Graphical Aspects of Design and Computer Graphics Light effects Light effects in graphic design gives keenness to an image by creating a strong contrast between strong and dark tones. These effects provide best results when used in dark images, to highlight a particulate on which the user’s attention should be attracted. Intensity and luminosity are the two important aspects of light. Intensity can be captured by recording or exaggerating contrasts of tones and by making the transition crisp between light and dark areas. Luminosity can be captured by making the transition imperceptible between one tone and the other. Refer to Figure 4.5 to view various light effects. Figure 4.5: Light effects Shadow effects A shadow is an area where direct light from a light source is blocked by an object. Sun is the natural source of light. In graphic design, fake shadows are created from imaginary light source to add interest and realism to the printed page. Shadows help in determining the spatial relationship between an individual, object, and the background. It also reveals the shape of objects. Shadows add contrast or color to a scene and lead the viewer’s eye to specific areas. It also ties various elements together. Refer to Figure 4.6. Figure 4.6: Shadow effects 43 Mirror reflections Mirror reflections are formed when rays of light are reflected from the surface of the mirror so that the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are equal. Though shadows and reflections are formed in different ways, they seem to go together. Refer to Figure 4.7. Aptech Limited
Design and Visualization Fundamentals Figure 4.7: Mirror reflections 44 Aptech Limited
Graphical Aspects of Design and Computer Graphics 4.4 RecapIn this session, Graphical Aspects of Design and Computer Graphics, you learnt: Context and color are the two primary aspects of a design. Context is the complete environment in which an object is found, and color plays an important role in designing. Computer graphics are computer generated images, which range from simple line drawings to 3D drawings. Light, shadow, and mirror reflections are different types of visual effects that when put to use together create scenes that look realistic.Aptech Limited 45
Design and Visualization Fundamentals 4.5 Time to Test! 1. Which of the following is not a primary aspect of design? a. Enhance the meaning b. Exclude relevant information c. Please the eyes d. Few dimensions 2. _________are composed of arrays of pixels. a. Raster Graphics b. Vector Graphics c. 3D Rendering d. 3D Modeling 3. The two types of 2D computer graphics are raster and _____________ graphics. a. Bitmaps b. Vector c. Shadows d. Light 4. __________ describes the process of forming the shape of an object. a. Layout and animation b. 3D Modeling c. 3D Rendering d. Bitmaps 5. __________ is an area where direct light from a light source is blocked by an object. a. Light b. Shadow c. Mirror Reflection d. Luminosity Solutions Test 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. b 46 Aptech Limited
Visualization 5 VisualizationOverviewIn the earlier session, you learnt about the aspects of design, 2D and 3Dcomputer graphics, and also the role of visual effects in computer graphics.This session deals with visualization, the various visualization techniques,and the role of visualization skills in designing. At the end of this session, you will be able to: Explain the term visualization Describe various visualization and imagery techniques Explain direct and indirect approach to visualization Explain the various angles of looking at visualizationAptech Limited 47
Design and Visualization Fundamentals 5.1 Get Familiar with Visualization Visualization is the process of building mental images through creative and visual thinking. Human brain, one of the most powerful visual thinking tools, helps in creating new ideas. It processes every action through images. It first correlates each image meaningfully and then combines them into a final image. Refer to Figure 5.1 to view an image on visualization. The graphics terminology defines visualization as the technique of creating images, diagrams, and animations to convey a message. Creating a design demands the graphic designers to have strong visualization skill. In simple words, visualization is the ability to think visually, simply, and spontaneously. Figure 5.1: Visualization 5.2 Visualization and Imagery Techniques The success of a graphic designer revolves around imagery and visualization skills. It is possible to learn and acquire the techniques of imagery. But the main success lies in maintaining the interest in art making. Similar to painting and sculpture, graphic design too requires a stylistic and artistic point of view. This helps in presenting the design in a visually pleasing manner. Visualization and imagery skills vary from person to person. Refer to Figure 5.2 to view the various techniques of imagery. 48 Aptech Limited
VisualizationFrom your mind’s eye Involving all your sensesBy repeating each image in Visualize While doing your day to dayyour mind activitiesSkills or plays that you feel Various situations that youare impossible will be facing Figure 5.2: Techniques of imagery 5.3 Direct and Indirect ApproachThere are two approaches to visualization, namely direct approach and indirect approach.In the direct approach, the visualizer provides all the necessary information to the observer. Referto Figure 5.3 for an example of direct approach. For advertisements, always remember to use an approach that conveys the message clearly from the very beginning. Figure 5.3: Direct approach 49 (Image courtesy: Advertising agency for Reckitt Benckiser)In the indirect approach, the visualizer tries to raise the observer’s curiosity. This drives theobserver to read and find out what the message is all about. Refer to Figure 5.4 to view anadvertisement of a yoga-training centre. It is depicted in such a way that the audience will be Aptech Limited
Design and Visualization Fundamentals guaranteed of the flexibility they will get after doing yoga. Figure 5.4: Indirect approach 5.4 Thinking in Various Points of ViewThere are various angles of looking at visualization. Refer to Figure 5.5.Think original There should be originality in your thoughts.Think action Visualize energetically and think form action point of view.Think visual Visualizing pictures help in simplifying the content. Always remember that a picture conveys more than a thousand words.Think openly Visualize frankly and be open to suggestions.Think short Visualize short and sweet, as this is what the audience look for.Think flexible Explore new ideas and try to be flexible in your thinking.Think places Look for ideas and inspirations in books, magazines, articles, advertisements, and photos.Think Be expansive in your thinking. Generate a lot of ideas first and thenpossibilities refine them.Think new Explore other fields for new theories and ideas that can be synthesizedtheories and adapted.Think current Visualize trendily as people demand for the latest. Figure 5.5: Various angles of looking at visualization50 Aptech Limited
Visualization 5.5 RecapIn this session, Visualization, you learnt: Visualization is the process of building mental images through creative and visual thinking. Visualization along with the use of imagery is thinking and seeing yourself as performing positively and successfully in all situations. There are two approaches to effective visualization, namely direct approach and indirect approach. Direct approach gives straight forward information to a consumer about the essential features of a product and indirect approach compels the audience to pull out the essential details and meaning from the advertisement. The various angles of looking at visualization are think original, think action, think visual, think short, think open, think current, think possibilities, think new theories, think places, and think flexible.Aptech Limited 51
Design and Visualization Fundamentals 5.6 Time to Test! 1. _________ is the process of creating mental images similar to visual perceptions. a. Animation b. Visualization c. Thinking d. Imagery 2. A graphic designer should have __________ point of view to present ideas in a visually appealing manner. a. Bland b. Aesthetic c. Unimaginative d. Derivative 3. Take a look at the image below. This is an example of ____________ approach to visualization. a. Bland b. Direct c. Indirect d. Unimaginative 4. Which of the following is not an angle of looking at visualization? a. Think original b. Think action c. Think visual d. Think closely 5. Which of the following is not a visualization technique? a. Avoid repetition while visualizing b. Visualize while doing your day to day activities c. Visualize all the various situations that you will be facing d. Involve all your senses while visualizing 52 Aptech Limited
VisualizationSolutionsTest1. b2. b3. c4. d5. a Aptech Limited 53
Learning is a treasure that will follow its owner everywhere.
Storyboarding 6 StoryboardingOverviewAfter visualizing a theme or design, the next step is to pen down your ideasin a consistent and descriptive manner. At the end of this session, you will be able to: Explain the importance of a storyboard Discuss the usage of storyboard for graphic designing and layoutAptech Limited 55
Design and Visualization Fundamentals 6.1 Introduction Storyboards are graphic organizers like a series of illustrations or images. It helps in visualizing a motion picture, animation, or a motion graphic. Storyboards serve as a key design document that the entire production team uses as a base for developing a program. The chief proponent of a storyboard is the movie industry. Storyboards are also used in theatre, business, interactive media, and print media. Refer to Figure 6.1 that shows a sample storyboard. Figure 6.1: Sample storyboard 6.2 Importance of StoryboardDuring the design process, storyboard aids in communicating ideas and design concepts betweenthe designer, client, and the design team. It acts as a common visual language that people fromdifferent background can read and understand. Refer to Figure 6.2. Using a storyboard alsoprovides you with an idea of what the final layout will look like. Ideas and concepts Client Ideas and concepts StoryboardDesigner Design team Ideas and concepts Figure 6.2: Storyboard as a communication tool56 Aptech Limited
Storyboarding 6.3 Storyboard for Designing6.3.1 Creating ThumbnailsStoryboarding for a graphic design, layout, or a website is usually done by creating rough sketchesor thumbnails. Sketches are a quick way to create the basic composition of your illustration.These quick sketches help the designer to try out various ideas. It also helps in saving time andimproves the quality of work. Refer to Figure 6.3 and Figure 6.4 to view a rough sketch and a finallayout of a brochure respectively. Figure 6.3: Rough sketchFigure 6.4: Final layout 57 Aptech Limited
Design and Visualization Fundamentals 6.3.2 Designing with Thumbnail Sketches There are no specific rules on how to make a proper thumbnail sketch. It is up to you as to how big or small you want the thumbnail sketch. Refer to Figure 6.5 to view the points to remember while creating thumbnails. Points to remember while creating thumbnail sketches: Reduce effort in detailing Use proportional page size Prepare lots of rough sketches Do not try these initial rough designs in your software; these will not be the final sketches Use a soft lead pencil to sketch on the general lines of the idea Indicate type with lines or zigzag doodling Capture your own photos and images, avoid using images with copyrights Create your original art using Illustrator or Photoshop Figure 6.5: Points to remember while creating thumbnails 58 Aptech Limited
Storyboarding 6.4 RecapIn this session, Storyboarding, you learnt: Storyboard is the key design document, which the entire production team uses as a base for developing a program. Storyboarding for a graphic design or layout is usually done by creating rough sketches or thumbnails.Aptech Limited 59
Design and Visualization Fundamentals 6.5 Time to Test! 1. _________ serves as a key design document that the entire production team uses as a base for developing a program. a. Rough draft b. Storyboard c. Thumbnails d. Drawings 2. ___________ acts as a common visual language that people from different background can read and understand. a. Storyboard b. Rough draft c. Creating the design in Photoshop d. Finalizing layout 3. Which of the following statements are true? Note: This question has more than one correct option. a. While creating thumbnail sketches use proportional page size. b. Creating rough sketches leads to wastage of time. c. You may try your rough sketches in your software rather than wasting time in the initial stages. d. While creating thumbnails indicate type with lines or zigzag doodling. 4. _____________ are a quick way to create the basic composition of your illustration. a. Thumbnail sketches b. Photographs c. Rough draft d. Drawing lines 5. _____________ help in saving time and improves the quality of work. a. Creating thumbnail sketches b. Creating initial rough design in Photoshop c. Skipping the design process d. Avoiding thumbnail sketches Solutions 1. b 2. a 3. a, d 4. a 5. a 60 Aptech Limited
Lab Session - 1 7 Lab Session - 1OverviewIn this session, you will design a logo by applying the concepts ofstoryboarding. At the end of this session, you will be able to: Apply the concepts of storyboarding while designing a logoAptech Limited 61
Design and Visualization Fundamentals 7.1 Hands-on-Designing a logo Task: Design a logo for any of the following: A bank or an insurance firm A hospital or a clinic Hints: You may begin your task by creating five to six thumbnail sketches. This will help you generate different ideas for creating the logo. Choose the final thumbnail to develop the logo. 62 Aptech Limited
Lab Session - 2 8 Lab Session - 2OverviewIn this session, you will design a business card by applying the concepts ofstoryboarding. At the end of this session, you will be able to: Apply the concepts of storyboarding to design a business cardAptech Limited 63
Design and Visualization Fundamentals 8.1 Hands-on-Designing a business card Task: Design a business card, using the logo that you have created in the previous lab session. Hints: You may begin your task by creating five to six thumbnail sketches. This will help you generate different ideas for designing the business card. Choose the final thumbnail to develop the business card. 64 Aptech Limited
GlossaryGlossaryAAnalogous colorsColors that lie adjacent to each other on the color wheel are referred to as analogous colors.Approximate symmetryWhen balance is created in an image, using different elements of equal weight and placement, itis called approximate symmetry.Asymmetrical balanceAsymmetrical balance takes place when both sides of the central axis of an image are not identical,but appear to leave the same visual weight. It is also referred to as informal balance.BBalanceBalance in graphic design is the equal distribution of visual weight.CColor schemesColor schemes are harmonious color combinations of two, three, or four colors placed on thecolor wheel.Color wheelA circular grid that represents colors based on the color theory. The grid shows the relationshipbetween different colors.Complementary colorsColors that lie opposite to each other on the color wheel are known as c omplementary colors.When placed side by side, complementary colors are intensified; when mixed together they produce a neutral color.ContentContent is the message conveyed by a work of art.Cool colorsCool colors suggest a sense of coolness. Blue, green, and violet are examples of cool colors.Aptech Limited 65
Design and Visualization Fundamentals D Design Design is the planned organization of lines, shapes, masses, colors, textures, and space in a work of art. Design elements Design Elements are the building block of a design. Points, lines, shapes, planes, volume and mass, texture, space, and colors are the different design elements. E Emphasis Emphasis refers to giving special attention to something that is very important. You can create emphasis by creating a center of interest or a focal point. F Flowing rhythm Flowing rhythm gives a sense of movement in a design and is organic in nature. Form Form is the physical appearance of a work of art including its material, style, and composition. Formal balance Formal balance is another name for symmetrical balance. G Geometric shapes Geometric shapes are created by exact mathematical law. They are regular and structured. Graphic design Graphic design is a form of visual communication using text and images, to represent an idea or a concept. I Informal balance Informal balance is another name for asymmetrical balance. L Layout Layout is an arrangement of content and form on a publication or a website. 66 Aptech Limited
GlossaryMMovementMovement is an illusion of motion created by arranging parts of an image like lines, shapes, orcolors that cause the eye to move over the image.PPatternPattern is the repetition of an object or symbol all over the artwork. Stripes and zigzags areexamples of patterns.PetroglyphPetroglyphs are rock carvings done by early ancients to demonstrate an event.PictographPictographs are rock paintings done by early ancients to narrate an entire story.Primary colorsPrimary colors are a combination of three colors. These colors when combined can produce othercolors but cannot be made by mixing other colors.Progressive rhythmProgressive rhythm depicts a sequence in a design, through a progression of steps.ProportionProportion in art is the harmonious relationship of one element to another in an artwork, withrespect to its size.Pure symmetryWhen all the elements in an image are distributed equally around the axis, it is called puresymmetry.RRegular rhythmRegular rhythm occurs when the intervals between the elements in a design are similar in size.RepetitionRepetition is the recurrence of some elements of a design throughout the entire piece ofartwork.RhythmRhythm in art is the repetition of elements like lines, shapes, colors, or style in a picture, atregular intervals. It creates a sense of movement and establishes a pattern and texture.Aptech Limited 67
Design and Visualization Fundamentals S Secondary colors Secondary colors are created by mixing two primary colors. Shape Anything that has height and width has shape. Shapes are made up of closed counters and creating unusual shapes attract attention. Space Space is the distance or area between or around things. Storyboard Storyboards are a series of illustration displayed in a sequence. It helps in visualizing a motion picture, animation or interactive media. It is a replica of the final product. Symmetrical balance When elements in an image are distributed equally around a central, vertical, or horizontal axis, it is called symmetrical balance. This is also known as formal balance. T Texture Texture is the actual feel of a surface. In art, texture may refer to the illusion of roughness or smoothness often achieved with contrasting patterns. Typography Typography is the art and technique of arranging type, and type design. U Unity Unity is one of the principles of design. It is achieved when your eyes and brain are pleased to see an artwork, as all the elements speak the same language. V Variety Variety is mixing up the form, texture, and color combinations to create an extra interest without sacrificing the simplicity of the design. Visualization The ability to form and control mental imagery in the mind’s eye is known as visualization. 68 Aptech Limited
GlossaryWWarm colorsWarm colors are used when the elements of a design needs to be emphasized. Red, Yellow,Orange, and Brown are examples of warm colors.Aptech Limited 69
It is impossible for a man to learn what he thinks he already knows.
BibliographyPrinciples of Two-Dimensional Design - Wucius WongLogical Database Design Principles - John GarmanyUnderstanding Color: An Introduction for Designers - Linda HoltzschueDesign Dimensioning with Computer Graphics Application - Jerome C. LangeWhat is Graphic Design? - Quentin Newark
Learning without thought is labor lost.
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