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Auxiliary Learning Materials in First Quarter SCIENCE 8 PHYSICS Camp Tinio National High School INTRODUCTION This auxiliary learning material was designed to provide you with enjoyable and meaningful time for guided and independent learning at your leisure. As an active learner, you will be able to process the contents of this learning material. After careful analysis and finding out the different least learned topics in Science 8, First Quarter Physics, it is required at this stage to develop coherent solutions to the existing problem. The authors understand the students' needs for instruction. This auxiliary learning material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by the teachers to assist and help our learners meet the standards set by the K12 Curriculum while overcoming their different constraints in schooling. This auxiliary learning material provides information about the topics and accompanied by activities to engage the learners to the lesson. Activities were designed to utilized easy-to-find materials, relevant to learners’ lives and interesting to promote higher-order thinking skills. Finally, based on the analysis phase, the researcher would also help to address the identified problem by employing MERILL's design with the integration of ADDIE's model. David Merrill's First Principles of Instruction inspired this instructional design (2002). This auxiliary learning material adhered to five instructional principles that are used when creating a program or practice, in this case, an instructional material in Earth and Life Science subjects. It is broken down into five principles: problem- centered, activation, demonstration, application, and integration.

Auxiliary Learning Materials in First Quarter SCIENCE 8 PHYSICS Camp Tinio National High School Quarter I, Week 1 Material 1 LESSON 1: FORCES MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY S8FE-Ia-15: Investigate the relationship between the amount of force applied and the mass of the object to the amount of change in the object’s motion. OBJECTIVES In this set of activities, you should: 1. identify concepts or ideas related to force; and 2. analyze problems related to the amount of force applied and the mass of the object to the amount of change in the object’s motion.

Auxiliary Learning Materials in First Quarter SCIENCE 8 PHYSICS Camp Tinio National High School PROBLEM SOLVING Effect of force on the ball What do you think caused the ball to move the way they did? ACTIVATE YOUR KNOWLEDGE Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Which of the following describes a force? A. A pull only B. A push only C. A push or pull or both D. Neither a push nor a pull 2. What is the unit of force in metric system? A. Calorie B. Joules C. Newton D. Pounds 3. How do forces occur? A. in pairs B. in triplets C. by themselves D. as single quantity 4. When you move a chair across the floor, what force must your push be stronger than? A. friction B. magnetic C. normal D. tension 5. A 500 N lady sits on the floor. How much force the floor exerts on her? A. 50 N B. 250 N C. 500 N D. 1000 N

Auxiliary Learning Materials in First Quarter SCIENCE 8 Camp Tinio National High School PHYSICS 6. Which force always pulls the objects to the ground? A. applied B. friction C. gravitational D. tension 7. A leaf falls from a tree. What force(s) are acting on it? A. Air resistance only B. Gravitational force only C. Applied force and air resistance D. Air resistance and gravitational forces 8. When a cabinet touches the floor, which type of forces exist? A. Contact forces B. Balanced forces C. Non-contact forces D. Unbalanced forces 9. The Earth has a bigger mass than the Moon. If you were able to travel to the Moon, what happens to your weight? A. increases B. decreases C. stays the same D. varies with day and night 10. What is the net force in the figure below? A. 1 N, to the left B. 1 N, to the right C. 11 N, to the left D. 11 N, to the right

Auxiliary Learning Materials in First Quarter SCIENCE 8 PHYSICS Camp Tinio National High School LET’S DEMONSTRATE THE CONCEPT A force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with another object. Whenever there is an interaction between two objects, there is a force upon each of the objects. When the interaction ceases, the two objects no longer experience the force. Forces only exist as a result of an interaction. Forces are described in terms of magnitude, direction, point of application, and line of action. • Magnitude refers to how strong the force is. A greater magnitude of force causes a greater change in velocity for an object. • Direction refers to the points to where the object goes. • Point of Application is the location where the force is applied. • Line of Action is the straight line passing through the point of application and is parallel to the direction of the force. Figure 1. Force Acting on a Ball Two Types of Force 1. Contact Forces - are those types of forces that result when the two interacting objects are perceived to be physically contacting each other. A. Applied- It refers to the force exerted by a person or an object towards another person or object. (Symbol of Applied force: F) B. Friction- It refers to the force that acts opposite or against another object. (Symbol of Friction Force: FF) C. Normal- It is the force that acts perpendicular to an object. (Symbol of Friction Force: FN) D. Tension-It is the force applied to a string, rope, chain, cable, and the like. (Symbol of Friction Force: FT) 2. Non- Contact Forces - are those types of forces that result even when the two interacting objects are not in physical contact with each other, yet are able to exert a push or pull despite their physical separation. A. Gravitational Force- It is the force that attracts the object towards the earth. The greater the mass, the greater the gravitational force. B. Magnetic Force- It is the force that is exerted on what we call a field of attraction or repulsion

Auxiliary Learning Materials in First Quarter SCIENCE 8 PHYSICS Camp Tinio National High School Balanced Forces are those which are of opposite directions and equal in magnitude. Unbalanced Forces are those which are in opposite direction and unequal in magnitude. 500 N = 500 N 500 N < 800 N A representation of balanced forces in a A representation of unbalanced forces in tug-of-war game a tug-of-war game Net Force or Resultant Force If Net Force= 0, the forces are balanced. This means that there is no change in movement or velocity of the object where the forces are acting upon. Meanwhile, if the net force is greater than 0, that means that there is a greater amount of force, so expect a change in motion and velocity of an object. Formula in solving Net Force→ ������������������������ = Σ ������ Net Sum of the forces in the same line of Force action Directions of Force and Corresponding Signs: Direction of Force Corresponding Sign Forces exerted to the right Positive (+) Forces exerted to the left Negative (-) Positive (+) Forces exerted upward Negative (-) Forces exerted downward Fnet= ΣF Fnet= FA + FB Fnet= -500N + 1 000N Fnet= 500 N Team A: 500N Team B: 1000N

Auxiliary Learning Materials in First Quarter SCIENCE 8 PHYSICS Camp Tinio National High School APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED! Enrichment Activity 1: Based on the following selections, identify the concepts or ideas related to force. Write only the letter of the correct answer. (1 point each) 1. Which of the following is not a unit of force? A. Dyne C. Newton B. Joules D. Pound 2. Which of the following refers to the amount of force exerted? A. Magnitude C. Velocity B. Line of action D. Direction 3. Which of these forces pulls an object towards the earth? A. Applied C. Tension B. Gravitational D. Friction 4. What force is always directed opposite to the motion of the object? A. Applied C. Tension B. Gravitational D. Friction 5. Which of the following refers to the sum of the existing forces in the same line of action? A. Balanced Forces C. Net Force B. Unbalanced Forces D. Magnetic Force 6. If the force is directed to the right, what algebraic sign should be used when adding forces? A. Positive C. Both positive and negative B. Negative D. None of these 7. If the net force is not equal to zero, the forces are: A. Balanced B. Unbalanced 8. A 20 N force is directed to right and another force of 15 N is directed to the left of an object. Calculate the net force on the object. A. -5N C. 35N B. 5N D. -35N 9. If an upward force is equal to 5 N and a downward force is also equal to 5 N is applied to an object, what is the net force on the object? A. 0N C. -10N B. 10N D. 5N 10. Look at the picture. What is the net force? A. 80N C. -20N B. 20N D. -80N Enrichment Activity 2: Read and analyze the problem carefully. Then, answer the following questions below. Write only the letter of the correct answer. (2 points each) Man A and man B pull the heavy box at the same time in opposite directions with 25 N and 15 N of force respectively. 1. What will be the net force on the cabinet? A. +10 B. - 10 2. Will the cabinet move? A. Yes B. No 3. To what direction will it move? A. Left B. Right

Auxiliary Learning Materials in First Quarter SCIENCE 8 Camp Tinio National High School PHYSICS 4. What is the relationship between the amount of force applied and the amount of change in the object’s motion? A. The greater the force exerted, the lesser change in object’s motion B. The greater the force, the greater change in object’s motion. REFERENCES https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/The-Meaning-of-Force Bacolod, R. O., & Cordova, E. B. (2020). Science 8 Quarter 1- Module 1: Forces. Butuan City: Department of Education. • Campo, P. C., R, C. M., & Catalan, M. H. (2014). SCIENCE 8 Learner's Module. Pasig City: Department of Education.

Auxiliary Learning Materials in First Quarter SCIENCE 8 PHYSICS Camp Tinio National High School Quarter I, Week 2 Material 2 LESSON 2: NEWTON’S THREE LAWS OF MOTION MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY S8FE-Ia-16: Infer that when a body exerts a force on another, an equal amount of force is exerted back on it. OBJECTIVES In this set of activities, you should: 1. illustrate and explain Newton’s three laws of motion and 2. identify laws of motion in everyday life

Auxiliary Learning Materials in First Quarter SCIENCE 8 PHYSICS Camp Tinio National High School PROBLEM SOLVING Have you ever asked yourself what causes these things to move? How will the world be without motion? ACTIVATE YOUR KNOWLEDGE Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Who formulated the Three Laws of Motion? A. Aristotle B. Isaac Newton C. Thomas Edison D. Alexander Graham Bell 2. Which has more mass, a kilogram of cotton or a kilogram of iron? A. the iron B. the cotton C. they both have the same mass D. cannot be determined from the given information 3. Which has the greatest inertia? A. airplane B. car C. jeepney D. bike 4. Which of these vehicles moving at the same velocity is difficult to stop? A. a bus B. a car C. a train D. a truck 5. All of the following apply the third law of motion EXCEPT ____________. A. kicking a ball B. rowing a banca C. throwing a stone D. taking out ketchup from a bottle

Auxiliary Learning Materials in First Quarter SCIENCE 8 PHYSICS Camp Tinio National High School LET’S DEMONSTRATE THE CONCEPT Sir Isaac Newton formulated the three laws of motion: Law of Inertia, Law of Acceleration, and Law of Interaction. Law of Inertia (First Law of Motion) Newton’s first law of motion, the law of inertia, states that, “an object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion will continue to move at constant velocity unless acted upon by a net force.” The tendency of an object to maintain its state of rest or of uniform velocity in a straight line is called inertia. Mass is a measure of the inertia of an object. The greater the mass of an object, the harder it is to move when it is at rest, or difficult to stop when in motion. A common example where inertia can be observed is when you are on a tricycle. Initially, the tricycle is at rest. When it starts to move, your body has the tendency to move backward. On the other hand, when the tricycle suddenly stops, your body has the tendency to move forward. When the tricycle either starts to move or suddenly stops, your body has the tendency to change your state of motion. Law of Acceleration (Second Law of Motion) The second law of motion is the law of acceleration which states that “the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it (the greater the force, the greater the acceleration) and is inversely proportional to the object’s mass (the greater the mass of an object, the less it will accelerate when a given force is applied). The direction of the acceleration is in the direction of the net force acting on the object.” Newton’s second law of motion is expressed through the equation: Σ������= ������������ Recall from Lesson 1 that the symbol Σ (sigma) stands for the algebraic sum. Σ������ stands for the net force acting on the object, m for mass of the object and ������ for its acceleration.

Auxiliary Learning Materials in First Quarter SCIENCE 8 PHYSICS Camp Tinio National High School Force N= kg●m/s2 Table 1. Units for Mass, Acceleration, and Force. System Mass Acceleration m/s2 MKS (meter, kilogram, kg and second) Examples of Law of Acceleration In picture A and B, it will take twice the amount of force to accelerate the wagon with 20 kgs. as the wagon with 10 kgs. But to make an object accelerate or move, you must apply force. These illustrations show the relationship between net force and acceleration. The greater the mass of the object, the more force is needed to make it accelerate or move. Law of Interaction (Third Law of Motion) The third law of motion is the law of interaction which states that “for every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction.” This law tells us that a force exerted on any object is always exerted back by an equal magnitude of force but in opposite direction. Always remember that in this law, forces always come in pairs. These are called action and reaction forces, and they do not act on the same body. In determining the action and reaction forces, be able to identify first the action that requires force, and then identify the reaction force that counteracts the action force. An example of this is a boy pushing a wall. When the boy pushes the wall (action), the wall exerts an equal and opposite magnitude of force to the boy (reaction). Some more examples include hammering a nail, pushing a grocery cart, and attracting a paper clip using a magnet.

Auxiliary Learning Materials in First Quarter SCIENCE 8 PHYSICS Camp Tinio National High School Examples of Law of Interaction Condition Force of Action Force of Reaction The force exerted by the ground A. Feet and the ground The force exerted by the on the feet feet on the ground The force exerted by the wall on the girl B. Leaning against the The force exerted by the The force exerted by the chair on the girl wall girl on the wall C. Sitting on chair The force exerted by the girl on chair APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED! Enrichment Activity 1: Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Which law states that forces act with equal magnitude and in opposite direction? A. Law of Inertia B. Law of Interaction C. Law of Acceleration D. Law of Gravitational Force 2. For every _________ there is an equal and opposite ___________. A. action, action B. reaction, action C. action, reaction D. reaction, reaction 3. What Newton’s law of motion requires the use of seat belt in cars? A. Law of Inertia B. Law of Interaction C. Law of Acceleration D. Law of Universal Gravitation 4. A guava with a mass of 0.200 kg has a weight of ___________. A. 0.200 N B. 1.96 N C. 4.50 N D. 10.0 N 5. A stone hits the ground before a flat sheet of paper because ___________. A. it is less massive B. it is more massive C. the acceleration of gravity is greater on the stone D. there is more air resistance against the flat paper

Auxiliary Learning Materials in First Quarter SCIENCE 8 PHYSICS Camp Tinio National High School Enrichment Activity 2: Think of examples of law of motion in everyday life. Then, draw one example for each law. Provide description in each drawing. (5 points each) Law of Inertia Law of Acceleration Law of Interaction Description: Description: Description: *You will be rated according to the scoring rubric below: Rubric for Explanation and Identification 5 points 3-4 points 1-2 points Given explanation and Given explanation and Given explanation and identification identification shows identification is somewhat is not relevant based on what complete understanding relevant based on what was taught in the activity based on what was taught was taught in the activity sheet. sheet. in the activity sheet. REFERENCES • Bacolod, R. O., & Cordova, E. B. (2020). Science 8 Quarter 1- Module 2: Laws of Motion. Butuan City: Department of Education. • Bhardwaj, S. (2018, June 14). Newton's law of motion with daily life examples. Retrieved from BHARDWAJ CLASSES: http://www.bhardwajclass.com/2017/09/newtons-laws-of-motion-with-daily- life-examples.html • Campo, P. C., R, C. M., & Catalan, M. H. (2014). SCIENCE 8 Learner's Module. Pasig City: Department of Education. • Mammoth Memory. (n.d.). Newton Second Law Example. Retrieved from Mammoth Memory: https://mammothmemory.net/physics/newtons-laws-of-motion/newtons-second-law-- examples/newtons-secondlaw-examples.html

Auxiliary Learning Materials in First Quarter SCIENCE 8 PHYSICS Camp Tinio National High School Quarter I, Week 1 Material 3 LESSON 6: CURRENT AND VOLTAGE MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY No Code Available: Infer the relationship between current and voltage. OBJECTIVES In this set of activities, you should: 1. calculate current and voltage using Ohm’s Law; 2. illustrate the relationship of current and voltage through a graph; and 3. explain the relationship of current and voltage.

Auxiliary Learning Materials in First Quarter SCIENCE 8 PHYSICS Camp Tinio National High School PROBLEM SOLVING What will happen to the current if the voltage is decreased by one half while the resistance is held constant? What will happen to the current if resistance is doubled while voltage is kept constant? ACTIVATE YOUR KNOWLEDGE Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1. It is a difference in electric potential energy in joule/coulomb. A. circuit B. current C. resistance D. voltage 2. What is the SI unit of voltage? A. ampere B. ohm C. volt D. watt 3. It is the number of charges passing through a wire per unit time. A. current B. power C. resistance D. voltage 4. What is the SI unit of current? A. ampere B. ohm C. volt D. watt 5. It is the opposition to the flow of electric charges as they travel through a conducting wire. A. circuit B. current C. resistance D. voltage

Auxiliary Learning Materials in First Quarter SCIENCE 8 Camp Tinio National High School PHYSICS 6. What is the SI unit of resistance? A. ampere B. ohm C. volt D. watt 7. Which of the following is the correct statement of Ohm’s Law? A. When current increases in a circuit, voltage increases and resistance increases. B. When current increases in a circuit, voltage decreases and resistance increases. C. When current increases in a circuit, voltage increases while resistance remains constant. D. When current decreases in a circuit, voltage decreases and resistance increases. 8. It supplies energy in an electric circuit. A. load B. switch C. voltage source D. conducting wire 9. It converts electrical energy into different forms of energy such as light, heat, or sound in an electric circuit. A. load B. switch C. voltage source D. conducting wire 10. According to Ohm’s law, across a resistor with constant resistance, what happens to the current across it when the voltage applied is halved? A. halved B. doubled C. quadrupled D. remains the same LET’S DEMONSTRATE THE CONCEPT Electricity is part of our daily lives. Many of the activities we do every day depend on electricity. The discovery of electricity changed people’s lives. Can you watch your favorite show on TV without electricity? Can you use your computers without electricity? Can you browse all your social media accounts, watch online consultations, and play online games on your cell phone without electricity? Imagine our life today without electricity, especially in these pandemic days wherein technologies and gadgets are in demand. In this lesson, we will uncover the science behind how electricity flows and how it can power up all electrical gadgets that depend on it. When an electrical conductor is connected to different electric potentials, charge flows from one end to the other end of the conductor. Without a potential difference, no charge flows as well. To attain a sustained flow of charge in the conductor, an electrical set- up must maintain a difference in potential while charge flows from one end to the other. These charges are free electrons that would only flow in the conducting wires usually made of metals and connected to voltage sources. When there is flow of electric charges an electrical current is present. Specifically, the terms: electric current, voltage, and electric resistance and their relationship with each other will be the main discussion in this lesson.

Auxiliary Learning Materials in First Quarter SCIENCE 8 PHYSICS Camp Tinio National High School Electric current (I) is the rate of flow of electric charges from one point to another in a circuit. It is measured in Amperes(A). One rate of Ampere is a rate of flow equal to 1 Coulomb of charge per second. Basically, the current is caused by the movement of electrons. A sustained current in conducting wire requires a suitable pumping device. Charges will flow only when they are pushed or driven. The work needed per unit charge to move between two points is called voltage expressed in volts. Voltage (V) is what makes an electric charge move. It is a difference in electrical potential energy per unit of charge between two points. It behaves like a pushing force forcing the electrons to start moving around which creates an electric current. Example if the voltage of the fan is increased from 3 volts to 10 volts the blades of the fan will turn even faster because of the bigger pushing force allowing more current to flow. Batteries and generators are the primary sources of electric current in an electric circuit. How much current exists in a circuit depends not only on the voltage but also on the electrical resistance of the conductor. Electrical Resistance(R) is the opposition to the flow of current by the conducting wire. The electrical resistance of the wire depends on its thickness, length, and conductivity. Electrical resistance also depends on temperature. At higher temperatures, atoms are violently vibrating that can result in greater collision, creating more resistance against the flow of current. Electrical resistance is measured in Ohms (Ω) named after Georg Simon Ohm with Greek letter omega as its symbol. An electronic device that is designed to resist the flow of current is known as a resistor with its equivalent electrical symbol. A resistor can also be a light bulb with its equivalent electrical symbol that will convert the energy that is moving to electrons into heat and light. The relationship among voltage, current, and resistance is summarized by the Ohm’s Law which states that the amount of electric current is directly proportional to the voltage applied to the circuit and inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit. Georg Simon Ohm discovered that at constant resistance, electric current in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage. The greater the voltage the greater the current. If the resistance of the circuit is doubled the current would be reduced to one half when voltage is held constant. In a simple circuit voltage is directly proportional to current. Its proportionality constant equals resistance. V= IR, where V= Voltage expressed in Volt(V), I= Current expressed in Ampere (A), and R= Resistance expressed in Ohm (Ω). APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED! Enrichment Activity 1: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1. What is the electric current if a circuit has a resistance of 100 Ω and voltage of 12.0 V? A. 0.120 A B. 9.00 A C. 12.0 A D. 25.0 A

Auxiliary Learning Materials in First Quarter SCIENCE 8 PHYSICS Camp Tinio National High School 2. What is the electric current if a circuit has a resistance of 100 Ω and a voltage of 6.00 V? A. 0.0600 A B. 4.50 A C. 6.00 A D. 12.5 A 3. What is the voltage of a circuit that has a resistance of 6 kΩ and a current of 2 mA? A. 9 V B. 10 V C. 11 V D. 12 V 4. What will happen to the current if the voltage is reduced to one half? A. tripled B. doubled C. decreased by one half D. decreased by one fourth 5. Calculate the voltage if the current passing through the wire is 3 A, and has a resistance of 10 Ω. A. 6 V B. 30 V C. 75 V D. 150 V 6. What is the voltage across a 6 Ω load when 3 A of current passes through it? A. 2V B. 9 V C. 18 V D. 36 V 7. Which of the following properties of materials does NOT affect resistance? A. length B. thickness C. temperature D. strength of the material 8. Ampere is a unit of what electrical quantity? A. current B. load C. resistance D. voltage 9. What happens to the current across a circuit when the voltage is doubled while the resistance is held constant? A. tripled B. halved C. doubled D. remains the same

Auxiliary Learning Materials in First Quarter SCIENCE 8 PHYSICS Camp Tinio National High School 10. Which of the following statements is correct about the relationship of voltage and current? A. Current varies directly with voltage and resistance is changing. B. Current varies indirectly with voltage and resistance is changing. C. Current varies directly with voltage when resistance remains constant. D. Current varies indirectly with voltage when resistance remains constant. Enrichment Activity 2: Read and analyze the problems below. Copy and complete the table. Refer to the given guide on how to calculate the voltage and the current. Number one is already done for you as your example. (15 points) To compute the voltage, just multiply the given current and resistance V= IxR in the problem. I= V/R To compute the current, just divide the given voltage and resistance in the problem. 1. Given a resistance of 1 500 Ω and a current of 0.03 A. What is the voltage? 2. If the current is 10 A and the resistance is 3 Ω, what is the voltage? 3. A light bulb has a resistance of 100 ohms. If a current of 12 A is going through it, calculate the voltage applied. 4. If a battery in a circuit is 24 V and the resistance is 12 ohms, what is the current? 5. Resistance is 200 Ω and voltage is 24 V. Find I? REFERENCES Gil Nonato S. Santos, Alfonso D. Danac. 2010. “Resistance in Electric Circuits.” In O-Physics IV, by Gil Nonato S. Santos, Alfonso D. Danac, 208. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store. Paul G. Hewitt. 2006. “Electric Current”. In Conceptual Physics, by Paul G. Hewitt, 437. San Francisco, California: Pearson Addison-Wesly. Hugh D. Young, Roger E Freedman, Lewis A. Ford. 2008. \"Ohm's Law.\" In University Physics, by Roger E Freedman, Lewis A. Ford Hugh D. Young, 855. San Francisco, California: Pearson Addison-Wesley. Pixabay. “Car Battery Lead Storage-Free Vector Graphic on Pixabay.” Accessed May 19, 2020. https://pixabay.com/vectors/car-battery-battery-296788/ Pixabay. “ Electronic Element-Free Vector Graphic on Pixabay.” Accessed May 20, 2020. https://pixabay.com/vectors/electronics-element-resistor-2026597/

Auxiliary Learning Materials in First Quarter SCIENCE 8 PHYSICS Camp Tinio National High School