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ISSUE 94 120 7008 25 38 22 66 1 De Beers 1947 A diamond is forever 1953 p.50 p.36 howitworks 002 @liveabc.com
LiveABC Tel (02) 2578-2626 #212 Tel (02) 2556-9711 Tel (02) 2578-2626 Tel (02) 2660-0608 Fax (02) 2578-5800 (02) 2578-2707 Tel (852) 2172-6533 [email protected] Magazines International (Asia) Limited (02) 2578-7838 Tel (852) 3628-6000 9:00~18:00 2075 [email protected] ISSN 2313-6812 Cover images Alamy; Getty Disclaimer How It Works is published under licence from Future Publishing Limited. All rights in the licensed material, including the name How It Works, belong to Future Publishing Limited and it may not be reproduced, whether in whole or in part, without the prior written consent of Future Publishing Limited. ©2016 Future Publishing Limited. www.futureplc.com Google Play Facebook Email How It Works [email protected] How It Works 6
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Reign of new monkey queen is in jeopardy Brandon Specktor 677 Yakei 9 70 31 Black holes could explain the universe s origins Doris Elin Salazar 10 Tol 0440-381 100 2022 1 Luffy 18 40 NASA 30 300 X 2021 2 Tol 0440-381 016
Antarctic penguin colony concerns scientists Laura Geggel Pygoscelis papua 75 30 6 © Getty / ESO;ESA;Hubble;NASA 65 30% 388 2030 75 017
‘Gates of Hell’ may finally be closed Brandon Specktor 50 2010 20 70 1971 Death Star moon s secret 50 underground ocean 2010 Ben Turner 1971 Mimas 018 NASA 138 396 24 32
Astronomers watch a star explode in real time Brandon Specktor SN 2020tlf Pan-STARRS1 100 130 SN 2020tlf 1.2 2020 – 1000 II SN © Getty / NASA;JPL;SSI 2020 2020tlf 019
SPECIAL Laura Mears 022
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SPECIAL Coaxial cable Twisted pair Fibre 10 10 Gb 100 Gb Mb 1950 IP IP IP IP IP 026
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SPECIAL 2019 SpaceX 60 1 2000 Starlink SpaceX 1 Ground station SpaceX SpaceX 2 Low orbit 50% 3 Uplink 11 4 Satellite network SpaceX 5 Highest orbit 250 999 6 Downlink 7 Satellite dish 8 Modem 1966 1969 1971 1983 1989 ARPANET ARPANET @ ARPANET – 028 login lo
2 22 4 8 6 3 7 latency 5 ping 2 3 5888 1 1991 1992 2000 2008 2009 © Getty / Wiki: Miles.world; Paul Clarke; Streepjescode / Illustration by Adrian Mann info.cern.ch 56 Kb ADSL 50 Mb 4G 512 Kb 029
SPECIAL Instagram 5 1994 2021 vs Campus The Citadel 67 030
© Getty35 YouTube Haul Fryn 64 031
TECHNOLOGY Ailsa Harvey 1961 George Hurst 10 032 1961 1970 1967
Cutter Ram Spreader © Alamy / Getty 033
TECHNOLOGY Mark Smith 10 1990 1990 2020 40 3 3000 2.4 034
Harald Bluetooth 10 1 Slave 2 3 A 4 5 2 1 Synchronisation B 3 Master 6 4 Piconet 5 Radio signal 6 Built-in chips 3 6000 Ericsson 1990 SIG Jaap Haartsen 9 1998 2005 1999 SIG 1.0 2001 © Getty 035
HISTORY Ailsa Harvey 036
chester caster cester castrum 8 5 500 1 Greatest Sewer 1 Smoke passage 7 7 Hollow brick 6 1 centuriation Comfortable 6 insula homes 3 30 4 2 5 4 2 5 Heat circulation Chamber system Furnace pila 3 Transformed baths © Getty / Wiki: Nerijp 1 037
HISTORY 2000 latrine 038
Umbones Rudus 5 Statumen 4 Gremium 8999 1 2 5 3 039 © Alamy / Getty / Illustration by Nicholas Forder / Wiki: Peter van der Sluijs / Wiki: Wellcome Collection Gallery
HEROES OF HISTORY Pythagoras of Samos 1 Jo Elphick Bertrand Russell Pythagoras 1881 570 2 Pythagorean On the Soul 040
570 © Alamy / Getty 552 18 540 532 525 520 500 499 495 041
ENVIRONMENT Scott Dutfield 1 Harpia harpyja 9 15.4 16 80 13 042
68 Keel bone Diomedea exulans Dense structure 3.35 12 5955 23 18 Fluffy feathers Heavy lifting Rhea americana Struthio camelus 30 2.7 130 1.5 69 64 40 © Getty 30 043
ENVIRONMENT Pelecanus crispus 3000 1.8 Blocked nostrils Built-in swimming goggles Bubble-wrapped body Fishing pouch Whale-like ventral pleats Lower jaw Casuarius casuarius 10 044
Cygnus columbianus 6437 1 48 Tetrao urogallus Otis tarda 14 1.2 1960 Balaeniceps rex 125 30% 1.5 2 1832 60% Cygnus olor 2004 2.6 100 12 2.3 3 Grus grus 1.2 Aptenodytes forsteri Vultur gryphus 6.8 48 © Getty / Illustration by The Art Agency; Sandra Doyle 50 18 3.2 4 1.2 5500 Haliaeetus albicilla 40 80 2.4 109 20 50% 150 5 Ardea cinerea 045
ENVIRONMENT Andy Extance labyrinth fish labyrinth organ lamella 80% 046
5 5 Operculum 1 Buccal cavity C 2 Water flow 1 Capillary network A Gill arches C A 43 2 43 Oxygenated blood Deoxygenated blood B B Gill filaments 80% haemoglobin Sepioteuthis lessoniana hemocyanin © Getty / Alamy 047
ENVIRONMENT karst Ailsa Harvey 2019 3 440 163 2000 300 50 100 5 1600 30 048
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