OPTIONAL MATH class 10

Optional Mathematics Grade 10 Government of Nepal Ministry of Education, Science and Technology Curriculum Development Centre Sanothimi, Bhaktpur Nepal

Optional Mathematics Grade – 10 Government of Nepal Ministry of Education, Science and Technology Curriculum Development Centre Sanothimi, Bhaktapur 2076

Publisher: Government of Nepal Ministry of Education, Science and Technology Curriculum Development Centre Sanothimi, Bhaktapur © Publisher First Edition: 2076 B.S.

Preface The curriculum and curricular materials have been developed and revised on a regular basis with the aim of making education objective-oriented, practical, relevant and job oriented. It is necessary to instill the feelings of nationalism, national integrity and democratic spirit in students and equip them with morality, discipline and self- reliance, creativity and thoughtfulness. It is essential to develop in them the linguistic and mathematical skills, knowledge of science, information and communication technology, environment, health and population and life skills. it is also necessary to bring in them the feeling of preserving and promoting arts and aesthetics, humanistic norms, values and ideals. It has become the need of the present time to make them aware of respect for ethnicity, gender, disabilities, languages, religions, cultures, regional diversity, human rights and social values so as to make them capable of playing the role of responsible citizens. This textbook for grade nine students as an optional mathematics has been developed in line with the Secondary Level Optional Mathematics Curriculum, 2074 so as to strengthen mathematical knowledge, skill and thinking on the students. It is finalized by incorporating recommendations and feedback obtained through workshops, seminars and interaction programmes. The textbook is written by Prof. Dr. Siddhi Prasad Koirala, Mr. Ramesh Prasad Awasthi and Mr. Shakti Prasad Acharya. In Bringing out the textbook in this form, the contribution of the Director General of CDC Dr. Lekha Nath Poudel is highly acknowledged. Similarly, the contribution of Prof. Dr. Ram Man Shrestha, Mr. Laxmi Narayan Yadav, Mr. Baikuntha Prasad Khanal, Mr. Krishna Prasad Pokharel, Mr. Anirudra Prasad Neupane, Ms. Goma Shrestha, Mr. Rajkumar Mathema is also remarkable. The subject matter of the book was edited by Dr. Dipendra Gurung, Mr. Jagannath Adhikari and Mr. Nara Hari Acharya. The language of the book was edited by Mr. Nabin Kumar Khadka. The layout of this book was designed by Mr. Jayaram Kuikel. CDC extends sincere thanks to all those who have contributed to developing this textbook. This book contains various mathematical concepts and exercises which will help the learners to achieve the competency and learning outcomes set in the curriculum. Efforts have been made to make this textbook as activity-oriented, interesting and learner centered as possible. The teachers, students and all other stakeholders are expected to make constructive comments and suggestions to make it a more useful textbook. 2076 Curriculum Development Centre Sanothimi, Bhaktapur

Table of Content 1 Unit 1 Algebra 1 16 1.1 Function 29 1.2 Polynomials 68 1.3 Sequence and Series 81 1.4 Linear Programming 92 1.5 Quadratic Equations and Graphs 103 Unit 2 Continuity 121 Unit 3 Matrix 148 Unit 4 Coordinate Geometry 207 Unit 5 Trigonometry 237 Unit 6 Vector 253 Unit 7 Transformation 276 Unit 8 Statistics Answer

Unit 1 Algebra 1.1 Function 1.1.0 Review Study the square given and answer the following questions: (a) What is the area function 'f' in terms of side (l)? (b) What is the perimeter function ‘g’ in terms of side (l)? (c) Are functions 'f' and ‘g’ one to one? (d) Are functions 'f' and 'g' onto? Study the following information and relate them with function. (a) To each person, there corresponds an annual income. (b) To each square, there corresponds an area. (c) To each number, there corresponds its cube. Each (a), (b) and (c) are examples of function. Take an example of function and represent it in different forms. Discuss about the graph among your friends. Graphs provide a means of displaying, interpreting and analyzing data in a visual form. To graph an equation is to make a drawing that represents the solutions of that equation. When we draw the graph of an equation, we must remember the following points: (a) Calculate solutions and list the ordered pairs in a table. (b) Use graph paper and scale the axes. (c) Plot the ordered pairs, look for patterns and complete the graph with the equation being graphed. 1.1.1.(a): Algebraic function and it's graph Study the following functions and think about their graphical representation: f(x) = x + 5, f(x) = x2, f(x) = x3 The algebraic equation consisting of the least one variable is called the algebraic function. A function f is linear function if it can be written as f(x) = mx + c, where m and c are constant. If m = 0, the function is constant function and written as f(x) = c. If m = 1 and c = 0, the function is the identity function written as f(x) = x. 1

Linear Fuction Identity function Constant function functions like f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0 and f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, a ≠ 0 are examples of Non-linear functions. f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0 is quadratic function where a, b, and c are real numbers. The graph of quadratic function is a parabola. The vertex form of f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0 is f(x) = a(x-h)2 + k For example, f(x) = x2 + 2x + 2 = (x-(-1))2 + 1. The vertex of the parabola is (h, k) = (-1, 1). When, x = 0, the curve meets y-axis at (0, 2). x = h is the axis of parabola about which the curve is symmetric. If a > 0, the curve turns upward from vertex and it turns downwards for a < 0. 2

The function defined as o f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, a ≠ 0 is called cubic function, where a, b, c and d are real numbers. The nature of curve in graph is as shown at the right. When b, c, d are non-zero, the curve meets X-axis at three different points. oo If each of b, c, d is zero, then the curve passes through the origin. Example 1 (a) When we draw the graph of y = 2x2, we can take different values of x and find their corresponding y-values. Representing the ordered pairs (x, y) in graph, we can find the shape of curve in graph. (b) When we draw the graph of y = -2x2, we follow the same steps as we do in (a) and give the shape of curve in graph. 3

Exercise: 1.1.1 (a) 1. (a) Define linear function with example. (b) What is the coordinates of vertex of f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0 (c) Identify the identity function: f(x) = 5 and f(x) = x. 2. Study the following graphs and identify their nature as identity, constant, quadratic and cubic function. 4

3. Draw the graph of the following function (a) y = x + 2 (b) y = 6 (c) y = x2 (d) y = -x2 (e) y = x3 4. Pemba estimates the minimum ideal weight of a woman, in pounds is to multiply her height, in inches by 4 and subtract 130. Let y = minimum ideal weight and x = height. (a) Express y as a linear function of x. (b) Find the minimum ideal weight of a woman whose height is 62 inches. (c) Draw the graph of height and weight. 5. Investigate the nature of graph showing linear, quadratic and cubic function in our daily life. Make a report and present it in classroom. 1.1.1 (b): Trigonometric function Discuss about trigonometric ratios of any angle in your classroom. Also, tell any nine relations among trigonometric ratios of any magnitude. The function which relates angles and their measurement to the real number is called trigonometric function. It associates an angle with the definite real number. We know sin (x + 2) = sinx, cos (x + 2) = cosx and tan(x + ) = tanx. So, if a function f(x + k) = f(x) for positive value of k. k is called period for f(x). In case of sinx and cosx, the period is taken as 2, but for tanx, it is taken as  (Why?) Trigonometric functions are said to be non-algebraic or transcendental functions. (i) Graph of sinx or sine – graph: Let us take the values of x differing 90° and corresponding values of y for y = sinx. The maximum and minimum values of sinx are 1 and -1 respectively. x: -360° -270° -180° -90° 0° 90° 180° 270° 360° sinx: 0 1 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 0 y = sinx Domain: -360° < x° < 360° -2 < x < 2 Range: -1 < y < 1 Period: 2 5

(ii) Graph of cosx or cosine – graph Let us take the values of x differing 90° and corresponding values of y for y = cosx. The maximum and minimum values of cosx are 1 and -1 respectively. x -360° -270° -180° -90° 0° 90° 180° 270° 360° cosx 1 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 0 1 y = cosx -360° < x° < 360° Domain: -2 < x < 2 -1 < y < 1 Range: 2 Period:  6

(iii) Graph of tanx or tangent - graph Let us take the values of x differing 90° and the corresponding values of y. For y = tanx. As x passes through – 360° to 360°, the values of tanx suddenly changes from very large positive and negative values. The line parallel to the y-axis corresponding to the odd multiples of 90° are continuously approached by the graph on either side, but never actually meet. Such lines are called asymptote to the curve. x -360° -270° -180° -90° 0° 90° 180° 270° 360° tanx 0 Not 0 Not 0 Not 0 No 0 defined defined defined defined y = tanx range: -  < x <  domain: - < x <  period:  O Note: For least value of x = (2), sin(x + 2 = sinx and cos(x + 2 = cosx. So, period of sine and cosine is 2But tan(x + ) = tanx, so period of tangent is . Exercise: 1.1.1. (b) 1. Write the maximum and minimum values of the following: (a) f(x) = sinx (b) f(x) = cosx (c) f(x) = tanx 7

2. Write the period of the following: (a) f(x) = sinx (b) f(x) = cosx (c) f(x) = tanx 3. Draw the graph of (a) f(x) = sinx (-  < x < ) (b) f(x) = cosx (o < x < 2) (c) f(x) = tanx (0 < x < ) (d) f(x) – 2sinx ( -/2 < x < /2) 4. Study the topic 'sound' in physics of your science book and find the nature of longitudinal wave. Relate this concept with trigonometric function. 1.1.2 Composition of function Study the following situations: (i) When paddy is kept into the rice mill, rice comes out. (ii) When the rice is kept in grinding machine, flour comes out from grinding machine. (iii) The composite machine produces flour from paddy. How can we link this situation in mathematical form? Discuss. Again, Let us suppose two real-valued function, f = {(1,5), (2, 6), (3, 7), (4, 8)} and g = {(5, 25), (6, 36), (8, 64), (7, 49)}. Now, Answer the following questions: (i) What is the domain set of function g? (ii) What is the range set of function f? (iii) What is the range set of function g? (iv) What is the domain set of function f? (v) What is the relation between range of 'f' and domain of 'g'? (vi) Can we show this situation in combined form given as below? Let, f and g are two real-valued functions. The composition of f and g, is defined as - (fg)(x) = f(g(x)): Where x is in the domain of g and g(x) is in the domain of f. - (gf) (x) = g(f(x)): Where x is in the domain of f and f(x) is in the domain of g. 8

Note: (i) 'gf' is read as composite of f and g. (ii) 'fg' is read as composite of g and f. (iii) 'gf' and 'fg' cannot be defined when (domain of g)  (Range of f) =  and (domain of f)  (range of g) =  (iv) for 'gf' range of f is subset of domain of 'g' and domain of 'f' = domain of gf. (v) for 'fg', range of g is subset of domain of 'f' and domain of 'g' = domain of fg. Example 1 In the adjoining mapping diagram given at right, (i) Write the range of function f. (ii) Write the domain of function g. (iii) Write 'gf' in ordered pair form. (iv) Does 'fg' exist? Give reason. Solution: The given mapping diagram helps us in visualizing the composite function g o f. (i) range of f = {3, 4, 5}  domain of g. (ii) domain of g = {3, 4, 5, 7} (iii) g o f = {(1, 9), (2, 16), (3, 25)} (iv) f o g does not exist because (range of g)  (domain of f) = . Example 2 Given f and g are two real valued functions defined as f(x) = √������ and g(x) = x – 1. Answer the following questions from given information: (i) domain of f (ii) (gf)(x) (iii) domain of g (iv) (fg)(x) Solution: Here, f(x) = √������. the negative real number does not satisfy the function. So, (i) domain of f is 0 < x <  [i.e. real numbers greater than or equal to 0.) Again, (ii) (gf)(x) = g(f(x)) = g(√������) = √������ − 1 9

(iii) Domain of g is the set of all real numbers each of the real number satisfy g(x). So, domain of g = -∞ < x < ∞. (iv) (fg)(x) = f(g(x)) = f(x-1) = √������ − 1 Example 3 Let f(x) = 3 + 2x for all x  R and g(x) = x2 + 1 for all x  R, then find the formula for the following functions: (a) (ff)(x) (b) (gf)(x) (c) (fg)(x) (d) (gg)(x) Solution: Here, f(x) = 3 + 2x for all x  R, g(x) = x2 + 1 for all x  R Now, (a) (ff)(x) = f(f(x) = f(3 + 2x) = 3 + 2(3 + 2x) = 3 + 6 + 4x = 4x + 9 (b) (gf)(x) = g(f(x)) = g(3 + 2x) = (3 + 2x)2 + 1 = 9 + 12x + 4x2 + 1 = 4x2 + 12x + 10 (c) (fg)(x) = f(g(x)) = f(x2 + 1) = 3 + 2(x2 + 1) = 3 + 2x2 + 2 = 2x2 + 5 (d) (gg)(x) = g(g(x)) = g(x2 + 1) = (x2 + 1)2 + 1 = x4 + 2x2 + 1 + 1 = x4 + 2x2 + 2 Example 4 If f(x) = x2 + 1 and g(x) = x – 3, find (a) (fg)(x) (b) g(f(x)) (c) f(g(2)) (d) (gf)(3) Solution: Here, f(x) = x2 + 1, g(x) = x – 3, (a) (fg)(x) = f(g(x)) = f(x – 3) = (x – 3)2 + 1 = x2 – 6x + 9 + 1 = x2 – 6x + 10 (b) g(f(x)) = g(x2 + 1) = x2 + 1 – 3 = x2 – 2 (c) f(g(2)) = 22 – 6 x 2 + 10 = 4 – 12 + 10 = 2 (d) g(f(3)) = 32 – 2 = 9 – 2 = 7 Exercise 1.1.2 1. (a) Let f: A B such that f(x) = y and g: B C such that g(y) = Z. Name the function defined from A to C. (b) Write the difference between (fg) (x) and (gf) (x). (c) Define composition function of f and g. 2. Given f and g are two real-valued functions defined as below. Find (i) domain of f (ii) domain of g (iii) domain of (fg) (iv) range of (gf) in each of the following if exist. 10

(a) f = {(3, 4), (5, 6), (9, 10)} and g = {(4, 16), (6, 36), (10, 100)} (b) f = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)} and g = {(2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)} 3. Given that f(x) = 2x – 5 and g(x) = x2 – 2x + 6, calculate: (a) (fg) (x) and (gf) (x) (b) (fg) (5) and (gf) (4) (c) (gg) (2) and (ff) (9) (d) (fg) (-4) and (gf) (-4) 4. (a) If f(x) = x, g(x) = x + 1 and h(x) = 2x – 1 then find f(gh)(x)) and (g(hf)(x)) (b) Given that f(x) = 2x – 3, g(x) = x3 + 2 and h(x) = x2 – 2x + 3, find (f(gh)(x)) and ((hf)g(x)). (Taking composition of two functions as a single function). 5. If f and g are linear functions, what can you say about the domain of (fg) and (gf)? Explain. 6. Dolma determines the domain of fg by examining only the formula for (fg)(x). Is her approach valid? Why or why not? 7. Write yourself any two real-valued function. Find their composition. 8. A stone is thrown into a pond, creating a circular ripple that spreads over the pond in such a way that the radius is increasing at the rate of 3 ft/sec. (a) Find a function r(t) for the radius in terms of t. (b) Find a function A(r) for the area of the ripple in terms of the radius r. (c) Find (Ar) (t). Explain the meaning of this function. 1.1.3 Inverse of a function Study the function 'f' given in mapping diagram and answer the following: (a) What is the domain of f? (b) What is the range of f? (c) Is the functions 'f' one to one and onto (d) What is the formula for 'f'? Let, f: A B be a one to one and onto function then a function g: B A such that for each x  B, g(x)  A is called inverse of f. It is denoted by g = f-1. 11

In the above mapping diagram, f-1 exists because it satisfies the following conditions. If f-1 exists, the domain and range of f are range and domain of f-1 respectively. If y is the image of x under f then x is image of y under f-1. In the above mapping diagram, f(-1) = -1 if and only if f-1(-1) = -1 f(-2) = -8 if and only if f-1(-8) = -2 f(1) = 1 if and only if f-1 (1) = 1 f(2) = 8 if and only if f-1(8) = 2 Again, f(x) = x3 if and only if f-1(x) = 3√������ f = {(-1, -1), (-2, -8), (1, 1), (2, 8)} f-1 = {(-1, -1), (-8, -2), (1, 1), (8, 2)} Given function f: A B, the inverse image of an element y  B with respect to f is denoted by f-1 (y). That is f(x) = y if and only if x = f-1(y). It is read as 'f inverse of y'. f: A  B such that f(x) = {y: x  A} f-1 : B  A such that f-1(y) = {x  A : y = f(x)} Example 1 Let f: R  R is a function such that f(1) = 2, f(5) = 10, f(-4) = -8 and f(-3) = -6 (i) Write function 'f' in ordered pair form. (ii) Represent 'f' in mapping diagram. (iii) Represent 'f-1' in ordered pair form. (iv) Represent 'f-1' in mapping diagram. Solution: Here, f is function, defined from set of real numbers to set of real number. Certain elements of real numbers are given, So, (i) f = {(1, 2), (5, 10), (-4, -8), (-3, -6)} (ii) (iii) f-1 = {(2, 1), (10, 5), (-8, -4), (-6, -3)} (iv) 12

Example 2 Let f: R  R be defined by f(x) = 2x + 3 then find (i) f-1(x) (ii) f-1(-4) (iii) f-1(14) Solution: (i) Let, f: R  R such that f(x) = y, (x, y)  R x R f(x) = y if and only if f-1(y) = x Alternatively Now, (i) y = f(x) f(x) = y = 2x + 3 or, y = 2x + 3 y = 2x + 3 or, y – 3 = 2x Interchanging the places of x and y we get or, y−3 = x or, x = 2y + 3 2 or, y−3 = f-1(y) or, x – 3 = 2y 2 (x−3) or, x−3 = f-1(x) or, y = 2 2 (x−3)  f-1(x) = x−3  f-1(x) = 2 2 (ii) f-1(-4) = 12(-4-3) = 1 (-7) 2 =– 7 2 (iii) f-1(41) = 1 (1 − 3) 2 4 = 1 (1−412) 2 = 1 (−411) 2 = −11 8 Example 3 Let f: R –{3}  R is defined as f(x) = 2������������−+35. Find (i) f-1(x) (ii) (f-1of)(x) Solution Here, domain of f is set of real numbers except 3. (i) Let, y = f(x) i.e. x = f–1(y) 13

Now, f(x) = 2������+5 ������−3 or, y = 2������+5 ������−3 or, xy – 3y = 2x + 5 or, xy – 2x = 5 + 3y or, x(y -2) = 5 + 3y or, x = 5+ 3������ ������−2 or, f-1(y) = 5+ 3������ ������−2 or, f-1(x) = 5+ 3������ ������−2 (ii) (f-1f) (x) = f-1(f(x)) = f-1(2������������−+35) = 5+3(2������������−+35) 2������������−+35−2 5(������−3)+3(2������+5) = ������−3 2������+5−2(������−3) ������−3 5������−15+6������+15 = 2������+5−2������+6 = 11������ = ������ 11 Note: (f-1of) (x) = (fof-1) (x) Example 4 Let f and g be real valued functions, defined as f = {(x, ax + 9)} and g(x) = 3x + 8. If f-1(10) = g-1(11), find the value of a. Solution: Here, f(x) = ax + 9 Let, y1 = ax + 9 [f(x) = y1, i.e. x = f–1(y1)] or, y1 – 9 = ax or, ������1−9 = ������ ������ 14

or, ������1−9 = f-1(y1) ������ or, ������−9 = f-1(x) ������ Again, y2 = g(x) [g(x) = y2 i.e. x = g-1(y2) or, y2 = 3x + 8 or, y2 – 8 = 3x or, ������2−8 = ������ 3 or, y2 - 8 = g-1(y2) or, x – 8 = g-1(x) Now, f-1(10) = 10−9 = 1 ������ ������ g-1(11) = 11– 8 = 3 but, f-1(10) = g-1(11) or, 1 = 3 ������ or, a = 1 3  a = 1 3 Exercise 1.1.3 1. (a) Define inverse of function, f: R  R. (b) What is the relation between composition of a function and its inverse. 2. Represent the following functions in mapping diagram and find their inverse. (a) f = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (4, 5)} (b) g = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)} (c) h = {(-2, 4), (-3, 9), (-6, 36)} 3. If f is the real-valued function, find (a) f-1(x) (b) f-1(6) (c) f-1(41) (d) f-1(-2) in each of the following: (i) f(x) = 3x + 1 (ii) f(x) = 2x – 5 (iv) f = {(x, ������������−+22), x ≠ -2} (iii) f(x) = ������+1 2 15

4. If f(x) = x + 1, g(x) = 2x, find (a) (fg-1)(x) (b) (gf-1)(x). f and g are real-valued functions. 5. (a) If f(x) = 3x – 7, g(x) = ������+2 and (g-1f)(x) = f(x), find the value of x. f and g 5 are real-valued functions. (b) f is a real-valued function defined as f(x) = 3x + a. If (ff)(6) = 10 then find the values of a and f-1(4). 6. Write the formula of volume and surface area of sphere in terms of radius. Find the functional relation and write their inverse. 1. 2. Polynomials 1.2.0 Review Study the following algebraic expressions and answer the following questions in group. (i) 4x + 5y (ii) 3y3 – 12y2 + 5y – 7 (ii) 7y5 – 2y3/2 + 7√������ – 6 (iii) 3x3 + 4x2y + 7xy2 + 9y3 (iv) 15xy3/2 – 12x2y1/2 (v) x3 + x2 – x + 6 - Which are examples of polynomials and why? - Which one is polynomial in one variable? - What are the main characteristics of polynomial that you study in previous grades? A polynomial in one variable is any expression of the type anxn + an-1 xn-1 + … + a2x2 + a1x+a0, where n is non-negative integers and an, an-1 … a0 are real numbers, called coefficients anxn is called the leading term of the polynomial. 'n' is degree of the polynomial. If an 0. In the above examples (i), (ii), (iv), (v) are examples of polynomials because they have non- negative integer in power of each term. (vi) is polynomial in one variable. 1.2.1 Division of Polynomials Let us take two examples: x2 – 3x + 2 = (x – 1) (x – 2) or, (x2 – 3x + 2) ÷ (x – 1) = (x – 2) Similarly, x5 + 2x3 + 4x2 + 5 = (x2 + 2) (x3 + 4) – 3 or, (x5 + 2x3 + 4x2 + 5) ÷ (x2 + 2) = x3 + 4 - ������ 3 2+2 16

In the above examples, we divide one polynomial by another, we obtain a quotient and a remainder. If the remainder is 0 as in first example, then the divisor is a factor of the dividend. If the remainder is not 0, as in second examples, then the divisor is not a factor of the dividend. When we divide a polynomial P(x) by a divisor D(x), we get quotient Q(x) and remainder R(x). The quotient Q(x) must have degree less than that of the dividend P(x). Remainder R(x) must either be 0 or have degree less than that of the divisor D(x). We can check the division by algorithm P(x) = D(x). Q(x) + R(x). Example 1 Divide x2 – 5x + 6 by x – 2 and find quotient and remainder. Solution: Here, We know, x2 – 5x + 6 = x2 – 3x – 2x + 6 = x(x – 3) -2(x – 3) = (x – 3) (x – 2) Now, (x2 – 5x + 6) ÷ (x – 2) = (������−3)(������−2) = (x – 3) (������−2) Hence the quotient is (x-3) and remainder is 0. Alternatively: ������ − 2 ������2 − 5������ + 6 x – 3  ������2 − 2������  −3������ + 6  −3������ + 6 0  Quotient = (x – 3) and remainder = 0. Steps for division: - Arrange divisor and dividend in division form. - First term of dividend is product of x and first term of divisor. - Since division is repeated subtraction, we change the sign in second row. Example 2 Divide x3 + 6x2 – 25x + 18 by (x + 9) using long division method. Also write the quotient and remainder. Solution: Here, Writing the dividend and divisor in long division method, we get: 17

x2 – 3x + 2 (������ + 9 ������3 + 6������2 − 25������ + 18 x3 + 9x2 –3x2 – 25x + 18 –3x2 – 27x 2x + 18 2x + 18 0  Quotient = (x2 – 3x + 2) and remainder = 0. Example 3 Divide p(y) = 10y3 + 3y2 – 6y – 3 by d(y) = y – 4 using long division method. Also find the quotient and remainder. Solution Writing the division and divisor in long division method, We get, 10y2 + 43y + 166 y – 4 √10������3 + 3������2 − 6������ − 3 10y3 – 40y2 –+ 43y2 – 6y – 3 – 43y2 –+ 172y 166y – 3 1–66y –+ 664 661  Quotient Q(y) = 10y2 + 43y + 166 and remainder (R) = 661 Exercise 1.2.1 1. (a) Define polynomial of one variable. (b) If p(x), q(x), d(x) and r(x) represent polynomial, quotient, divisor and remainder respectively. Write the relation among them. 2. Divide using long division method and find quotient and remainder in each of the following: (a) x2 – 10x + 21 ÷ (x – 3) (b) x3 + 2x2 – 5x – 6 ÷ (x + 1) 18

(c) x3 – 8 ÷ (x – 2) (d) x3 + 9x2 + 27x + 27 ÷ (x + 3) 3. Divide using long division method and find quotient and remainder. (a) x3 + 2x2 – 5x – 7 ÷ (x + 1) (b) x3 – 10x2 + 16x + 26 ÷ (x – 5) (c) 2x4 + 5x2 – 3x – 7 ÷ (2x – 1) (d) y5 + y3 – y ÷ (3-y) 4. For the function f(y) = y3 – y2 – 17y – 15, use long division to determine whether each of the following is a factor of f(y) or not. (a) y + 1 (b) y + 3 (c) y + 5 (d) y – 1 (e) y – 5 5. For the polynomial p(x) = x4 – 6x3 + x – 2 and divisor d(x) = x – 1, use long division to find the quotient Q(x) and the remainder R(x) when P(x) is divided by d(x). Express p(x). In the form of d(x). Q(x) + R(x). Write your finding. Synthetic division When the divisor is in the form of x – a, we can simplify using addition rather than subtraction. When the procedure is finished, the entire algorithm is known as synthetic division. Example 1 Divide x4 – x3 – 3x2 – 2x + 5 by x – 2 by synthetic division. Solution: Here, the devisor is x – 2, thus we use '2' in synthetic division. 2 - We 'bring down' the 1 [coefficient of x4]. Then multiply it by 2 to get 2 and add to get 1. - We then multiply 1 by 2 to get 2, add, and so on. 19

- The number -3 is the remainder. The others numbers 1, 1, -1, -4 are coefficients of the quotient, x3 + x2 – x – 4. In this case, the degree of the quotient is 1 less than the degree of the dividend and the degree of the divisor is 1. Example 2 Divide 8x3 – 1 by 2x – 1, using synthetic divisions method. Solution: When the divisor is not in the form of x – a, we first make it in the form of x – a, taking coefficient of x common. i.e. 2x – 1 = 2(������ − 21). We write coefficient as zero for missing term in the dividend. Now, dividing by synthetic division method. So, quotient = 1 (8x2 + 4x + 2) 2 = 4x2 + 2x + 1 Remainder = 0 Since, divisor is 2 (������ − 12), so quotient is 1 (8x2 + 4x + 2) (why?) 2 Exercise 1.2.2 1. (a) What is the degree of quotient when the degree of polynomial is 'n' in synthetic division? (b) What should be the expression of division in synthetic division? 2. Use synthetic division and divide in each of the following: (a) x3 + 8 by x – 2 (b) 2x4 + 7x3 + x – 12 by (x + 3) (c) 4x3 – 3x2 + x + 9 by x – 2 (d) 2x3 + 7x2 – 8 by (x + 3) (e) 8x3 + 4x2 + 6x – 7 by 2x – 1 20

1.2.3 (A) Some theorems on polynomials Does x – 2 exactly divide x2 + 4x + 4? Divide and write the conclusion. We can use 'Remainder theorem' for finding remainder and 'factor theorem' for finding factors of the polynomial. (a) Remainder theorem: If a number 'a' is substituted for x in the polynomials f(x), the result f(a) is the remainder that would be obtained by dividing f(x) by x –a. That is f(x) = (x – a) Q(x) + R(a) Proof: We know, f(x) = d(x) x Q(x) + R(x) or, f(x) = (x – a) Q(x) + R(x) or, f(a) = (a – a) Q(a) + R(a) or, f(a) = R(a)   Remainder is f(a) If the divisor is in the form of ax ± b, the remainder is ������ (± ������). ������ Example 1 If f(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 + 4x + 7 is divided by x – 1, find the remainder using remainder theorem. Solution Here, polynomial, f(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 + 4x + 7 divisor (x – a) = x – 1 by reminder theorem, remainder = f(a) = f(1) So, f(1) = 2 x 13 – 3 x 12 + 4 x 1 + 7 =2x1–3x1+4x1+7 =2–3+4+7 = 13 – 3 = 10.  Remainder (R) = 10 Example 2 Use remainder theorem and find the remainder: (4x3 + 2x2 – 4x + 3) ÷ (2x + 3) Solution: Here, let polynomial f(x) = 4x3 + 2x2 – 4x + 3 21

Divisor d(x) = 2x + 3 = 2 (������ + 3) = 2 (������ − (−3)) 2 2 By remainder theorem; Remainder = f(a) = f(-3/2) Now, f(-3/2) = 4 × (−23)3 + 2 × (−23)2 − 4 (−23) + 3  Remainder (R) = 0 = 4 × (−827) + 2 × 9 + 4 × 3 + 3 4 2 = −27 + 9 + 12 + 3 2 2 2 = −27+9+12+6 2 = 0 = 0 2 Example 3 If 2x4 + 2x2 – 2x + k is divided by x – 2, the remainder is 5, find the value of k. Solution: Here, let f(x) = 2x4 + 3x2 – 2x + k Divisor (x – a) = x – 2 By remainder theorem, Remainder = f(a) = f(2) = 2 x (2)4 + 3 x (2)2 – 2 x 2 + k = 32 + 12 – 4 + k = 40 + k By the question Remainder (R) = f(2) = 5 or, 40 + k = 5 or, k = 5 - 40 k = –35 Hence, k = -35 22

Exercise 1.2.3 (A) 1. (a) State remainder theorem (b) If ax + b (a ≠ 0) divides f(x), what is the remainder? 2. Use remainder theorem and find the remainder in each of the following: (a) (2x3 – 5x2 + x – 5) ÷ (x – 2) (b) (4x3 + 7x2 – 3x + 2) ÷ (x + 2) (c) (x4 – 3x2 + 15) ÷ (x – 1) (d) (x5 + x3 + 20) ÷ (2x – 1) (e) 7x4 - 6x3 + 8x2 – 10x + 9 ÷ (3x – 9) (f) 6x4 – 4x3 + 6x2 + 8x + 10 ÷ (2x + 3) (g) 9x5 – 7x2 + 12x + 10 ÷ (3x + 1) 3. (a) If x4 + 2x2 – 4x + k is divided by x – 2, the remainder is 4, find the value of k, using remainder theorem. (b) If x3 – 9x2 + (k + 1)x – 8 is divided by x – 5, the remainder is 6, find the value of k, using remainder theorem. (c) If x3 – ax2 + 8x + 11 and 3x3 – ax2 + 7ax + 13, both are divided by (x – 1), remainder is same, find the value of a. (d) If (x – 2) divides the polynomials 4x3 + 2x2 + kx + 5 and kx2 + 5x + 4 to get the same remainder, find the value of k. 4. Take a polynomial function. Take any three linear divisors in the form of (x + a), (ax + b) and (ax – b). Use remainder theorem and find the remainder. 1.2.3 (B) Factor theorem Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree n(n > 1) such that f(a) = 0, then (x – a) is a factor of f(x). Proof: If we divide f(x) by x – a, we obtain a quotient and remainder using algorithm, f(x) = (x – a). Q(x) + f(a) If f(a) = 0, we have f(x) = (x – a). Q(x) So, (x – a) is factor of f(x). Conversely: Let (x – a) is a factor of f(x) then remainder f(a) = 0, where f(x) is a polynomial of degree n. The factor theorem is used in factoring polynomials and hence, is solving polynomial and finding factors or zeros of polynomial function. 23

Example 1 Show that (x – 3) is a factor of x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6. Solution: Here, Let, f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 be the given polynomial. By factor theorem, (x – a) is factor of a polynomial f(x) if f(a) = 0. Therefore, in order to prove that x – 3 is a factor of f(x), it is sufficient to show that f(3) = 0 Now, f(x) = x3 – 6x2 – 11x – 6 f(3) = 33 – 6 x 32 + 11 x 3 – 6 = 27 – 54 + 33 – 6 = 60 – 60 =0 Since, f(3) = 0, Hence, this shows that (x-3) is a factor of f(x). Example 2 Find the value of a such that (x – 4) is a factor of 5x2 – 7x2 – ax – 28. Solution Let, f(x) = 5x3 – 7x2 – ax – 28 be the given polynomial. If (x – 4) is a factor of f(x), then f(4) = 0 or, 5 x 43 – 7 x 42 – a x 4 – 28 = 0 or, 5 x 64 – 7 x 16 – 4a – 28 = 0 or, 320 – 112 – 4a – 28 = 0 or, 180 – 4a = 0 or, 4a = 180 or, a = 180 = 45 4 Hence, a = 45 Example 3 What must be added in f(x) = 3x3 + 2x2 + 5x + 6, so that the result is exactly divided by x – 1? 24

Solution Here, f(x) = 3x3 + 2x2 + 5x + 6 When f(x) is divided by x – 1, the remainder f(1) = 0. It is only possible when we add certain number in f(x). Let us add k in f(x), such that 3x3 + 2x2 + 5x + 6 + k is exactly divided by x – 1. Now, by factor theorem 3 x 12 + 2 x 12 + 5 x 1 + 6 + k = 0 or, 3 + 2 + 5 + 6 + k = 0 or, 16 + k = 0 or, k = -16  -16 is added in f(x). Example 4 Using factor theorem, factorize the polynomial x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6. Solution Let f(x) = x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6. The constant term f(x) is equal to 6, and possible factors of 6 are ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6 putting x = 1 in f(x), w have f(1) = 13 + 6 x 12 + 11 x 1 + 6 = 1 + 6 + 11 + 6 = 24 Since, the remainder is non-zero so, (x-1) is not a factor of f(x). Again, putting x = -1 in f(x), we have f(-1) = (-1)3 + 6 x (-1)2 + 11 x (-1) + 6 = -1 + 6 – 11 + 6 =0  x + 1 is a factor of f(x) Now using synthetic division, we have Quotient = x2 + 5x + 6 = x2 + 3x + 2x + 6 = x(x+3) + 2(x+3) = (x+3) (x+2) 25

Hence the factors of f(x) are (x+1) x Q(x) = (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) Example 5 Using factor theorem, factorize the polynomial f(x) = (x + 5) (x – 2) – 3(x + 18) Solution Here, f(x) = (x + 5) (x – 2) – 3(x + 18) = x2 + 5x – 2x – 10 – 3x – 54 = x2 – 64 The possible factors of -64 are ±1, ±2, ±4, ±8, ±16, ±32, ±64 Putting x = 1 in f(x), f(1) = 12 – 64 = – 63 ≠ 0 (x – 1) is not factor of x2 – 64 Putting x = 8 in f(x), we have f(8) = 82 – 64 = 64 – 64 = 0 So, (x – 8) is factor of f(x) Using synthetic division  Quotient = x + 8 Now, f(x) = (x – 8) Q(x) = (x – 8) (x + 8) Hence, the factor of f(x) are (x – 8) and (x + 8) Example 6 Solve for x, using factor theorem 6x3 – 13x2 + x + 2 = 0 Solution Let, the polynomial 6x3 – 13x2 + x + 2 be f(x) Now, f(x) = 0 The possible factors of constant term in f(x) are ±1, ±2. When x = 1, f(1) = 6 x 13 – 13 x 12 + 1 + 2 = 6 – 13 + 3 ≠ 0 26

when x = 2, f(2) = 6 x 23 – 13 x 22 + 2 + 2 = 48 – 52 + 4 = 0 So, (x – 2) is a factor of f(x). Now, by using synthetic division, we have Now, quotient, Q(x) = 6x2 – x – 1 = 6x2 – 3x + 2x – 1 = 3x(2x – 1) + 1(2x – 1) = (2x – 1) (3x + 1) Hence, f(x) = (x – 2) x Q(x) = (x – 2) (2x – 1) (3x + 1) But, f(x) = 0 or, (x – 2) (2x – 1) (3x + 1) = 0 Either x – 2 = 0 or, 2x – 1 = 0 or, 3x + 1 = 0 or, x = 2 or, x = 1 or, x = – 1 2 3 Hence, the roots/zeros of 6x3 – 13x2 + x + 2 are – 31, 1 and 2. 2 Example 7 Observe the given graph of f(x) and find the values of x when the graph meet X – axis and write f(x). Solution: Here, the graph of f(x) meet X- axis at -3, -1 and 2. So, the polynomial has roots x = -3, x = -1 and x = 2 Now f(x) = (x + 3) (x + 1) (x – 2) = x3 + 2x2 – 5x – 6 27

Exercise 1.2.3 (B) 1. (a) State factor theorem. (b) If (x –a) is a factor of xn – an, what is the degree of quotient. 2. In each of the following, use factor theorem to find whether g(x) is a factor of polynomial f(x) or not? (a) f(x) = x3 + 9x2 + 27x + 27; g(x) = x + 3 (b) f(x) = x3 + x2 + 27x + 27, g(x) = x + 3 (c) f(x) = x3 + 6x2 + 7x + 9, g(x) = x – 2 (d) f(x) = 3x3 + x2 – 20x + 12, g(x) = 3x – 2 (e) f(x) = 8x3 – 4x2 + 7x + 9; g(x) = 2x + 1 3. (a) Find the value of k, if x + 3 is a factor of 3x2 + kx + 6 (b) Find the value of k, if x + 1 is a factor of x3 – kx2 – 3x – 6 (c) Find the value of m, for which 2x4 – 4x3 + mx2 + 2x + 1 is exactly divisible by 1 – 2x. 4. Factorize the following by using factor theorem. (a) 2x3 + 3x2 – 3x – 2 (b) x3 + 2x2 – x – 2 (c) y3 – 6y2 + 3y + 10 (d) x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20 (e) 2x3 + x2 – 2x – 1 (f) x3 – 23x2 + 142x – 120 (g) (x – 1) (2x2 + 15x + 15) – 21 5. Use factor theorem and solve for x. (a) x3 – 4x2 – 7x + 10 = 0 (d) x3 – 3x2 – 9x – 5 = 0 (b) x3 + 4x2 + x – 6 = 0 (e) x3 – 3x2 – 10x + 24 = 0 (c) 3x3 – x2 – 3x + 1 = 0 (f) y3 + 11y = 6y2 + 6 6. The graph of f(x) is given. Write the roots of f(x) and express f(x) in standard form. (a) (b) 28

(c) (d) 7. Factorize and solve f(x = x3 – 3x2 – 6x + 8. Give rough sketch of f(x) in graph. 8. Investigate the use of polynomial in our daily life. Write the relation between roots (zeros) of polynomial and polynomial function, with suitable example. 1.3 Sequence and series 1.3.0 Review Observe the following pattern of the figures and discuss on the following questions. (i) (ii) (a) Can you draw two more figure in the same pattern of fig (i) and (ii)? (b) Count the blocks and write the numbers in each figure. (c) Observe the numbers and discuss, how they are increasing. (d) Can you find the relation how they are increasing? Sequences: A set of numbers which is formed under a definite mathematical rule is called a sequence. From above patterns 1, 3, 5, …, …, and, 2, 4, 8, ….. are the example of sequence. 29

Series: The sum of the terms of a sequence is called a series. The sum of the terms of the series is denoted by Sn. For example (i) 1 + 3 + 5 + …n (ii) 2 + 4 + 8 + … n 1.3.1 Arithmetic Sequence Consider the following sequence of numbers (i) 1, 2, 3, 4, …,…,… (ii) 100, 70, 40, 10, …,…,… (iii) -3, -2, -1, 0, …,…,… Each of the number in the sequence is called a term. Can you write the next term in each of the above sequence. If so how will you write it? Let us observe and write the rule. In (i) each term is 1 more than the term preceding it. In (ii) each term is 30 less than the preceding term. In (iii) each term is obtained by adding 1 to the term preceding it. In all the sequence above, we see that the successive terms are obtained by adding a fixed number to the preceding terms. Definition A sequence is said to be an arithmetic sequence or arithmetic progression if the difference between a term and its preceding term is constant throughout the whole sequence. It is denoted by AP. The constant difference obtained by subtracting a term from its succeeding term and is called the common difference. In above example (i) 1, 2, 3, 4, ………………, the common difference = 2 – 1 = 3 – 2 = 4 – 3 = 1 Similarly, the common difference of example (ii) and (iii) are – 30, 1 respectively. The common difference of an arithmetic sequence is denoted by d. A series corresponding to any arithmetic sequence is known as the arithmetic series associated with the given arithmetic sequence. Hence, 1 + 2 + 3 + ….. is an arithmetic series associated with the arithmetic sequence 1, 2, 3, 4 …… Note: Common difference can be positive or negative. 1.3.2. General term or nth term of AP If a = first term and d = common difference of an arithmetic progression (AP), then the terms of progression are a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, … 30

If t1, t2, t3, t4, …,…,…., tn be the first, second, third, fourth, …….. nth term of an AP, then t1 = a = a + 0 = a + (1 – 1)d t2 = a + d = a + (2 – 1)d t3 = a + 2d = a + (3 – 1)d t4 = a + 3d = a + (4 – 1)d …………………… …………………… tn = a + (n – 1)d Now, to know about an AP. What is the minimum information that you need? Is it enough to know the first term? or is it enough to know only the common difference? We need to know both the first term (a) and the common difference (d). List of formulae 1. General term or nth term (tn) = a + (n – 1)d 2. Common difference (d) = t2 – t1 = t3 – t2 = tn – tn-1 Example 1 Write the common difference of the given arithmetic sequence 20, 25, 30, 35, …………… Solution: Here, The given sequence is 20, 25, 30, 35, …………….. Common difference (d) = t2 – t1 = 25 – 20 d=5 Common difference (d) = 5 Example 2 Find the 20th term of the AP 2, 7, 12, …. Solution, Here The given terms of AP are 2, 7, 12 First term (a) = 2 Common difference (d) = t2 – t1 = 7 – 2 = 5 31

To find: 20th terms (t20) By formula, tn = a + (n – 1)d t5 = 50 + (5 – 1)d t20 = 2 + (20 – 1)5 = 2 + 19 x 5 = 97  The 20th term of the given AP is 97. Example 3 If the first and fifth term of an AP are 50 and 30 respectively, find its common difference. Solution: Here, First term (a) = 50 Fifth term (t5) = 30 No. of term (n) = 5 To find: common difference (d) By formula, tn = a+ (n – 1)d or, 30 = 50 + (5 – 1)d or, 30 – 50 = 4d or, −20 = d 4 or, d = -5  The common difference (d) = -5 Example 4 If 21, 18, 15, … is an AS. Find value of n for tn = -81 and tn = 0 and justify. Solution: Here, The given AP is 21, 18, 15, …, -81 First term (a) = 21 Common difference (d) = t2 – t1 = 18 – 21 = -3 Last term (tn) or (l) = -81 To find: number of terms (n) By formula, tn = a + (n – 1)d 32

or, -81 = 21 + (n – 1) (-3) or, -81 – 21 = (n – 1) (-3) or, −102 = n – 1 −3 or, 34 + 1 = n or, n = 35 Therefore, the 35th term of the given AP is -81. Again, If there is any n for which tn = 0 then tn = a + (n – 1)d or, 0 = 21 + (n – 1) (-3) or, −21 = n – 1 −3 n=7+1=8 So, eight term is 0. Since, the sequence is in decreasing order with common difference-3, so its eighth term is zero. Example 5 Determine the AP whose 3rd term is 5 and the 7th term is 9. Solution: Here, Third term (t3) = 5 Seventh term (t7) = 9 To find: An AP By formula, tn = a + (n – 1)d or, t3 = a + (3 – 1)d 5 = a + 2d or, a = 5 – 2d ………………. (i) Similarly, t7 = a + 6d or, 9 = 5 – 2d + 6d [  From equation (i)] or, 9 – 5 = 4d or, 4 = d 4 or, d = 1 33

Substituting d = 1 in equation (i), we get a = 5 – 2d = 5 – 2 x 1 = 3 Second term (t2) = a + d = 3 + 1 = 4 Third term (t3) = a + 2d = 3 + 2 x 1 = 5  The required A.P is 3, 4, 5, …. Example 6 Check whether 301 is a term of the arithmetic sequence 5, 11, 17, 23, … or not. Solution: Here, The given sequence is 5, 11, 17, 23, …. First term (a) = 5 Common difference (d) = t2 – t1 = 11 – 5 = 6 Last term (tn) = 301 By formula, tn = a + (n – 1)d or, 301 = 5 + (n – 1)6 or, 301 = 5 + 6n – 6 or, 301 + 1 = 6n n = 302 = 151 6 3 But n should be a positive integer (why?). So 301 is not a term of the given sequence. Example 7 If k + 1, K + 5 and 3k + 1 are in AP, find the value of K and its three terms. Solution: Here, K + 1, K + 5 and 3k + 1 are in AP To find: (i) The value of K (ii) Three terms Now, K + 5 – (K + 1) = 3k + 1 – (K + 5) or, K + 5 – K – 1 = 3k + 1 – k – 5 or, 4 = 2k – 4 or, k = 8/ 2 = 4 k =4 34

 Again, three terms are k+1=4+1=5 k+5=4+5=9 3k + 1 = 3 x 4 + 1 = 13 Exercise 1.3.1 1. a. Define sequence and series. b. What do you mean by arithmetic sequence? c. Define common difference in arithmetic sequence. 2. Determine with reason, which of the following are in arithmetic progression (a) 3, 7, 11, 15, …. (b) 10, 6, 2, -2, … (c) 0, -4, -8, -12, … (d) 5 + 11 + 15 + 23 + … (e) −3 , 2, −5 , −3, … (f) a, a+b , b, 3b−a 2 2 2 2 3. From the following arithmetic sequences, find (i) First term (ii) Common difference (iii) the general term (tn) (iv) the next two terms. (a) -1, -3, -5, -7, … (b) 2, 6, 10, 14, … (c) 7, 17, 27, 37 (d) 5 , 1, 3 , 2 4 4 4 4. (a) Write the formula for nth terms of an AP (b) Is 7, 12, 17, 22, … an arithmetic sequence? Write with reasons. (c) In tn = a + (n – 1)d, what does 'a' represent? 5. (a) In an arithmetic sequence, 2nd term is 8 and the common difference is 5, what is the third term? Write it. (b) In an arithmetic sequence, the tenth term is 120 and the common difference is 8. What is the ninth term? 6. (a) In an arithmetic sequence, 14th term is 150 and the 13th term is 139 then find the common difference. (b) In an AP 6th term is -20 and the 7th term is -25 then find the common difference. 35

7. (a) In an AP, 2nd term and 3rd term are 10 and 14 respectively. Find the value of 1st term. (b) In an arithmetic sequence, common difference is 7 and the 2nd term is 5, what is the first term? 8. (a) The nth term of an AP is 6n + 11. Find the common difference. (b) The nth term of an AP is 5n – 2. Find the common difference. 9. (a) If the first term and the common difference of an AP are 3 and 5 respectively, find the 5th term. (b) Find the 11th term of arithmetic sequence when the first term and the common difference are 20 and 5 respectively. 10. (a) Determine the first term of an AP whose common difference is -8 and 10th term is 240. (b) What is the first term of an arithmetic sequence whose common difference is 4 and tenth term is 40. 11. (a) What is the common difference of an arithmetic sequence whose first term is 150 and 12th term is 40? (b) Find the common difference of an arithmetic sequence when first term and fifth term are 9 and 17 respectively. 12. Find the number of terms of following AP's (a) 7, 13, 19, ….., 205 (b) 18, 1521 , 13, … , −47 (c) First term = 15, common difference = 10, last term = 115 13. (a) Is 44 a term of the arithmetic sequence 11, 14, 17 … ? (b) Does the Arithmetic sequence 11, 8, 5, 2, …., contain -150? 14. (a) If 2x + 3, x + 11 and 8x + 3 are in AP, find the value of x. (b) If 8b + 4, 6b – 2 and 2b + 7 are first three terms of an AP, find the value of b. Also find first three terms. 15. (a) If the 11th term and 16th term of an arithmetic sequence are 38 and 73 respectively, find (i) first term and common difference (ii) 31st term (iii) An arithmetic sequence (b) If the 3rd and 9th terms of an AP are 4 and -8 respectively find (i) first term and common difference. 36

(ii) Which term of an AP is zero. (iii) Is 10 a term of an AP? Write with reason 16. (a) An AP consists of 47 terms whose fifth term is 16 and the last term is 100. Find the 20th term. (b) An AP consists of 25 terms whose 3rd term is 18 and the last term value is 128. Find the 15th terms. 17. (a) In an AP whose third term is 16 and 7th term exceeds the 5th term by 12, then show that 11th term is 64. (b) If 7 times the 7th term of an AP is equal to 11 times its 11th term then show that the 18th term is zero. 18. (a) For what value of n, are the nth terms of two AP's. 63, 65, 67, … and 3,10, 17, … equal? (b) If the nth term of the AP 1, 5, 9, 13, … and nth term of an AP 43, 46, 49, … are equal then, find the value of 'n'. 19. The sum of the 4th and 8th terms of an AP is 24 and the sum of the 6th and 10th term is 44. Find first three terms of the AP. 20. (a) A man takes a job in 2019 at an annual salary of Rs. 50,000. He receives an annual increase of Rs. 2000. In which year will his income reach Rs . 70,000? (b) After knee surgery, your trainer tell you to return to your jogging program slowly. He suggests for 12 minutes each for the first week. Each week thereafter, he suggests you increase that time by 6 minutes. How many weeks will it be before you are up to jogging 60 minutes per day. Find it. 1.3.2 Arithmetic mean The arithmetic sequences are (i) 5, 10, 15 (ii) 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 Discuss in groups about the terms of each sequence. In (i) 10 is arithmetic mean and In (ii) 8, 12 and 16 are called arithmetic means. Thus, the terms between first term and last term of an arithmetic progression are called arithmetic means. It is denoted by AM. 37

Arithmetic mean between two numbers Let, m be the arithmetic mean between two numbers a and b, then a m, b are in AP then or, m – a = b – m [ t2 – t1 = t3 – t2] or, m + m = a + b or, 2m = a + b   m = a+b 2 Hence, one AM between a and b is a+b 2 n arithmetic mean between the two numbers a and b Let, m1, m2, m3, …, mn be the n arithmetic means between a and b. Then a, m1, m2, m3, … mn, b be an arithmetic sequence. If d be the common difference, then number of terms = number of means + 2 = n + 2 Last term = nth term (tn) = b First term (a) = a By formula, tn = a + (n – 1) d or, b = a + (n + 2 – 1) d or, b – a = (n + 1)d or, d = b−a [where n = no. of means] n+1 The arithmetic means are First mean (m1) = t2 = a + d = a + b−a n+1 2nd mean (m2) = t3 = a + 2d = a + 2 (nb+−1a) 3rd mean (m3) = t4 = a + 3d = a + 3. (b−a) n+1 ……………………………………. ………………………………………… nth mean (mn) = tn+1 = a + nd = a + n(nb−+a1) List of important formulae 1. An arithmetic mean (AM) = a+b 2 2. Common difference (d) = b−a n+1 3. First mean (m1) = a + d 4. 2nd mean (m2) = a + 2d and so on. 38

Example 1 Find the arithmetic mean between (m – n)2 and (m + n)2. Solution: Here, First term (a) = (m – n)2 Last term (b) = (m + n)2 To find: An AM By formula, A.M = a+b = (m−n)2+(m+n)2 2 2 = m2−2mn+n2+m2+2mn+n2 2 = 2m2+2n2 = 2(m2+n2) 2 2 Hence, A.M = m2 + n2 Example 2 Find the 13th terms of an AP whose 12th term and 14th terms are -7 and 23 respectively. Solution: Here, 12th term (t12) = -7 14th term (t14) = 23 To find: 13th term (t13) We know that, 13th term is arithmetic mean of 12th term and 14th term  By formula, 13th term = 12th term+14th term 2 = −7+23 = 16 2 2 =8 13th term (t12) = 8 Example 3 Find the value of p, q and r if 3, p, q, r, 27 are in A.P Solution: Here, The given AP is 3, p, q, r, 27 To find: The value of p, q and r First term (a) = 3 39

Last term (b) = 27 number of mean (n) = 3 By formula, common difference (d) = ������−������ = 27−3 = 24 = 6 ������+1 3+1 4 then, p = m1 = a + d = 3 + 6 = 9 q = m2 = a + 2d = 3 + 2 x 6 = 15 r = m3 = a + 3d = 3 + 3 x 6 = 21 Hence, p = 9, q = 15 and r = 21 Example 4 Insert 5 AM's between -6 and 54 Solution Let, m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5 be 5 AM's between -6 and 54.  -6, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, 54 are in AP Now, First term (a) = -6 Last term (b) = 54 No. of mean (n) = 5 To find: 5 AM's (i.e. m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5) By formula, common difference (d) = b−a = 54+6 = 60 = 10 n+1 5+1 6 Again, First mean (m1) = a + d = -6 + 10 = 4 Second mean (m2) = a + 2d = -6 + 2 x 10 = 14 Third mean (m3) = a + 3d = -6 + 3 x 10 = 24 Fourth mean (m4) = a + 4d = -6 + 4 x 10 = 34 Fifth mean (m5) = a + 5d = -6 + 5 x 10 = 44 Example 5 If n arithmetic means are inserted between 20 and 5. If the ratio of the third mean and the last mean is 31:13, find the value of n. Solution: Let, m1, m2, m3 … mn be the n AM's between 20 and 5. Frist term (a) = 20 40

Last term (b) = 5 m3 : mn = 31 : 13 To find: The value of 'n' By formula, common difference (d) = ������−������ = 5−20 = −15 ������+1 ������+1 ������+1 and Third mean (m3) = a + 3d = 20 + 3(���−���+151) = 20(������+1)−45 ������+1 = 20������+20−45 ������+1 = 20������−25 ������+1 nth mean (mn) = a + nd = 20 + n (−15) ������+1 = 20������+20−15������ ������+1 = 5������+20 ������+1 By the question ������3 = 31 ������������ 13 20������−25 = 31 or, ������+1 13 5������+20 ������+1 or, 5(4������−5) = 31 5(������+4) 13 or, 52n – 65 = 31n + 124 or, 21n = 189 n=9  Required number of mean (n) = 9 Exercise 1.3.2 1. (a) Define arithmetic mean. (b) What does 'n' represent in formula, d = ������−������ ? ������+1 41

(c) Write the meaning of 'b' in formula d = ������−������ . 2. (a) ������+1 (b) State an arithmetic mean between -20 and 20. 3. (a) Find the arithmetic mean between (a + b) and (a – b). (b) 4. (a) If the arithmetic mean between x and 2x is 3, find the value of x. (b) If the arithmetic mean between y – 1 and 2y is 7, find the value of y. 5. (a) In an AP, 4th mean is 12 and the ratio of first mean to the 4th mean is (b) 23. Find the first mean. 6. (a) Write the number of terms which is equal to 5th mean. (b) 7. (a) In an AP, 10th and 12th terms are 100 and 120 respectively, find the 11th term. (b) If 10, x, 20 are in AP, find x. (c) 8. (a) Find the value of x and y if 10, x, y, 25 are in AP. (b) If -13, p, q, r, 7 are in AP, find the values of p, q and r. 9. (a) If l, m and n are in AP, show that m = ������+������ . (b) 2 10. (a) If the arithmetic mean between two number is 50 and the second (b) number is 60, find the first number. 11. (a) Two numbers are in the ratio of 2:3. If their AM is 20, find the numbers. (b) Insert two arithmetic means between 4 and 22. Insert two arithmetic means between 100 and 10. Insert 5 arithmetic means between 10 and 70. Insert 6 arithmetic means between 11 and 39. There are 'n' arithmetic means between 15 and 45. If the third mean is 30, find the value of n. Also, find the ratio of 3rd mean to fifth mean. Some arithmetic means are inserted between 9 and 33. If the third mean is 21, find the number of means and the values of the remaining means. If 'n' arithmetic means are inserted between 5 and 35. The ratio of second and last mean is 1:4, find the value of n. There are 6 AM's between a and b. If the 2nd mean and 5th means are 11 and 23 respectively, then find the values of a and b. 42

1.3.3 Sum of first n terms of an arithmetic series Let, an arithmetic sequence be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and its corresponding series is 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 and the sum of series is 55. Hence, the result obtained by adding the terms of an AP is known as sum of arithmetic series. Sum of n terms is denoted by Sn. Now, S10 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 ……….. (i) and in reverse order is S10 = 10 + 9 + 8 + 7 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 …………… (ii) Adding (i) and (ii) we get 2S10 = 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 2S10 = 11 x 10 S10 = 11×10 = 55 2  S10 = 55 Similarly, a be the first term, d be the common difference, n be the number of terms, l be the last terms and Sn be the sum of the n terms of an arithmetic series (AS), then Sn = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + …………. + (l – 2d) + (l – d) + l …………… (iii) Writing in the reverse order, we have Sn = l + (l – d) + (l – 2d) + ………. + (a + 2d) + (a + d) + a ………………. (iv) Adding equation (iii) and (iv) we get 2Sn = (a + l) + (a + l) + (a + l) + …………. + (a + l) + (a + l) + (a + l) or, 2Sn = n(a+l) or, Sn = ������ (������ + ������) 2 We know that, Last term (l) = a + (n – 1)d Sn = ������ [a + a + (n – 1)d] 2 Sn = ������ [2a + (n – 1)d] 2 Important formulae (i) Sn = ���2���(a + l) (ii) Sn = ������ (2a + (n – 1)d] 2 Note: To solve the problem easily, we can consider (i) Three terms of an A.P be a – d, a, a + d 43

(ii) Four terms in an AP be a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d Sum of first 'n' natural numbers Let, 1 2, 3, 4, ……………, n be the set of 'n' natural numbers. It is an arithmetic progression with first term (a) = 1 and the common difference (d) = 1 We have, Sn = ������ [2������ + (������ − 1)������] 2 = ������ [2 x 1 + (n – 1).1] 2 = ������ (2 + n – 1) 2 = ������ (n + 1) 2 Therefore, the sum of first 'n' natural numbers (Sn) = ������ (n + 1) 2 Example 1 Find the sum of 1 + 2 + 3 + ……… + 20 Solution: Here, The given series is 1 + 2 + 4 + ………… + 20 First term (a) = 1, common difference (d) = 2 – 1 = 1 no. of terms (n) = 20 By formula, Sn = ���2���[2a + (n – 1)d] S20 = 20 [2 x 1 + (20 – 1).1] 2 = 10 (2 + 10) = 10 x 21 = 210  S20 = 210 Sum of First n Even Natural Number The first n even numbers are 2, 4, 6, … 2n Number Sn = 2 + 4 + 6 + …. + 2n First term (a) = 2, d = 2 Sum of first n terms be Sn 44

By formula, Sn = ������ [2a + (n – 1)d] 2 = ������ [2 x 2 + (n – 1)2] 2 = ������ (4 + 2n – 2) 2 = ������ (2n + 2) 2 = ������ x 2(n + 1) 2  Sn = n(n + 1) = n2 + n Sum of first 'n' odd natural numbers The first n odd natural numbers are 1, 3, 5, ..., (2n – 1) Let, Sn = 1 + 3 + 5 + ………………….. + (2n – 1) First terms (a) = 1 Common difference (d) = 3 – 1 = 2 Number of terms (n) = n Sum of 'n' terms be Sn By formula, Sn = ���2���[2a + (n – 1)d] = ���2���[2 x 1 + (n – 1)2] = ������ (2 + 2n – 2) 2 = ������ x 2n = n2 2 Example 2 Find the sum of the first 10 terms of the AP: 2, 7, 12, … Solution: Here, The given AP is 2, 7, 12, … To find: The sum of first 10 terms (S10) First term (a) = 2 Common difference d) = 7 – 2 = 5 no. of terms (n) = 10 By formula, 45