Computers and Technology

Lesson | 7Spreadsheets:MathematicsActivity 1: Time Charts Activity 11: Organizing Data ■ Format Data ■ Use AutoFormat to Quickly Format a ■ Enter a Formula Worksheet ■ Create a Series ■ Change Column Width ■ Use Table Styles to Quickly Format a WorksheetActivity 2: Measurements Activity 12: Proportions ■ Apply Number Formats Activity 13: Stock Market StatisticsActivity 3: Calculating with a Spreadsheet ■ Use Copy and Paste ■ Chart Basics ■ Change Data Alignment ■ Create Charts ■ About StylesActivity 4: Calculating Percentages ■ Apply Styles ■ Use Functions Activity 14: Charting Time ■ Common Functions ■ Relative Reference ■ Resize or Move a Chart ■ Absolute Reference Activity 15: Organizing Information in aActivity 5: Putting it All on the Line Spreadsheet ■ Chart Elements ■ Add a Legend ■ Change a Chart ■ Change Chart Text Activity 16: Sports StatisticsActivity 6: Fahrenheit and Celsius Activity 17: Tracking Wild AnimalsActivity 7: Finding the Median and ■ Add Data Labels the Mean Activity 18: Calculating the Median and ■ Sort Records in a List the Mean ■ Rules for Sorting ■ Insert a FunctionActivity 8: Calculating Running Speed Activity 19: Using a Spreadsheet to ■ Insert and Delete Columns and Rows Organize Data ■ Compare Workbooks ■ Format a ChartActivity 9: Sports Statistics ■ Add Data Labels ■ Wrap Text Activity 20: Increasing QuantitiesActivity 10: Calculating Costs Activity 21: Statistics in Athletics 241

Activity | 1Time ChartsPractice Activity Technology Overview Being able to show your time spent on a project in the form of a chart is an important skill. There are specialized software programs that you can use to record time spent on a task, but a spreadsheet program can take care of nearly everything you need to record and do any calculations for you. Presenting the data on the worksheet can be a clear and easy way to see your data. In this activity, you will use a spreadsheet program to make calculations. Content Overview Working at Reading Treasures Bookstore is a great deal of fun. Besides getting to see all the new titles as soon as they come out, you also shelve books, run the register, help customers find or order books, clean, and perform administrative tasks such as taking care of the paperwork for orders. In this activity, you will fill out a timecard to show how you spent your time for a five-day week.TERMS Series A list of sequential numbers, dates, times,Formula An instruction Excel uses to calculate or text. a number. Standard column width The default number ofMathematical operators Symbols used in characters that display in a column based on the default font. mathematical operations: + for addition, - for sub- traction, * for multiplication, / for division, and ^ for exponentiation.Order of mathematical operations The order in which Excel performs the calculations specified in a formula.KEY CONCEPTS Enter a FormulaFormat Data ■ A formula is a worksheet instruction that performs a calculation.■ Format data by selecting it and clicking the appro- priate button on the Home tab (in Excel 2007) or ■ After you enter a formula into the cell, the answer the Formatting toolbar (in Excel 2003). displays in the cell while the formula appears in the formula bar when that cell is selected. ■ When creating formulas, you use cell references, values, and mathematical operators.242

Learning Computers and Technology | Spreadsheets: Mathematics | Activity 1■ A formula can also contain a predefined formula, Create a Series known as a function. ■ A series is a sequence of numbers (such as 1, 2,■ The following are standard mathematical operators 3), dates (such as 10/21/07, 10/22/07, 10/23/07), used in formulas: times (such as 2:30, 2:45, 3:00), or text (such as January, February, March). + Addition ■ To enter a series based on the active cell, drag the - Subtraction fill handle, a small square in the lower-right corner of the active cell. The mouse pointer changes to * Multiplication as you drag over the range of cells you want to fill with the series. / Division ✓ For example, type January into a cell, then drag the fill handle down or to the left to create the series January, ^ Exponentiation February, March, and so on.■ The equal sign (=) must be typed at the beginning Drag the fill handle of the active of a formula. For example, the formula =B2+B4+B6 cell to create a series adds the values in those three cell locations together. ■ To create an incremental series (i.e., 1, 3, 5, 7), enter the data for the first and second cells of a■ When you make a change to a value in a cell that is series, select the two cells, then drag the fill handle referenced in a formula, the answer in the formula for the selection over the range of cells to fill. cell automatically changes. ■ You can also use the fill handle to copy formatting■ The order of mathematical operations is impor- (such as bold, italics, and so on) from one cell to tant to remember when creating formulas. adjacent cells, and not its value. ● When calculating a formula, Excel performs ■ In addition, you can use the fill handle to copy both operations enclosed in parentheses first. the cell’s value and its formatting. ● Exponential calculations have the next priority. Change Column Width ● Moving left to right within the formula, multiplica- ■ The default Excel workbook is set for a standard tion and division operations are then calculated column width. before the addition and subtraction operations. ■ You can quickly adjust a column to fit the longest ✓ Keeping the order of mathematical operations in mind, entry in that column, or you can set the column to the easiest way to control which parts of a complex for- any width you like. mula is calculated first is to simply use parentheses. ■ Changing column width changes the width of an■ When typing a percentage as a value in a formula, entire column or a group of columns—not the width you can enter it with the percent symbol or as a of a single cell. decimal.■ Excel automatically provides assistance in correct- ing common mistakes in a formula (for example, omitting a parenthesis). 243

PROCEDURESApply Bold, Italics, or 4. Press Enter or click the Enter Fill Series å+S■ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Underline button ®. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ✓ Increases the value in the first cell by one to fill each cell in theExcel 2007: ✓ Instead of typing a cell reference fill range. into a formula, you can simply 1. Select cell(s) to format. click the appropriate cell. ■ Fill Formatting Only. . . . . . . . . å+F 2. Click Home tab å,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H ✓ To cancel entry of the formula, ✓ Copies the formatting of the firstFont Group click the Cancel button or cell, but not its value. press Esc.3. Select as many text effects as ■ Fill Without you like: Formatting å+O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .■ Click Bold button 1. . . . . . . . . . . Create a Series Using ✓ Same as Fill Series option, but Mouse this does not copy the format-OR ting of the first cell to the cells 1. Enter the value to copy in in the fill range.■ Click Italic button 2. . . . . . . . . . . active cell. Fill Days å+D■ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .OR 2. Select the cell, and then point to its fill handle. ✓ Fills cells in the range witha. Click arrow on Underline dates one day apart. ✓ The mouse changes to . button 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ■ Fill Weekdays å+W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Drag the fill handle down, up,b. Select underline format: left, or right to create a series. ✓ Fills cells in the range with dates one day apart, skipping Underline U● . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ✓ To copy the value and not create a over dates that fall on week- series, press Ç as you drag. ends. ● Double Underline D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Click the AutoFill Options button Fill Months å+M■ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Excel 2003: and select an option: ✓ Fills cells in the range with 1. Select cell(s) to format. ✓ If you don’t select an option from dates one month apart. 2. Select as many text effects as the AutoFill button, then the range is filled with a series as explained Fill Years å+Y■ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you like: below. Also, the button disappears ■ Click Bold button . after you enter data into any other ✓ Fills cells in the range with OR cell. dates one year apart. ■ Click Italic button . OR ✓ You can select multiple cells at Set Column Width to Fit ■ Click Underline button . once, and choose the same option Longest Entry for all of them.Enter Formula Using 1. Drag over column headers ofMathematical Operators Copy Cells å+C■ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the columns you want to adjust. 1. Click cell where answer should ✓ Copies the contents of the first display ¯/˘/≤/≥. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cell into the fill range. 2. Double-click right border of any selected column heading. 2. Press = 3. Type formula. ✓ Example: =(C2+C10)/2244