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!D$ r6,vkdkf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ifa g-pxtdv[f;h pr,6 vkdkf|k; c]t r,6 vkdkfv[q vo5j D g0fr,6 vkdkf|k;d;,gvkq rkdg|vn c]t rkd8kg;oa vvdlP’g|vn g-’jy ,vu kdkf|k;9fa c]t cs’h D .o]tf|6 k;vo5 str,6 ]’q Ivf {$W c= F l;j o]tfI6 vh ovo5 str,6 ltg]pj W =cD g0fr,6 vkdkf v[q vo5j d;,gvkq rkddk’ c]t rkd8kg;oa 8dq 0v’xtgmfD .o]tfI6 vh ovkdkfv[q voj5 F vo5 str,6 c,oj ]ts;kj ’ !W =c sk !& =c Fl;j o.o]tf|6 k; vkdkf|k;cs’h F vo5 str,6 1]6j ts;kj ’ {!W =c sk {!& c= D !D& c,joE]eg- ifa g-p,cu ,oj E]eg-|kc|oh g-oja G oE3;odkF oEvgu vofy w-F oE3v[Fu oEg]okDDD g-’jy [k’lkp wfhveo;p7;k,ltf;d.shcdj;Pd’kodtlydeF 7q,,tok7q,{0qolqj’ c]t dkolhk’g0njvo w22kh oE8dq D ovdooA ifa g-pp’a ,mu tg]xfy dkltxPo c]t |v’.spsj k^ pcs’j g-oja G |v’[kpdkoF |v’]k3fdkDDD !D* -a[rtpkdvome,t-kf ifa g-pgxoa xtgmf|’bj mvuj f5 ,q I’ja ,fu kh o-[a rtpkdvo.8fh oy s^kp-tofy g-oja G gsd^a F 7eF grfa F mv’cf’F ,’a dkcoDDDS ifa g-pp’a ,-u [a rtpkdvort]’a ’ko7[q md5 -tofy g-oja G 4kj osou F oE,oa g-vN w2F dkH fme,t-kf m’a ,xu t],y kosk^ pF ,cu ,oj Esk^ plkpm1ju .j6 o]tf[a .sp0j v’3]dD @D xt-kdvo ifa g-pgxoa xtgmfm,uj xu t-kdvos^kp X!$# ]kh o7oq .oxu @WW_? gxoa voa f[a mu ) 0v’3]d X4fa 9kd9ou F voy gfpF ltstifa vkg,idy kF voy 3fgog-pF g[i-oy F xkdfy lt4koF c]t [’a dt]kgmf?D vfa 8kdkogr,ju 0v’xt-kdvoxt,ko WF*: 8x+ Du xt-kdvol;j osk^ pg8kQ 3I,doa 1r6j kd8kg;oa 8dq 0v’xtgmfD l;j o1f6j oy cfovoa d;kh ’.sp0j v’-gu [iu ,xu t-kdvo vkwl1|6j vh p d;,gvkq rP’c8j !}& 0v’xt-kdvo.om;jq xtgmfF .oooA l;j os^kpc,oj vkwl 1]6j P[8k,gloA mk’7,q ,tok7,q D ifa g-p,xu t,ko !WW -oq gzkjq F .oooA -oq gzkjq lt]kg;u d;,gvkq )#: 0v’xt-kdvo m’a \\fq D l;j ompuj ’a gsvn^ ooA c,oj -oq gzkjq [kfltgdFu ,kiFu 8k8kdF 1kdf5 DDD.oxfa 9[5 oa -k;g,vn ’ifa g-p d;,g4’y (W: 0v’xt-kdvo.omqj;xtgmfD g0qkg9Qkxtdv[vk-u[fhkov5flkstde c]t dko[=]ydkogxao8Qo8=D .ow]ptmhkp0v’lt8t;afmu XXF xt-kdvo.o8q;g,nv’0v’iafg-p wfgh r,ju 0oB 1kj ’;vj ’w;D 8;q 1kj ’G .ow]pt0v’-,5 xu !_#W m;jq ifa g-p Xvtffu ltstrk[3-;Pf? ,ru P’ @ 8;q g,vn ’m,uj xu t-kdvos^kpd;kj ! ]kh o7oq F ooA 7gn ,vn ’s^;’,fq ltd6 Xot7vos^;’0v’ 57

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດxtgmf !WD& ]kh o7oq @WW_? c]t g,vn ’c-’gxc8dlt[;dF xfa 9[5 oa ifa g-p,u !W d;kj 8;q g,vn ’m,uj u xt-kdvosk^ pd;kj ! ]kh o7oq D #D dko0tspkpglf4tdyf1j6iafg-p dvj odkoxt8y;afla’7q,oypq,gfnvo85]kX!W? xu !_!(F 0tc|’v5flkstdemujle7aocs’j mevfy 0v’ifa g-p l;j os^kpg8kQ 3I,doa 1v6j vh ,8;q g,vn ’,fq ltd6 c]t c-’gxc8dlt[;dD 8+,k 3I’’kow22kh 7;k,Ivh odw= fIh [a dko0tspkp1m6j ;jq rkd8kg;oa 8dq 0v’xtgmfD rkps’a^ l’q 7k, 3]d7’A mu IIF dkolkh ’g0vjn ow22kh oE8dq 0t|kf.sp1j c6j ,oj E3;odk c]t 0tc|’dko0f5 7oQ X4kj osou ?F oE,oa g-vN w2F dkH fme,t-kfF gsda^ F grfa DDDD? wf0h tspkp8;q 1kj ’c0’cI’F voa wfgh Ifa .sh 0tc|’vf5 lkstdes^v,s^+3]stF doq 9da F d+lkh ’F g7,Fu vt;tdkfDDD 0tspkp8;q l’6 wx8k,Mdoa D zt]fy 8troa vf5 lkstde8oQ 80= v’ifa g-p,du oq 9da dtldy eF ]fq poq F gsda^ dkh F oE,oa g-vN w2F dkH fme,t-kfF g7vnj ’[yoF dexoaj F g7nvj ’7v,ru;g8uF pkovt;tdkfDDDD l;j os^kpzt]yf8traogs^kqj oUwfhdkpgxao loy 7kh 0kvvd.o0v[g0fm;jq 3]d 3fpltgrktc,oj oE,oa g-vN w2 c]t dkH fme,t-kf g-’jy ,mu l+ ’jq 9kdcs’j^ zt]fy 1-6j gu [iwu xg4’y sk^ pxtgmf1g6j viu [q 8kg;oa 8dq D 0tc|’dtldy edw= fIh [a dko0tspkp8;q F rfn xd6 mluj e7oa ,gu 0kQ g[F^ lk]Fu s;q zda dkfs;koF ,oa /i’ja F 8oQ fvd8kg;oa DDD [vj omxuj d6 sk^ pc,oj g0fm’jq rP’ifa g-pF g0f8kg;oa 8dq lP’.80h v’xtgmf c]t 8k,]hv’c,joE8jk’MD laf]hP’mju0tspkp8q;d;jk\\6jc,jo’q;rao-UoF ’q;raooq,F cdtF lafxudDDDlyo7hkmjulqj’vvdle7ao,uG -UoF |a’lafF oEoq, c]t glAoc]oD g0fmju,udko]hP’laf s^kpc,oj g0f8vodk’ c]t 8vo.80h v’]vh ’c,joE3;odk 1g6j 0f-gu [iu c]t rkd8kg;oa vvd 0v’xtgmfD ovdooA p’a ,zu t]fy 8troa 9kdmtg] 3fpltgrkt c,oj w0xj kdkg;p (Caviar) g-’jy ,u -ljn P’.o3]dD 7e4k, !D xtgmfiafg-p8A’16j.lL ,u0v[g0f{-kpcfo8yfda[.lcfj L c]t ,ugoNvmujgmqkj .fL @D ]adltot0v’r6,lao4ko c]t r6,vkdkf0v’iafg-pgxaoco;.fL # 95fryglf0v’c,oj E c]t -a[rtpkdvome,t-kf0v’iafg-pgxaoco;.fL $D 9’jq l,q mP[ltrk[0v’xt-kdvoifa g-pd[a xt-kdvovk2idy k7dn oa c]t 8kj ’doa co;.fL &D 9’jq vtmy[kpltrk[dkorfa mtokglf4tdyfifa g-p.ow]ptzkj o,kgxoa co;.fL 58

[qfmu !$ xtgmf/iaj’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D r6,lkfme,t-kf !D! mju8A’r6,lkf xtgmf/iaj’8A’1j6rkd8kg;ao8qd0v’mt;u[gvuiq[F ]ts;jk’glAo0t|komu $@ =@W j sk &! = W& j g|nv c]t ]ts;kj ’gloA c;’mu $ = 8kg;oa 8dq sk gloA c;’ mu ) = 8kg;oa vvdD !D@ 0v[g0f c]t goNvmju myfg|nv8yfda[mtg],a’g-y c]t xtgmfc[o-ydD myf8kg;aovvdlP’g|nv8yfda[xtgmf ]5d-e[;d c]t g1p]t,aoD myf8kg;aovvd8yfda[xtgmflt;yf c]t vu8k]uD myf.8h8yfda[ mtg]g,fcu 8ikgo c]t xtgmfcvfltxkpD mfy 8kg;oa 8dq 8fy d[a ,tsklt\\f5 vfa ]’a 8dy D xtgmf/i’ja ,ugoNvmumj ’a \\fq &&! &WW d,@F ot7vos^;’c,oj xkiDu !D# r6,lao4ko govN mluj ;j o.spcj ,oj m’jq rP’ g-’yj d;,gvkq rkd8kg;oa 8dq c]t rkdg|vn g-oja G m’jq rP’xkiFu m’jq rP’vkdcu 8’D ovdooA p’a ,mu ’jq rP’c7,mtg] c]t m’jq rP’8k,]vh ’c,oj E8kj ’MD 1m6j k’ rkd8kg;oa vvdF rkddk’ c]t rkd.8h c,oj [oa fklkpr6 c]t rr6 P’g-oja G lkprv6 kogxFu xgu igoDDD 9v,rm6 luj ’6 mluj f5 c,oj 9v,r,6 ’q [t]’a X$D)W(,?D 59

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ W{@WW , @WW{&WW , &WW , !))* czomruj ,6 loa 4ko0v’xtgmf/i’ja 60

!D$ r6,vkdkf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ xtgmf/ia’j 8A’16jg0fr6,vkdkfvq[v5jo c]t wfhc[’j vvdgxao # g0f8Qo8=fa’j oUG mk’rkd 8kg;oa 8dq c,oj r,6 vkdkfv[q vo5j ,tsklt\\f5 D mk’rkd8kg;oa vvdc,oj g0fr,6 vkdkfv[q vo5j mt;u[D mk’rkd.8hc,oj r6,vkdkfg,fuc8ikgoD !D& c,joE]eg- xtgmf/ia’j ,uc,oj Emujle7aos^kplkpg-y’j lk,kflhk’-qo]txtmko c]t g0nvj ow22hk oE8qd wfhg-aoj G oEc-oF oE]q;F oE3ioDDD !D* -a[rtpkdvome,t-kf xtgmf/i’ja gxoa xtgmf|’bj m,ju -u [a rtpkdvome,t-kfs^kp-tofy g-oja G ,fu oy mvju f5 ,q l,q [o6 g\\ktlq,cddj kodtlydeF ,uxkj w,hme,t-kfs^kplq,7;o c]t ,u-a[rtpkdvo.8hfyog-oaj G gs^adF 4kj osuoF [dq -yfDDD @D xt-kdvo @D! dkoc9d1kpxt-kdvo .oxu @WW_ xt-kdvo/i’ja ,u *@F$ ]kh o7oq F gxoa xtgmfm,uj 9u eo;oxt-kdvosk^ p voa f[a mu $ 0v’mt;u[gvuiq[D ,u7;k,|kc|holtg]pj #!@ 7qo}d,@D (W: 0v’xt-kdvo ma’\\qfc,oj g8kQ 3I,doa 1g6j 0fm’jq rP’xkiFu ovdooA d1= 86j k, 8;q g,vn ’.sp8j kj ’Mg-oja G ]vu ’q F [vd3fF ,kdw-DDD l;j o16gj 0fr6l6’mk’rkd8kg;aovvd c]t g0fg[vnj ,mk’rkd.8h,u7qovkwl16|j hvpD @D@ dkog7njvophkp0v’xt-kdvo .os^kplt8t;fa muzj kj o,k/i’ja gxoa xtgmf|’bj .ogvui[q mu,j uxt-kdvog7vnj opkh p vvdovd xtgmfsk^ pg-oja G wxmt;[u vkg,idy kF vk2idy k c]t vk-Du c8.j oxfa 9[5 oa /i’ja gxoa xtgmfmIuj [a gvkq 7oq g0kQ xtgmfsk^ pF pvh osk^ plkgsf7Gn dkod[a 7on 0v’7oq /i’ja gv’ dkoI[a gvkq cI’’ko9kd8kj ’ -kf c]t dkoIa[gvqk[aofk]6dF g,pF zq;0v’7qo/i’aj muwj xc8’j ’koda[-kfvonj MD l;j o16rj kp.oxtgmfc,oj dkog7nvj ophkp0v’7qo.o8q;g,nv’vvdwxl6j-qoot[qf7n g0f8k g;aovvdlP’g|nv c]t g0f.8hD 61

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[qfmu !( ltrk[glf4tdyf1j6mt;u[vkg,iydk ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D ltrk[glf4tdyf1j6vkg,iydkg|nv glf4tdyf0v’vkg,iydkg|nvc,oj 0tspkp8q;16j.o]tfa[l6’ 9qodkpgxao,tskveokf fhkoglf4tdyf0v’3]d [+;kj mk’fhkov5flkstdeF dtlydeF dko[=]ydko c]t vnoj MD dkozt]fy wf,h du kooe.-gh 7vjn ’doq 9da gvg]da 38iody moa ltw\\F zoq zt]fy ,7u o5 trk[l'6 c]t xt]y,kos^kp9qogduo7;k,8hv’dko-q,.-h0v’xt-kdvorkp.oF ma’dkpgxaolyo7hk0kvvd mjule7aowxmqj;3]dD c8jdkozt]yf,udko-j;’gla’daoc[[gl]uD ltoAo 9jb’,adxtlq[da[[aosk glf4twr c]t wrs;kj ’’ko16jg]NvpMD !D! dkov5flkstde oa[;kj ,u7;k,dhk;|hkd;kj mt;u[gvuiq[ g4y’;kj g],uj 8Qo-hkd;kj d=8k,F phvo;kj xt-kdvo lj;o.spjmjug7njvophkpwx9kdgvuiq[,u]tfa[7;k,Ih6F 7;k,lk,kfl6’mk’fhkog8ad3o3]1u mujmaoltw\\ c]t phvovkg,iydkg|nv,uzqoleg]afmk’fhkodtlydel6’F rhv,ma’,ucImj kfv5fq, lq,[6orP’r=da[dkorafmtokv5flkstdeD ltoAo v5flkstde16jvkg,iydkg|nv 9bj’g8u[.spj 0tspkp8q;1kj ’;vj ’w;F g0fv5flkstdemujle7ao,u7nG T g0f|v’.spmj a’ & c]t g0f]hv’c,oj Ec-’3]ia’F gxaog0fv5flkstdezt]yf gs^addhkF ]qfpqoF g7nvj ’dqo9addtlydeF g7,u c]t 8+kczoj D T g0fo;y v’y c]oF gxoa g0fvf5 lkstdezt]fy czoj crF 0oq lfa F -oU c]t vksko8kj ’MD T g0fc7,/’ja ,tsklt\\f5 vfa ]’a 8dy F gxoa g0fvf5 lkstdedoja oE,oa g-vN w2F dkH fme,t-kfF vx5 tdvodl+ kh ’F ;my tpklkfDDD l;j o.spcj ,oj vf5 lkstde dkozt]fy loy 7kh leg]fa I[6 9kdzoq zt]fy dtldy eD T g0fc7,/’ja ,tsklt\\f5 xk-u2ydF gxoa g0fvf5 lkstdezt]yfoE,oa g-Nvw2F gs^da dkh F zt]yfvkskoF zt]yfglnvzkh leg]fa I[6 vojn MD !D@ dkodtlyde vkg,idy kg|vn gxoa zo6h e|kh fkh odkozt]fy dtldy eF pvh o;kj ,gu ovN mfuj oy d;kh ’0;k’,su k^ pg0f r6,vkdkfmugj \\ktlq,F ,uxt-kdvomu,j u7;k,Ih67;k,lk,kfl6’DDD dkozt]yfdtlyde lj;o.spjc,jodkozt]yfgrnjvgxaolyo7hk 3fp,udko]q’mbol6’ c]t oe.-hg7vnj ’9admaoltw\\F g0fdtlydemulj e7ao,u7nG 71

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດT dkokfk,lu v’g0f.spgj -oja G rkd.8gh xoa g0fxd6 g0kQ g[^ g-’jy ,7u ;k,lk,kfxd6 wfsh k^ p c]t l’qj vvd0kpgxaovaofa[ @ 0v’3]dD ovdoAo pa’x6dg0Qkvk;;o c]t lk]u grvjn .-hgxaovkskolafD g0f]hP’’q;wfhcdjg0fmqj’rP’]hv’c,joEc-’3]ia’F c7,/aj’ ,tsklt\\5fvaf]a’8yd c]t r6rP’3d]q,[uD T ltstifa vkg,idy kF 1g6j 0f.80h v’|v’.spmj ’a & gxoa [vj oxd6 g0kQ c]t lk]wu ffh mu luj f5 .o3]dD g0fxd6 g0kQ g[^wfch d]j fa fda 3d8kg|nv c]t fda 3d8k.8Fh ]fa ,vo8kokF c7o -afF 3vdik3I,kDDD g0fx6d/hkpwfhs^kpc,oj ]afgmad-afD g0fx6d1kl6[c,oj 16cj 7, /aj’,tsklt\\5fvaf]a’8ydg-ajoG ]afvk]k[k,kF 9=g9pF 7k3i]yog|nv c]t 7k3i]oy .8Dh DD g0f]Ph ’lfa c,oj 1g6j 0f.8h & |v’.spFj rkd8kg;oa vvdlP’g|vn c]t rkd8kg;ao8qdD laf]hP’8Qo8= c,oj ’q;rao-UoF ’q;raooq,F \\6 c]t lafxudvnoj MD @D ltrk[glf4tdyf1j6vkg,iydk]kc8' !D! dkodtlyde phvo-k;-qoot[qfd;,gvqkvaf8klj;ol6’F ltoAo 0tc|’dtlyde9jb’,u[qf[kfle7aoD roN 4koglf4tdfy c,oj 0oB 1d6j [a dkozt]fy dtldy e c]t 0f5 7oQ -[a rt pkdvome,t-kf grvnj l’jq 0kp.sdh [a xtgmfmruj fa mtokc];h D 1v6j kg,iydk]kc8'groyj wfch [’j dkoxd6 /’a vvdgxoa @ c[[7nG T dkoxd6 /’a grvnj ]Ph ’-u[F xt-kdvoz,6h uvk-u[xd6 /’a l;j o.spcj ,oj -k;rNog,nv’g-oja G voy gfpcf’DDD rfn mxuj d6 c,oj g0kQ F lk]Fu ,oa /i’ja F \\kd4;jq c]t zda 8kj ’Mgrvjn d,5h 8oq gv’D goNvmufj yodtlyde l;j o.spcj ,oj gxao0v’okpmbo8kj ’xtgmf c]t pa’l;j o|hvp|b’j gxoa 0v’xt-k-oq mvh ’4oyj D ovdooA p’a ,udkodtlydec[[g]vnj o]vpvud9eo;o|’bj D T dkox6d/a’grnvj dko7hkF zh6muj]yg]u,j mevyfc,oj -k;cvfltxkp c]t xvd85pdko g-y’j x6dgxaooy7q,0t|kf.spFj oe.-hv5xtdvomujmaoltw\\F rnfoe,kx6dmujle7aog-oaj G dkg2 Xx6ds^kp16gj [i-yo?F dkdk; Xx6ds^kp16gj [i-yo c]t gvdq;g8u?F g0Qk c]t lk]u Xx6ds^kp16jvkd-a’8yoF 3[]u;uF gxi6F 9ug]p c]t v6i6wd;?D ovdoAo d=pa’wfhx6d/hkpF vhvpF xkj oF dh;p c]t vnoj MD T dko]hP’laf 4n;kj gxaovk-u[mulj e7aoF lhk’]kpwfh.shcdsj ^kpxtgmfmu]j hP’’q;rao-Uo c]t ’;q roa o,q grvnj l’jq vvd9e|kj pgxoa voa f[a |’bj 0v’3]dc,oj xtgmfvkd-’a 8yoD 72

dko]hP’laf16jvkg,iydk]kc8' Xr6rP’xk8k3dou? ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dkov5flkstde vf5 lkstde1v6j kg,idy k]kc8'p’a 0tspkp8;q -kh d;kj vkg,idy kg|vn sk^ pgmkjq F l;j osk^ p c,oj v5flkstdeohvpg-’yj 8A’168j k,8q;g,nv’.sp8j kj ’M grvnj x5’c8’j zqozt]yf9kddtlydeg-oja G 3I’’kozt]fy oE8koF zt]fy czoj crF zt]fy vkskoxtgrf8kj ’MD l;j o0tc|’vf5 lkstde|da wfzh t]fy gsda^ dkh F 0f5 7oQ c]t doja oE,oa g-vN w2F zt]fy vx5 tdvo dkozt]yfxtgrf8kj ’MD [aofk3I’’kov5flkstde l;j os^kpc,oj 0Boda[okpmbo8kj ’xtgmf 3fpltgrktc,oj ltst]afvkg,iydkD 7e4k, !D gxaospa’v5flkstde16vj kg,iydkg|nv9b’j 0tspkp8q;w; c]t ,uxtlyfmyrk[l6’L @D ltrk[dko0tspkpglf4tdyf1v6j kg,iydk]kc8'gxoa co;.fL #D 9’jq l,q mP[dko0tspkpglf4tdfy 1m6j t;[u gviu [q d[a mt;[u vkg,idy k,7u ;k,c8d8kj ’ daoco;.fL 73

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ[qfmu !) 8q;g,nv’1j6mt;u[vkg,iydk !D dkodkpgxao8q;g,nv’.omt;u[vkg,iydk !D! dkodkpgxao8q;g,nv’1j6vkg,iydkg|nv oa[c8jlt8t;afmu XVIII gxao8Qo,k8q;g,nv’8jk’M.ovkg,iydkwfh0tspkp8q;w;F pvh odkoI[a gvkq -k;8kj ’fkh ; c]t -k;-oq ot[fq v[q rtp[q g0kQ l86j ;q g,nv’s^kp0Bo 3fpltgrkt c,oj 8;q g,vn ’m8ju ’A 1c6j 7,,tsklt\\f5 D xfa 9[5 oa wfdh kpgxoa 8;q g,vn ’.spmj luj e7oa sk^ pg-oja G 8;q g,vn ’ ou;1vdF ]vfcvog9u]yfF c-oc2io-yflt3dF ;ao76g;uDDDl;j o16mj k’rkddk’,u 8q;g,nv’|hvp c]t ohvpD xaf95[ao X@WW)?F xt-kdvo8q;g,nv’wfhd;,gvqkvaf8klj;ol6’mP[da[9eo;o rqo]tg,nv’];, X)W:? c8jvaf8kdkogruj,xt-kdvo.o8q;g,nv’.spjs^5f]q’phvo-k;g,nv’ 9eo;o[+|vh pwfgh 7vnj opkh pvvdwxvkwl1g6j 0f-kog,nv’D !D@ dkodkpgxao8q;g,nv’1j6vkg,iydk]kc8' xfa 9[5 oa dko0tspkp8;q g,vn ’ c,oj w;d;kj [oa fkxtgmfde]’a rfa mtokvojn MD vfa 8kl;j o 0v’xt-kdvo.o8q;g,nv’l6’d;kj (W: c8[j +lt\\Oltg\\uD xtgmfmuj,uvaf8kl;j oxt-kdvo.o 8;q g,vn ’l’6 c,oj xtgmfvkd-’a 8oy X)W:?F vi6 w6 d; X(W:?F g;go-g6 v]k X(W:? g,da -dy 3d X(@:?D lkgsf8Qo8=0v’dkodkpgxao8q;g,nv’c,oj ,k9kddkofegouodkosaogxaov5flkstde c]t dkog7njvophkp0v’xt-kdvo9kd-qoot[qfg0Qklj68q;g,nv’.spj grnjv-vdsk;PdgIaf’kome 3fpltgrktc,oj 8;q g,vn ’1c6j 7,mtg]F g,vn ’vf5 lkstdeF ]P[8k,gloA mk’7,q ,tok7oq { 0oq l’jq mulj tf;dD @D 8q;g,nv’mjule7ao 16jvkg,iydkg|nv ,u8q;g,nv’s^kpcs’j muj,u7;k,le7ao8+rNo4koglf4tdyfF ;afmtotmeF dkoxqd7v’ c]t dko[=]ydkog-oaj G ou;1vdF ;=-y’8aoF -udk3dF ,q’givkoF vqf8k;kDDD 74

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ]t[q[7q,,tok7q,{0qolq'j .o]avfcvog9uc]af X7k]u2=gop? { o;u 1vd gxoa 8;q g,vn ’.spvj oa f[a |’bj 0v’vkg,idy kg|vn F 8’A 1x6j kdc,oj EIfa loa c]t gmy’gdktc,oIfa 8oa F gxoa mu8j ’A 0v’mkj gInv.spcj s’j |’bj 0v’ltstifa vkg,iydkD 8;q g,vn ’o;u 1vd,xu t-kdvo xt,ko _ ]kh o7oq X@WW)?F gxoa g,vn ’lo6 dk’0v’7;k, 9tg]ou vaofa[|b’j 0v’ltstiafvkg,iydk.ofhkodkog’yoF mtok7koF dko0qol’qj F dkovf5 lkstde c]t dko7kh F rvh ,m’a ,lu t4k[oa dko7oQ 7;kh F dko;wy 9F leoda ’ko 0v’]af4t[ko c]t vq’dkolkdqoF g4y’;kj ;=-y’8ao9tgxaog,nv’s^;’0v’ltstiaf d=8k,c8rj k]t[fq [kf0v’8;q g,nv’ ou;1vdgmkjq mP,d[a ;=-y’8oa D 75

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ g0f.9dk’g,nv’oy;1vd T 1v6j kg,iydk]kc8',u8;q g,nv’.spsj ^kpcs’j mu,j u7;k,le7oa g-oja G g,nv’[g6 v3oc-F dkikdfa F ],u kF -’a 8vu k3dF i3u vgf9y kgo3iF -k;xk;3]DDD 8;q g,vn ’gskjq^ o,U xu t-kdvo s^kpd;kj @ ]hko7qo0BowxD { 8q;g,nv’[6gv3oc- lhk’8A’0Bo.oxu !)&* g-yj’gxaomk’zjko9kd/aj’mtg]fhko 8kg;oa vvd 8fa zkj olkprv6 ’a gfvy vdwxl/6j ’ja mtg]8kg;oa 8dq grvjn spgh= loA mk’gfou gIvn vhv,cs^,Ivo s^n 7v’xkok,k.shlAog0QkD 8q;g,nv’oU 8A’1j6mqj’rP’xkdc,joE xkikokF gxoa mkj gIvn mluj e7oa 0v’xtgmfvkd-’a 8oy F rvh ,m’a gxoa lo6 dk’dko[]= dy ko c]t dkozt]yfv5flkstdemujle7aoD #D [qf[kf0v’8q;g,nv’ [aofk8q;g,nv’8kj ’M16jmt;u[vkg,iydk,u[qf[kfle7aos^kpfhkoF ovd9kdgxaol6odk’ dkoxqd7v’ c]t ;afmtotme0v’-kfc]h;F 8q;g,nv’pa’,u[qf[kf gxaol6odk’mk’fhko glf4tdyf g-oja G vf5 lkstdeF dko7kh F dko7,q ,tok7,q {0oq l’qj F dko[=]ydkoDDD 8;q g,nv’p’a gxoa l6odk’dkolbdlkF dko7Qo7;hk;ymtpklkfF dko;yw9F g8ad3o3]-umaoltw\\DDD [k’8q;g,nv’ wfdh kpgxoa cs’^j mvj ’mPj ;mulj e7oa 0v’3]dD 7e4k, !D dko0tspkp8q;g,nv’16vj kg,iydkg|nv c]t .8h,u7;k,c8d8kj ’daoco;.fL @D 9’jq vtmy[kpg4y’8q;g,nv’mulj e7oa .omt;u[vkg,iydkL #D 8q;g,nv’,u[qf[kfle7aoco;.f L gxaospa’9’bj dkpgxao8q;g,nv’.oxaf95[aoL 76

[qfmu !_ ltstiafvkg,iydk ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D r6,lkfme,t-kf !D fhkomju8A’ ltstiafvkg,iydkxtdv[fh;p # 8vofyo7nG czoj fyo.spvj kg,iydkF vk]kltdk c]t gdktIk;kpD ltst]afvkg,iydk8A’1j6]ts;jk’glAo0t|komu !) =sk (! =g|nv ]ts;jk’ glAoc;’mu *( = sk !)W =8kg;ao8qdD !D@ 0v[g0fF goNvmju myfg|nv8yfda[xtgmfdkokfkF myf.8h8yfda[xtgmfg,ad-yd3d c]t vjk;g,ad-ydS myf8kg;aovvd8yfda[,tsklt\\5fvaf]a’8yd c]t myf8kg;ao8qd8yfda[,tsklt\\5fxk-u2ydD ltstiafvkg,iydkxtdv[fh;p # 8vofyo7nG czoj fyo.spvj kg,iydkF vk]kltdk c]t gdkt Ik;kp g-y’j ma’\\qfoAo];,,ugoNvmuj _ #(@ *!& d,@D !D# r6,lao4ko r6,lao4ko0v’ltstiafvkg,iydkc[j’vvdgxao $ g0fg-yj’,umyfgoaj’8k,myfg|nv{.8h 3fp,u9f5 ryglff’ja oUG T rkd8kg;oa vvdc,oj g0flkprv6 [a xk]kfF 9v,rl6 ’6 mulj f5 0v’lkpro6 Uc,oj 9v,r6 ,yfc-o X@DW#) ,?D ovdoAo pa’,umq’j rP’]P[8k,c7,/a’j ,tsklt\\5fvaf]a’8yd 9oq g4’y vkj ;g,da -dy D T g0fm’qj rP’rkddk’gxaomq’j rP’mujd;hk’.spdj ;kj \\6Fj 16]j ts;kj ’lkpr6va[xk]kf c]t lkpr6mk’rkd8kg;ao8qdF ,uc,oj Emujle7aows^zkj og-aoj G oE,yf-u-y[xuF oE,yf -6iuF oE3vwI3vDDD 16jmk’rkdg|nv0v’mq’j rP’pa’xtdv[fh;p|v’.spmj a’ & g-aoj G |v’,-u cu doF |v’-[5 gxigu vFu |v’Ii6 ’q F |v’cvigu v c]t |v’v’q 8ki3u vD |v’m’a & oUg-vnj ,8+daoc]h;ws^l6,j tsklt\\5fvaf]a’8ydfh;pc,oj Ec-’3]ia’D T g0fm'qj rP'.spj rkp.o (The great interrior plain) gxaom'qj rP'mujd;hk'.spmj ujl5f 1]6j ts;kj 'lkprv6 kxk]kf c]t lkpri6 vddu []= gy ;oogU voU ;kj G gdifrtc]o Great plain) T rkd8kg;ao8qdc,jog0fr6l6’g-yj’,us^kplkpr6goaj’0t|kodao8k,myfg|nv{.8h7nG lkpri6 vddFu lkprd6 kfltdkdF lkprg6 -pikgo;kfkDDD 9v,rm6 luj ’6 c,oj rc6 voc[d 77

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດX$D$@W ,?D ltgrkt vk]kltdk,umjq’rP’mk’fhko8kg;ao8qd Xg0fxkdc,joE 163do?S rkdg|nvF rkd8kg;aovvd c]t rkd.8hgxaog0fr6F .ooAo9v,r6 ,addyog] X*D!_# ,? gxao9v,r6mujl6’d;kj \\6j0v’ltstiafvkg,iydkD !D$ r6,vkdkf ltstiafvkg,iydkxtdv[fh;pr6,vkdkfs^kpxtgrf7nG T r6,vkdkfczoj fyo d;,gvqkg7’yj |b’j 0v’g0frkdg|nv c]t 8kg;aovvdlP’g|nvF g0flkpr6va[xk]kf c]t g0f|v’.spjma’ &D .o]tf6|k; vkdkf|k;9af Xvo5 str,6 ltg]pj 8Od;kj W =c?F .o]tfI6 vh ovkdkfv[q vo5j Xvo5 str,6 ltg]pj 8Od;kj @W =c?D xt]y,kooE/qoltg]pj &WW{!WWW ,,}xuD T r6,vkdkf.dhg0fIhvo d;,gvqkg0fmqj’rP’]hv’c,joE,yf-u-y[xu c]t c7,/aj’ ,tsklt\\5f vaf]a’8yd c]t c7,vkj ;g,ad-ydD vkdkfIhvo c]t -5,j 8ts^vfxuF pvh owfIh [a vfy mry oq 9kddtcloEvo5j d[a lt8i,u D .o]tf|6 k;vo5 str,6 ltg]pj xt,ko !@ =cF .o]tf6Ihvov5ostr6,ltg]pj xt,ko @& =cF xt]y,kooE/qoltg]pj s^kpd;kj !WWW ,,}xuD T r6,vkdkfg7y’j csh’c]h’ d;,gvqkrkd8kg;ao8qdF g0fr6rP’3d]q,[uF 3d3]ik3fD vkdkfoU,u]adltotcsh’c]h’F ltg]jpxt]y,kooE/qoxt,ko @&W{&WW,,}xuD .o]tf|6 k;vo5 str,6 ltg]pj 8Od;kj W c= F .o]tfI6 vh ovo5 str,6 ltg]pj xt,ko @W c= . T r,6 vkdkfcs’h c]’h d;,gvkq rkd8kg;oa 8dq lP’.80h v’xtgmfF vkdkfcs’h c]’h .o]tf6|k;v5ostr6,ltg]pj ) =cF .o]tf6Ihvov5ostr6,ltg]pj xt,ko #W c= D xt]y,kooE/qoltg]pj 8Od;kj @WW ,,}xuD T r6,vkdkf,tsklt\\5f d;,gvqkc7,/’aj 8kg;ao8qdlP’g|nv0v’xtgmfD vkdkf vq[v5joF ,u/qo8qd8ts^vfxuD .o]tf6|k;v5ostr6,ltg]pj xt,ko & = cF .o]tf6Ihvo v5ostr6,ltg]pj xt,ko @W =cD xt]y,kooE/qoltg]pj !DWWW sk !D&WW ,,} xuD T r,6 vkdkfg,fcu 8ikgo d;,gvkq c7,/’ja rkddk’0v’]fa 7k]2u g= opF vkdkfv[q vo5j c]t ,u/qo8qd.o]tf6|k;D v5ostr6,ltg]jp.o]tf6Ihvoxt,ko @W =cF lj;o.o ]tf6|k; c,oj xt,ko !W =cD xt]y,kooE/qoltg]pj !WWW ,,}xuD 78

dkoc9d1kp-a[rtpkdvome,t-kf.oltst]afvkg,iydk ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ @D xt-kdvo ltst]fa vkg,idy k,xu t-kdvo #!W ]kh o7oq X@WW)?F 7;k,|kc|oh ltg]pj #! 7oq }d,@D vaf8kdkogru,j 0v’xt-kdvoc,oj WF(:F vaf8kdko8kp8+kd;kj WF&: c]t vaf8kdkogduf !F&:D [vj om,uj xu t-kdvovkwl1|6j kc|oh c,oj [oa fk8;q g,vn ’.spgj -oja G g,vn ’o;u 1vd X_ ]kh o7oq ?D ltst]afvkg,iydkxtdv[fh;ps^kpg-Nv-kfg-aoj G -k;zy;0k;g-y’j ,ug7Qk,k9kdmt;u[ gviu [q Xv’a dfy F /i’aj F cvfltxkpF xvd8p5 dkoF gogmcu ]oDDD?F -k;z;y fe,gu 7kQ ,k9kdvk2idy kF ovdoAo pa’,u-k;rNog,nv’ Xvyogfpcf’? c]t -k;zy;gs^nv’ mujg7nvj ophkp,k9kdmt;u[vk-uD #D dkogxao,tskveokffhkoglf4tdyf0v’3]d gonjv’9kdxt-kdvo,u]tfa[7;k,Ih6 c]t 7;k,lk,kffhkog8adoyd;ymtpklkf ;ymtpkdkol6’ c]t gonjv’9kdltst]afvkg,iydk,u-a[rtpkdvome,t-kfmujv5fq,lq,[6oD f’ja ooA ltst]fa vkg,idy k 9’bj 9tg]ou dkh ;|kh mk’fkh oglf4tdfy g-’jy wflh tcf’vvd.o0tc|’ dkozt]fy 8kj ’Mf’ja oGU 79

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ#D! dkov5flkstde ltst]afvkg,iydkgxaoxtgmf|bj’ mujoe|hkmk’fhkov5flkstde16j.o3]d 3fpltgrkt c,oj 0tc|’dkozt]yfgsa^ddhkF ]qfpqoF g7nvj ’dqo9adF g7nvj ’[yoF pkovt;tdkfF g7,uF oE,ao g-Nvw2F zt]yfgInvF vt;tdkfF gvg]ad38ioydF 8Oczoj F x5’c8’j vkskoDDD l6odk’v5flkstde mujle7aoc,oj g0f|v’.spmj a’ & g-aoj F g,nv’-udk3dF g,nv’fu8ivpF g0fc7,/a’j ,tsklt\\5f vaf]a’8yd c]t xk-u2yd g-oaj G g,nv’ou;1vdF [vflt8aoF ]vfcvog9u]yfF c-oc2io-yflt3dDDD v5flkstdezt]yfg7nvj '[yo3[vy' c]t v5flkstdevt;tdkf #D@ dkodtlyde ltst]afvkg,iydk ,urNomujx6d/a’d;hk’0;k’ c]t wfhoe.-hg8adoyd;ymtpklkf c]t ;my tpkdkommuj oa ltw\\g0kQ .odkozt]fy F voa wfgh Ifa .slh tst]fa vkg,idy k,zu oq zt]fy fkh odtldy e l6’.o3]dg-aoj G dkozt]yfg0Qkg[^gxaovaofa[mu # 0v’3]dF dkozt]yflk]ugxaomu !F dkozt]yf /hkp gxaomu @F dko]hP’’q;gxaovaofa[mu $F dko]hP’\\6gxaovaofa[ #D ovdoAo pa’,udkox6drnf-toyfvnoj Mg-aoj G g0Qk/hk’F 1kl6[F 4q;j gs^nv’F ,ao/ia’j F \\kdw,hD g0fdtlydemujle7aoc,oj g0fm’qj rP’rkd8kg;aovvdF ]hv’c,oj E,yf-u-y[xuF ,yf-6iu c]tg0f & 80

|v’.spjD lj;odkoxt,q’d=0tspkp8q;l6’ 9qodkpgxaov5flkstdedkoskxk 1j6c7,/aj’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 8kg;oa 8dq c]t 8kg;oa vvd grktgxoa [vj om,uj xu ksk^ p c]t 1c6j 7,vkj ;g,da -dy g-’jy gxoa g0fskxk mulj e7oa 0v’ltst]fa vkg,iydkD g0fv5flkstde]hP’laf c]t 3I''kozt]yfsq;vksko0v’ltst]afvkg,iydk 81

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ#D# dko7hk c]t [=]ydko ltst]afvkg,iydk ,ulkprq;raodko7hk1jk’d;hk’0;k’da[m5dxtgmf.o3]dF ma’oU phvo;kj ltst]afvkg,iydk,uzt]yf8traolyo7hkv5flkstde c]t dtlydegdnv[7q[m5d-toyf dkolq’j vvdlyo7hk0v’ltst]afgxaovaofa[|bj’0v’3]dg-y’j ];,,uG g0QkF w,hF 1kl6[F gs^addhkF g7vjn ’[oy F g7vjn ’gvg]da 38iody F oE,oa g-vN w2F zt]fy 8troa o,q DDDg4’y 1kj ’.fd8= k,xtgmfltst]fa vkg,iydk pa’wfhoeg0Qklyo7hk[k’xtgrfg-aoj G 1k’dk;-69kdvk-u8kg;aovvdlP’.8h c]t vkg,iydk.8hF g9Ap c]t zt]yf8traov5flkstdes^kp-toyf9kdmt;u[gvuiq[F 9kdvyogfp c]t puxj 5oj F 0qocdt9kdvqflt8ik]uF oE,aog-Nvw29kd8kg;aovvddk’F cI3j ]st9kdvk2iydk.8hD 7e4k, !D 9’qj vtmy[kpg’vnj ow0fhkor6,lkfme,t-kf0v’ltst]afvkg,iydkgxaoco;.fL @D ltrk[dko0tspkp8q;0v’xt-kdvo.oltst]afvkg,iydkgxaoco;.fL #D ltst]afvkg,iydkdkpgxaoxtgmf,tskveokffhkoglf4tdyf3]dwfhco;.fL $D g0f.f0v’ltst]afvkg,iydkmujlk,kfzt]yfdtlydewfhfud;kj \\6j L phvospa'L &D zt]yf8traofhkov5flkstde0v’ltst]afvkg,iydk,uspa’cfLj *D 9’jq pdq .sgh soa ltrk[dko7kh 0v’ltst]fa vkg,iydkgxoa co;.fL 82

[qfmu @W xtgmfg[i-yo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D r6,lkfme,t-kf !D! fhkomju8A’ xtgmfg[i-yo 8A’16rj kd8kg;aovvdlP’g|nv0v’vkg,iydk.8hF 16]j ts;kj ’glAo0t|ko mu & =!*j g|nv g4y’ ## = $&j .8h c]t ]ts;kj ’glAoc;’mu #$ =$&j g4y’ ($ = #Wj 8kg;ao8qdD !D@ 0v[g0fgoNvmju myfg|nv8yfda[xtgmfd5p1ko/ia’j F -6]uok,F d5p1kook c]t g;go-6gv]kS myf.8h8yfda[ xtgmfvi6 w6 d;F vkd-’a 8oy c]t xkikwd;S mfy 8kg;oa 8dq 8fy d[a xtgmf 3d],q [Fu gxi6 c]t 3[];u Su myf8kg;aovvd8yfda[,tsklt\\5fvaf]a’8ydD xtgmfg[i-yo,ugoNvmujd;hk’0;k’g4y’ )D&!@DWWW d,@D !D# r6,lao4ko goNvmuvj oa d;kh ’.sp0j v’xtgmfg[i-yoxtdv[f;h pm’jq rP’gxoa l;j os^kpf’ja oUG T g0fr6l6’gduod;kj _WW , d;,gvqk #: 0v’goNvmujmq;j xtgmfD T mq’j rP’vk,k3-ogxaomq’j rP’mujd;hk’.spmj ujl5f.o3]dF ,ugoNvmujxt,ko #DWWWDWWW d,@D .ooAo &W: c,oj 16.j og0fcfo0v’g[i-yoD ovdoAo pa’,u16]j P[8k,c7,mtg] rkd8kg;aovvd c]t rkdg|nvvuds^kpcs’j D T r6rP’g[i-yogxaor6rP’mduj ;hk’.spFj ,ugoNvmugj 4y’ &DWWWDWWW d,@F d;,gvkq rkd8k g;aovvd c]t rkd8kg;ao8qdlP’.8h0v’xtgmfD mk’rkdg|nv,ur6rP’d5p1koF rkd8kg;oa 8dq ,ru r6 P’,k38difq 3- (Matogrosso)D T lkprl6 ’6 mk’rkd8kg;oa vvdlP’.80h v’rr6 P’g[i-oy xtdv[f;h plkprm6 lju e7oa g-ajoG lkpr6g-pik3f,kF cvaflt[uok3-fuvk,a’8uokDDD 9v,r6fk[kogfik (DaBandeira) gxao9v,rm6 ulj ’6 d;kj \\.j6 oxtgmfg[i-yo X@D)_W ,?D 83

)W = (W = *W = &W = $W = !W = 8iyoycff c]t 383[3d !W = W = gvdq;f= g;go-6gv]k dp5 1kok-6iyok, g2ioduok 3d]q,[u 3[vk;yl8k ,kokv6o oDvkg,-vo g[g]a, -k;s^5p W= 2vd8kg]-k gxi6 xvd38g;o3I gi-y[ !W = g[i-yo !W = @W = @W = ,tsklt\\5f [ik-ug]p -ao;kf= #W = xk-u2yd 3[]u;u oDxkikok #W = fk3xdikogf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ _W = )W = -u]u xkikd;kp -k;gxqk3] iy3vgfu9kgo3i xvd38g]gf ,tsklt\\f5 vfa ]’a 8dy vkd-’a 8oy v6i6d;kp W $WW )WW dy3]gc,af (W = *W = &W = $W = #W = czomjuxtgmfg[i-yo 84

!D$ r6,vkdkf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ xtgmfg[i-yo8A’16jg0fmuj,uglAol6ol6f c]t glAovkpao8afzkj oF fa’j oAo 9bj’,ur6,vkdkf g0fl6ol6f c]t g0fIhvogxaol;j os^kp g-y’j groyj wfhc[’j vvdfa’j oUG T g0fmqj’rP’vk,k3-o c]t g0fr6rP’d5p1ko gxaog0fmju,ur6,vkdkfl6ol6fF v5ostr6, ltg]pj @& =c sk @) =c c]t ,u/qo8qds^kp8ts^vfxuxt,ko @WWW sk #WWW ,,}xuD T g0f.9dk’rr6 P’g[i-oy gxoa g0fr,6 vkdkfv[q vo5j czoj foy mwuj fIh [a zoq ltmvh o9kd],q |k;rkd.8Fh vo5 str,6 ltg]pj @W =c sk @& =cF ,xu t],y kooE/oq l’6 8tsv^ fxu 7,n gu 4’y !$WW sk @WWW ,,}xuD T g0frr6 P’8kg;oa 8dq c]t rkd8kg;oa vvdlP’g|vn 0v’rr6 P’g[i-oy gxoa g0fmu,j u r6,vkdkfg7y’j csh’c]h’F ,uxt]y,kooE/qo|hvp7n,urP’c8j @WW sk &WW ,,}xu X[k’xcu ,oj [,+ /u oq 8dq g]pu ?D T g0fm’qj rP’c7,mtg]rkdg|vn F rkd8kg;oa vvdgxoa g0fm,uj ru ,6 vkdkfIvh o g-’jy wfh Ia[zqoltmhvo9kddtcloEg7nvj oIhvog[i-yoF v5ostr6,ltg]pj ]ts;kj ’ @& =c sk #WWc ,uxt]y,kooE/qoltg]pj @WWW ,,}xuF ,u[k’cs’j l6’g4y’ $WWW ,,}xuD T g0frkd.8h gxaog0fmuj,ur6,vkdkfvq[v5jo,tsklt\\5fF v5ostr6,ltg]pj @W =c F xt]y,kooE/qoltg]pj !WWW{!@WW ,,}xuD !D& c,joE]eg- xtgmfg[i-yo ,u8kojk’c,joE]eg-|kc|hogxao8Qoc,joc,joEvk,k3-o g-yj’gxao c,oj Emuj.spmj ujl5f.o3]dF ws^zkj o.9dk’mq’j rP’vk,k3-oF c,oj Exkikok g-y’j ,u8kfvudq;-6 (Iguassu) l6’g4y’ )W ,F lk,kflhk’g0nvj ow22hk0t|kf.spwj fhF c,oj E/i’ja -fy lt3dgxoa c,oj Em,uj cu d’h {8kfsk^ pcs’j F 1c6j ,oj EoU wf,h du kolkh ’g0vjn ow22kh oE8dq .spmj ulj f5 0v’vkg,iydk]kc8'D !D* -a[rtpkdvome,t-kf xtgmfg[i-yo gxaoxtgmfmuj,uxkj w,hs^kp-toyfg-y’j ,u]k7kcr’ c]t ,uxt]y,kos^kpF rvh ,m’a gxoa 4ojy m,uj lu fa xkj okM-tofy vkwl16j c]t wfdh kp,kgxoa xkj lts’;o0v’3]d.oxfa 9[5 oa D xtgmfg[i-yopa’,u-a[rtpkdvo.8hfyos^kp-toyf ma’,uxt]y,kos^kpg-ajoG cIjgs^adF ,a’dkoF mv’F oucdoF [qd-yfF 4kj osuoF oE,aog-Nvw2DDD cImj kfgs^qkj oU wfhg8Qk3I,dao16jg0f rr6 P’g[i-yoF g0fc7,/’ja mtg]rkdg|nv c]t g0f.9dk’m’jq rP'vk,k3-oD 85

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ@D xt-kdvo xtgmfg[i-yo ,uxt-kdvom’a \\fq xt,ko !_$ ]kh o7oq X@WW_?F ,u7;k,|kc|oh ltg]pj @@ 7oq }d,@D xt-kdvoxtdv[f;h psk^ pg-vN -kfg-oja G -k;roN g,vn ’voy gfpcf’ #:F -k;z;y 0k; *W:F ]6d-vf @W:F -k;zy;fe !&: c]t -k;zu;gs^nv’ Xvk-u? @:D xt-kdvo0v’g[i-yo gr,uj 0Bow;l,q 7;oF pvh o;kj ,udkog7vnj opkh p9kdmt;u[vonj g0kQ ,k vkwl161j kj ’s^;’s^kp.og,vnj dvj og-’yj 8Qo8=c,oj -k;gvuiq[ c]t vk2iydkD xaf95[ao g4y’c,oj ;kj 0t[;odkog7vjn opkh p0v’xt-kdvo9tsf5^ ]’q d8= k, c8vj fa 8kdkogr,ju p’a l’6 16j X!F(:?D pvh o,u dkogru,j xt-kdvow;7nco;oAoF ]t[v[de,tlyfmujfyo c]t 7;k,[+ltg\\urk[mk’la’7q,wfh gIaf.shltrk[-u;yfdkogxao16j0v’xt-kdvos^5fs^noj daoF zh6Ia’j ,u9eo;o|hvp Xd;,gvqk !W: 0v’xt-kdvo? c8rj af7v[7v’-a[lyocs’j -kfl6’ g4y’ _W:D 9eo;ozh6m5d9qos^kpg4y’ _W:F phvoco;oAo 9jb’gIaf.shgduf,uwrvbfsu;wfhgduf0Bogxaoxt9e g-yj’gxao[aosk|ad|j;’.shcdj ]af4t[ko8hv’wfhfegouodkocdhw08ts^vf,kD dkoc9d1kpxt-kdvo[l+ t\\k+ ltg\\Fu g0fm’jq rP’c7,mtg]rkdg|vn F rkd8kg;oa vvd c]t rkd.8hgxaog0fmuj,uxt-kdvog8Qk3I,s^kpg4y’ )&: 0v’xt-kdvoma’\\qfF c8,j ugoNvmuj rP’c8j !*: 0v’goNvmujmq;j xtgmfD l;j o16jg0f.9dk’czoj fyo c]t g0f]hv’c,oj Evk,k3-o gxoa g0fmu,j uxt-kdvovkwl1g6j [kq [k’D xtgmfg[i-yogxaoxtgmf|bj’muj,uxt-kdvovkwl16j8q;g,nv’s^kpd;, g4y’ (&F#: 0v’ xt-kdvoma’\\qf g-aoj G g,nv’iu3vgfy9kgo3i X!@ ]hko7qo?F -k;xk;3] X_ ]hko7qo?F l;j o g,nv’s^;’g[i-ug]p ,urP’c8j )WWDWWW 7qogmqkj oAoD #D dko0tspkp8q;fhkoglf4tdyf #D! dkodtlyde dtldy e0v’g[i-oy 0tspkp8;q l’6 l,q 7;o gxoa 8oQ c,oj 0tc|’dkozt]fy loy 7kh grvjn l’jq vvd8kj ’xtgmfg-oja G T dkoxd6 /’a G 8oQ 8c= ,oj rfn vf5 lkstdeF zoq zt]fy dkg2gxoa voa f[a ! 0v’3]dF dkdk;F vhvp c]t 4;qj gs^nv’gxaomu @F ovdoAopa’,udkox6dlk]uF g0QkF 1k’dk;-6 c]t vonj MD T dko]hP’lafG xtgmfg[i-yo ,umq’j sphkvaod;hk’0;k’8k,r6rP’8kj ’MoAowfhgxao g’njvow0ltf;d.shcdjdko]hP’lafs^kpxtgrfD .oxu !__W xtgmfg[i-yo,u9eo;o laf]hP’ gxaovaofa[mu $ 0v’3]d 4af9kdvyogfpF ltstiafvkg,iydkF iafg-pD laf]hP’mujle7ao7nG ’q;F 86

7;kpF ,hkF cdtF c[h c]t vnoj MD dkodtlydemujmaoltw\\ c,oj ,u16j8k,oy7q,0v’okpmbo c]t ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ g9kQ mfuj oy gmkjq ooA F l;j o dkodtldy e0v’-k; -oq ot[fq ooA c,oj ,]u da ltotf’A gf,u c]t p’a skh^ s’a^ F dtc9ddt9kpF g]nvj o]vp c]t vvj oohvpD #D@ dkov5flkstde xtgmfg[i-oy wfdh kpgxoa xtgmfvf5 lkstde.\\xj tgmf|’bj 1v6j kg,idy k]kc8'F c8dj ko 0tspkp8q;0v’v5flkstdepa’,u]adltot0Boda[8jk’xtgmf phvowfhdh61n,g’yombo c]t .sh 8jk’xtgmf,k]q’mbos^kpg-ajoG vkg,iydkF g1p]t,aoF va’dyfF /iaj’F cvfltxkpF pujxj5oDDDF gIfa .s,h |u lU oy 8kj ’xtgmfgr,ju 0oB 1kj ’s;^ ’sk^ p c]t xt-k-oq 9eo;osk^ p p’a md5 pkdD 0tc|’ v5flkstdemulj e7ao];,,uG dko05f7Qo c]t s^v,gs^ad Xgxaomu ( 0v’3]d?F zt]yfoE\\kddhP’ Xmu ! 0v’3]d?F dko05f7Qo c]t dajo8v’oE,aog-Nvw2F 1k’dk;-6F 8OczjoF vkskoF gvg]da 38iody DDD lo6 dk’vf5 lkstdemluj e7oa c,oj 18j6 ;q g,vn ’.spmj k’rkdg|vn F rkd8kg;oa vvd c]t rkd.8hg-oaj G g,nv’gi-u[F -k;xk;3]F iu3vgfy9kgo3iD #D# dko7hk c]t [=]ydko dko7hk8jk’xtgmf,u7;k,le7ao1jk’pyj’8+dko0tspkp8q;0v’xtgmfg[i-yoDlyo7hk 0kvvd8oQ 8]= ;,,Gu ;fa 4f5 [y XcImj kf c]t w,?h S zoq zt]fy dtldy eg-oja G dkg2F dkdk;F 4;jq gs^vn ’F oE8koF /hkpS zqozt]yfv5flkstdeg-aoj G ]qfpqoF g7nvj ’[yoF oE\\kdw,hF g7nvj ’gvg]ad38ioydDDD l;j olyo7hk0kg0Qk];,,uG oE,aog-Nvw2F g0QkF vkskoF g7vnj ’dqo9adF gs^addhkDDD g4y’;kj xtgmfg[i-yo9twfhf5odko7hk X0kvvds^kpd;kj 0kg0Qk? c8dj ko7hkl;j o.spj c,oj 0oB d[a []= ly fa 0v’okpmob 8kj ’xtgmfD 7e4k, !D g’vnj ow0fhkome,t-kf0v’xtgmfg[i-yo,u7nco;.fL @D ltrk[dko0tspkp8;q 0v’xt-kdvo0v’g[i-yogxoa co;.fL #D fh;plkgsfvao.fg0f]hv’c,oj Evk,k3-o9b’j ,uxt-kdvovkwl16|j hvpL $D ltrk[dkorafmtokglf4tdyf0v’g[i-yogxaoco;.fL ,uvao.fcfmj ugj foaj d;kj \\6Lj 87

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!D mju8A’F 0v[g0fF -kpcfo0v’mt;u[ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ mt;u[3vg-vkougxoa mt;u[ovh pd;j k\\F6j ,ugoNvmurj P’c8j )F & ]kh o d,@F xtdv[f;h p[oa fk gdktohvp{.spjs^;’s^kp g-yj’,ug4y’ !WDWWW d;jkgdkt8A’16j.o0v[g0fvaod;hk’0;k’0v’ ,tsklt\\5fxk-u2yd c]t myf8kg;ao8qd8yfda[,tsklt\\5fvyogfpF gdktmju.spjd;jk\\6j c,oj gdktvfq lt8ik]Du mt;[u olU ;j osk^ p8’A 1g6j 2vN ’3]d.8Fh 1]j6 ts;kj ’gloA 0t|komu @W g= |vn sk *W =.8h c]t ]ts;kj ’glAoc;’mu!!W =8kg;aovvdsk !@W =8kg;ao8qdD mt;u[faj’dkj ;xtdv[fh;plv’rkdl;j o7nG czoj fyovqflt8k]u{8kflt,kou c]t gdktF \\g6j dkt 8kj ’M g-oaj G \\g6j dktg,]kgo-uF \\gj6 dkt,y3digo-uF \\gj6 dkt3x]ugo-uDDD @D r6,lao4ko dkoxtdv[lhk’0v’gdkt8jk’M .omt;u[3vg-vkou,u7;k,c8d8jk’daomk’fhkoI6[ ]adltot g-y’j c[’j vvdgxao # xtgrf7nG { gdktczoj fyoxtdv[fh;pG gdktvqflt8ik]uF oy;dugoF oy;-uc]o F oy;gI[tiyf c]t o;y dkg]3foFu gdktgskjq^ o,U ru ,6 loa 4kosk^ pI[6 c[[g-oja G r6 Xrg6 dkjq c]t rw6 2?F rr6 P’ c]t m’qj rP’D { gdktxkdk]a’ Xfvdsuo? ,ugxao9eo;os^;’s^kpF gdktgs^qjkoU,uI6[Ijk’ryglfF lj;os^kprQo0Bo9kd|hkoEgxaoI6[djq’g-ajoG \\6gj dktdk3i]yoF \\6jgdkt,kd-koDDD gdktxtdk]’a gxoa [vj om8uj oQ rkh ;0tspkp8;q fDu 1g6j 0f.9dk’0v’gdkt8kj ’M,|u v’ oEd;hk’.spmj uj,uxks^kp-toyf c]t svpw0,j 5dvudfh;pD { gdktr6w2G c,jodkorQo0Bo0v’8q,w2D gdktgs^qjkoUveo;p7;k,ltf;d.shcdj dkoc;gj -kq 0v’dexoaj skxkD #D r6,vkdkf l;j os^kpr6,vkdkf16mj t;u[3vg-vkou gxaor6,vkdkfIhvo-,5j g-’yj wfIh [a zoq ltmvh o9kd ,tsklt\\5fD l;j ogdktvqflt8ik]u ,uvkdkfIhvocsh’c]h’F vkdkfvq[v5oj g,fuc8ikgoD $D -a[rtpkdvo mt;u[3vg-vkou,u-a[rtpkdvos^kp-toyfg-oja G 4kj osuoF gsa^dF 7eF oucdoF dq;j F v6ikoP, g-’jy l;j osk^ pg8kQ 3I,1g6j dktvfq lt8ik]u c]t gdkto;y -cu ]oD ovdooA mt;[u 3vg-vkopu ’a ,ru fn g-aoj G 8Qodk]t[6o X8Qo;yd?F 8Qodt4yoDDDc]t ,ulafmuj,u]adltotryglfg-aoj G 9y’39hF \\ud;k]kF gs’oa l[q gxfa DDDD 89

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 9’y 39h @D r6,lkfla'7q,mt;u[3vg-vkou xt-kdvo1m6j t;[u 3vg-vko,u xu t,ko #)F) ]kh o7oq X@W!W? .oooA ,-u k;roN g,vn ’ g-’jy gxoa 7qozy;fext,ko @ ]hko7qo7nG gzqjkvk3[]u9uoF gzqkj ,k;iuF gzqkj g,]kgo-uF gzqkj 3x]ugo-u c]t gzkqj ,3u digo-Du xt-kdvol;j os;^ ’sk^ p,gu 7kQ ,k9kdgviu [q F 8oQ 8c= ,oj 7oq m,uj gu -vN lkpv’a dfy c]t wvc]oF ovdoAo pa’g7vnj ophkp,k9kdvkg,iydk c]t vk-uD xt-kdvolj;os^kpg8Qk3I,1j6gdktvqflt8ik]uF 3fpltgrktc,jog0fc7,/aj’mtg] fhko8kg;aovvd c]t 16gj dktoy;-uc]oD 90

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