module three rules

Module Three * Countable nouns (C.N) * Uncountable nouns (UC.N) 1- They can be counted by using 1- They cannot be counted. In addition, they are followed by a singular verb numbers. (Treat uncountable nouns as singular). E.g.1: Coffee is my favourite drink. E.g.2: Water freezes at zero degree Celsius. 2- They have a singular and a plural 2- They don't have a plural form. form. 3- They can take any, a lot of, a, an, 3- They can take the, any, a little, a lot of the, some or numbers before or some before them. Do NOT use a/an them. E.g.1: Two bananas. ( ) or numbers before them. E.g.2: Some bananas. ( ) Two meat. (X) a meat. (X) Some meat. ( ) 4- Examples: 5- Examples: One fig water/ coffee /juice /milk /rice/ two figs cheese/ tea/ flour /fruit /food / five figs yoghurt / traffic/ bread /honey/ butter / meat/ salt/ sugar/ advice/ information/ ice cream. T. Ghadeer AlZawahrah

How many …? How much ..? To ask about quantity for countable To ask about amount for uncountable nouns. nouns. e.g: A: How many books are there in e.g: A: How much coffee is there in the your room? tin? B: There are a lot. B: There isn‟t any.  Note: a/an: we use them with countable singular nouns. The article an is used before nouns The article a is used before nouns that that begin with the vowels a, e, i, o begin with the other letters, called and u. consonants. Remember the vowel face: T. Ghadeer AlZawahrah

*There is * There are to say that a noun is present in a place. (or nouns) is used with singular countable nouns is used with countable plural nouns. and uncountable nouns. Affirmative sentence: *Notice that we look at the words after not before there. E.g. There is some meat in the fridge. E.g. There are some onions in the (UC.N) cupboard. (C.N.) Negative sentence: e.g: There isn't any meat in the fridge. e.g: There aren't any onions in the cupboard. Interrogative sentence: Q: Is there any meat in the fridge? Q: Are there any onions in the Yes, there is. / No, there isn't. cupboard? Yes, there are. / No, there aren't. Note: There are some meat. (X) T. Ghadeer AlZawahrah

* some * any Use some in affirmative sentences Use any in questions and negative with countable and uncountable nouns. sentences with countable and uncountable nouns. E.g. There is some milk in the bottle. E.g.1: Is there any milk in the bottle? E.g.2: There are some apples in the E.g.2: Are there any eggs in the cupboard. fridge? E.g.3: There isn‟t any book in my bag.  We‟ve got some fish. („ve= have)  We haven‟t got any fish.  She‟s got some fish. („s=has)  She hasn‟t got any fish. Do you have any apples? Yes, I have some apples. / No, I don't have any apples. T. Ghadeer AlZawahrah

* Pronunciation of –s in plural nouns rules: The pronunciation depends on the last sound of the verb or noun, which is usually a consonant. /s/ Ending in ' voiceless sound' /f/ /k/ /p/ /t/ chefs books shops hats /z/ Ending in ' voiced sound' /m/ /n/ /r/ /g/ All vowels pears dogs Radios plums pens /iz/ Ending in the following sounds /dʒ/ /ʃ/ /tʃ/ /ks/ /z/ /s/ bridges dishes sandwiches boxes roses glasses (Note: it is similar to the rules of Pronunciation the final –s of the third person singular in the present simple. You can check the previous worksheet) T. Ghadeer AlZawahrah

* Rules to form the plural nouns: (Activity Book page 25 exercise 2) A plural noun is a noun that refers to more than one person, place, thing, or idea. Most nouns add -s at the end of the Car=cars word. Nouns ending in -s, -z, -ch, -sh and -x, Bus=buses/ lunch =lunches/ fox=foxes/ add -es brush=brushes/ dress= dresses wish=wishes/quiz=quizzes Some nouns ending in -o, add -es. potato – potatoes tomato= tomatoes hero= heroes {Note: Plural noun exceptions: photo = photos / piano = pianos } Nouns ending in -y preceded by a Boy = boys vowel, add -s. ray= rays Nouns ending in -y preceded by a city =cities consonant, drop the -y and add -ies. baby= babies There are irregular plural nouns like man= men etc. T. Ghadeer AlZawahrah

* Punctuation: (Activity Book page 30) Commas and Numbers -We put commas in long numbers: e.g: 1,000 e.g: 3,098,636 -Year dates have no commas or full stops: e.g: 2019 e.g: 17th century e.g: June 16th 1967 Commas in lists When we write a list, we put a comma after each thing on the list. Before the last thing, we write and but there is no comma before it. e.g: I bought a pen, three pencils, two rulers and a rubber. * Linking words: But & However (Activity Book page 31) They are synonyms (have the same meaning). But However is a conjunction, so it joins two is an adverb. You can begin a sentence sentences. We put a comma before with „however‟. When we begin a sentence it. with “however”, it is followed by a comma. e.g. 1:I learnt French easily, but I e.g.1: I learnt French easily. However, I didn't like my teacher. didn't like my teacher. e.g.2: Ahmad studies very hard for e.g.: The beach is a wonderful place. the exams, but he could not pass However, it is always crowded. them. Miss Ghadeer Ali T. Ghadeer AlZawahrah