu.NO D . atrioventricular - valve . °÷¥n÷n%papi iioswrrcatriuml Kohanim :*÷¥i÷¥÷÷÷÷i÷÷÷ .¥¥¥÷ Marx . Him - Woods ventricle

Aorta ②Funding .us 'm Non-union Bon in !nonaarrteyry. I ' - valve . Semilunari criihiiuwonwrnwnnodsiafiog, ublfn\"olI1itiilCf-t÷¥ni¥i¥¥⇒¥¥¥¥nin:::ni:'*:nies Antonioni Purkinje - cell I Actin . \" Tghickfilaniedntsi ⇒ a ftp.myogioauactin . agiviasanrw ① contractile .⇐¥T¥¥TE⇒#/¥.¥h¥¥infFilaEImnTaeErnitmgnnpsronul Bifurcate) mustostaotinriumyosin cuarisnauoioioiamsl EFF*ETE a Atrium ventricle . 1-0 A

② Nodal cell Pacemaker cell Creek ) , OT#O¥# DSA Node of Actinon . Myosin Sino - Atrial Node . grounds contractile cell 2) A- vN0de artisanal;9oTos . Atrioventricular cryogenic hearts Node . -⇒ :i÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷¥ . \". Pacemaker cell O Purkinje fiber . - i Heart apex civism

\". - sa Sinoatrial Node cop nod - ish Pacemaker non ::::::O%i 0cFon-ItL0racE=tioS0nsAction Durian 'l8nhio0 untoward 9HrBAV . Node . £AIddeBnPotentialtrial ;→ → unioucat Pace make - cell , I Atrioventricular Node) I Atrioventricular Node) Node an Node . . - f-µ, is ::* o % ↳ cosimo Purkinje fiber . nodeAltarioiwveondtrsic.wulamr sdwnaioistouskniomlnoldrowa.nl Bundle of Hisaw Purkinje arrogant Wo . No , sits sinned .

cardiac cycle , Movin - now = 0.88mF . ' u. imnioinasnis I ;g÷:%nnown . I , Ar - node → -0%, 0=1.us8. 01 j⑧④i:in*i.µ0.85to\" \" on . →I Bottle . *I bos Purkinje. marimba sphygmomanometer stethoscope cysts) ✓ Csystole = 120 mmHg. Systolic pressure. Jorisr Diastolic pressure LDiasnCtnoavleoeni-n7trni-cpolenm.n: mosmitclkign'dD.n)mwn-nrimgnom.nu 's Gamora ( ventricle : Womb) 120170 MmHg.

nwoim8oo → ② .. dnhooocinnnnwn-hye.EE#9:Mi:mfqg D= :*:stethoscope pinnation Chiodos Blood sphygmomanometer iInorganic Wormwood rigor ⇒ Diastolic Heart sound arouse Cl-udbup) Lab - . dup. - innnowiioon'D Antonio :* :÷÷⑧io÷÷In::*nominatie I Uissrwstsroio, Bonanno semilunar valve

awwUdON8on ① venous system = ninaonringsiao . GNOMON 809091 . ② Arterial system = hinnonoon husk venaeavalve.in/venule( rwandan 0911901 Aortal Artery Arteriole ⑤ Capillary system lrWWUoom8onWN ) untnmrvonriouaonhon ① footer : qveien nacaTy Pulmonary : door . p fnRaenealss.tnteai.in?mi'oVsepnouleioo.qiiriapeorate Hepatic :oiw . capillary. lI iliac :oi nods lol id . angary ② wonderment . Aorta I a it ! ⇒ vein amid ⇒ Artery.

superior vena cara I pulmonary artery login minion Pulmonary rein 10,901 c ::* Posterior Hepatic artery. f. :÷¥F÷\"4L¥iv÷iailiac veinvenacarIf ÷÷÷÷÷¥÷÷i÷÷÷÷÷\" \" - . .. c, e artery ia ' . . Colo nary artery ( UH - rudo )

÷a go ¥ii:÷÷÷µ÷?÷÷÷÷÷i¥÷¥÷÷ capillary. . venous system capillary. ÷÷ au' *÷÷¥¥ Y ÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ !. venous system I n' Tunica intern a , oooof atoneFEE.EmEem#%s¥%IoI9 Basement

oioaniyuf.no# airioninuneos . \" qotvswmndhd.hn canine Lymph Glymph organ \":÷' ÷÷÷÷÷÷i÷÷÷÷÷a÷f÷÷a¥:.÷r : ÷. OU Lymph node venous system Anonymity 8- :÷÷÷÷÷÷. . . 44

BioKruKing ระบบสืบพันธ์ุ Reproductive system

inaniinioiioiniorssi, ① mrntsrninrninsrsoiaioinierrrn! ( Asexual reproduction, • fission . cmsnsisisnnog Binary ° immuno ) Budding . Regeneration cmssoriuai, . flag mentation cmsu-nriorp.pathenogenesisciiooryiowm.ro , Binary Fission cmsnsisnownos, DNA nominations Bacterial \" Orathanadu gums thnsoonvoscellioi. Fit . 9DMunmga . :F!%Asexual ) onlapiasmig ⑧ cwasInDNA) ;gI?÷h@mcDNA DuplicationsReplication 11081800 DNA Indy n%nW§o9HlBacteria8u9oIdsnIny ⑤ g :* .

Binary Fission cmsnsishwnosl Asexual Reproduction cm Protozoa .cfWnjz , 2cellomnnhn.to iciem• \"&\" , sewn . m.÷e . 9÷\"÷:\"www.huwhdomidgwpyAMOebacosInrgrqfdsfmvjsfh tlisiscytoplasm \" ( devagel ← 2h mrnsiscellccelldivisionl.cat cycle) 8. to B→ %③ lists ② must 91 nucleus . Gcytoplasm - - Ckaryokinesisl imogene 's mitosis -0 Fi€ ① organelle . Norton Meiosis . s G- s- . cinterphasg . Ringside. OSDNA , Mitosisioignudeusn chromosome in 'nJN ADELE ioichromosomennns .

Protozoa Dustbin . Paramecium contractile vacuole. position Bina*÷ryfissioncm÷. snsis⇒iownoFi. ol ÷:÷÷i÷i÷÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷¥÷÷i÷÷÷÷macrgnludeus \" Cd\" . : iisisnudeus Micronucleus nwo mitosis 2cal . Cms8wsimYnuw DOINA ) omninhn.hr Binaryfissioncmsnsisiownool Asexual reproduction. Goof www.hwuldoinuwn Protozoa crustiness, . ' EYOed Flagellum. ④g i÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:¥ncrystallinerodwngitudind Hell {L

Binaryfissioncmsnsisionnoo, Oimhnrnnr ! Phylum Platyhelminths. amylum . oNematodg-UNONM.MN ' Porifera : Hoshi , a Cnidaria : Hydra, linsang 's . 98180 Never a :nmmBo . oeohinodermata Platyhelminths m' Msnol.luiqsc/2a iw: nn.oso n.UaDAYn. nelida:tntinow8yw8spnu , Udon 't . Mn achordata . ° Aothropoda : Hwasong . nTnIndsTnnw . ltrnsoimhnsntoh Ginning Phylum dung'd . Animal Porifera Hosseini'wam . T.jo. Emma Hydra of Cnidaria MNd7ml8omnawowo58Hww . ' Oef Platyhelminths. took Mr Mollusca srsnuoosrorhestonhnhorst trinomial Anneli da Arthropods Hains . , Nematodanouwowmmnad ' Echinocdermatal Naiman ;vAdoq ' MHMNINTH no chordate .. .

Binaryfissioncmsnsisiownool Planarian mites Asexual reproduction Budding lmrnnnanlo ) Yeast cohort . Kingdom Fungi unicellourglainrism msnsdsnudeusBudcunio, ayy i. ,:oi④noE\" womitosis→ OF . oMsnmnunlootionohi → a -- Hell gnathion . psmgeydgn.am

Budding lmsnnnunlo ) external budcunlomorronl Cnidaria : Hydration'll ¥¥¥e¥¥÷÷÷÷÷¥¥I Hydra nsiseellnwsr Mitosis i, . :÷÷:÷ . BE . . Budding lmsnnnanlo , hoinnsoormisnicah'soaAnmoceybteocyte msnmnuniomefwttnternalbndlpooiferacwoon.gg choanocyte Hollar cells , ← Amebocyte . ÷. uproots . Budciemmuley

Regeneration. mrooniuai intrans oisrdooiosonsmeoinnmrnnonn ntinsoirosrraninsrndgnns . ' G) 070918mm wring CReproduction, doin'o888n9uaiy (2) 0700721129Wmentoring Towns www.ndmntd-otnm-siofwplanaria NAMBU . . g. . - www.onnsinsr-ntncladdeotypes#g ÷÷#Li÷-K¥÷÷* dog . Mishima osteoma # Animal central disc . co www.nxnnhwno

. ÷: ÷cn÷ew÷y¥s¥n÷rd÷mn÷t÷int÷om÷÷s:n÷÷i÷ns÷in÷in¥÷md÷so.n÷ow*o÷bs÷cre÷nlo÷rs.¥.niin÷:yo ÷- :÷¥¥÷÷÷ Regeneration Nerreneti Cnidaria : Hydra crow unwontedly i¥÷÷¥' msn.uw-noirnomssonusi.tt \"\" \" \"

Regreesneentreadtion is Nerve) \\ in . i.to#EoEw offiE¥hfPhylum: Echinodermata Can mind sin n . IN E chinos = Umw + Dermal a into too. ¥. . Regeneration Oslo'm of ww• mwoon v.4UD/FinsonnToirin8as 9' a moon Salamander . on u w Vos . > moorhen' ooh snsf.

Parthenogenesis. Pseudo - inoa . Parthenos Isirioodgnnro. Pseudoheart . . .is#:.:::os::e:ihis,oioGenesis-mouse 's. Artificial heart . :o①:!÷c*¥im, Natural parthenogenesis. HMM Rotifer lie . ,, . . fruit ' parthenocarpy c waists 'isr8n . ) ovule Ovule , ' ffpistilunoraol\"insro .io#Q-)::ii:::oolgoo.s.mesm/s'En.njOo. pOj9o9toa9gosoi ⑨ 'Y:B:in :¥÷÷.÷. .

Parthenogenesis ms8wWmfiwwRodwed Parthenogenesis. 9P *④¥Queen CM ⇒⇒⇒÷÷;¥'miii⇒9sp%Tcaiman, Fertilization O . Oggi gsinuspermoiooh \"\" No , Gmg spermatheca worker . H Pheromone . r¥~ Harm Queen

msn.twwww.41wwoiniuiwn. sexual reproduction . ① Imsa indoor wing csex - cell or gamete Meiosis - OE sperm in , in f- - cm ovum - egg , cggimsggnrrrcrossing ceertilizationl zygote can, . sperm on 't egg into ③ toiponisra-nvmr.mn ri barrio nai Anwar ioinriomsnnornrmmr. Set - Cell citron Fusing Mormon INGS. msnsbzlo.in now sex - cell ;;::c÷.:i:m** .. riossrrsmonoii fatsos. ②- Hetero gamete. C Hetero = other ) Micro - Omega- o 1- Anisogagmwegtejgowrmomnrinsn.hr . Igor- Ooga mete . 's naaman 's sin O for

msnsiscell a sinusitis.rs#wceH-ssvoq9wNudeus. C Nucleic Acid : DNA ) > Histoneprotein ←DNA a= eneaom-tni.. me #¥¥→=A iniroinssnnw nucleosome. ! !:DNA molecule= msinwDNA9wcely , . Chromosome . = Mmm chromosome . 2h = b. IN HWUOOJ Chromosome . I :osggsstign.se Ear , a Diploid can ) n -3 ° . of::*÷:÷:c:÷no÷s:io÷m÷÷qonion vaiornnesriw of - Ahtaalqg :Homologous chromosome karyotyl . Chromosome Glasgow.

Ishiguro Chromosome . • Sex - cellcgamete, • Haploid. C Halfords )⇒n TN'T Homologous chromosome gsdghgchromosome. sister - chromatid tf qq.i.in?iib...8?o.s Meta centric . . limb Chromosome 11in's . Isthmus : dichromatic ) 292 chromatid f 1120611

NNN Mon lists cell BST 2 Chromatid . 88- . - i. ⑧¥÷om. . . Bomb DNA Oton was . Frintonon nsb cell Bst 2 chromatid . on 0¥¥¥ - .. + ¥ ⑧④ - ..

Monsignor ( Cell division ) Go , Growth 09pm . ① Mitosis , phase Min. OspthinearsAris centriole Csynthesis,/ 007ms ② Meiosis . msnsisnndeus.Qgygy.ig.ecan - on karyokinesis . organelle. . lsmsiGmaophoawseiows o- phhhassehnlon. t,ann.ci . n①s.nwbcellnwsr Mitosis . Interphase cmsioheonnnaontos OG - phnats-aen. sayggfngpe.my me . • → spindle m::&:c*in• fiber . I ° . metabolism op msrfaiontvonunsrn-wwdnTLATPI.aosronuns.mil , vitamin .us 'oM , .- -

✓ centriole ,- - -- - I ' n ' , / ° i¥snf¥ftninsisIcasanenur¥5 '' . throw DNA CDNA Duplication) C DNA in 'NI8N2ln'D o chromosome JINNI 'd71821 Is zchromatid . K chromosome omissions 'm 2*4 insrcentriolecpolarcap aiuhn9onNNinn . msnsioninooackaryoninesisl 1.2r:o:c?&3!mgEe ocentriolewnwo.rs \" ornithosis prophase. interphase .ge?f si:iw8n1splinhdle fiNber. Eff•fTga-gqDI.NJ.KeineitonchtoirIeIn' to metaphase. m::i:n%io÷n . kinetochore oin spindle. cell ' metaphase plate. -

m\" nosnmwitosbis nfnnt.co?Ckaryoninesis1 Telophase. Tetons Prophase. . pinrisiedouiamfnaour :÷:÷÷÷÷÷ Murin 2h24 2h24 ocentrioletdnwd.WS . stwkinetochore . , Metaphase. m:o:O:a÷n . cell *÷H.m¥u⇒ggh-t¥e¥n¥.Anaphase. Ana ' , liusisterchro \" metaphase plate - ma: n :&S:*son . i en , 4 2N > 4 Prophase 12mg 2cal Metaphase \" \"' 2\" 4 ! Telophase monster ÷÷¥⇒I chromatid - Anaphase

Millais cell Thomson's Nucleus now Meiosis . Meiosis I interphase. 't .. - G - phase , e:ap:se . . i÷÷÷ :*in .se msnsiocyloplasm ⇒ nose . ÷÷im D= 2 n 22 :* . . msntwsnudeusnbni has da g. i⇐Proph⇒aseI ÷÷÷÷÷÷⇒÷÷÷ :⇒ 2h24 nun Homologous chromo

i'÷% .:sS: i:* interphase Chromosome . f f MMU 's nucleus -1 mstisnudeusnsni Prophase 't .w:s→#:g.÷..÷.f÷::÷:\":iunt.ionoiogousouEr¥oi nos⑧o . Anaphase.IT to t .:÷i÷n÷÷baiiipnase §s, p ⑧ Telophase ' me -0 Telophase't I ⑧⑧to I ,

Msllhiscelllbrsr Mitosis 2N :b 2h26 . 10011 Hell msllsdsnudeusiisrsi Meiosis . - Meiosis 't - . *i÷÷÷i:÷÷÷÷÷÷;÷÷÷÷ . ⑧ n' -3