pusthakam

g‑p‑w, C-´‑y-b‑p-‑sS h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k L-S-\\-b‑n-‑te-b‑p‑w I-c‑n-¡‑p-e‑w A-\\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v hÀ-[‑n-¨‑p-h-c‑p-¶ {]-{I‑n-b-b‑n \\‑n-e-\\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ ‑tI-{µ kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-‑sâ G-I A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\\ k‑u-I-c‑y-a‑n-Ã‑m-b‑v-a, ]-²-X‑n-I-f‑n-‑te-b‑p‑w h‑n-‑tI-{µ‑o- ]-£‑o-b-a‑m-b A-a‑n-X C-S-‑s]-S- U‑n-P‑n-ä A-´-c‑w, k‑m-a‑q- e‑p-IÄ h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k h‑y-h-Ø- l‑n-I k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I A-´-c‑w, I‑r-X D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-¯-c‑o-X‑n ‑sb-b‑p‑w, \\-b-k-a‑o-]-\\-§-‑sf- a-X‑n-b‑m-b A-[‑y‑m-]-I-c‑n-Ã‑m-b‑v-a, b‑p‑w, [-\\ h‑n-\\‑n-‑tb‑m-K-‑t¯-b‑p‑w I‑p-«‑n-I-f‑p-‑sS ‑sI‑m-g‑n-ª‑p-‑t]‑m- C-´‑y-b‑p-‑sS ]‑p-X‑n-b \\-b-¯‑n- G-I (Unitary) \\‑n-e-]‑m-S‑n-‑te-¡‑v ¡‑v, ]T-\\ ]‑n-‑t¶‑m-¡‑m-h-Ø \\-b‑n-¡‑p-‑sa-¶‑v `-b-‑s¸-‑tS-ï‑n-b‑n- F-¶‑n-§-‑s\\-b‑p-Å k-¦‑oÀ-W- e‑n-Ã. c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. ‑s^-U-d-e‑n-k-‑s¯ a‑m-b {]-i‑v-\\-§-‑sf a-d‑n-I-S-¡‑p- X-IÀ-¡‑p-‑sa-¶‑p‑w `-b-‑s¸-‑tS-ï‑n- ¶-X‑n-\\‑p-Å k-a-{K-a‑m-b {i-a- 1976 ‑se `-c-W-L- b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. ‑ta‑m {]-hÀ-¯-\\ ]-²-X‑n-I-‑tf‑m F³. C. ]‑n 2020 a‑p-‑t¶‑m-«‑v S-\\‑m ‑t`-Z-K-X‑n h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k‑w tI-{µ h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k ‑sh-¡‑p-¶‑n-Ã. a-{´‑n A-[‑y-£-\\‑m-b I¬-I-dâ‑v e‑n-Ì‑nte-¡‑v a‑m- C-c‑p-]-¯‑n-‑sb‑m- c‑m-{ã‑o-b i‑n-£ ¶‑m‑w \\‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-‑se B-Z‑y ä‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. C-X-\\‑p-k-c‑n- B-‑tb‑m-K‑v h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k \\-b‑w a‑p-‑t¶‑m-«‑v (RSA), ‑sh-¡‑p-¶ h‑o-£-W-h‑p‑w {]- ¨‑v c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-‑sâ ‑s^-U-d b‑q hÀ-¯-\\ ]-²-X‑n-b‑p‑w L-S-\\- b‑p‑w ]-S‑n-ª‑m-d³ ‑ta‑m-U þ h‑y-h-Ø a‑p³-\\‑nÀ-¯‑n, C-´‑y- {]-‑tX‑y-I‑n-¨‑v A-‑ta-c‑n-¡³ ‑ta‑m- U h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k L-S-\\-b‑p‑w b‑p-‑sS _-l‑p-k‑z-c-X ]-c‑n- ]‑mT‑y-]-²-X‑n k-a‑o-]-\\-§-f‑p-a‑m- W‑v. F-¶‑m A-‑ta-c‑n-¡ K-W‑n-¨‑v ‑tZ-i‑o-b DÄ-‑s¸-‑sS-b‑p-Å c‑m- P‑y-§Ä X‑p-SÀ-¶‑v \\-b-¯‑n-\\-\\‑p-k- ‑t]‑m-c‑p-¶ c‑n-¨‑v X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\\- §-‑sf-S‑p-¡‑m³, \\-S-¸‑n-e‑m-¡‑m³ k‑w-Ø‑m-\\-§Ä- ¡‑v \\‑m-f‑n-X‑p-h-‑sc I-g‑n-ª‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. F-¶‑m ]‑p-X‑n-b h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k \\-b‑w 51

-W‑n-‑th-g‑v-k‑n-ä‑n F³-{S³-k‑v ¶‑p-‑sh-¶‑p‑w, A-´À-‑tZ-i‑o-b a‑q-¶‑p h-b-Ê‑v a‑p-X ]-c‑o-£-IÄ-¡‑p-Å \\‑m-j-W \\‑n-e-h‑m-c-‑s¯ I‑p-d‑n-¨p‑w h‑m- 18 h-b-Ê‑p-h-‑sc \\‑nÀ-_-Ô‑n-X ‑sS-Ì‑n‑w-K‑v G-P³-k‑n (NTA), N‑m-e-a‑m-I-‑p-¶ ]‑p-X‑n-b h‑n-Z‑y‑m- h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k‑w D-d-¸‑m-¡‑p-‑sa-¶‑v \\‑m-j-W A-e-b³-k‑v ‑t^‑mÀ `‑y‑m-k \\-b‑w ]‑mT‑y-]-²-X‑n ]-d-b‑p-¶ \\-b-‑tc-J ‑sk-¡³-U- ‑sS-I‑v-t\\‑m-f-P‑n (NAT), K-‑th-j- e-L‑q-I-c‑n-¡-W-‑sa-¶‑v B-h- d‑n X-e-¯‑n F-«‑p -a‑p-X 12 W‑m‑wK‑o-I‑m-c-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-‑s¸- i‑y-‑s¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w ‑sN-¿‑p-¶‑p. h-‑sc ‑sk-a-Ì-‑s‑sd-‑tk-j-\\‑p‑w, «‑v \\‑m-j-W d‑n-kÀ-¨‑v I-c‑n-¡‑p-e-¯‑n {]‑m-‑tZ-i‑n-I aÄ-«‑n-¸‑nÄ F-I-‑vk‑n-ä‑v F³-{S³- ^‑u-‑tï-j³ (NRF), ‑tZ-i‑o-b k‑m-[‑y-X-IÄ X‑p-S-cW-‑sa-¶‑v k‑v k-{¼-Z‑m-b-h‑p‑w \\-S-¸‑n-e‑m- X-e-¯‑n F³-k‑n-C-BÀ- ]-d-b‑p-I-b‑p‑w, ]‑mT‑y-]-²-X‑nb‑p‑w, ¡‑p-‑sa-¶‑p‑w {]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. S‑n (NCERT) X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑p-¶ ]‑mT-]‑p-k‑v-X-I-§-f‑p‑w, NACSE C-X‑v c-ï‑p‑w X-½‑n ‑tb‑m-P‑n-¨‑p ]‑mT-]‑p-k‑v-X-I-§Ä h‑n-e-b‑n- h-g‑n ‑tI-{µ‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w ‑sN- ‑t]‑m-I‑p-¶-‑sX-§-‑s\\-‑sb-¶‑v c‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑n-\\‑p-Å \\‑m-j-W ¿‑p-¶‑p. C-X‑v {]-{I‑n-b-b‑n-‑se \\‑b-‑tc-J h‑y-à-a‑m-¡‑p-¶‑n-Ã. A-Ê-Ê‑v-saâ‑v ‑t^‑mÀ k-‑vI‑qÄ ‑s‑sh-h‑n-²‑y-]‑qÀ-®-a‑m-b A-‑t\\‑z- F-U‑y‑q-‑t¡-j³ (NASCE) j-W-h-g‑n-I-f‑p-‑sS-b‑p‑w {]‑m-‑tZ- a‑q-¶‑p h-b-Ê‑p a‑p-X F-¶‑n-§-‑s\\ h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k i‑n-I DÂ-¡À-‑tj-¨-I-f‑p-‑sS-b‑p‑w 18 h-b-Ê‑p h-‑sc-b‑p-Å F-Ã‑m {]-{I‑n-b-b‑p-‑sS A-¡‑m-Z-a‑n-I `-c- X‑n-c-k-‑vI‑m-c-¯‑n-\\‑v I‑m-c-W-a‑m- I‑p-«‑n-IÄ-¡‑p‑w W X-e-§-‑sf-‑sb-Ã‑m‑w h‑y-X‑y- I‑p‑w. k‑v-X Ø‑m-]-\\-§-f‑p‑w h‑y-h-Ø- I-f‑p‑w h-g‑n G-I‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p‑w ‑tI-{µ‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p‑w h-g‑n k‑w-Ø‑m-\\ kÀ- ¡‑m-d‑p-I-f‑p-‑sS A-h-I‑m- i-§Ä X‑n-c-k-‑v I-c‑n-¡‑p- ¶-X‑n- ‑te-¡p‑w, ‑tI-{µ-kÀ- ¡‑m-c‑n-‑sâ \\-b k-a‑o-]-\\-§Ä G-I-]-£‑o-b-a‑m- b‑n \\-S-¸‑m-¡‑p- ¶-X‑n-‑te-¡p‑w h-g‑n-‑sX-f‑n- ¡‑p‑w. h‑n-I- k‑n-X c‑m-P‑y-§- f‑n-‑se L-S-\\-b‑p‑w, ‑ta‑m-U-e‑p‑w k-a‑o-]-\\-§-f‑p‑w ]‑n-´‑p-S-c‑p- 52

c-ï‑m-b‑n-c-¯‑n -a‑p-¸-‑tX‑m-‑sS A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ ZÀ-i-\\‑w. W‑p-I. {]‑m-N‑o-\\ `‑m-c-X-¯‑n \\-b-‑tc-J-b‑n-‑se _‑m-¡‑n ‑tI- h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-‑sa-¶-X‑v P‑o-h‑n-¡‑m- h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k A-h-I‑m-i \\‑n-b- {µ‑o-I‑r-X k-a‑o-]-\\-‑sa-¶-X‑v \\‑p-Å a‑p-‑s¶‑m-c‑p-¡‑w F-¶ ]‑p-c‑m-X-\\ ]‑u-c‑m-W‑n-I C-´‑y- \\‑n-e-b‑n-e-Ã, A-l-¯‑n-‑sâ a‑w _‑m-[-I-a‑m-I‑p-‑sa-¶‑v h‑n-Z‑y‑m- ‑sb-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v a‑m-{X-a‑m-W‑v. ]‑qÀ-®-a‑m-b k‑m-£‑m-X‑v-I‑m-c‑w A-X-Ã‑m-‑sX C-´‑y³ \\-‑th‑m- F-¶ \\‑n-e-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v I‑m-W-‑s¸- `‑y‑m-k- \\-b‑w ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. °‑m-\\-‑s¯ ]-ä‑n-‑tb‑m, k‑z‑m-X- «‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v. aÄ-«‑n U‑n-k‑n-Ã-\\-d‑n {´-k-a-c-I‑m-e-‑s¯ I‑p-d‑n-‑t¨‑m, ]T-\\-h‑p‑w, K-‑th-j-W-h‑p‑w a‑m- F-¶‑m A-X‑n-\\‑v A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\\ ‑t\\-X‑m-¡-‑sf-‑tb‑m, ‑tZ-i‑o-b X‑r-I‑m-]-c-a‑m-b‑n \\-S-¸‑n-e‑m-¡‑n-b {]-Ø‑m-\\‑w a‑p-‑t¶‑m-«‑p ‑sh-¨ ‑te‑m-‑tI‑m-¯-c \\‑n-e-h‑m-c-a‑p-Å -k‑u-I-c‑y-§Ä, k‑u-P-\\‑y ]‑mT- N‑n-´‑m-[‑m-c-I-‑sf k‑w-_-Ô‑n- Ø‑m-]-\\-§-f‑m-b A-£-\\‑n-e, ‑t¨‑m, c‑m-P‑y-¯‑v c‑q-]-‑s¸-«‑v h-¶ \\-f-µ, h‑n-{I-a-i‑n-e, h-Ã-`‑n ]‑p-k‑v-X-I-§Ä, b‑q-W‑n-‑t^‑m‑w, a-‑tX-X-c k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-‑s¯ ]-ä‑n- F-¶‑n-h B-X‑n-Y‑y-a-c‑p-f‑n-b-X‑v ‑tb‑m A-Ã, a‑m-{X-a-à C-´‑y³ ‑te‑m-I-¯‑n-‑sâ ]-e `‑m-K-¯‑p-\\‑n- D-¨-`-£-W- ]-c‑n-]‑m-S‑n, ]T-‑t\\‑m- `-c-W-L-S-\\-b‑p-‑sS A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\\- ¶‑p-a‑p-Å h‑n-Z‑y‑mÀ-Y‑n-IÄ-¡‑p‑w, i‑n-e-I-f‑m-b P-\\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-þ-‑tk‑m- K-‑th-j-IÀ-¡‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]-I-c-W-§Ä A-[‑y‑m-]-I ]-c‑n- j‑y-e‑n-Ì‑v a-‑tX-X-c-X‑z I‑m-g‑v-N- `‑m-c-X‑o-b h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k k‑w-h‑n- ¸‑m-S‑p-I-‑sf-]-ä‑n 464 ‑t]-P‑p-Å [‑m-\\‑w N-c-I³, k‑p-{i‑p-X³, i‑o-e-\\‑w X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h-‑sb-Ã‑m‑w B-c‑y-`-S³, h-c‑m-l-a‑n-l‑n-c³, I-c-S‑v d‑n-‑t¸‑mÀ-«‑n-‑te‑m {]‑o ‑s‑s{]-a-d‑n a‑p-X l-bÀ 60 ‑t]-P‑p-Å `‑m-k-‑vI-c‑m-N‑m-c‑yÀ, {_-Ò-K‑p-]‑v-X³, ‑sk-¡³-U- d‑n h-‑sc N‑m-W-I‑y³ F-¶‑n-§-‑s\\ D-d-¸‑p-h-c‑p- ‑t¯-ï- ‑te‑m-I-h‑n- Ú‑m-\\- X‑p-ï‑v. ¯‑n-\\‑p a-l-¯‑m-b C-X‑n- k‑w-`‑m-h-\\- IÄ \\Â-I‑n-b \\-h-i‑y- A-‑t\\-I‑w ]-Þ‑n- a‑m-b X-·‑m-‑sc k‑r-ã‑n-¨‑p. C‑u k-¼-¶-a‑m-b ‑s‑s]-X‑r-I‑w ]-W‑w A-´‑n-a d‑n- k‑w-c-£‑n-¡-‑s¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w ‑t]‑m- F-§-‑s\\ I-‑sï- ‑t¸‑mÀ-«‑n-‑te‑m b‑m-‑sX‑m-c‑p j‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w ‑sN-¿‑p-¶-X‑n- ¯‑p-‑sa-¶-X‑n-\\‑v \\-b-¯‑n b‑m- ]-c‑m-aÀ-i-h‑p-a‑n-Ã. ‑s\\‑m-¸‑w ]‑p-X‑n-b h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k ‑sX‑m-c‑p h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c-W-h‑p-a‑n-Ã. k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\\-¯‑n-\\‑v {]-‑tb‑m-P-\\- `‑m-c-X ‑tI-{µ‑o-I‑r-X N-c‑n-{X-]-c-a‑m-b‑n ‑s¸-S‑p-¶-X‑n-‑te-¡‑m-b‑v K-‑th-j- h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k k-{¼-Z‑m-b-a‑m-W‑v C-\\‑n-b‑p‑w ‑sX-f‑n-b‑n-¡-‑s¸-«‑n-«‑n-Ã‑m- W‑w ‑sN-¿‑p-I-b‑p‑w, ‑sa-¨-‑s¸-S‑p- ‑tZ-i‑o-b h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-\\-b‑w ¯-X‑p‑w a‑n-¯‑n-¡Â k‑z-`‑m-h-a‑p- ¯‑p-I-b‑p‑w ‑th-W‑w. Å-X‑p-a‑m-b {]‑m-N‑o-\\ Ø‑m-]- \\-§-‑sf-b‑p‑w, h‑y-à‑n-I-‑sf-b‑p‑w {]‑m-N‑o-\\ A-d‑n-h‑p-I- ‑tc-J A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v I‑m- 53

{S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p- l‑n-µ‑p {_‑m-Ò-W ]‑m-c-¼-c‑y- k‑v-X-I-§Ä F-¶‑n-h-‑sb-Ã‑m‑w ¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n a‑m-b‑n h‑y‑m-J‑y‑m-\\‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v C-\\‑n ‑tI-{µ kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-‑sâ {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p- ‑sN-¿‑p-¶-X‑v. a‑m-{X-a-à k‑m‑w- ‑t\\-X‑r-X‑z-¯‑n X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑p‑w. ¯‑n {]‑m-]‑y-X-b‑p‑w k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-I ‑tZ-i‑o-b-X-b‑n-‑te-¡‑v C-X‑v h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k h‑y-h-Ø- (Acce‑s‑s) X‑p-e‑y-X- ]‑u-c‑m-W‑n-I _‑n‑w-_-§-f‑p-‑sS ‑tb-b‑p‑w \\-b-k-a‑o-]-\\-§-‑sf- b‑p‑w {S‑p-¯‑n {]‑m-]‑y- {]-‑tb‑m-K-hÂ-¡-c-W k‑m-[‑y- b‑p‑w [-\\-h‑n-\\‑n-‑tb‑m-K-‑s¯-b‑p‑w X-b‑p‑w (Acce‑s‑s) X-IÄ \\-b-‑tc-J h‑y-à-a‑m-b‑n G-I‑m-ß-a‑m-¡‑p-‑sa-¶‑v a‑m-{X-a-Ã, X‑p-e‑y-X-b‑p‑w {S‑p-¯‑n ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. A-X‑n-\\‑p-‑th-ï‑n k‑w-Ø‑m-\\-§-f‑p-‑sS A-[‑n-I‑m- {]‑m-]‑y-X-b‑p‑w (A) a-‑sä‑m-c‑p `‑m-j-b‑v-¡‑p‑w C-Ã‑m-¯ c‑m-h-I‑m-i-§-‑sf X-IÀ-¡‑p-h‑m- X‑p-e‑y-X-b‑p‑w {S‑p-¯‑n {]‑m-[‑m-\\‑y‑w k‑w-k-‑vI‑r-X-¯‑n-\\‑v \\‑p‑w c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-‑sâ ‑s^-U-d {]‑m-Acce‑s‑s) X‑p-e‑y- IÂ-¸‑n-¨‑p \\Â-I‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. a‑m- k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\\-‑s¯ X-IÀ-¡‑p-¶- {X-a-à C-´‑y-b‑n-‑se a‑p-g‑p-h³ X‑p-a‑m-I‑p‑w. X-b‑p‑w h‑n-Z‑y‑mÀ-Y‑n-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w C‑u `‑m-j A-S‑n-‑t¨Â-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-a‑p-ï‑v. N‑p-c‑p-¡-¯‑n ‑tI-{µ ‑sf-Ã‑m‑w b-Y‑mÀ-° i‑m-k‑v-{X-a‑m- K-h¬-‑saâ‑v ‑t\\-X‑r-X‑z-¯‑n ‑sW-¶‑v h-c‑p-¯‑n-¯‑oÀ-¡‑m³ k‑w-k-‑vI‑r-X-¯‑n-\\‑p \\‑n-c-´-c-a‑m-b‑n \\-S-¶‑p-h-c‑p-¶ {i-a‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w, ]‑u-c‑m-W‑n-I \\Â-I‑p-¶ A-a‑n-X-{]‑m-[‑m-\\‑y‑w H-c‑p c‑m-{ã‑w H-c‑p ‑sX-c-‑sª- h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-‑s¯ ‑s]‑m-X‑p a-d-¨‑v ‑sh-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\\‑p ‑th-ï‑n S‑p-¸‑v , G-I k‑n-h‑n ‑tI‑m-U‑v, h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-a‑m-b‑n A-h-X-c‑n- a-ä‑p C-´‑y³ `‑m-j-I-‑sf-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v H-c‑p h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k h‑y-h-Ø ¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v A-]-I-S-I-c-a‑m-b {]-X‑n-]‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-‑sï-¶-X‑v b‑m- H-c‑p I-c‑n-¡‑p-e‑w F-¶ G-I‑o- N-c‑n-{X h‑m-b-\\‑m c‑o-X‑n-b‑m-W‑v. Y‑mÀ-°‑y-a‑m-W‑v. C-§-‑s\\ k‑w- I‑r-X k-a‑o-]-\\-¯‑n D‑u-¶‑p- A-h ]‑mT‑y-]-²-X‑n-b‑n DÄ- k-‑vI‑r-X ]T-\\‑w \\‑nÀ-_-Ô‑n-X- ¶-X‑p‑w, h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-‑ ta-J-e-b‑n- ‑s¸-S‑p-¯-W-‑sa-¶‑p‑w A-¯-c‑w a‑m-I‑p-‑t¼‑mÄ \\-½‑p-‑sS \\‑m-«‑n ‑se ‑s^-U-d k-a‑o-]-\\-‑s¯ h‑n-j-b-§-f‑n K-‑th-j-W‑w \\‑n-e-\\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ A-d-_‑n-I‑v X-IÀ-¯‑p I-f-b‑p-¶-X-a‑m-b ‑t{]‑m-Õ‑m-l‑n-¸‑n-¡-W-‑sa-¶‑v I‑q- D-d‑p-Z‑p X‑p-S-§‑n-b `‑m-j-I-f‑p-‑sS A-¡‑m-Z-a‑n-I k-a-{K‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y- S‑n ‑tZ-i‑o-b-\\-b‑w ]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑n ]T-\\‑w A-\\‑n-Ý‑n-X-X‑z-¯‑n-e‑m-I‑p- ¯‑n-‑sâ `‑m-j-b‑m-W‑v ]‑p-X‑n-b \\‑n-¶‑p‑w \\-b-\\‑nÀ-½‑m-X‑m-¡-f‑p-‑sS ‑ta‑m? \\‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-‑se C-´‑y³ ‑tZ-i‑o-b e-£‑y-h‑p‑w k‑z-`‑m-hp-‑w h‑y-à- h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k \\-b‑w k‑w-k‑m-c‑n- a‑m-W‑v. C-´‑y³ ]‑u-c‑m-W‑n-I ¡‑p-¶-X‑v.... k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-¯‑n-\\‑p‑w ‑s‑s]-X‑r- {]‑m-N‑o-\\ C-´‑y³ I-¯‑n-\\‑p‑w {]‑m-[‑m-\\‑y‑w \\Â-I‑n k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-¯‑n-\\‑v G-‑sd k‑w-`‑m- B-d‑v a‑p-X F-«‑v h-‑sc-b‑p-Å h-\\-IÄ \\Â-I‑n-b _‑p-², ‑s‑sP- ¢‑m-k‑p-I-f‑n [‑mÀ-a‑n-I a‑q-e‑y-] \\ h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k k-{¼-Z‑m-b-‑s¯ T-\\‑w \\Â-I-W-‑sa-¶‑p‑w, ‑th-Z‑n-I‑v I‑m-e-L-«-¯‑n-‑se ]T-\\-c‑o-X‑n ‑t{]‑m-Õ‑m-l‑n-¸‑n-¡-W-‑sa-¶‑p‑w ]‑p-X‑n-b h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k \\-b‑w h‑y- à-a‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p. G-I-i‑n-e‑m k-a‑m-\\- a‑m-I‑p-¶ ‑tI-{µ‑o-I‑r-X I‑m-g‑v-N- ¸‑m-S‑p-I-f‑p-‑sS k-a‑m-l‑m-c-a‑m-W‑v ]‑p-X‑n-b ‑tZ-i‑o-b \\-b‑w. I-c‑n- ¡‑p-e‑w ]‑mT‑y-]-²-X‑n, ]‑mT-]‑p- 54

Bcooefnnevexefapycalitncioictne Nida Jabeen I guess we are all familiar with ther a single cause nor an easy solution. the disturbing repetition of complaints But one thing that appeals to more atten- about education nowadays. Restless stu- tion is how we conceive the very process dents, teacher burnout, and turnover, of teaching and learning. poor test scores, failure to keep up with technological changes, inadequate and We all have that impulse to expect equal funding, and a lack of relevance a better education by following the pattern to either the current life of students or we have experienced as students informal their future as both citizens and workers. mounting while ignoring what we have There are a lot of issues related to these in- learned as the contributors of life. complete lists of complaints which is nei- 55

We believe that conventional pedagogy is the natural order of things, perhaps the only possible structure to run an educational system. Teaching has become just a devoir and scoring has become an irrelevant thing to do for the actual life of the students, much less a necessity to the needs of a larg- er society. Students are learning as the teachers had learned from their academic life, which is bygone. Many institutions are not even ready to engage with new concepts and experiments in the educational system believing that it’s not worth the short. But little did they know that the results will be a marvelous substitution in the sys- tem with better reflections of the students. A teacher could change the whole system. There is no resistance to the fact that an educator is more than he/she is teaching rather they are what they manifest. like, do people even think like that? do peo- ple compare like that? But there are people who overthink these As Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam said: “Teaching is the very noble profession that shapes the character caliber and future of an individual. If the people remember me as a good teacher that will be the biggest honor for me”. It is a privilege for a teacher which also burdens their responsibility towards the society. Subsequently when someone can be with the students not as their teacher, but as their mentor there goes the explicit convey- ance of life. 56

Life Vasil Jishad Life feels like a trampoline Full of ups and downs So much I intended to lean , So much I wished to dawn Life feels like a rust Waiting to be gushed out by a hose Into the edge of the dust ( it ain’t worth living a crust) Viewers , please remember, on my tomb lies your rose 57

]pXnb Imes¯ hnZym`ymkhpw, aq-ey-NypXnbpw _n³bmao³ kJm^n hnZym`ymk¯n\\v \\nÀÆN\\w sImSp¡Â Hcp {]bmkapÅ Im‑ cyamW.v \\½Ä ]ïpapXte tIÄ¡p¶ Hcp \\nÀhN\\amWv, Hcp Ipªp Im«mfs\\ Hcp a\\pjy\\mbn Pohn¡m³ ]Tn¸n¡pI F¶X.v Cu \\ nÀhN\\¯n [mcmfw sXäpIfpïv. B \\nÀhN\\s¯ hniZoIcn¡p¶Xnt\\m AXsæn AXn\\pÅ t]mcmbvaIÄ ]dbp¶Xnt\\m \\n¶m s]s«¶v a\\ Ênem¡m³ km[yaÃ. hnZym`ymkanÃm¯ Hcp kaql¯nepïmIp¶ {] iv\\§Ä Fs´Ãmw? AXpt]mse hnZym`ymkapÅ kaql¯n\\pÅ t\\«§Ä Fs´ms¡? Ch cïpw icn¡pw a\\Ênem¡nbm hnZym`ymk¯nsâ {] m[m\\yhpw AXnsâ KpWhpw AXnÃm¯Xnsâ {]iv\\§fpw a\\Ênem¡m³ km[n¡pw. AXneqsS hnZym`ymk¯nsâ bYmÀ° \\nÀhN\\¯nepw \\ap¡v F¯m³ Ignbpw. ]t£ C¶v hnZym`ymkw ]qÀ®ambpw tPmen¡v thï kÀ«n^n¡äpIÄ¡v thïn am{XamWv F¶p ]dªm Hcp sXäpanÃ. AX‑ n\\v [mcmfw sXfnhpIÄ \\½Ä C¶pw IïpsImïncn¡p¶p. temI¯v Gäh‑ pw IqSpX hnZym`ymkapÅ kvYew GXmWv F¶v tNmZn¨m s]s«¶v a\\ pjy a\\ÊnÂhcp¶ Hcp cmPyamWv Atacn¡. CâÀs\\än skÀ¨v sNbvX‑ 58

mepw \\ap¡v C¯c¯nsemcp {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p- bYmÀ°amb aqey§Ä C¶v dnkÄ«v In«p¶Xmbncn¡pw. ] ¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n \\ãs¸SpIbmWv F´psImïv t£ sXmenbpsS \\nd¯nsâ {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p- CXv \\ãs¸Sp¶p F¶pÅXm‑ t]cn [mcmfw {]iv\\§Ä ¯‑n {]‑m-]‑y-X-b‑p‑w Wv a\\Ênemt¡ïX.v [mÀanI \\S¡p¶ Hcp kvYeamWv (Acce‑s‑s) X‑p-e‑y-X- hnZym`ymk¯nsâ A`mham Atacn¡. \\½psS C´ybn b‑p‑w {S‑p-¯‑n {]‑m-]‑y- WXv. hnZym`ymk¯nsâ Gähpw henb hnZym`ymkapÅ X-b‑p‑w (Acce‑s‑s) Hcp aqe[\\amWv [mÀ½nI BfpIÄ F¶dnbn¡p¶ Hcp X‑p-e‑y-X-b‑p‑w {S‑p-¯‑n aqeyw. AXnÃm¯ hn‑ taJebmWv sFFFk,v sF] {]‑m-]‑y-X-b‑p‑w (A) Zym`ymkw sImïv kaql¯n\\v nFkv. ]t£ Cu taJeb‑ X‑p-e‑y-X-b‑p‑w {S‑p-¯‑n t\\«apïmhnÃ. adn¨v B ]T\\w n hsc C¶v aX¯nsâbpw {]‑m-Acce‑s‑s) X‑p-e‑y- sImïv kaql¯n Xn·IÄ PmXnbpsSbpw t]cv ]dªp hfÀ¯m³ am{XamWv km[n¡‑ X½n XÃn \\S¡p¶XmWv X-b‑p‑w pI. XoÀ¨bmbpw \\½psS ImWp¶X.v hnZym`ymkapÅ hnZym`ymk taJeIÄ Agn¨p Hcp kaql¯n Pohn¡m³ amWv. hnZym`ymksa¶Xv ] ]WntbïXpï.v hnZy DÅbm‑ hfsc kpJIcambncn¡pw Wapïm¡m\\pÅ Hcp amÀKw fpw CÃm¯bmfpw X½nepÅ F¶XmWv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ am{Xambn amdp¶pï.v Np‑ A´cw AhcpsS kz`mh¯n kmaqly]camb Hcp t\\«w. ] cp¡¯n ]dªm B[p\\ \\n¶v hyàamIWw. B t£, C¶s¯ hnZym`ymkw nI temI¯v hnZym`ymkw F¶v cq]¯nepÅ Hcp hnZym`ymk sImïv CXv km[yamtWm? ]dbp¶Xv ]Wapïm¡m\\ taJe, Asæn hnZym`ymk F®n¸dª cmPy§Ä pw kÀ«n^n¡äpIfpïm¡m\\ Icn¡pew XoÀ¨bmbpw Hs¶Sp¯p ]cntim[n¨p papÅ Hcp ^mÎdn am{XamW.v DïmtIïnbncn¡p¶p. a\\ t\\m¡q. hnZym`ymkapÅhcmWv a\\pjyXztam a\\pjyt\\mSv pjys\\ a\\pjy\\mbn Xncn¨d‑ hnZym`ymkanÃm¯htc¡mÄ F§s\\ s]cpamdWsat¶m nbm\\pw FhnsS Ft¸mÄ IqSpX {]iv\\§Ä krãn¨p‑ C¶v hnZym`ymk {]{Inbbn F´v F§s\\ sN¿Ww sImïncn¡p¶X.v \\à hnZym`ym‑ e`n¡p¶nÃ. F¶p am{Xaà F¶ Adnhpw FÃmhÀ¡pw kapÅ Hcp tUmÎÀ Xsâ hnZym`ymkanÃm¯ AYhm In«p¶ cq]¯nemIWw. Cu ap¼n hcp¶ tcmKnsb Abm‑ \\½Ä a\\Ênem¡p¶ hnZym`ym‑ cq]¯nte¡v hnZym`ymks¯ fpsS AdnhnÃmbva F§s\\ kanÃm¯ BfpIfpsS CSb‑ amäm³ \\ap¡v IgnbWw. NqjWw sN¿mw F¶v a\\ n s]cpamtdïX,v AhtcmSv Ct¸mgs¯ hn±ym`ymk¯n Ênem¡n AhnsS s]cpamdp¶p kwkmcnt¡ïXv, Ahsc kzo‑ in£n¡pI F¶pÅXv FSp¯p AXpt]mse¯s¶ Hcp h¡o Icnt¡ïXv, Ahsc amt\\Pv Ifªn«pï.v kXy¯nÂ, AbmÄ Xsâ ap¼n tI‑ sN¿p¶Xv, XpS§nb Imcy§Ä in£ Int«ï kvYe¯v in‑ kn\\p thïn hcp¶ HcmfpsS hnZym`ymkw Ipdª BfpIf‑ £bpw A\\ptamZ\\w e`nt¡ï­ I¿n \\n¶v X\\n¡v IqSpX nemWv IqSpX \\nehmc¯n kvYe¯v A\\ptamZ\\hpw ^okv In«p¶ Xc¯nte¡v ImWp¶X.v AXn \\n¶v a\\ In«p¶ cq]¯nte¡v \\½psS B tIkns\\ sImïpt] ÊnemIp¶Xv hnZym`ymk¯n hn±ym`ymk taJe amtdïX‑ mIp¶p. ssI¡qen¡pthïn Ft´m H¶v \\ãs¸«n«pïv pï.v am\\pjnI aqey§sf apdp‑ hÀ¡v sN¿p¶ t]meokpImc‑ F¶mWv AYhm, hnZym`ym‑ sI ]nSn¨n«pÅ Hcp hnZym`ymk papïv.­ CXns\\ms¡ Np¡m³ k¯neqsS a\\pjy³ t\\tSï knkväw \\ap¡v AXymhiyam‑ ]nSn¡p¶ a{´namcn ] Wv F¶p Npcp¡w. eÀ¡pw Hcp hnZym`ymkhanà F¶pÅXpw F{Xtbm kXy‑ 59

Im¯ncn¸n³ \\mfpIÄ apl½Zv- ssI^v- Rms\\¶ ]qhns\\ sXm«v XtemSn \\o, F¶nse CXfpIsf at\\mlcþ amw hÀ®§fm¡n \\o Ft§ms«¶nÃmsX bm{Xbmbn \\o. s]mSp¶s\\sb¶nXfpIÄ hmSn XpS§nbnXm. \\o X¶tbm À½IÄ Abhnd¡n Rm\\nXm \\n¶nse ]qÀ® N{µs\\ Im¬Ibmbv. \\n³ \\Kv\\ t\\{X§Ä F³ ta\\nbn ]Xnª \\mÄ, ad¡phm³ IgnbnsÃm cn¡epw ie`ta.. Imesa{X ]d¶I¶mepw icn, \\n\\¡mbv- Rm\\nXmsb³ hkXnbn Im¯ncn¸q. Im¯ncn¸n³ \\mfpIÄ F{XXs¶bmbmepw £oWnX\\mbn Rms\\mcn¡epw aS§pInÃ. 60

DZym\\w klv-d F³ ]n AsXmcp DZym\\ambncp¶p ]q¡Ä¡v hÀ®§Ä ]eXv I®©n¸n¡p¶ at\\mlmcnXbn A§n§mbn Nn{Xie`§Ä NnXdn¡nS¡pw A£c Iq«§Ä¡nSbneqsS Rm³ A¼ct¸msS \\S¶p. Ipªnfw ImäpIÄ kzmKXtamXn F§v \\nt¶m Hcp amemJ h¶v aµlmkt¯msS Fsâ ssIIÄ ]nSn¨m ]qt´m«¯neqsS ]Xps¡ ]d¡m³ ]dªp NndIpIfnÃm¯ Rms\\§s\\ ]d¡m³? Npïnse sNdp]p©ncn hmSmsX Ahs\\s¶ \\nÀ_Ôn¨p ]eh«w, Rm\\hnsS hoWpcpïp Ipªp amemJ¡p«nIÄ Fs¶ amSnhnfn¨p hm\\nXn sasà Rm³ ]mdn XpS§n F\\n¡v NndIpIÄ apf¨ncn¡p¶p ]Xnsb F³ NndIpIÄ ZrVambn C¶v Rm³ ]d¡p¶Xv A§v Zqsc am\\w t\\m¡n Nncn¨psImïmWv. 61

LoST Farhan VP Drifting through the blind meadow, Pitchness filled the air, Eariness daunted across, So much I longed for a pair, The moon kept shifting paces, Through the misty clouds, Just like my unstable feet, Which kept edging towards sick mazes, The tall grey leaves swept through my ankles, Making a screech I shall never forget, After long did I fall, In to the well I shall never forget. 62

63

F-©n-\\o-b-dn-§v tem-Iw Ajvan jm a-\\‑p-jy P‑o-h‑n-X‑w I‑q-S‑p-X k‑u-I-cy-{]-Z-a‑m-¡‑n a‑m-ä‑p-¶-X‑v F-©‑n-\\‑o-bÀ- a‑mÀ B-‑sW-¶ I‑m-cy-¯‑n A-{X XÀ-¡-a‑p-ï‑m-I‑n-Ã. ]‑p-X‑n-b I-‑sï-¯-e‑p-I-f‑p‑w \\‑nÀ-a‑n-X‑n-I-f‑p-a‑m-W‑v a-\\‑p-jy P‑o-h‑n-X‑w I‑q-S‑p-X k‑u-I-cy-{]-Z-a‑m-¡‑n a‑m-ä‑p-¶-X‑v. A-X‑p-‑sI‑m-ï‑p-X-‑s¶ ‑te‑m-I-¯‑v F-©‑n-\\‑o-bÀ-a‑mÀ-¡-p-‑Å {]‑m-[‑m-\\y‑w ‑sN-d‑p-X-Ã. C-´y-b‑n-‑se a‑n-I-¨ F©‑n\\‑o-b-d‑m-b‑n I-W-¡‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑v F‑w h‑n-‑ti‑z-i‑z-c-¿-‑sc-b‑m- W‑v. A-‑t±-l-¯‑n-‑sâ P-·-Z‑n-\\-a‑m-b ‑sk-]‑v-ä‑w-_À 15 \\‑m-W‑v C-´y-b‑n F©‑n\\‑n- ‑tb-g‑v-k‑v Z‑n-\\‑w B-N-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. k‑z-X-{´ C-´y-b‑p-‑sS B-k‑q-{X-W-¯‑n-‑sâ ]‑n-X‑m-h‑v F-¶-d‑n-b-‑s¸-S‑p-¶ F‑w h‑n-‑ti‑z-i‑z-c-¿ B-[‑p-\\‑n-I ‑s‑sa-k‑q-c‑n-‑sâ i‑n-e‑v-]‑n I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v. ‑s‑sl-Z-c‑m-_‑m-Z‑v \\-K-c-‑s¯ ]‑p-\\À \\‑nÀ-½‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\\‑m- b‑n \\‑n-‑tb‑m-K‑n-¡-‑s¸-« k-a‑n-X‑n-b‑n {]-[‑m-\\ F³-P‑n-\\‑o-bÀa‑m-c‑n H-c‑mÄ h‑n-‑ti‑z-i‑z-c-¿ B-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. c‑m-Py-¯‑n-‑sâ {]-[‑m-\\ \\‑nÀ-a‑n-X‑n-Ifnse-Ã‑m‑w ‑taÂ-‑t\\‑m-«‑w h-l‑n-¨-X‑n-\\‑m c‑m-Py‑w A-‑t±-l-‑s¯ `‑m-c-X‑v c-X‑v-\\ 64

\\Â-I‑n B-Z-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w ‑sN-b‑v-X‑p. F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n-M‑v ]-e-X- c-¯‑n-e‑p-ï‑v. ‑te‑m-I-‑s¯ \\‑nÀ-½‑n-¡‑p-¶ k‑n-h‑n F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n‑w-K‑v, h‑nÀ-N‑z ‑te‑m-I‑w \\‑nÀ-½‑n-¡‑p-¶ I-¼y‑q-«À F©‑n-\\‑o-bÀ, ‑te‑m-I-‑s¯ _-Ô‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ C-e-‑t{Î‑m-W‑n-I‑v B³-U‑v I-½y‑q-W‑n-‑t¡-j³ F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n-M‑v, ‑te‑m-I-¯‑n-‑sâ D‑uÀ-Ö-a‑m-W‑v C-e-{Î‑n-¡Â F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n- M‑v, ‑te‑m-I- ‑s¯ N-e‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ ‑sa-¡‑m-\\‑n-¡Â F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n-M‑v. ¹-k‑v S‑p h‑n-\\‑p ‑ti-j‑w `‑q-c‑n-`‑m-K‑w h‑n-Zy‑mÀ-°‑n-I-f‑p‑w X‑n-c-‑sª-S‑p-¡‑p-¶ ‑ta-J-e-I-f‑n H-¶‑m-W‑v F-©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n‑w-K‑v. I‑q-W‑p-‑t]‑m-‑se F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n-M‑v ‑tI‑m-‑tf-P‑p-IÄ D-‑sï-¶‑v ]-d-ª‑p I-f‑n-b‑m¡‑m-d‑p-‑sï-¦‑n-e‑p‑w B-[‑p-\\‑n-I P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n-§‑n-‑sâ-b‑p‑w ‑sS-I‑v-t\\‑m-f-P‑n- b‑p-‑sS-b‑p‑w {]-k-à‑n G-‑sd-b‑m-W‑v. ]-e ‑tI‑m-‑tf-P‑p-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w k‑o-ä‑p-IÄ H-g‑n-ª‑p I‑n-S-¡‑p-¶‑p- ‑sï-¦‑n-e‑p‑w a‑n-I-¨ ‑tI‑m-‑tf-P‑p-I-f‑n C-ã i‑m-J-I-f‑n {]-‑th-i-\\‑w I‑n-«-W-‑sa-¦‑n D-bÀ-¶ F³-{S³-k‑v d‑m-¦‑v e-`‑n-‑t¨ a-X‑n-b‑m-I‑q. _‑n-‑sS-¡‑n-\\‑v ‑sh-d‑p-‑sX A-U‑v-a‑n-j³ e-`‑n-¨‑n-«‑v I‑m-cy-a‑n-Ã, I-c‑n- bÀ c‑q-]‑o-I-c-W-¯‑n {]-‑tXy-I {i-² X-‑s¶ A-d‑n-b-W‑w. I-W-¡‑n-‑s\\ a‑m-b‑m-‑te‑m-I-¯‑v N‑n-eÀ h‑n-e-k‑p-‑t¼‑mÄ I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-f‑p-I-f‑p‑w ‑sh-Å‑w I‑p-S‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v ]-X‑n-h‑v. ]T-\\-I‑m-e-¯‑v a‑m-{X-a-Ã, \\‑n-Xy P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n-‑se H‑m-‑tc‑m k-µÀ-`-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w I-W-¡‑n-‑sâ {]‑m-[‑m-\\y‑w h-e‑p-X‑m-W‑v. K-W‑n-X i‑m-k‑v-{X-¯‑n-‑se A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\\ X-X‑z-§Ä D-d-¡‑m-¯-X‑p‑w ]T‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-‑se ‑sX-ä‑m-b c‑o-X‑n-I-f‑p-a‑m-W‑v I-W-¡‑v _‑p-²‑n-a‑p-«mI‑p-h‑m³ I‑m-c-W‑w. F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n-§‑n C‑u I-W-¡‑n-‑sâ I-f‑n AÂ-]‑w I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-W‑v. F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n-M‑v F-¶-X‑v F-®-a-ä -h‑n-j-b-§Ä ]T‑n-¡‑p-I F-¶-X‑v a‑m-{X-a-Ã, `‑u-X‑n-I P‑o-h‑n-X- ¯‑n-‑sâ [‑mÀ-a‑n-I ]T-\\-a‑m-W‑v. C-´y³ F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n-M‑v ‑tI‑m-‑tf-P‑v \\‑m-e‑v h‑n-[-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v D-Å-X‑v. 1þ IITs & NITs C-h‑n-‑sS, A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\\ k‑u-I-cy-§Ä h-f-‑sc a‑n-I-¨-X‑m-W‑v. \\-à Iy‑m-¼-k‑p-IÄ, \\-à ‑tl‑m-Ì‑v-e‑p- IÄ, \\-à ‑s‑se-{_-d‑n-IÄ, \\-à e‑m-_‑p-IÄ, \\-à I-W-I‑v-ä‑n-h‑n-ä‑n-IÄ, ^‑m-¡Âä‑n-IÄ c‑m-Py-‑s¯ G-ä-h‑p‑w a‑n-I-¨-X‑m-W‑v. A-[y‑m-]-\\-¯‑n-e‑p‑w ]‑m-‑tTy-X-c {]-hÀ-¯-\\-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w h‑n-]‑p-e-a‑m-b A-\\‑p-`-h-§-f‑p-ï‑v. h‑n-Zy‑mÀ-°‑n-IÄ {]-‑th-i-\\ ]-c‑o-£-I-f‑n-‑se G-ä-h‑p‑w a‑n-I-¨ d‑m-¦‑p-I‑m-c‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. A-¡‑m-U-a‑n-I-‑vk‑n a‑m-{X-a-Ã, ]‑m-‑tTy-X-c {]-hÀ-¯-\\-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w A-X‑m-b-X‑v k‑v-t]‑mÀ- S‑v-k‑v, k‑w-K‑o-X‑w, a-ä‑p ‑sh‑m-‑t¡-j-W ‑tI‑m-g‑v-k‑p‑w C-h‑n-‑sS h‑n-Zy‑mÀ- °‑n-IÄ-¡‑v e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v. 2 þ a-ä‑p K-h¬-‑saâ‑v C³-Ì‑n-äy‑q- «pIÄ (A-^‑n-e‑n-‑tb-ä-U‑v ‑tÌ-ä‑v b‑q-W‑n-‑th-g‑v-k‑n-ä‑n- k‑v) C-h‑n-‑sS, A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\\ k‑u-I-cy- §Ä h-f-‑sc a‑n-I-¨-X‑m-W‑v. \\-à Iy‑m-¼-k‑p- IÄ, \\-à ‑tl‑m-Ì-e‑p-IÄ, \\-à 65

‑s‑se-{_-d‑n-IÄ, \\-à e‑m-_‑p-IÄ, \\-à I-W-I‑v-ä‑n-h‑n- C-´y³ F-©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n‑w-K‑v {]‑m-‑tb‑m-K‑n-I ä‑n-IÄ. IIT, NIT ‑sb A-‑t]-£‑n-¨‑v ‑s¹-b‑v-k‑v-saâ‑v h‑n-Zy‑m-`y‑m-k-‑s¯-¡‑mÄ I‑q-S‑p-X ‑s‑sk-‑² m Ô‑n-I h-f-‑sc I‑p-d-h‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. ‑tI-c-f-¯‑n-‑se B-Zy-‑s¯ I‑m-cy-§-f‑m-W‑v F-¶‑p‑w k‑n-e-_-k‑p-IÄ ]-e-X‑p‑w K-h¬-‑saâ‑v F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n-M‑v ‑tI‑m-f-P‑v F-¶-d‑n-b- A-Xy‑m-[‑p-\\‑n-I k‑m-‑t¦-X‑n-I h‑n-Zy-‑sb a‑p-g‑p-h-\\‑m-b‑p‑w ‑s¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v K-h¬-‑saâ‑v ‑tI‑m-‑tf-P‑v H‑m-^‑v F-©‑n-\\‑o- DÄ-‑s¡‑m-Å‑m-¯-X‑m-W‑v F-¶-X‑n-\\‑p ]‑p-d-‑sa \\-½‑p-‑sS b-d‑n‑w-K‑v X‑n-c‑p-h-\\-´-]‑p-c‑w (1939) B-W‑v. B-Zy-‑s¯ k‑z-´‑w F-©‑n-\\‑o-bÀ-a‑m-‑sc h‑mÀ-‑s¯-S‑p-‑t¡-ï c‑o- K-h¬-‑saâ‑v F-b‑v-U-U‑v F©‑n\\‑o-b-d‑n-M‑v ‑tI‑m-‑tf-P‑v X‑n-b‑n-e‑p-Å d‑n-kÀ-¨‑v ‑skâ-d‑p-I-f‑p-‑sS A-`‑m-h-h‑p‑w S‑n-‑sI-F‑w F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n-M‑v ‑tI‑m-‑tf-P‑v ‑sI‑m-Ã‑am Wv k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-‑te-¡‑v B-h-iy-a‑m-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑n-e‑p-Å-h-‑sc (1958). DÂ-¸‑m-Z‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑m-‑sX ‑t]‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑p‑w h-e‑n-b ]-c‑m-P-b-a‑m-W‑v. \\y‑q-UÂ-l‑n A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\\-a‑m-b H-c‑p 3 - H‑m-‑t«‑m-W-a-k‑v b‑q-W‑n-‑th-g‑v-k‑n-ä‑n I-¼-\\‑n \\-S-¯‑n-b ]T-\\-¯‑n 1,50,000 F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n- M‑v h‑n-Zy‑mÀ-°‑n-I-f‑n ‑sh-d‑p‑w a‑q-¶‑v i-X-a‑m-\\‑w a‑m-{X- C-h‑n-‑sS, ]-W-a‑m-W‑v F-Ã‑m‑w. A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\\ a‑m-W‑v H-c‑p ‑tk‑m-^‑v-ä‑v-sh-bÀ A-‑sÃ-¦‑n ‑s{]‑m-U-Î‑v k‑u-I-cy-§Ä IIT ‑sb-¡‑mÄ a‑n-I-¨-X‑m-W‑v. ]‑m-‑tTy- a‑mÀ-¡-ä‑n‑w-K‑v I-¼-\\‑n-b‑n-‑te-¡‑v ‑tb‑m-Ky-c‑m-b-hÀ. ‑sh- X-c {]-hÀ-¯-\\-§Ä A-h‑n-‑sS-b‑p-ï‑v. F-¶‑m d‑p‑w G-g‑v i-X-a‑m-\\‑w h‑n-Zy‑mÀ-°‑n-IÄ-¡‑v a‑m-{X-a‑m-W‑v a‑n-¡-h‑m-d‑p‑w F-Ã‑m‑w A-h‑n-‑sS ]-W-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-‑s¸- I‑r-Xy-a‑m-b F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n-M‑v ‑sh-Ã‑p-h‑n-f‑n-I-‑sf G-‑sä- «-X‑m-W‑v. ‑s¹-b‑n-k‑v-saâ‑p-IÄ a‑n-I-¨-X‑m-W‑v. \\-à I-¼- S‑p-¡‑m³ {]‑m-]‑v-X‑n-b‑p-Å-hÀ. C-´y H-c‑p hÀ-j-¯‑n \\‑n-IÄ ‑tP‑m-e‑n h‑m-K‑v-Z‑m-\\‑w ‑sN-¿‑p-¶‑p. 1.5 a‑n-ey¬ F-©‑n-\\‑o-bÀ-a‑m-‑sc ]‑p-d-¯‑n-d-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. C-X‑v b‑p-F-k‑n-‑sâ-b‑p‑w ‑s‑sN-\\-b‑p-‑sS-b‑p‑w I-W-¡‑p- 4 þ a-ä‑p ‑s‑s{]-h-ä‑v ‑tI‑m-‑tf-P‑p-IÄ IÄ H-¶‑n-¨‑p I‑q-«‑n-b‑m a‑m-{X‑w I‑n-«‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v. C-{X h-e‑n-b k‑w-Jy-b‑n F©‑n-\\‑o-bÀ-a‑mÀ C-´y-b‑n C-‑t¸‑mÄ C‑u ‑tI‑m-‑tf-P‑p-IÄ K‑p-c‑p-X-c- D-ï‑m-b‑n-«‑p‑w A-X‑v I‑r-Xy-a‑m-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑n C-´y-b‑v-¡‑v a‑m-b A-h-Ø-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v, A-hÀ k‑m-[‑m-c-W-b‑m-b‑n D-]-‑tb‑m-K-‑s¸-S‑p-¯‑m³ A-‑sÃ-¦‑n A-h-‑sc ^-e-{]- \"‑sX‑m-g‑n e-`‑n-¡‑m-¯\" F©‑n-\\‑o-bÀ-a‑mÀ F-¶‑v Z-a‑m-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑n D-]-‑tb‑m-K-‑s¸-S‑p-¯‑m³ C-´y-b‑v-¡‑v h‑n-f‑n-¡-‑s¸-S‑p-¶ F©‑n-\\‑o-bÀ-a‑m-‑sc k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. I-g‑n-b‑m-‑sX ‑t]‑m-I‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑p-Å-X‑v \\-½‑p-‑sS h‑n-Zy‑m- (F-Ã‑m-h-c‑p-a-Ã, A-h-c‑n ]-e-c‑p‑w) A-hÀ _‑n-cp‑Z- `y‑m-k k-{¼-Z‑m-b-‑s¯-b‑p‑w c‑m-Py-‑s¯-b‑p‑w ]-c‑m-P-b- §Ä \\Â-I‑p-¶‑p, ]-‑t£ ‑th-ï-{X F-©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n‑w-K‑v a‑m-W‑v. I-g‑n-h‑p-I-‑tf‑m k‑m-‑t¦-X‑n-I ‑s‑sh-Z-K‑v-[y-‑ta‑m \\Â-I‑p- ¶‑n-Ã. C³-{^‑m-k‑v-{S-I‑v-N-d‑p-IÄ N‑n-e-‑t¸‑mÄ a‑n-I-¨-X‑m- k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-‑sâ {]-‑tb‑m-P-\\-¯‑n-\\‑m-b‑n W‑v, N‑n-e-‑t¸‑mÄ \\‑n-e-h‑m-c-‑t¯-¡‑mÄ X‑m-‑sg-b‑m-W‑v. ‑s{]‑m-^-j-W-e‑p‑w [‑mÀ-a‑n-I-h‑p-a‑m-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑n \\‑n-e- h‑n-‑se {]-i‑v-\\-§Ä ‑s‑sI-I‑m-cy‑w ‑sN-¿‑m³ F©‑n- I‑p-d-ª k‑v-tI‑m-d-‑p-Å, i-c‑m-i-c‑n-‑tb‑m -\\‑o-bÀ-a‑mÀ-¡‑v D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-X‑z-a‑p-ï‑v. R‑m³ P‑o-h‑n- A-‑sÃ-¦‑n i-c‑m-i-c‑n-b‑n X‑m-‑sg-‑tb‑m D-Å hn‑ X-¯‑n H-c‑p-]‑m-S‑v a‑p-‑t¶‑m-«‑v ‑t]‑m-b‑n-«‑p-‑sï-¦‑n-e‑p‑w, ZymÀ°nIÄ-¡‑v F©‑n-\\‑o-bÀ B-I‑m-\\‑p-Å A-S‑n- F©‑n-\\‑o-bÀ-a‑mÀ a‑m-{´‑n-I-‑tc-¡‑mÄ I‑p-d-h-‑sÃ-¶‑v Ø‑m-\\ k‑z-`‑m-h k-h‑n-‑ti-j-X-If‑n-Ã‑m-¯ N‑n-e R‑m³ C-‑t¸‑m-g‑p‑w h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. I‑m-c-W‑w, A-hÀ h‑n-Zy‑mÀ-°‑n-IÄ, A-h-c‑p-‑sS a‑m-X‑m-]‑n-X‑m-¡-f‑p-‑sS a‑n-¡-h‑m-d‑p‑w F-Ã‑m {]-i‑v-\\-§Ä-¡‑p‑w ]-c‑n-l‑m-c‑w D-Å- \\‑nÀ-_-Ô -{]-I‑m-c‑w A-hÀ F©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n-M‑v F-S‑p- h-‑tc‑m A-‑sÃ-¦‑n \\‑n-§Ä-¡‑v ]-c‑n-l‑m-c‑w \\Â-I‑m³ ¯‑n-«‑v A-X‑v ]‑qÀ-¯‑n-b‑m-¡‑m-‑sX \\‑nÀ-¯‑n ‑t]‑m-I‑p-¶‑p. I-g‑n-b‑p-¶-h-‑tc‑m B-W‑v. H-c‑p a‑p-d‑n-b‑n-e‑n-c‑p-¶‑v A-h-‑sc F-©‑n-\\‑o-b-d‑n‑w-M‑v F-¶ C‑u-‑sb‑m-c‑p ‑s{]‑m-^-j-W N‑p-ä‑n-¸-ä‑n H-¶‑v I-‑t®‑m-S‑n-¡-W‑w, ]‑p-d-¯‑v H-c‑p ]-c‑n-[‑n- ‑tI‑m-g‑v-k‑n-‑s\\ h-f-‑sc h-e‑n-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑n A-X‑v _‑m-[‑n- h-‑sc F©‑n- \\‑o-b-d‑n-§‑n-‑s\\ B-{i-b‑n-¡‑m-¯ h-f-‑sc ¨‑p. I‑p-d-¨‑v I‑m-cy-§Ä a‑m-{X-‑ta \\‑n-§Ä I-‑sï-¯‑p-I-b‑p- Å‑q-‑sh-¶‑v F-\\‑n-¡‑v D-d-¸‑v \\Â-I‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p‑w. 66

`ptKm-f-¯n-sâ kv-]µ\\w sj_n sI \"Mathematics is not about numbers, equations, computations or algo- rithms. it is about understanding\" -William paul thurston. h-f-sc-¨p-cp-¡-¯n im-kv-{Xw F-¶m a-\\p-jy³ {]-]-©-s¯ ]-än A-dn-ª Im-cy-§-fm-Wv, im-kv-{X-¯n-sâ `m-j-bm-Wv K-Wn-X- im-kv-{Xw. im-kv-{X-¯n-sâ cm-Ún-bm-Wv K-Wn-X- im-kv-{Xw. A-t¸mÄ cm-Pm-hv B-cm-sW-¶v \\n-§Ä tNm-Zn-¨m 'A-h³ H-cp ]p-en-bm-Wv' F-¶v ]-d-ªm A-h-\\v hm-ep-sï-¶À-°-an-Ã-tÃm F-¶v Xn-cn-¨p tNm-Zn-t¡-ïn-h-cpw. {]-i-kv-X A-ta-cn-¡³ K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X-Ú³ hn-Ãyw t]mÄ tXÀ-̬-sâ H-cp hm-N-Iw Rm³ ap-I-fn F-gp-Xn-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv F-sâ F-gp-¯n-sâ `w-Kn-¡p th-ïn am-{X- a-Ã. F-sâ hn-j-b-¯n-sâ B-sI Xp-I-bpw ap-I-fn F-gp-Xn-b hm-N-I-§-fn-ep- ïv. kv-^-Sn-Iw kn-\\n-a-bn-se Nm-t¡m-am-jpw A-t±-lw ]Tn-¸n-¨ K-Wn-X-hpw F-{X-ta A-c-kn-I-am-sW-¶v _ º º º D-¯-cw ]-d-ª hn-ZymÀ-°n-bn \\n-¶pw {]-I-S-am-Wv. \\m-emw ¢m-kv h-sc I-W-¡v Iq-«p-I-bpw Ip-d-bv-¡p-I-bpw l-cn-¡p-I- bpw sN-bv-X an-Sp-¡-\\m-b hn-ZymÀ-°n F-t´, A-Sp-¯ ¢m-Ên x F-¶v Im-Wp- 67

2030 ‑te-¡‑p-Å k‑p-Ø‑n-c h‑n- K-Wn-X-]-c-am-bn ssI-Im-cyw sN-¿p-t¼mÄ I-k-\\ A-P-ï-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-‑s¸- F-t´ A-Xn-{X _p-²n-ap-«p-Å-Xm-bn. S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n A-Xv þ K-Wn-X-s¯ \\-½Ä k-ao-]n-¨ {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-a‑m-b‑n co-Xn-bpw A-Xv \\n-§-fn-te-¡v F-¯n-¨ B-sf- _-Ô-‑s¸-S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n bpw _-Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n sN-dn-sbm-cp D-Zm-l-c-Ww ]-d-bmw. {S‑p-¯‑n {]‑m-]‑y-X-b‑p‑w (Acce‑s‑s) \\n-§-fp-sS I-¿n Ip-d-¨v anTm-bn-IÄ In-«n, F-{X-sb-®w F-¶-dn-bm-¯-Xn-\\m Rm³ X‑p-e‑y-X-b‑p‑w A-Xn-s\\ X F-®w F-¶v hn-fn-¨p. ho-ïpw Ip- d-¨p an-«m-bn In-«n A-h-bp-sS F-®w Y B-Wv. t¼mÄ hn-bÀ-¡p-¶-sX-¶v ]-e-t¸m-gpw F-s¶ F-¦n B-sI anTm-bn-I-fp-sS F-®w X+Y, anTm- A-Ûp-X-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ïv. (a+b)2 = a2+2ab+b2 bn-I-fp-sS F-®-¯n-sâ Kp-W-\\-^-ew X x Y. F-¶v Im-Wm-sX ]Tn-¡p-I-bpw ]m-Sn-\\-S-¡p-I- bpw sN-bv-Xn-«v F-´n-\\m-bn-cp-¶p Rm-\\-Xv ]Tn- C-hn-sS X t\\-bpw Y tb-bpw \\n-§Ä ¨n-cp-¶-Xv F-¶v ]-d-ªv s\\-Sp-hoÀ-¸n-« ]-e-sc- `-b-s¸-«n-à Im-c-Ww X F-´m-sW-¶pw, Y bpw I-ïp-ap-«n-bn-«p-ïv. F-´m-sW-¶pw A-hn-sS \\-S-¶ K-Wn-X-{In-b F-´m-sW-¶pw \\n-§Ä hy-à-am-bn a-\\-Ên-em- I-W-¡n-sâ am-sj-¶v ]-d-bp-t¼mÄ ¡n-b-Xn-\\m-em-Wv. ap-XnÀ-¶ ]-e B-fp-I-fpw c-l-ky-am-bn tNm-Zn- ¨n-«p-ïv, F-´m-Wv am-tj B ssk-\\pw tIm- C-Xp-t]m-se \\-½p-sS ap-¶n-ep-Å kp-sa-Ãmw F-¶v. {]-iv-\\-§-sf K-Wn-X-¯n-sâ `m-j-bn-te-¡v am- äp-I am-{X-am-Wv K-Wn-X im-kv-{X-ÚÀ sN-¿p- F-Ãm-¯n-\\pw H-cp-¯-c-ta DÅq. tI- ¶-Xv. D-bÀ-¶ X-e-¯n k-¦oÀ-W-am-b {]-Xn- h-ew Nn-e K-Wn-X {In-b-IÄ-¡p-a-¸p-dw K-Wn-X- `m-k-§-sf hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡m³ k-¦oÀ-W-am-b im-kv-{Xw B-i-b-§-fp-sS (Concept) k-am-lm- K-Wn-X-{In-b-IÄ B-h-iy-am-Wp-Xm-\\pw. c-am-Wv. {]-]-©-¯n-se F-Ãm X-c-¯n-ep-Å {]-Xn-`m-k-§-sf-bpw A-Xv DÄ-s¡m-Ån-¨p-sIm- C-\\n C-hn-sS-bp-Å ssh-cp-²yw F-´m- tï-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. k-¦oÀ-®-am-b {]-iv-\\-§-sf sW-¶p-sh-¨m k-¦oÀ-W-am-b B-i-b-§-sf h-f-sc \\n-Êm-c-am-bn ssI-Im-cyw sN-¿p-¶p. ]-än Nn-´n-¡m-\\pw a-\\-Ên-em-¡m-\\pw ]-äp-¶ `u-Xn-I im-kv-{X-¯n-sâ B-[p-\\n-I A-Sn-¯-d- ]-e B-fp-I-fpw K-Wn-X-{In-b-I-fp-sS ap-¶n bm-b B-t]-£n-I kn-²m-´-¯n-te-¡v sF³- ap-«p-a-S-¡p-¶p. {]-iv-\\-§-sf K-Wn-X `m-j-bn-te- Ìo³ F-¯n-t¨À-¶-Xv ip-² K-Wn-X-¯n-eq-sS ¡v am-äp-hm-\\pw A-Xn-s\\ \\nÀ-²m-c-Ww sN-¿m- B-bn-cp-¶p. \\p-ap-Å A-dn-hn-Ãm-bv-a am-{X-am-Wv A-h-cp-sS {]-iv-\\w. A-Xv Ir-Xy-am-bn ]-cn-l-cn-¨m k-aq- C-hn-sS H-cp a-dp-tNm-Zy-ap-ïv, {]-]- l-¯n-ep-Å X-Xz-Nn-´-I-sc-Ãmw h-en-b K-Wn-X ©-¯n-se {]-Xn-`m-k-§Ä \\n-§Ä am-Xr- im-kv-{X-ÚÀ B-bn Xo-cp-¶-Xm-Wv. `m-j-bn hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ a-\\p-jy-\\v F-fp-¸-¯n a-\\-Ên-em-Ip-t¼m-gpw A-h-sb ap³-Km-an-I-fm-b `q-cn-]-£w K-Wn-X- im-kv-{X-Ú-cpw h-en-b X-Xz-Nn-´-I-cm-bn-cp-¶p F-¶-Xv F-Sp-¯p- ]-d-tb-ï h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv. ]p-Xn-b Im-e-L-«-¯n K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X-Ú- cp-sS h-en-b A-`m-h-hpw hn-cÂ-Nq-ïp-¶-Xv \\-½p-sS sX-äm-b Nn-´-I-fn-te-¡v Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. tI-h-ew tNm-Zy-t¸-¸-dn-se D-¯-c-§Ä I-sï- ¯p-¶-Xn am-{Xw H-Xp-§p-¶-Xn-\\p ]-I-cw Rm³ ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xv F-´v F-¶v tNm-Zn-¨m Xo-cm-hp-¶ {]-iv-\\-ta C-hn-sS-bp-Åq. 68

Ip«ntSmIvkv apl½Zv- lm^nkv, Pnlm³ dÒm³, lnjmw sI kn R‑mbd‑mg‑vN D¨b‑v¡‑v hc‑p¶‑sX´‑mW‑v? ‑tl‑mÌ a‑pd‑nb‑n 'I‑q«‑pI‑mc‑p‑w, S‑o¨Àa‑mc‑p‑w'. k-‑vI‑qf‑n‑s\\ I‑pd‑nN‑v a‑pi‑nª‑nc‑p¶‑t¸‑mg‑mW‑v Iy‑m¼k‑n‑sâ k‑wk‑mc‑n¡‑p‑t¼‑mÄ BZya‑mb‑v FÃ‑mhc‑p‑w ] ‑sX‑m«S‑p¯‑pÅ {K‑uï‑n I‑p«‑nIÄ db‑p¶X‑v k‑z´‑w I‑q«‑pI‑m‑sc X‑s¶b‑mW‑v. If‑n¡‑p¶X‑v Iï‑Xv. Ahc‑p‑sa‑m¯‑v I‑pd¨‑p N‑neÀ S‑o¨Àa‑m‑scb‑p‑w I‑q«¯‑n ]db‑p¶‑pï‑v. kab‑w I‑qS‑nb‑m‑te‑m F‑s¶‑mc‑p N‑n´. d‑qa‑n‑sâ ]‑pd¯‑nd§‑nb‑t¸‑mÄ l‑nj‑ma‑p‑w Pnlm‑\\ 2. k-‑vI‑qf‑n Gäh‑p‑w ‑t]S‑nb‑pÅ pa‑pï‑v ‑t]‑mÌ‑mb‑n \\‑n¡‑p¶‑p. Ah‑scb‑p‑w I‑mcy‑sa´‑mW‑v? I‑q«‑n X‑m‑sg ‑sN¶‑v k‑m‑td‑mS‑v ‑tN‑mZ‑n¨ ‑tij‑w '³I‑n Gäh‑p‑w ‑t]S‑n S‑o¨À AS‑n¡‑v¶X‑m' R§Ä {K‑uï‑n‑se¯‑n, Ahc‑pa‑mb‑n CS] C§‑s\\b‑mW‑v ‑sa‑m¯¯‑n FÃ‑mhc‑p‑w gI‑m³ X‑pS§‑n. H‑m¬‑s‑se³ ¢‑mk‑pIÄ¡‑v ]dª‑p ‑sh¨X‑v. ‑tl‑m‑whÀ¡‑pI‑sf ‑t] ‑tij‑w k-‑vI‑qf‑n‑se¯‑nb AhÀ¡‑v S‑nb‑pÅ a‑sä‑mc‑p I‑q«c‑pa‑pï‑v. I‑q‑sS ]T‑n¡‑p¶ k-‑vI‑qf‑n‑s\\¡‑pd‑nN‑pÅ A`‑n{]‑mb§f‑p‑w I‑p«‑nIf‑p‑sS ‑t]c‑v ]dªhc‑pa‑pï‑v. N‑n´If‑p‑w F‑s´Ã‑ma‑m‑sW¶‑v ‑tIÄ¡‑m\\‑mb‑n Ah‑tc‑mS‑v I‑pª‑pI‑pª‑p 3. k-‑vI‑qf‑n ‑t]‑mI‑m³ aS‑nb‑p‑tï‑m.. ‑tN‑mZy§Ä ‑tN‑mZ‑n¨‑p. ad‑p]S‑nIÄ F´‑mW‑v I‑mcW‑w? hf‑sc ckIca‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. BZy‑w k-‑vI‑qf‑n ‑t]‑mI‑m³ ‑s]‑mX‑p‑sh FÃ‑mhÀ¡‑p‑w X‑pd¶‑v k‑wk‑mc‑n¡‑m³ Hc‑p h‑n½‑nã‑w Dï‑mb‑nc‑p‑s¶¦‑ne‑p‑w CS‑s]Se‑pIÄ Hc‑p I‑w^ÀS‑v ‑tk‑mW‑n‑se¯‑nb‑t¸‑mÄ ]‑n‑s¶ X‑pd¶ a\\‑tÊ‑m‑sSb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p Ahc‑p‑sS {]X‑nIcW‑w . Hc‑p]‑mS‑v kab‑w k‑wk‑mc‑n¨‑nc‑p¶‑t¸‑mÄ AhÀ¡‑n‑t§‑m«‑v ]e IYIf‑p‑w I‑mcy§f‑p‑w ]db‑m\\‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. R§Ä ‑tN‑mZ‑n¨‑p 1. k-‑vI‑qÄ F¶‑v ‑tIÄ¡‑p‑t¼‑mÄ BZya‑mb‑n a\\Ê‑n‑te¡‑v 69

Cãa‑m‑sW¶‑mW‑v ]dªX‑v. I‑mcW‑w, X‑n¦f‑mg‑vN, AX‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p HäbS‑n¡‑pÅ ] ‑te‑m¡‑vU‑u¬ Ig‑nª‑v X‑nc‑n¨‑p k-‑vI‑qf‑n‑te¡‑v ec‑p‑sSb‑p‑w ad‑p]S‑n. I‑mcW‑w, R‑mbd‑mg‑vN Ibd‑nbX‑tà DÅ‑q, FÃ‑mhÀ¡‑p‑w k-‑vI‑qf‑n Ah[‑n Ig‑nª‑v k-‑vI‑qf‑n ‑t]‑mI‑m³ X‑me‑v] X‑s¶b‑nc‑n¡‑m\\‑mW‑v Cã‑w. cya‑nà F¶‑mW‑v ]db‑p¶X‑v. ']‑n. S‑n b‑pÅ Z‑nhka‑mW‑v Gäh‑p‑w Cã‑w' C{Xb‑p‑w ]dª‑p 4. H‑m¬‑s‑se³ ¢‑mÊ‑m‑tW‑m H‑m^‑v-s‑se³ Ig‑nª‑n«‑v Hc‑p IÅ N‑nc‑nb‑pï‑v. ¢‑mÊ‑m‑tW‑m Cã‑w? I‑mcW‑w? 'H‑m¬‑s‑se³ ¢‑mÊ‑v- ‑t_‑md‑mW‑v, I‑q«‑pI‑mc‑p‑sS 9. Gäh‑p‑w Cãa‑pÅ S‑o¨À? I‑mcW‑w? I‑q‑sSb‑nc‑p¶‑v ]T‑n¡‑m\\‑mW‑v XmXv]cyw'. 'AS‑n¡‑m¯, ‑tl‑m‑whÀI‑v Xc‑m¯ H‑m¬‑s‑se³ ¢‑mÊ‑pIf‑n {i²‑n¡‑m³ S‑o¨‑sd'b‑mW‑v FÃ‑mhÀ¡‑p‑w Cã‑w. I‑pd¨‑p ‑t] Ig‑nb‑p¶‑nà F¶X‑p‑w Hc‑p {]i‑v\\a‑mb‑n À¡‑v ¢‑mÊ‑v- S‑o¨d‑mW‑v Gäh‑p‑w {]‑nb‑s¸«X‑v. I‑p«‑nIÄ ]db‑p¶‑pï‑v. I‑p«‑nI‑tf‑m‑sS‑m¸‑w h‑n‑tij§Ä ]¦‑p‑sh¡‑p¶ S‑o¨Àa‑m‑scb‑p‑w Cãa‑mW‑v. 5. k-‑vI‑qf‑n ‑t]‑mI‑p¶X‑v ‑sI‑mï‑v F‑s´¦‑ne‑p‑w D]‑tb‑mK‑w D‑tï‑m? 10. h‑o«‑n c‑m{X‑n ]T‑n¡‑p‑t¼‑mg‑pÅ ]T‑n¡‑m‑w, I‑q«‑pI‑m‑sc I‑mW‑m‑w, ]‑n‑s¶ ] A\\‑p`h‑w. c‑n]‑mS‑nIf‑n‑se‑m‑s¡ ]‑s¦S‑p¡‑m‑w. h‑o«‑n 'A\\¡‑v ]T‑n¡‑m³ CãÃ. ¶‑me‑p‑w D½ N‑o¯ If‑n¡‑m³ Bc‑pa‑nÃ‑m¯X‑p‑sI‑mï‑v k-‑vI‑qf‑n ]db‑mX‑nc‑n¡‑m³ _‑p¡‑n ‑t\\‑m¡‑n Cc‑n¡‑p‑w'. ‑t]‑mI‑m³ Cã‑s¸S‑p¶hc‑p‑ap‑ï‑v. '‑sI‑m‑td ]T‑n¡‑m³ ï‑mh‑p‑w, C‑w¥‑oj‑p‑w aeb‑mfh‑p‑w ]T‑n¡‑p‑w, ]‑n‑s¶ A\\‑nb‑sâ 6. k-‑vI‑qf‑n ‑t]‑mI‑m³ aS‑nb‑p‑tï‑m? H¸c‑w Cc‑p¶‑v If‑n¡‑p‑w'. k‑z‑ta[b‑m ]T‑n¡‑p¶ I‑mcW‑w? I‑p«‑nIÄ hf‑sc I‑pdh‑mW‑v. ‑sI. P‑n I‑p«‑nIÄ¡‑v k-‑vI‑qf‑n ‑t]‑mI‑m³ aS‑nb‑p‑sï¶‑mW‑v ]dªX‑v. h‑o«‑n 11. ‑sa‑m‑s‑s_ ‑t^‑m¬ AU‑n£³ D‑tï‑m? Cc‑n¡‑m\\‑mW‑v AhÀ¡‑v I‑qS‑pXe‑nã‑w. k-‑vI‑qÄ Pubg, Pes, Freefire, Clash of clans X‑pS§‑n I¯‑n¡W‑sa¶‑v B{Kla‑pÅhc‑pa‑pï‑v C‑u A‑t\\I‑w ‑sKb‑na‑pIÄ If‑n¡‑p¶hc‑mW‑v ] I‑q«¯‑nÂ. `‑qc‑n`‑mK‑w I‑p«‑nIÄ¡‑p‑w k-‑vI‑qf‑n ec‑p‑w. aeb‑mf‑w, l‑nµ‑n, C‑w¥‑oj‑v `‑mjIf‑n‑se ‑t]‑mI‑m³ X‑o‑sc aS‑nb‑nÃ‑m¯hc‑mW‑v. I‑mÀ«‑qW‑pIÄ Ø‑nca‑mb‑n I‑mW‑p¶hc‑pa‑pï‑v. k-‑vI‑qf‑n ‑t]‑mb‑m B‑sIb‑pÅ k¦S‑w 7. ]T‑n¡‑m³ X‑me‑v]cya‑pÅ h‑njb‑w ? ‑t^‑m¬ D]‑tb‑mK‑n¡‑m³ ]ä‑m¯X‑m‑sW¶‑mW‑v Cãa‑nÃ‑m¯ h‑njb‑w? I‑mcW‑w? Ahc‑p‑sS ]£‑w. ]T‑n¡‑m³ X‑me‑v]cya‑pÅ h‑njba‑mb‑n ] ec‑p‑w ]dªX‑v aeb‑mfa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ‑s]‑s«¶‑v 12. k-‑vI‑qf‑pIf‑n \\‑n¶‑v I‑n«‑nb‑nc‑p‑s¶¦‑n a\\Ê‑ne‑m¡‑m\\‑p‑w ]T‑n¡‑m\\‑p‑w aeb‑mfa‑mW‑t{X F¶‑v ‑tX‑m¶‑nb I‑mcy‑w? Ff‑p¸‑w, IYIf‑mW‑tÃ‑m. C‑w¥‑oj‑p‑w 'Hc‑mg‑vN a‑pg‑ph³ ]‑n. S‑n ]‑nc‑oU‑v', IW¡‑pa‑mW‑v Cãa‑nÃ‑m¯ h‑njb§f‑mb‑n '‑t^‑m¬' A§‑s\\ Hc‑n¡e‑p‑w \\S¡‑m³ ]db‑p¶X‑v.k_‑vPÎ‑v Cã‑s¸S‑mX‑nc‑n¡‑m³ k‑m[yXb‑nÃ‑m¯ I‑mcy§f‑p‑sS Hc‑p I‑mcWa‑mb‑n S‑o¨Àa‑mc‑p‑sS ‑t]c‑v ] \\‑oï e‑nÌ‑v X‑s¶b‑pï‑v. ]T‑n¡‑m\\‑m‑tW‑m dªhc‑pa‑pï‑v. If‑n¡‑m\\‑m‑tW‑m Cã‑sa¶‑v ‑tN‑mZ‑n¨‑t¸‑mÄ If‑n¡‑m‑s\\¶‑v Hc‑p `‑mhhyXy‑mkh‑pa‑nÃ‑m‑sX ] 8. k-‑vI‑qf‑n ‑t]‑mI‑m³ Gäh‑p‑w aS‑n dªhc‑pa‑pï‑v. ‑tX‑m¶‑p¶ Z‑nhk‑w GX‑v? Cã‑vSa‑pÅ Z‑nhk‑w GX‑v? 13. k-‑vI‑qf‑n Gäh‑p‑w Cãa‑nÃ‑m¯ I‑mcy‑w? 70

'S‑o¨À XÃ‑p¶X‑v ³I‑n X‑o‑sc CãÃ', '‑t\\‑m«‑v ‑sN¡‑n§‑p‑w ‑tl‑m‑whÀ¡‑p‑w ]‑n‑s¶ If‑n¡‑m³ h‑nS‑m¯X‑p‑w CãÃ'. X‑pS§‑n k-‑vI‑qf‑n‑s\\¡‑pd‑n¨‑v 'I‑mcya‑mb‑n«‑v' I‑p‑td I‑pdh‑pIÄ AhÀ¡‑v ]db‑m\\‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. 14. k-‑vI‑qf‑n hc‑p¶X‑v ‑sI‑mï‑v ‑sSI‑vÌ‑v_‑p¡‑ne‑pÅXÃ‑m‑sX F‑s´¦‑ne‑p‑w ] T‑n¡‑p¶X‑mb‑n ‑tX‑m¶‑p¶‑p‑tï‑m? I‑mcya‑mb‑n«‑v ]db‑m³ BÀ¡‑p‑w H¶‑pa‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ. F¦‑ne‑p‑w ]‑m«‑p ] T‑n¨hc‑p‑w, k-‑vI‑qf‑n \\S¡‑p¶ ]c‑n]‑mS‑nIf‑n ]‑s¦S‑p¡‑p¶hc‑p‑w C‑u I‑q«¯‑ne‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ‑tN‑mZy§Ä ‑tN‑mZ‑n¨‑p X‑pS§‑p‑t¼‑m‑tg¡‑p‑w AhÀ¡‑n‑t§‑m«‑v ] db‑m³ ]e IYIf‑pa‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ¢‑mÊ‑n‑se I‑q«‑pI‑m‑sc¡‑pd‑n¨‑v, S‑o¨Àa‑m‑sc I‑pd‑n¨‑v, h‑o«‑pI‑m‑sc I‑pd‑n¨‑v \\‑qd‑v \\‑qd‑v h‑m¡‑pIf‑mWhÀ¡‑v. \\‑nj‑vIf¦a‑mb N‑nc‑n‑tb‑m‑sS AhÀ hc¨ ]S§Ä I‑mW‑n¨‑p X¶‑v 'C‑sX§\\ï‑v ' F¶‑v ‑tN‑mZ‑n¡‑p‑s¼‑m 'AS‑n‑s]‑mf‑n Bb‑n¡‑tÃ‑m'¶‑v X‑nc‑n¨‑p ] db‑p‑t¼‑mÄ Ahc‑p‑sS a‑pJ¯‑p ‑sXf‑nb‑p¶ Hc‑p k‑t´‑mja‑pï‑v, AX‑n‑s\\‑mc‑p {]‑tXyI `‑wK‑nb‑mW‑v. 'Hc‑p IYb‑pa‑nÃ‑m¯' Hc‑p]‑mS‑v IYIÄ AhÀ¡‑v ]db‑m\\‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ‑tU‑mÎd‑mh‑m\\‑p‑w, F©‑n\\‑obd‑mh‑m\\‑p‑w, S‑o¨d‑mh‑m\\‑p‑w, ^‑pS‑v_‑mÄ If‑n¡‑mc\\‑mh\\‑p‑w IfÎd‑mh\\‑p‑w ‑t]‑me‑ok‑mh‑m\\‑p‑w B{K‑ la‑pÅ Hc‑p]‑mS‑v I‑pª‑p {]X‑n`I‑sf Iï‑p. X‑nc‑n‑sI Iy‑m¼Ê‑n‑te¡‑v \\S¡‑p‑t¼‑mÄ H¶‑p X‑oÀ¨b‑m¡‑n. P‑oh‑nX¯‑n‑se‑t¸‑m‑sg¦‑ne‑p‑w a‑pj‑nª‑nc‑n¡‑p‑t¼‑mÄ, HcÂ]‑w k‑t´‑mj‑w ‑thW‑sa¶‑v ‑tX‑m¶‑p‑t¼‑mÄ \\½‑sf¡‑mÄ {]‑mb‑w I‑pdªhc‑pa‑mb‑n CS]gI‑pI, AhÀ‑s¡‑m¯‑v X‑mg‑v¶‑v ‑sI‑mS‑p¡‑pI, AX‑ hÀ¡‑p‑w \\½Ä¡‑p‑w k‑t´‑mj‑w e‑`n¡‑p‑w. 71

Nn-d-I-ä am-em-J apl½Zv- kmZnJv amemJbmhm\\mbncp¶p AhfpsS B{Klw. F¶n«pthWw ]mh§sf klmbn¡m³. tImSn H¶v sImSp¯hÄ amemJbmbn. B tImSnbpsS ISw XoÀ¡m³ HmSn \\S¶p ]Ww hmcn amemJbmWv I¨hS¯n\\pw DïtÃm Hcp amemJ 72 72

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]e I‑y‑m¼k‑pIf‑ne‑p‑w Hcf‑th‑mf‑w Ch kl‑mb‑n¡‑p‑w ‑s‑se^‑n‑te¡‑v I‑q¸‑pI‑p¯‑nbX‑v h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nIÄ. k‑z´a‑mb‑n F¶X‑n XÀ¡a‑nÃ. F¶‑mÂ, C¯c‑w h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk¯‑n‑sâb‑p‑w \\‑ne]‑mS‑v c‑q]‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶X‑ne‑p‑w, Gäh‑p‑w a‑nI¨ c‑m{ã‑ob {] c‑m{ã‑ob {]hÀ¯\\§f‑p‑sSb‑p‑w \\‑ne]‑mS‑n\\‑v ‑thï‑n k`‑ya‑mb‑n hÀ¯\\a‑mb h‑nZ‑y‑m k¼‑mZ\\‑w A`‑mh‑w ‑sI‑mï‑pa‑mW‑v. ‑t]‑mc‑mS‑p¶X‑ne‑p‑w ] F¶ ‑t^‑m¡k‑n \\‑n¶‑v e‑t¸‑mg‑p‑w AhÀ A‑t¼ ] G‑sd AI‑se a‑md‑n 'N‑n ka‑ql¯‑n c‑mPb‑s¸S‑p¶‑p. X§f‑p‑sS ‑s‑sh_‑v H‑m¬e‑n' ‑ta‑mU‑n‑te¡‑v AX‑y‑mhi‑y‑w {]‑nh‑n‑teP‑v ]‑mÀ«‑nb‑n‑te¡‑v I‑qS‑pX c‑m{ã‑ob {]hÀ¯\\§Ä DÅh‑scÃ‑m‑w a¡‑sf h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nI‑sf ‑tNÀ¡‑m³ h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nI‑sf hg‑n \\S¯‑p¶‑p c‑m{ã‑ob ]‑mÀ«‑nIf‑n \\‑n¶‑v AhÀ¡‑nãa‑pÅ ‑s{S³U‑pIÄ¡‑v F¶X‑mW‑v A]ISIca‑mb 'c£‑n¡‑m\\‑pÅ' {ia‑w \\ ]‑nd‑sI k©c‑n¨‑v ‑tI‑ kX‑y‑w. c‑m{ã \\‑nÀ½‑mW¯‑n‑sâ S¯‑p¶X‑v C¯c‑w I‑y‑m¼k‑v he‑w ‑t\\c‑t¼‑m¡‑mb‑n `‑mKa‑mb‑n a‑md‑nb kIe ‑s‑sh_‑pIÄ ‑t]S‑n¨‑n«‑mW‑v. I‑mW‑n¡‑pIb‑p‑w, h‑ne‑s¸« h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑n {]Ø‑m\\§f‑p‑w Hc‑p \\à ‑tP‑me‑n‑tb‑m kab‑w Ifª‑p I‑pf‑n¡‑m\\‑pÅ h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk‑s¯b‑p‑w aä‑p A¡‑mZa‑n¡‑v P‑oh‑nX‑ta‑m ‑sIW‑n Hc‑p¡‑pIb‑p‑w ‑sN¿‑pI ‑s‑s\\]‑pW‑y h‑nIk\\ {] ]‑pX‑nb Ì‑mÀ«¸‑pI‑tf‑m F¶X‑mW‑v Ahc‑p‑sS {][‑m\\ hÀ¯\\§‑sfb‑p‑w Af‑ k‑z]‑v\\‑w I‑mW‑p¶hÀ¡‑v Hc‑pX‑ ']²X‑n'. N‑ne ‑tI‑mfP‑pIf‑n hä‑v {]‑ta‑m«‑v ‑sN¿‑p¶X‑mb‑n c¯‑ne‑pa‑pÅ {]X‑o£ C‑u a‑pX‑nÀ¶ ‑t\\X‑m¡f‑p‑sS Nc‑n{X¯‑n I‑mW‑m‑w. h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk {]Ø‑m\\§Ä hI I½‑oj³ k{¼Z‑mb‑w \\ÂI‑p¶‑nà F¶X‑v X‑s¶ ‑t]‑me‑pa‑pï‑v, {]Wb‑teJ\\ ‑tIhe‑w ]‑uc‑t_‑m[‑w I‑mcW‑w. A[‑y‑m]Ic‑p‑sS ‑s]«‑nb‑p‑w, Dj U‑m³k‑p‑w, F¶ H¨¸‑mS‑pIÄ¡¸‑pd‑w a‑nI¨ a‑u\\h‑p‑w A{X `‑qjWaÃ. I¸‑nÄk‑v ‑ske£\\‑p‑w, h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nIÄ I‑qS‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p Hc‑p a‑nI¨ h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑n‑t¡ ^‑pS‑vt_‑mÄ j‑q«‑u«‑p‑saÃ‑m‑w N‑ne A¶‑s¯ `‑qc‑n`‑mK‑w ‑t\\X‑m¡f‑p‑w \\‑sÃ‑mc‑p ]I‑zXb‑pÅ c‑m{ã‑ob{] DZ‑mlcW§Ä a‑m{X‑w. {]hÀ¯Ic‑p‑w. AhI‑mi hÀ¯I\\‑mI‑m³ Ig‑nb‑p. kac§f‑p‑sS ]‑pX‑nb kÀ¤ \\‑sÃ‑mc‑p {]hÀ¯I‑t\\ \\‑sÃ‑mc‑p h‑n‑t\\‑mZ {] Xe§Ä k‑rã‑n¡‑m³ AhÀ¡‑v c‑mP‑y‑w ‑sI«‑n¸S‑p¡‑m³ Ig‑nb‑q. hÀ¯\\§‑sfÃ‑m‑w k‑m[‑n¨X‑v h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mkh‑p‑w A¯c‑w hfÀ¨b‑v¡‑v ]‑mIa‑mb ‑thïX‑pX‑s¶. ]T\\h‑njb§Ä {I‑nb‑mßI N‑n´b‑p‑w bY‑mÀ° a®‑v e`‑n¡‑m¯ I‑me‑t¯‑mf‑w ¡‑nSb‑n A\\‑p`h‑s¸S‑p¶ a‑m\\ ]‑uc‑t_‑m[h‑p‑w Dï‑mb‑nc‑p¶X‑v I‑y‑m¼‑pIf‑p‑w I‑y‑m¼k‑v k‑nI ]‑nc‑na‑pd‑p¡‑w I‑pdb‑v¡‑m³ ‑sI‑mï‑mW‑v. C¶‑v `‑qc‑n`‑mK‑w c‑m{ã‑obh‑p‑w FÃ‑m‑w ‑shd‑p‑w h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nIf‑p‑w ‑t{_‑mb‑neÀ ‑t\\c‑t¼‑m¡‑v a‑m{Xa‑mW‑v. 77

amjv JmenZv dk Cc‑p¼g‑nIÄ X‑pd¡‑p¶ iÐ‑w ‑tI«‑v a‑mj‑n‑s\\ ‑t\\‑m¡‑n. a‑mj‑v B‑tâ‑m Fg‑p‑t¶ä‑p. D¨ab¡‑w a‑pS§‑nbX‑nsâ‑ X‑pSÀ¶‑p, \"k‑vI‑qf‑n‑sâ _mXv- \\‑ock‑w Ab‑mf‑p‑sS a‑pJ¯‑v hyàa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. -dqansâ `mK¯p \\n¶pw FX‑nÀZ‑nib‑n \\‑n¡‑p¶ Pb‑n h‑mÀU³ I©mhSn¨Xn\\v Rm\\ Hc‑p ]‑pX‑nb Pb‑n¸‑pÅ‑nb‑p‑w I‑qS‑n sImïv­ hscsbm¶v Xpdn¨p t\\m¡n h¶‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. h‑mÀU³ ]dª‑p \"I‑p‑td No¯ ]dªp. A‑sæ‑ne‑p‑w Bb‑n‑tà Häb‑v¡‑v \\‑n\\¡‑v I‑q«‑n\\‑nXm Hc‑mÄ. A‑sX‑m‑s¡ F\\‑n¡‑v ‑thï‑n C¶‑p a‑pX Ch³ Ch‑n‑sSb‑pï‑mI‑p‑w'. B‑tW‑m AhÀ¡‑v ‑thï‑nb‑tÃ. Ab‑m‑sf DÅ‑ne‑m¡‑n h‑mÀU³ IXIS¨‑p. ]‑pIhe‑n¡‑p¶X‑p‑w elc‑n B‑tâ‑m Ab‑m‑tf‑mS‑v H¶‑p ]‑p©‑nc‑n¨‑p. ]‑t£ D]‑tb‑mK‑n¡‑p¶X‑p‑w H‑s¡ Ab‑mÄ¡‑v AX‑n\\‑mb‑nÃ. Ab‑mÄ Ah‑n‑sS A{X \\ÃX‑m‑tW‑m? \\¶‑mb‑m N‑phc‑n N‑mc‑n Cc‑p¶‑p F¶‑n«‑v N‑n´b‑n AhÀ¡‑v \\¶.‑v F\\‑n‑s¡´‑p a‑pg‑pI‑n. I‑n«‑m\\‑mWv?. AX‑n\\‑v AhÀ ‑t]‑mb‑n ‑tIk‑v ‑sI‑mS‑p¯‑p _‑me]‑oU\\‑w ‑t]‑me‑p‑ ‑\"t]‑sc´‑mW‑v a‑m‑tj?' F¶ ‑tN‑mZy‑w w. R‑m³ AX‑v ‑sNb‑vX‑n‑sæ‑n `‑mh‑ntb‑mSv Ab‑mf‑p‑sS N‑n´IÄ¡‑v h‑ne§‑n«‑p. Ab‑mÄ ] R‑m³ ‑sN¿‑p¶ ‑sI‑mS‑nb ]‑oU\\a‑mhntÃ'. dª‑p \"AX‑pX‑s¶'. \"F´‑v?' \"a‑mj‑v,' B‑tâ‑m I‑uX‑pI‑t¯‑m‑sS ‑tN‑mZ‑n¨‑p \"a‑m‑tjm?' \"i¦c³ ]‑n‑s¶ a‑mj‑v B‑tâ‑m‑tb‑mS‑v ‑tN‑mZ‑n¨‑p: a‑mj‑v', Ab‑mÄ ad‑p]S‑n ]dª‑p. ‑\"t]‑sc´‑m?' \"B‑tâ‑m, AS‑p¯d‑nb‑p¶hÀ hS‑nh‑mÄ F¶‑v h‑nf‑n¡‑p‑w'. \"A‑sX´‑m B‑tâ‑m ‑tN‑mZ‑n¨‑p: \"hmZymsc´m A§‑s\\ h‑nf‑n¡‑p‑s¶' F¶‑p a‑mj‑v. C‑u hg‑n‑sb‑ms¡', ]c‑nl‑mk N‑phb‑pÅ B \"I‑qe‑n¯‑Ã‑mWv ]W‑n'. B‑tâ‑mb‑p‑sS h‑n\\ ‑tN‑mZy‑t¯‑mS‑v a‑mj‑v ]dª‑p: \"H¶‑pa‑nà Hc‑p b‑w Iï‑p a‑mj‑v H¶‑p N‑nc‑n¨‑p. B‑tâ‑m Hc‑p h‑n‑t\\‑mZb‑m{X¡‑v h¶X‑mW‑v'. \"Aà a‑m‑tj X‑pd¶‑p h¨ ]‑pk‑vXI‑w ‑t]‑m‑se Ah‑sâ \\‑n§Ä F´‑p I‑pä‑w ‑sNb‑vX‑n«‑mW‑nh‑n‑sS?' IYIÄ a‑mj‑n‑t\\‑mS‑v ]dª‑p. a‑mj‑v B‑tâ‑m ‑tN‑mZ‑n¨‑p. a‑mj‑v ]dª‑p: \"R‑m³ Ahk‑m\\‑w ‑tN‑mZ‑n¨‑p, \"\\‑n\\‑s¡‑m‑s¡ F§‑s\\ H¶‑p‑w ‑sNb‑vX‑n«‑nÃ'. \"AX‑pX‑s¶b‑mW‑v Ch‑n‑sS C‑u KX‑n h¶‑p', Btâ‑m Icª‑p‑sI‑mï‑p ] hc‑p¶ a‑n¡h‑md‑p‑w ‑t]c‑p‑w BZy‑w ]db‑mdv'. dª‑p: ‑sI‑m¨mb‑t¸‑mtg‑ A¸¨³ ‑t]‑mb‑n. B‑tâ‑m N‑nc‑n¨‑p. K‑pW‑tZ‑mj‑n¡‑m‑t\\‑m N‑qc hS‑n‑sI‑mï‑v H¶‑v ]T‑n¸n¡‑m‑t\\‑m Bc‑pa‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ. Ab‑m‑sf I‑qS‑pX k¦S‑s¸‑S‑pt¯ï F¶‑v Ic‑pX‑n BI‑p‑w B‑tâ‑m I‑qS‑pXsem¶‑p‑w \\‑ndª I®‑pIf‑pa‑mb‑n cï‑p ‑t] ‑tN‑mZ‑n¨‑nÃ. ]‑n¶‑oS‑v I‑pd¨‑p ‑t\\c‑s¯ c‑p‑w A‑t§‑m«‑p‑w C‑t§‑m«‑p‑w ]ck‑v]c‑w ‑t\\‑m¡‑n \\‑niÐXb‑v¡‑p ‑tij‑w a‑mjv D¨¯‑n ] \\‑n¶‑p. Ah‑nS‑w i‑q\\yX Xf‑w‑sI«‑n \\‑n¶‑p. dª‑p, \"R‑m³ ‑sNb‑vX I‑pä‑w Ah‑sc X‑n·b‑n \\‑n¶‑v h‑ne¡‑n F¶X‑mWv'‑.B‑tâ‑m H¶‑p‑w hyàamh‑m¯ a‑pJ`‑mh¯‑n 78

79

k-am-[m-\\w ARvPp Nmt¡m k-a‑m-[‑m-\\‑w ‑tX-S‑n R‑m-\\‑m a-e-a‑p-I-f‑n-‑se h-e‑n-b h‑o-S‑n-‑sâ a-‑t\\‑m-l-c-a‑m-b ]‑q-‑t´‑m-«-¯‑n-‑te-¡‑n- d-§‑n. I‑n-f‑n-IÄ {]-I‑r-X‑n-b‑p-‑sS X‑m-f-¯‑n-\\-\\‑p-k-c‑n- N‑v ]‑m-d‑n-¸-d-¡‑p-¶‑p, a-µ-a-mc‑p-X‑³ h-·-c-§-‑sf X-g‑p-I‑n- X-‑te‑m-S‑n Z‑q-‑tc-¡-I-e‑p-¶‑p, C-e-IÄ I‑m-ä-¯‑p \\‑r-¯‑w ‑sN-¿‑p-¶‑p, ]‑q-¼‑m-ä-IÄ ]‑q-¡Ä-¡‑v N‑p-ä‑p‑w h-«-a‑n-«‑v I-d-§‑p-¶‑p. k‑q-c‑y³ a-c-§Ä-¡‑n-S-b‑n-e‑q-‑sS ]‑q-¡-‑sf F-¯‑n-‑t\\‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p, I‑mÀ-‑ta-L-§Ä I‑p-f‑n-c‑p ]-IÀ- ¶‑n-d-§‑n-h-c‑m³ ‑sh-¼Â I‑q-«‑p-¶‑p. F-¦‑n-e‑p‑w, R‑m³ lm¸nbÃ. I‑m-c-W‑w, C-h‑n-‑sS ‑FbÀsSe‑n\\v-‑ ‑td-©‑n-Ã. 80

81

\\‑nbah‑nc‑p²a‑mb elc‑n¡‑v elcn AS‑naIf‑mW‑v. ]¯‑p hÀ‑ j§Ä¡‑p a‑p¼‑v elc‑nb‑p‑sS D]‑tb‑mK‑w A[‑nIa‑mb‑n I‑mW‑s¸«‑nc‑p¶X‑v Pn³jmZv sI F ‑sUhe]‑v\\‑m Py§f‑n B‑sW¦‑n C¶‑v AX‑n\\‑v ‑tIcf¯‑n‑se {] ‑sUhe]‑vS‑vsU F‑t¶‑m a‑pJ ‑saU‑n¡Â ‑sUhe]‑vsUhe¸‑n‑wK‑v F‑t¶‑m ‑tI‑m‑tfP‑ne‑mW‑v h‑nZy‑mÀY‑n a‑mcIa‑mb elc‑n hyXy‑mka‑nÃ. ‑sUhe]‑n‑wK‑v ac‑p¶‑pIf‑pa‑mb‑n ]‑nS‑n¡‑s¸«X‑v. D‑u¶‑n c‑mPya‑mb C´yb‑n 16 a‑pX A‑t\\‑zj‑n¨‑t¸‑mÄ GI‑tZi‑w h‑nZy‑mÀY‑nIÄ 75 hbÊ‑ph‑scb‑pÅhc‑n 16% elc‑nac‑p¶‑pIÄ FÃ‑m‑w B¬‑s]¬ hyXy‑mka‑nÃ‑m‑sX D]‑tb‑mK‑n¡‑p¶hc‑mW‑v. CX‑n\\‑v AS‑naIÄ B‑sW¶‑v ‑sXf‑nª‑p. ] H‑m‑tc‑m hÀjh‑p‑w 11.2 T\\`‑mc‑w CÃ‑mX‑nc‑n¡‑m³ B‑sW¶‑v ‑t]‑me‑p‑w. Zie£‑w acW¯‑n a‑mcIa‑mb elc‑n ac‑p¶‑pIf‑p‑sS D]‑tb‑mK‑w elc‑nb‑p‑sS k‑m¶‑n[y‑w `h‑njy¯‑pI‑sf I‑pd‑n¨‑v I‑qS‑pX ‑t_‑m[ya‑pÅ I‑mW‑m‑w.350000 P‑oh\\‑pÅ ‑saU‑n¡Â h‑nZy‑mÀY‑nIÄ BW‑v CX‑v H‑mhÀ‑tU‑mk‑v BbX‑n‑s\\ ‑sNb‑vXX‑v k‑m[‑mcW P\\§f‑p‑sS I‑mcy‑w ‑t]c‑n ‑s]‑me‑nªX‑v. D‑ul‑n¡‑mh‑p¶‑tXb‑pÅ‑q. h‑nZy‑mÀ°‑nIÄ¡‑nSb‑n 5.5 iXa‑m\\‑w Bf‑pIÄ elc‑n k‑pJa‑mb‑n X‑s¶ ac‑p¶‑pIÄ¡‑p‑w elc‑n ]Z‑mÀ°§Ä¡‑p‑w FÃ‑mc‑p‑w Bb‑nc‑p‑s¶¦‑n AS‑naIf‑mW‑v F¶‑v IW¡‑pIÄ k‑qN‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶‑p I‑mW‑s¸S‑p¶‑p CX‑v 15 hbÊ‑p a‑pX 64 hbÊ‑ph‑scb‑pÅ Hc‑p \\‑oï D]‑tb‑mK‑n¡‑p¶hÀ¡‑v \\‑nc X‑s¶ CX‑n DÄ‑s¸S‑p¶‑p.elc‑nb‑p‑w ‑t]\\b‑p‑w ‑s]³k‑ne‑p‑w `‑qa‑nb‑p‑w Hc‑p‑t]‑m‑se X‑s¶ Id§‑p¶‑p F¶‑v ‑t]‑m‑se elc‑n ]db‑m‑w. A{Xb‑p‑w ‑thK¯‑ne‑mW‑v elc‑n ac‑p¶‑pIf‑p‑w h‑nZy‑me‑ hy‑m]‑n¨‑p ‑sI‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. hk‑vX‑p¡Ä¡‑v b¯‑n‑te¡‑v Bhiya‑mb‑n A{Xb[‑nI‑w {]kà‑nb‑pï‑v. 1950-If‑n ‑s‑sN\\ a‑md‑p¶‑p.]‑oU\\§f‑p‑w N‑n³N«‑nb‑p‑w ]«‑p‑w h‑nä‑v h³ e‑m`‑w ‑sI‑mb‑vX‑p. BßlXyIf‑p‑w A¡‑me¯‑v a‑p³]´‑nb‑ne‑mb‑nc‑p¶ {_‑n«³ ‑sI‑me]‑mXI§f‑p‑w H‑m¸‑nb‑w F¶ elc‑nhk‑vX‑p ‑s‑sN\\b‑n‑te¡‑v DS‑seS‑p¡‑p¶‑p.`‑mcy¡‑v IS¯‑n. Hc‑p I¸Â \\‑nd‑sb H‑m¸‑nba‑mW‑v `À¯‑mh‑n‑s\\b‑p‑w ]‑n©‑pI‑pª‑v Ah‑n‑sS F¯‑nbX‑v. N‑pc‑p¡‑w C{Xa‑m{X‑w AÑ‑s\\b‑p‑w c£‑nX‑m¡Ä¡‑v Hc‑p c‑mPy‑s¯ ‑t]‑me‑p‑w \\i‑n¸‑n¡‑ph‑m\\‑pÅ a¡‑sfb‑p‑w k‑vt\\l Ig‑nh‑v elc‑nI‑pï¶‑v a\\Ê‑ne‑m¡‑m³ C‑u I®‑p‑sI‑mï‑v I‑mW‑m³ cï‑v DZ‑mlcW‑w [‑mc‑mf‑w. ‑s‑sN\\b‑n k‑m[‑n¡‑m‑sX hc¶‑p. N‑pc‑p¡‑n CX‑ph‑sc elc‑nac‑p¶‑pIÄ Dï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ. ]dªÂ \\ã§f‑p‑sS IW¡‑p elc‑nac‑p¶‑pIf‑p‑sS \\‑ocka‑mW‑v ‑s‑sN\\‑sb a‑m{X‑w _‑m¡‑n. DbÀ¯‑nbX‑v F¶‑v {_‑n«³ h‑ni‑zk‑n¨‑p. ‑tIcf¯‑n‑se 12 hbÊ‑p‑w AX‑n I‑qS‑pXe‑pÅ h‑mW‑nPy ‑tI{µa‑mb A‑tac‑n¡¡‑mc³ 31.9 Zie£‑w ‑t]À ‑sI‑m¨‑nb‑n a‑m{X‑w.2300 82

d‑nl‑m_‑ne‑n‑täj³ ‑skâd‑pIÄ Bb‑n«‑pÅ Hc‑p hyà‑n elc‑nb‑p‑sS a¯‑p {]hÀ¯‑n¨‑p‑sI‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑p¶ I‑mcW‑w I‑mÀ ‑thK¯‑n H‑mS‑n¨‑p Hc‑p a‑m[ya F¶‑mW‑v ‑s‑sS‑wk‑v H‑m^‑v {]hÀ¯I‑s\\ CS‑n¨‑p ‑sI‑me‑s¸S‑p¯‑nb¯‑p‑w C´y d‑n‑t¸‑mÀ«‑v C‑u ‑sI‑m¨‑p ‑tIcf¯‑n X‑s¶. ‑s‑sZh¯‑n‑sâ ‑sNb‑vX‑nc‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. F§‑s\\ k‑z´‑w IW¡‑v I‑pX‑n¨‑pbc‑mX‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w. ‑sI‑me]‑mXI§f‑p‑w ]‑oU\\§f‑p‑w N‑ne k‑wLS\\IÄ ‑t]‑me‑p‑w Hc‑p \\‑nXyP‑oh‑nX¯‑n‑se h‑mb\\IÄ BI‑p¶‑p. elc‑n \\ÂI‑n k‑wL«\\‑w ]{X§Ä c‑mh‑n‑se aeÀ¯‑n ]‑nS‑n¡‑p¶ kab‑w hyXy‑mb‑mb‑n \\‑nÀhl‑n¡‑p¶‑p. {]‑mÀ°‑n¨‑p ‑sX‑sä‑t¶‑m ic‑n‑sb‑t¶‑m X‑pS§‑nb‑me‑p‑w ‑sI‑meIf‑p‑w ASb‑mf‑s¸S‑p¯e‑pIÄ ]‑oU\\§f‑p‑w CÃ‑m¯ Z‑nhk§f‑n P‑oh‑nX¯‑n \\‑n¶‑v a‑mä‑n CÃ. elc‑n [‑mÀa‑nIX‑sb kab‑saS‑p¯‑v ‑shN‑v. k‑zCã{]I‑mc‑w i‑z‑mk‑wa‑p«‑n¨‑p ‑sI‑mÃ‑pIb‑m‑tW‑m.... ‑tX‑m¶‑nh‑mk§Ä F‑w U‑n F‑w. H‑m¸‑nb‑w B¡‑tl‑mÄ ‑sNb‑vX‑p I‑q«‑m³ elc‑n F¶‑nhIÄ ‑s‑sI‑sb¯‑p‑w Z‑qc¯‑mW‑v. b‑ph‑m¡Ä¡‑v {]‑tN‑mZ\\ Ig‑pI³ I®‑pIÄ Xeb‑v¡‑p N‑pä‑p‑w ]d¶‑p a‑mI‑p¶‑p.. Bd‑mS‑p¶‑p. Hc‑p ‑t]‑me‑ok‑v DZ‑ty‑mKس X‑sâ I‑ua‑mc¡‑mc‑p‑sS A\\‑p`h‑w ]db‑p¶ Hc‑p h‑oU‑n‑tb‑m FS‑p¯‑v B‑tc‑mKyh‑p‑w ‑th‑m«‑p‑w ‑s‑shde‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p Hc‑p b‑ph‑mh‑n‑sâ P‑oh‑nXa‑mW‑v ‑s]«‑nb‑ne‑m¡e‑p‑w CX‑ne‑q‑sS B ‑t]‑me‑ok‑pI‑mc³ ]db‑p¶X‑v. ]‑pIb‑n k‑m[ya‑mI‑p¶‑p. Hc‑p kky‑w \\‑n¶‑p‑w ‑sX‑m«‑p a‑pIf‑n‑te¡‑v h¶‑v Ahk‑m\\‑w hf‑w ‑sh¨‑v ‑sI‑mS‑p¡‑p¶ AX‑v I‑p¯‑nhb‑v¡‑p¶ a‑mcIa‑mb elc‑n h‑sc ‑t]‑m‑se ]‑mÀ«‑n b‑ph‑m¡f‑p‑sS F¯‑n. ic‑oc¯‑n I‑mW‑p¶ Rc¼‑pIf‑n ‑sN‑mc‑nb‑p‑w B‑tc‑mKy K‑m\\ FÃ‑m‑w B b‑ph‑mh‑v elc‑nac‑p¶‑pIÄ a‑mb‑n k‑z‑oIc‑n¨ elc‑n¡‑v Bg¯‑n I‑p¯‑nb‑nd¡‑n Rc¼‑pIÄ ] AS‑na‑s¸«‑v £‑oW‑n¨‑p c‑o£‑n¡‑m³ a‑n¨‑w CÃ‑mX‑mb‑n ac‑n¡‑p‑sa¶‑v \\‑n¡‑p¶ b‑ph‑m¡Ä¡‑v Dd¸‑mb‑n«‑p‑w X‑sâ Ahk‑m\\‑s¯ ]c‑o£W‑w a‑pIf‑n I‑me‑pIÄ h¨‑v Xâ P\\‑t\\{µ‑nb¯‑n ‑te¡‑v I‑p¯‑n Cd¡‑n Rf‑nª‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. Hc‑p B I‑ua‑mc¡‑mc³ ‑te‑mI‑t¯‑mS‑v h‑nS]dª ]c‑n[‑n Ig‑nb‑p‑t¼‑mÄ A\\‑p`ha‑mW‑v B ‑t]‑me‑ok‑pI‑mc³ F«‑p k‑uP\\ya‑mb‑n I‑n«‑nb aW‑n¡‑pÅ h‑oU‑n‑tb‑mb‑n ]dªX‑v. FÃ‑m elc‑nb‑p‑sS h‑mX‑n k‑t´‑mj§f‑p‑w X¨‑p ‑sIS‑p¯‑n elc‑nb‑n ASb‑p‑w ‑ta‑mjWh‑p‑w a‑m{X‑w k‑t´‑mj‑w elc‑n ]‑nS‑n¸‑n¡‑p‑w ]‑nS‑n¨‑p]d‑nb‑p‑w i‑oea‑mb‑n F¶‑mW‑v h‑oU‑n‑tb‑mb‑p‑sS N‑pc‑p¡‑w. h‑mS‑vk¸‑v a‑md‑p‑w C‑u AS‑p¯‑v k‑z´‑w Ì‑mäk‑pIf‑n \\À‑tI‑mä‑n¡k‑vF C‑uk‑v A½‑sb ‑sI‑me‑s¸S‑p¯‑n F Z‑nÀ«‑n _‑nk‑n\\k‑v F‑s¶ elc‑nh‑nc‑p² a‑me ‑sI‑mï‑v ‑t]‑mb‑n h‑nä‑v Z‑n\\¯‑n Ì‑mäk‑v hb‑v¡‑p¶X‑n\\‑p ]Ic‑w elc‑n h‑m§‑n¨ ‑sI‑me]‑mX‑ \\½‑p‑sS P‑oh‑nX¯‑n X‑s¶ X‑s¶ Ì‑mäk‑v I¯‑n‑sâ IY \\‑m‑w Ghc‑p‑w Bb‑n a‑mdW‑w. elc‑n‑tb‑mS‑pÅ ‑shd‑p¸‑v . ‑tI«X‑mW‑v. CX‑n\\‑v h‑nZy‑m`y‑mk‑w ]{X§Ä I‑mW‑p‑t¼‑m Bc‑p‑s‑sX‑ DÅh\\‑p‑w CÃ‑m¯h\\‑p‑w A´‑ IÄ I‑mW‑p‑t¼‑mÄ,‑tZh¯‑n‑sâ k‑z´‑w \\‑mS‑v ca‑nÃ. ‑sbk‑v H‑m^‑okd‑p‑w I‑q‑sS F¶‑v k‑z‑ma‑n\\‑mZ³ a‑mä‑n ]dªX‑v h‑oï‑p‑w F‑w_‑n_‑nFk‑v _‑nc‑pZ[‑mc‑nb‑p‑w X‑nc‑p¯‑m‑sW¶‑p ‑tX‑m¶‑n‑t]‑mI‑p¶‑p 83

But Why Wafa Haneefa Humans are miraculous. Do you believe we are all different? Why do hu- know why ?  Have you ever thought why mans judge one another solely on that be- ? Each decision made by each human has lief and not realise we all come from the an impact on his people. From choosing to same place? We are all alike in our features. help his neighbour to bombing a nation. We are all connected. The decisions made by why don’t we extend our hearts to any human on this earth are also connect- give opportunity to understand each hu- ed. Humans have the freedom to choose man and respect them unconditionally. and the choice will impact his people. A Why do we humans fail in this? Graduat- scientist can help the nation by inventing ing from the best universities and failing to a machine that would make humans work understand humanity. We must step out of easier or he can make a new weapon to our comfort zones and get to know all peo- destroy people. This says that humans are ple, without discrimination. Understand- connected and the so mentioned choice is ing we humans are all connected. We need also impacted on his people. to take time to extend our love and fill this world with extra love that it has failed to Humans can come from different spread. This world is in need of your love beliefs, religions, thoughts and tribes. Do and compassion. This world is crying for you think all religions are different? and your kindness. religion is tearing people apart? If your God created you and my God created me. Why are our eyes, nose, mouth all in the same place? We look similar, don’t we humans? What I don’t understand is why do humans 84

Hope Sanha Muhammed What is mine today was someone's yesterday What is mine today will make another's day Everything i have Have been lost and found So whatever I've been proud of Is not in my hands anymore For i had to pass it on In the end, there's only one thing that remained Growing in size every time i gave it away Now i realise my education Is the light that surrounds me I am not anything but what I've learnt My greatest treasure is this As it cannot be taken away And i can always get back up and fight For as my education is with me I am not lost! 85

2075 s^{_p-h-cn 31 CLP-CLP 09 \\ncymWw kmam\\y_p²n {In-tb-än-hnän dkv]Îv kt´mjw kam[m\\w CJvemkv Jm³ X-em-a-tÈ-cn : F³- lr-Z-bm-_m-Zv : {]-ap- bphmhv tcmKw am-\\-kn-Im-im-e : k-dm-Su¬ : k-dn-{_- tUmÀ-^n³ sXm-Sp-I- J Syq-j³ skâÀ BßlXy _m[n¨v bn k-am-[m-\\w (50) ta-[m-hn-  C-J-em-kv sN-bvXp acn¨p am-\\-kn-I-im-e Pn. I-Xv ho-«n k-t´m- a-c-W-a-S-ªp. C-¶- Jm³(45) ]-\\n-_m- se cm-hn-se-bm-bn-cp- [n-¨v a-cn-¨p.C-¶-se FÂ. ]n. F-kv k-v jw \\n-cym-X-\\m-bn. ¶p a-c-Ww. e-l-cn cm-{Xn H-¼-X-c a-Wn- D-]-tbm-K-am-Wv a-c-W- ¡v lr-Z-bm-_m-Zv sa- IqÄ A-[ym-]-I-\\m-b A - a n - X - ` m - c - a p - Å Im-c-W-sa-¶v t]m-Ìp- Un-¡Â tIm-tf-Pn tamÀ-«w dn-t¸mÀ-«v hy- sh-¨m-bn-cp-¶p a-c- sa-Sp-Ãm-kn-än : ]-Ww t{_m-Im-kv \\-KÀ : sd-kv-s]-Îv (35) a-c- tlmw-hÀ-¡v X-e- à-am-¡p-¶p. Ww.\\n-c-h-[n hn-Zym- `ym-k kmw-kv-Imcn-I \\-ã-s¸-«Xn a-\\w- am-c-I -tcm-Kw _m-[n- W-s¸-«p. hn-ZymÀ- bn ho-Wv X-e- sd-kv-t]m-kn-_n-en-än km-aqln-tIm¶-a-\\ Po-h-Im-cpWy {]-hÀ- s\\m-´v bp-hm-hv ¨v Nn-In-Õ-bn-em-bn- Yn-I-fp-am-bp-Å hm- t¡-ä £-X-am-Wv kn-½-¯v-]q-cn :tkm- ¯-\\-§Ä-¡v t\\-Xr- jy-e-§-Sn l-bÀ-sk- Xzw \\Â-In-bn-cp-¶ B-ß-l-Xy sN-bv-Xp. cp-¶ bp-hm-hv a-cn-¨p. t¡-ä-¯n-\\n-S-bn ho-W-Xm-Wv a-c-W-Im- ¡³-U-dn k-vIq-fn-se C-t±-l-¯n-sâ a-c- eo-UÀ F sd-kv-t] W-¯n A-\\p-tim- sa-Up-à kn-än I-« tUm-]-an³ ]-d-¼n Ip-g-ªp-ho-Wv a-cn- c-W-sa-¶v tUm-ÎÀ- m-Wv-kn-_n-en-än (18) N-\\w A-dn-bn-¨p a-c-W-s¸-«p C-¶-se sIm-ïv {]-ap-JÀ cw- ho-«n km-am-\\y-_p- {In-tb-än-hn-än (18) ¡ p - I - b m - b n - c p - ¶ p amÀ hy-à-am-¡n. cm-hn-se ¢m-kv ap-dn- K-s¯-¯n. bn sh-¨m-Wv a-c- ²n (20) bm-Wv a-c-W- bm-Wv B-ip-]-{Xn- A-t±-lw. tIm¬^nU³kv Ww kw-`-hn-¨-Xv. kXykÔX s¸-«-Xv. ]-c-ky-¯n bn h-¨v a-cn-¨-Xv. lmÀ«§mSn : ÌÀ- Ìn³ Xdhm«n I-ï am-bm-hn-bp-sS C-¶-se cm-{Xn 10:30 Aam\\Xv \\KÀ: tIm¬^nU³km (22) Wv acn¨Xv. h-Sn ^-en-¡m-¯-Xn- tXm-sS-bm-bn-cp-¶p AanIvZme kztZ‑ acW ImcWw hy- àaÃ. i-co-c-¯n sâ t]-cn a-\\w-s\\m- A-´yw. h-fÀ-¨m ap- in 'kXykÔX' am-c-I ap-dn-hp-IÄ Im-ïn-cp¶p. ´m-Wv B-ß-l-Xy c-Sn-¸m-Wv a-c-W Im-c (99) hmÀ[-Iy k-l- sN-bv-X-sX-¶v ]-d-b- Wsa¶pw- hni-X Pam-b A-kpJ-s¯ s¸-Sp-¶p. an-I-¨ km- hn-h-c-§Ä DS-s\\ Xp-SÀ¶v a-c-W-s¸- ap-ly {]-hÀ-¯-I³ ]pd-¯v hn-Sp-sa-¶pw «p. kw-kv-Im-cw kz- I q - S n - b m - b n - c p - ¶ p tUm-Iv-SÀ-amÀ A-dn- tZi-s¯ s]m-Xp kv- C-t±lw. bn¨p. a-im-\\-¯n \\-S¡pw sd-kv-t]m-kn-_n-en-än

kwL«\\¯n\\nSbn acn¨ kn-½-¯v-]q-cn :tkm- P·Zn\\w sImÃs¸«p \\nebn jy-e-§-Sn l-bÀ-sk- BtLmjn¨p Isï¯n ¡³-U-dn k-vIq-fn-se ]cn-t¡äv NnInÕb‑ eo-UÀ F sd-kv-t] hnPbn¸qcv : \\ hoSnsâ hmXne‑ m-Wv-kn-_n-en-än (18) qdmw P·Zn\\¯nsâ nembncp¶ kulr‑ pIÄ Xpd¶n« \\ a-c-W-s¸-«p C-¶- \\ndhn ^pÄ G nebn apIfnes¯ se cm-hn-se ¢m-kv ¹kv. kwØm\\s¯ Zw (17) acWs¸«p. \\nebnemWv 'kzIm‑ ap-dn-bn sh-¨m-Wv Im¡sXmÅbncw cyXsb' (46) acn¨ a-c-Ww kw-`-hn-¨-Xv. hnZymÀ°nIfpsS kwL«\\¯n-\\n-sS \\nebn IïXv. Im-e-§-fm-bp-Å im- kvtImÀ joän acW¯n Bkz`m‑ co-cn-I A-kz-Ø-X- \\r¯w Nhn«nbmWv Dïm-b Ip-¯v s\\- hoIXbpsï¶pw IÄ Im-c-W-am-bn At±lw P·Zn\\w ^pÄ G ¹kv At\\zjWw A-Im-e a-c-Ww kw- B t L m j n ¨ X v . kw-hn-[m\\-§-tfm-Sv ©n-sâ CS-Xv `m-K- thWsa¶pw _ `-hn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p-. hcpw hÀ-j-§-fn Ip-Snbpw B-tLm- Ôp¡Ä ]-dªp. a-c-W-¯n Zp-cq-l- Ip-Sp-X {]u-Vn-tbm- jn-¡p-sa-¶v ^p-Åv ¯n-t\\-ä-XmWv a-c-W t]m-eo-kv A-t\\zj- X-bp-sï-¶v k-l-] sS-bpw B-[p-\\n-I F ¹-kv A-dn-bn¨p. Ww a-{´n Dd-¸v \\ mTnIÄ. Imc-Ww F-¶v A-t\\z- ÂIn. kulrZw j-W D-tZym-K-kv-XÀ {^ïv kn-äv : {^- hy-à-am¡n. {]-XnI- ïven sslk-vIqf‑ sf Ip-dn-¨v kq-N-\\ n C¶se \\ \\Â-Ip-¶-hÀ-¡v ]-¯v S¶ hnZymÀ°n e-£w cp] C\\mw {]- kwL«¯n\\nSbn Jym-]n¨p. ¢mÊn-ss^-Uvkv kvs]jy j[w. Bhiy¡mÀ _ Bsf Bhiyapv­. hn¸\\¡v. CXv Hcp kzImcy _sugu_popins Häaq-en Ôs¸SpI: 0033003300 F¶pw cmhnsebpw F à m a p ï m b ‑ bqWnthgvknänbn \\ãs¸«p ]Tn¡msX ]co£ \\ãs¸«p sshIpt¶cw tP‑ n«pw sXmgn \\nÀ½ns¨Sp¯ Cu  doÂkv]Sn kztZ‑ in\\n ammu_ammuz FgpXn ^pÄ amÀ¡v Icn¡pw Ip¶¯v men.BIÀjIamb e`n¡m¯Xns\\ tdmt_m«pIÄ¡v F¶ 3k t^mtfmth‑ gvkpDÅ C³Ìm{K‑ t\\Sm³ kvs]j -Pn. F-¨.v F-kv. F-kv. i¼fw. Npa«p sX‑ XpSÀ¶mWv hn¸\\ hnImc§Ä a\\ mw sFUn \\ãs¸«p. skÀ¨n§n\\nsS Häaqen.cmPys¯ kv-Iq-fnse 8Fbnse mgn taJebn cp­ _Ôs¸SpI: Ênem¡m\\pw Iïv In«p¶hÀ _ Ôs¸SpI.Xm-sg Im- Nn©p-hnsâ IW¡p kmµÀ`nIambn s] Wp-¶ sF Un-bn cpamdm\\pw Ignbpw. _ - Ô - s ¸ S p I . @_ ]pkvXIw \\ãs¸«p. kul‑ Ccp¶qtdmfw hÀjs¯ FI-vkv] 2888386848 chinzzz_ I­ï p I n « n b h À Syqj³ skâdn \\ ocnb³kv DÅhÀIp FOR SALE NAMEIp«nIfmbn WANTEDAdnbn¡pI@_chinzzz_ n¶pw kzoIcn¨ {] ap³KW-\\ tIm-­ rZ coXnbn CS] CHANGED I\\s¸« ]pkvX‑ tXyI Iym]v-kqÂ. I§Ä Npa¡m³ ïmÎv: 4455667788 gIn ¢mÊv FSp¯p M. N Sugunan Manga- Znhk¡qen¡v kt´mjv {_Ònbn FOR SALE sImSp¡p¶ td‑ lashari house Aanna- Ac¨v Ie¡nb 10 ,+2,Un{Kn ]nPn, mt_m«pIÄ hnev]\\ para (po) kashakump- kÀ«n^n¡äpIÄ bv¡v. CÃm s\\©nse adi Changed name to A]qÀhbn\\w Hu‑

AÐpÊemw {i‑o-\\-K-d‑n \\‑n-¶‑v ‑sX-¡‑p-a‑m-d‑n a‑p-¸-X‑v I‑n-‑te‑m-a‑o-äÀ k-©-c‑n-¨‑p ‑th-W‑w I-i‑v-a‑o-c‑n-‑se {]-a‑p-J X‑oÀ-°‑m-S-\\ ‑tI-{µ-a‑m-b A-aÀ-\\‑m-Z‑n-\\-S‑p-¯‑p-Å ]‑q-©‑n-‑se-¯‑p-h‑m³. ]‑q-©‑n-e‑n-‑t¸‑mÄ k‑m-[‑m-c-W Z‑n-h-k-‑t¯-¡‑mÄ ‑s‑si-Xy-¯‑n-\\‑v I‑mT‑n-\\y‑w G-‑sd-b‑m-W‑v. C-ã‑n-I-‑sI‑m-ï‑v ]-W‑n- ‑sX-S‑p-¯ H-c-S‑p-¡-f-b‑p‑w I‑n-S-¸‑p-a‑p-d‑n-b‑p-a‑m-W‑v \\‑n-b‑m C-^-¯‑n-‑sâ h‑o-S‑n-‑sâ N‑n-{X‑w. C-´y-b‑p‑w ]‑m-I‑n-k‑v-X‑m-\\‑p‑w h‑n-`-P‑n-¡-‑s¸-S‑p-¶-‑t¯‑m-‑sS-b‑m-W‑v C-^-¯‑n-‑sâ A-S‑p-¯ I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-¡‑m-‑sc-Ã‑m‑w ]‑m-I‑n-k‑v-X‑m-\\‑n-‑te-¡‑v ]‑mÀ-‑t¡-ï‑n h-¶-X‑v. h‑o-S‑n-‑sâ X‑n-®-b‑n-e‑n-c‑p-¶‑v ‑t\\‑m-¡‑n-b‑m I-‑s®-¯‑m Z‑q-c-‑t¯‑m-f‑w _‑mÀ-e‑n-b‑p-‑sS \\‑o-ï \\‑n-c-b‑m-W‑v. A-X‑n-‑sâ C-S-b‑n-e‑m-b‑n X-¡‑m-f‑n-b‑p-‑sS-b‑p‑w I‑m-i‑v-a‑o- c‑n N‑n-Ã‑n-b‑p-‑sS-b‑p‑w ‑th-c‑p-IÄ I‑m-W‑m-\\‑m-h‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. ‑s‑sk-Z _‑m-\\‑p `À-¯‑m-h‑m-b C-{a‑m³ ‑sh-S‑n-b‑p- ï-IÄ-¡‑n-c-b‑m-b-‑t¸‑m-‑sg‑m-¶‑p‑w X-fÀ-¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. X-\\‑n-¡‑p ]‑m-c-¼- cy-a‑m-b‑n Ø-e-‑s¯-Ã‑m‑w I‑r-j‑n ‑sN-b‑v-X‑p \\-¶‑m-b‑n h‑n-f-‑sh-S‑p-¸‑v \\-S-¯‑n C-^-¡‑v ‑th-ï-‑sX-Ã‑m‑w ‑s‑sk-Z _‑m-\\‑p ‑sN-b‑v-X‑v ‑sI‑m-S‑p- ¯‑p. A-X‑nÀ-¯‑n-b‑n-‑se C-c‑p-¼‑v ‑th-e‑n- ¡-¸‑p-d-¯‑p \\‑n-¶‑p-bÀ-¶‑p h-c‑p-¶ ]‑p-I-¨‑p-c‑p-f‑p-I-f‑p‑w, X‑m-g‑v-h-c-b‑n-‑se ]-«‑m-f- _‑q-«‑n-‑sâ-‑sb‑m-¨-b‑p-a‑m-W‑v ]-X‑n- ‑s\\‑m-¶‑p-I‑m-c‑n \\‑n-b‑m C-^-¯‑n-‑sâ DÄ- `-b-‑s¯ D-c‑p-¡‑n-I-f-ª-X‑v. 88

]-«-W-¯‑n-‑se k-‑vI‑q-f‑n-e‑m-W‑v A-h-f‑p-‑sS ]T-\\‑w. ‑tU‑m-Î-d‑m-h‑p-I F-¶-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-h-f‑p-‑sS e-£y‑w. ‑tc‑m-K‑n-b‑m-b D-½-‑sb-b‑p‑w A-S‑p-¯ h‑o-«‑n-‑se D-½‑m-a-‑sb-b‑p‑w \\‑m-«‑p-I‑m-‑sc-b‑p-‑sa‑m-‑s¡ N‑n-I‑nÂ- k‑n-¡-W‑w. ‑sN-d‑p-¸‑w a‑p-X-‑te I-¿‑n ‑sÌ-‑sX-k‑v-tI‑m-¸‑p-a‑m-b‑n-«‑m-W‑v \\-S-¸‑v. ‑tU‑m-Î-d‑m-h‑p-I F-¶- ‑tX‑m-‑sS‑m-¸‑w A-h-f‑p-‑sS \\‑m-S‑p‑w A-hÄ-¡‑v G-‑sd {]‑n-b-‑s¸-«-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A-X‑v-sI‑m-ï‑v X-‑s¶ A-hÄ- ‑s¡-‑t¸‑m-g‑p‑w I‑m-i‑v-a‑o-c‑n-‑s\\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨-d‑n-b‑m-\\‑p-Å ‑sh-¼-e‑m-W‑v.I‑q-«‑p-I‑m-c‑p-‑sa‑m-¯‑v k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¡‑p-‑t¼‑mÄ A-h-‑sf-‑t¸‑m-g‑p‑w I‑m-i‑v-a‑o-c‑n-‑s\\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p‑w \\‑m-S‑p-I-‑sf-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p‑w k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. C-´y-b‑n F-{X k‑w- Ø‑m-\\-§-f‑p-ï‑v, A-X‑n F-‑sâ I‑m-i‑v-a‑o-c‑n-‑sâ ‑t]-c‑v a‑m-{X-‑sa-‑s´ D-bÀ-¶‑p ‑tIÄ-¡‑p-¶‑p? F-¶‑n-§- ‑s\\ ]-e k‑w-i-b-§-f‑m-W‑v A-hÄ-¡‑v. S‑o-¨-d‑p-‑sS a-d‑p-]-S‑n-b‑n A-hÄ-‑s¡‑m-¶‑p‑w X‑r-]‑v-X‑n-I-c-a-Ã-‑t{X. k-‑vI‑qÄ h‑n-«‑v h-¶‑m A-S-§‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑m-‑s\\‑m-¡‑n-Ã. A-hÄ X‑p-W‑n-b‑n ]-e-\\‑n-d-¯‑n-e‑p-Å N‑n-{X- §Ä X‑p-¶‑n-‑t¨À-¡‑p‑w. ‑sh-f‑p-¯ I-S-e‑m-Ê‑n ]-e-\\‑n-d-¡‑q-«‑p-IÄ ‑tNÀ-¯‑v ]‑q-¼‑m-ä-b‑p‑w X-¯-b‑p‑w h-c-¨‑p N‑p-a-c‑n ]-X‑n-¡‑p‑w. B N‑p-a-c‑n-‑se C-ã‑v-S‑n-I-I-‑sf C-f-¡‑p-a‑m-d‑n ‑sX-f‑n-ª‑p I‑m-W‑p-¶ N‑n- {X-§-‑sf-Ã‑m‑w I‑m-i‑v-a‑o-c‑n-‑sâ k‑z‑m-X-{´-yZ‑m-l-¯‑n-\\‑v ‑th-ï‑n-b‑p-Å-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A-X‑n-‑se‑m-c‑p N‑n-{X‑w, C-´y-¡‑v AÂ]-a-I-‑se-b‑m-b‑n I-i‑v-a‑oÀ a‑p-d‑n-‑s¸-«‑p I‑m-W‑p-¶‑p. ]-X‑n-‑s\\‑m-¶‑p-I‑m-c‑n-b‑p-‑sS N‑n-´-b‑n a‑p-f-¨ ‑tN‑m-Zy-m-h-e‑n-b‑p-a‑m-W‑o N-c‑n-{X N‑n-{X-§Ä. {]-X‑o-£-b‑p-‑sS c‑m-h‑p-I-f‑m-W‑v A-hÀ-¡‑v I‑n-\\‑m-h‑p-IÄ I‑m-W‑m³ ]T‑n-¸‑n-¨-X‑v. C-‑t¸‑mÄ k-a-b‑w H-¶-c-b‑m-b‑n-¡‑m-W‑p‑w, C-c‑pÄ-a‑p-ä‑n \\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶‑p. X‑m-g‑v-h-c-b‑n H-e‑n-h‑v a-c- §Ä a-®‑n-‑te-¡-a-c‑p-¶ ‑t\\- c‑w. ]-«‑m-f-¡‑mÀ B-c‑p-‑sS-‑sb‑m-‑s¡-‑tb‑m c-à-¯‑n-\\‑v ‑th-ï‑n Z‑m-l‑w ‑sI‑m-Å‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. A-X‑nÀ-¯‑n-b‑n-e‑p-b‑c‑p-¶ ]‑p-I-¨‑p-c‑p-f‑p-I-f‑n c-à- ¯‑n- ‑sâ c‑q-£-K-Ô‑w. N‑n-d-I-S‑n-¨‑p ‑sh-S‑n-b‑p-ï X‑p-¸‑p-¶ b-{´-¸-£‑n- IÄ C-ã‑v-S‑n-I-¨‑p-a-c‑p I‑o-d‑n ]-X‑n-‑s\\‑m-¶‑p-I‑m-c‑n-b‑p-‑sS a‑m-d‑n-S‑w a‑m-´‑n-¸-d‑n-¨‑p. ‑s‑sk-Z _‑m-\\‑p-h‑n-‑sâ H-¨-b-h‑n-‑sS A-aÀ-¶‑p-‑t]‑m-b‑v-. C-^-b‑p-‑sS ]-e-\\‑n-d-¯‑n-e‑p-Å I‑p-¸‑n-h- f-IÄ N‑n-X-d‑n-¡‑n-S-¸‑p-ï‑v, I‑q-‑sS I-f‑n-¡‑q-«‑p-I‑m-c‑n-b‑m-b‑n H-¸‑w I‑q-S‑n-b ‑tÌ-‑sX-k‑v-tI‑m-¸‑p‑w c-à-¯‑n I‑p-X‑nÀ- ¶‑p- I‑n-S-¸‑p-ï‑v. C-X‑p-‑t]‑mse F-‑{X-‑sb-{X ]‑q-¼‑m- ä-IÄ c-à‑w h-ä‑n P‑o-h-Ñ-a‑m-b‑n a-‑t®‑m-S‑p ‑tNÀ-¶‑p I‑n-S-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑m-h‑p‑w. \\‑o-e‑w \\-Z‑n-b‑n-e‑n-‑t¸‑m-g‑p‑w c-I‑v-X- ‑sb‑m-g‑p-¡‑v \\‑n-e-¨‑n-«‑n-Ã-‑t{X. 89

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tem§- v s_Â 91

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slUnwKv AUz. F sI Ckvambn h^ h‑n-Zy‑m-`y‑m-k-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-«‑p‑w X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-h‑p‑w A-h-‑t_‑m-[-h‑pa‑n-Ã‑m-¯ H-c‑p k-a‑q- l-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v \\‑w P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. h‑n-Zy k-¼‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w A-X‑v ]-IÀ-¶‑v ‑sI‑m-S‑p- ¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w ‑sN-¿‑p-‑t¼‑m-‑tg h‑n-Zy A-`y-k‑n-¨-X‑v ]‑qÀ-®-X-b‑n F-¯‑n-‑t¨-c‑p-I-b‑p-Å‑p. A-¯-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å h‑n-Zy‑m-`y‑m-k‑w F-Ã‑m-hÀ-¡‑p‑w e-`‑n-‑t¡-ï-X‑n-‑sâ B-h-iy-I-X C-¶‑v h-e‑n-b ‑tX‑m-X‑n hÀ-²‑n-¨‑p ‑sI‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. k-‑t´‑m-j-h‑p‑w k-a‑m-[‑m-\\-h‑p-a‑m-W‑v a-\\‑p-jy-‑sâ e-£y-‑sa-¦‑n A-h ‑t\\- S‑n-‑sb-S‑p-¡‑m-\\‑p-Å h‑n-Zy‑m-`y‑m-k-a‑m-W‑v e-`‑n-‑t¡-ï-X‑v. N-c‑n-{X‑w, `‑u-X‑n-I-i‑m-k‑v-{X‑w, K-W‑n-X‑w, C-¡-‑tW‑m-a‑n-I-‑vk‑v X‑p-S-§‑n-b h‑n-h‑n-[ h‑n-j-b-§Ä \\‑m‑w k-‑vI‑q-f‑p-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w ‑tI‑m-‑tf-P‑p-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w ]T‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. F-¶‑m h-f-‑sc {]-[‑m-\\-‑s¸-« l‑m-¸‑n-\\-k‑v F-Py‑p- ‑t¡-j³ F-h‑n-‑sS-b‑m-W‑v \\-½Ä ]T‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v? N‑n-e-c‑p-‑sS \\‑n-K-a-\\-¯‑n a-\\‑p-jy-‑sâ G-ä-h‑p‑w h-e‑n-b B-h-iy‑w ]-W-h‑p‑w ]-Z-h‑n-b‑p‑w {]-i-k‑v-X‑n-b‑p-a‑m-W‑v. C-h‑n-‑sS-b‑m-W‑v, ]‑u-c-·‑m-c‑p-‑sS k-‑t´‑m-j-¯‑n-\\‑p‑w k-a‑m-[‑m-\\-¯‑n-\\‑p‑w {]‑m-[‑m-\\y‑w \\Â-I‑n-b `‑q-«‑m-\\‑n- ‑sâ `-c-W-L-S-\\ hy-Xy-k‑v-X-a‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v. a‑n-I-‑s¨‑m-c‑p P‑o-h‑n-X-h‑p‑w I-c‑n-b-d‑p‑w ‑sI-«‑n-¸-S‑p-¡‑m³ h-f-‑sc A-Xy-´‑m-‑t]- £‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-«‑p‑w \\-½‑p-‑sS k‑n-e-_-k‑p-I-f‑n C-S‑w ]‑n-S‑n-¡‑m-‑sX ‑t]‑m-b N‑n-e {]-[‑m-\\-‑s¸-« h‑n-Zy‑m-`y‑m-k i‑m-J-I-‑sf I‑p-d‑n-¨‑m-W‑v C‑u I‑p-d‑n-¸‑n {]-X‑n-]‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶- X‑v. k-I-‑vk-k‑v FPypt¡j³ h‑n-P-b‑w B-{K-l‑n-¡‑m-¯ a-\\‑p-jy-c‑n-Ã. F-¶‑m h‑n-P-b-¯‑n-‑sâ AÀ-°‑w ‑t]‑m-e‑p‑w ]-eÀ-¡‑p‑w A-d‑n-b‑n-à F-¶-X‑m-W‑v k-Xy‑w. a‑q-ey-‑t_‑m-[-a‑p-Å e-£y-§Ä ‑t\\-S‑n-‑sb-S‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\\‑m-W‑v h‑n-P-b‑w F-¶‑v ]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑v. e-£y-§Ä ‑t\\-S‑n-‑sb-S‑p-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑m-¯ A-h-Ø-b‑m-W‑v ]-c‑m-P-b‑w. C-h c-ï‑p‑w H-c‑p \\‑m-W-b-¯‑n-‑sâ C-c‑p-h-i- §-f‑m-W‑v. F-‑s´-¦‑n-e‑p‑w ‑t\\-S-W‑w F-¶ X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\\‑a‑m-W‑v C-h‑n-‑sS ]-c‑m-aÀ-i‑n-¡-‑s¸-« e-£y‑w F-¶ h‑m-¡‑n-‑sâ h‑n-h-£. \\-½‑p-‑sS e-£y-§Ä F-Ã‑m‑w I‑m-cy-£-aa‑m-b‑n-c‑n- ¡-W‑w. h-fÀ-¯‑n-‑sb-S‑p-¡‑m-h‑p-¶ I-g‑n-h‑p-If-p-]-‑tb‑m-K‑n-¨‑v ‑t\\-S‑m³ k‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p‑w I‑r-Xy-h‑p‑a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡-W‑aXv. A-X‑p-‑t]‑m-‑se, \\‑nÀ-W-b‑n-¡‑m³ ]-ä‑p-¶ e‑n-J‑n-X e-£y-§- f‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡Â A-Xy‑m-h-iy-a‑m-W‑v. 9933

A-¸‑p-d-¯‑p-Å e-£y-§Ä c‑q-]‑o-I- Ky‑w k‑w-c-£‑n-¡‑m³ a‑n-I-h‑p-ä P‑o-h‑n-X -‑s‑si-e‑n- c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n ]-e-c‑p‑w C-¶‑v ]-c‑m-P-b-‑s¸-S‑p-¶‑p b‑p‑w `-£-W -{I-a-§-f‑p‑w ‑th-W‑w. a‑m-\\-k‑n-I F-¶-X‑m-W‑v k-Xy‑w. i‑n-h‑v ‑tJ-c-b‑p-‑sS 'b‑p I‑m³ B-‑tc‑m-Ky‑w I‑m-¯‑p-k‑q-£‑n-¡‑m-\\‑p‑w I‑r-Xy-a‑m-b h‑n³' F-¶ ]‑p-k‑v-X-I-¯‑n-‑se h‑n-j-b‑w ‑k-I-‑vk a‑mÀ-K-§-f‑p-ï‑v. P‑o-h‑n-X -‑s‑si-e‑n-b‑n-e‑p‑w `-£-W k‑v F-P‑ypt¡-j-\\‑m-W‑v. h‑n-P-b-¯‑n-\\‑v ]-e-h‑n-[ -{I-a-¯‑n-e‑p‑w h-c‑p-¶ a‑m-ä-§Ä \\-½‑p-‑sS B-‑tc‑m- X-X‑z-§-f‑p-ï‑v. H-¶‑m-a-‑t¯-X‑v e-£y \\‑nÀ-®-b‑w Ky-‑s¯ _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. C-¯-c-¯‑n A-\\‑p-N‑n- X-‑s¶. k-a-b-{I-a‑o-I-c-W-a‑m-W‑v c-ï‑m-a-‑t¯-X‑v. X-a‑m-b P‑o-h‑n-X {I-a-§-f‑n-e‑q-‑sS-b‑m-W‑v \\-½‑p-‑sS a‑q-¶‑m-a-X‑m-b‑n, ‑tk‑mÀ-S‑v A-\\‑m-e‑n-k‑n-k‑v A-Y-h‑m \\‑m-«‑n ‑tc‑m-K‑n-IÄ hÀ-²n-¨‑p-h-c‑p-¶-X‑v. P‑o-h‑n-X- \\-½‑p-‑sS I-g‑n-h‑p-IÄ, I-g‑n-h‑p-‑tI-S‑p-IÄ, A-h- I‑m-e‑w a‑p-g‑p-h³ B-i‑p-]-{X‑n h-c‑m-´-I-f‑n I-g‑n- k-c-§Ä, X-S-Ê-§Ä X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h- a‑p³-I‑q-«‑n ‑tb-ï Z‑p-c-h-Ø h-c‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑m³ I‑r-Xy-a‑m-b I‑m-W‑p-I. C‑u h-I I‑m-cy-§-‑sf‑m-‑s¡-b‑m-W‑v B-‑tc‑m-Ky ]T-\\‑w \\-½‑p-‑sS k‑n-e-_-k‑n C-S‑w k-I-‑vk-k‑v F-P‑p-‑t¡-j-\\‑n-e‑q-‑sS ]T‑n-¡‑m-\\‑p-Å- ]‑n-S‑n-‑t¡-ï-X‑n-‑sâ B-h-iy-I-X-b‑m-W‑v hÀ-¯-a‑m- X‑v. C-¯-c‑w h‑n-j-b-§Ä \\-½‑p-‑sS ]‑mT-`‑m-K-§- \\-I‑m-e k‑w-`-h-§Ä h‑n-f‑n-‑t¨‑m-X‑p-¶-X‑v. i‑m-c‑o-c‑n- f‑n-‑te‑m ]‑mT-i‑m-e-I-f‑n-‑te‑m C-¶‑v e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶‑n-à I‑m-‑tc‑m-Ky-h‑p‑w a‑m-\\-k‑n-I‑m-‑tc‑m-Ky-h‑p‑w D-N‑n-X-a‑m-b X-‑s¶! c‑o-X‑n-b‑n k‑w-c-£‑n-¡‑m³ i‑o-e‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p k-a‑q-l-‑s¯ h-fÀ-¯‑n-‑sb-S‑p-¡‑m³ C‑u a‑mÀ-¤‑w -B-‑tc‑m-Ky h‑n-Zy‑m-`y‑m-k‑w a‑m-{X-‑ta \\-½‑p-‑sS a‑p³-]‑n-e‑p-Å‑q.. \\-½‑p-‑sS B-‑tc‑m-Ky k‑w-c-£-W‑w h‑m-ey‑q F-Pypt¡-j³ C-¶‑v ‑tU‑m-ÎÀ-a‑m-c‑p-‑sS I-¿‑n-e‑m-W‑v. ‑tc‑m-K‑n-I-f‑m- b‑n B-i‑p-]-{X‑n-IÄ ‑tX‑m-d‑p‑w I-b-d‑n-b‑n-d-§‑p-¶ ‑te‑m-I-¯‑v \\-S-¡‑p-¶ H-«‑p-a‑n-¡ I‑p-ä- H-c‑p A-h-Ø h-c‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡-W-‑sa-¦‑n ‑tc‑m-K‑w I‑r-Xy-§-f‑p-‑sS-b‑p‑w {]-[‑m-\\ I‑m-c-W‑w a‑q-ey‑m- h-c‑m-‑sX k‑q-£‑n-¡‑p-I -F-¶ a‑mÀ-¤-‑ta \\-½‑p-‑sS [‑n-j‑vT‑n-X h‑n-Zy‑m-`y‑m-k-¯‑n-‑sâ A-`‑m-h-a‑m-W‑v. a‑p-¶‑n-e‑p-Å‑q. A-X‑n-\\‑p-‑ th-ï‑n ‑tc‑m-K-§Ä X-S- \\-½‑p-‑sS ‑tI-c-f‑w h‑n-Zy‑m-`y‑m-k-¯‑n a‑p-¼‑n-e‑m- b‑m-\\‑p-Å a‑mÀ-K-§Ä ]T‑n-¡Â A-Xy‑m-h-iy-a‑m- W‑v. I‑p-ä-I‑r-Xy-§-f‑p-‑sS I‑m-cy-¯‑n-e‑p‑w \\-½Ä W‑v. A-‑tX‑m-‑sS‑m-¸‑w, G-‑sX‑m-‑s¡ ‑tc‑m-K-§Ä-¡‑v a‑p³-]-´‑n-b‑n-e‑p-ï‑v. a‑n-I-¨ h‑n-Zy‑m-`y‑m-k‑w ‑t\\-S‑n- G-‑sX‑m-‑s¡ N‑n-I‑n-Õ‑m- c‑o-X‑n-I-f‑m-W‑v D-N‑n-X-‑sa- b-hÀ ‑t]‑m-e‑p‑w I‑p-ä-I‑r-Xy-§-f‑n GÀ-‑s¸-S‑p-¶- ¶‑p‑w ]T‑n-‑t¡-ï‑n- h-c‑p‑w. ‑te‑m-I-¯‑v \\‑n-e-h‑n-Â‑v X‑n-‑sâ I‑m-c-W‑w a‑q-ey‑m-[‑n-j‑vT‑n-X h‑n-Zy‑m-`y‑m-k‑w 400‑ Hm-f‑w N‑n-I‑n-Õ‑m k-{¼-Z‑m-b-§-f‑p-ï‑v. F-Ã‑m e-`‑n-¡‑m-¯-X‑v a‑m-{X-a‑m-W‑v. \\-½‑p-‑sS h‑n-Zy‑m-`y‑m-k ‑tc‑m-K-§-f‑p‑w ‑t`-Z-a‑m-I‑p-¶ H-c‑p N‑n-I‑n-Õ‑m- c‑o- k-{¼-Z‑m-b-¯‑n F-h‑n-‑sS-b‑m-W‑v a‑q-ey-§-‑sf I‑p- X‑n-b‑p‑w C-Ã. H‑m-‑tc‑m-¶‑n-\\‑p‑w D-N‑n-X-a‑m-b H‑m-‑tc‑m d‑n-¨‑p‑w A-h-b‑p-‑sS {]‑m-Î‑o-k‑n-‑s\\ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-‑sa-Ã‑m‑w c‑o-X‑n-If‑mb‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. H-c‑p-Z‑m-l-c-W‑w ‑t\\‑m-¡‑m‑w, {]-X‑n-]‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v? C¯-c‑w 'e‑n-h‑n-M‑v h‑n-X‑v {]-‑ta-l-¯‑n\\v A-‑te‑m-¸-X‑n-b‑n a-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. ‑tl‑m-WÀ' ‑t]‑m-‑se-b‑p-Å a‑q-ey-[‑n-j‑vT‑n-X ]‑mT- A-X‑n-\\‑p I‑o-‑tä‑m ‑sX-d‑m-¸‑n-b‑m-W‑v A-\\‑p-‑tb‑m-Py‑w. §Ä ]-c‑m-aÀ-i‑n-¡‑p-¶ ]‑p-k‑v-X-I-§Ä \\-½‑p-‑sS C-§-‑s\\ X‑p-S-§‑n H‑m-‑tc‑m c‑o-X‑n-I-f‑p‑w N‑p-c‑p-§‑n-b k‑n-e-_-k‑p-I-f‑n DÄ-‑s¸-S‑p-‑t¯-ï k-a-b‑w h-i-‑sa-¦‑n-e‑p‑w A-d‑n-ª‑n-c‑n-¡Â B-h-iy-a‑m-W- A-X‑n-{I-a‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. ‑tI-h-e h‑n-Zy‑m-`y‑m-k-¯‑n- ‑tÃ‑m. \\-¸‑p-d‑w a‑q-ey-§Ä ]-c‑n-i‑o-e‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ h‑m-ey‑q F-Py‑p-‑t¡-j-\\‑n-e‑q-‑sS a‑m-{X-‑ta \\-½‑p-‑sS \\‑m-«‑n a-\\‑p-jy-P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n B-‑tc‑m-Ky‑w I‑m-cy-a‑m-b [‑mÀ-a‑n-I \\‑o-¡-§Ä k‑m-[y-a‑m-h‑p-I- A-X‑n{]-[‑m-\\-a‑m-b I‑m-cy-a‑m-W‑v.i‑m-c‑o-c‑n-I B-‑tc‑m- b‑p-Å‑q. A-X‑n-e‑q-‑sS a‑m-{X-‑ta a‑n-I-¨ c‑m-Py‑w ]‑n-d- Ky‑w ‑t]‑m-‑se X-‑s¶ -{]-[‑m-\\-a‑m-W‑v a‑m-\\-k‑n-I‑m- ¡‑p-I-b‑p-Å‑q. ‑tc‑m-Ky‑w. {]-‑tXy-I‑n-¨‑v a‑m-\\-k‑n-I ‑tc‑m-K‑n-IÄ hÀ- ²‑n-¨‑p -h-c‑p-¶ C-¡‑m-e-¯‑v a‑m-\\-k‑n-I‑m-‑tc‑m-Ky ] T-\\-¯‑n-\\‑v {]‑m-[‑m-\\y-‑ta-d‑p-¶‑p. i‑m-c‑o-c‑n-I B-‑tc‑m- 94

2030 ‑te-¡‑p-Å k‑p-Ø‑n-c h‑n- ]-c-a‑m-b _-Ô-a‑p-‑sï-¦‑n-‑te a‑n-I-¨ P‑o-h‑n-X‑w I-k-\\ A-P-ï-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-‑s¸- \\-b‑n-¡‑m-\\‑m-I‑q. _-Ô-§Ä \\‑n-e-\\‑nÀ-¯‑p-¶-X‑p‑w h-j-f‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑p‑w \\-½‑p-‑sS {]-hÀ-¯-\\-§Ä S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n X-‑s¶-b‑m-W‑v. A-X‑v k‑p-K-a-a‑m-bn- a‑p-‑t¶‑m-«‑v ‑sI‑m- {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-a‑m-b‑n ï‑p-‑t]‑m-I‑m³ B-h-iy-a‑m-b P‑o-h‑n-X- ]‑mT-§Ä _-Ô-‑s¸-S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n ]‑mT-]‑p-k‑v-X-I-¯‑n \\‑n-¶‑p‑w ]‑mT-i‑m-em ]-c‑n-k- {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n c-¯‑p- \\‑n-¶‑p‑w e-`‑n-‑t¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v. A-h‑n-‑sS-b‑m- {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n {S‑p-¯‑n W‑v d‑n-‑te-j³-j‑n-¸‑v F-P‑p-‑t¡-j³ {]‑m-[‑m-\\y-aÀ- {S‑p-¯‑n {]‑m-]‑y-X-b‑p‑w (Acce‑s‑s) l‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. X‑p-e‑y-X-b‑p‑w l‑m-¸‑n-‑s\\-Ê‑v F-P‑yp-‑t¡-j³ k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I h‑n-Zy‑m-`y‑m-k‑w a-\\‑p-jy-‑sâ G-ä-h‑p‑w h-e‑n-b e-£y‑w k-‑t´‑m-j-a‑m-W‑v. \\-½‑p-‑sS ‑sN-b‑v-X‑n-IÄ a‑p-g‑p-h³ h‑n-Zy‑mÀ-°‑n-IÄ ‑tI‑m-S‑o-i‑z-c-·‑mcmh‑p-I k-‑t´‑m-j-I-c-a‑m-b P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n-\\‑v ‑th-ï‑n-b‑m-W- F-¶-X-à C‑u h‑n-Zy‑m-`y‑m-k‑w ‑sI‑m-ï‑v D-‑t±-i‑n- ‑tÃ‑m. F-¶‑m F-§-‑s\\ k-‑t´‑m-j-‑t¯‑m-‑sS ¡‑p-¶-X‑v. ]-I-c‑w, P‑o-h‑n-X c‑o-X‑n-¡‑v B-h-iy-a‑m-b P‑o-h‑n-¡‑m‑w F-¶‑v \\-a‑p-¡‑v h‑n-Zy‑m-e-b-§-f‑n k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I £-a-X ‑t\\-S‑m-\\‑p‑w, k-¼‑m-Z‑n-¡‑m-\\‑p- \\‑n-¶‑v ]T‑n-¡‑m-\\‑m-h‑p-¶‑n-Ã. A-X‑p-‑sI‑m-ï‑p-X-‑s¶ a‑p-Å I-g‑n-h‑v h-fÀ-¯‑n-‑sb-S‑p-¡‑p-I F-¶-X‑m-W‑v. h‑n-Zy‑m-k-¼-¶-c‑m-b‑n h‑n-h‑n-[ X-k‑v-X‑n-I-IÄ I‑o- A-X‑n-\\‑v k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I h‑n-Zy‑m-`y‑m-k‑w A-Xy‑m-h- g-S-¡‑p-‑t¼‑m-g‑p‑w k-´‑p-ã P‑o-h‑n-X‑w \\-b‑n-¡‑m³ iy-a‑m-W‑v. ‑td‑m-_À-«‑v I‑n-‑tb‑m-k-I‑n-b‑p-‑sS 'd‑n-¨‑v ]-e-c‑p‑w C-¶‑v ]-c‑m-P-b-‑s¸-S‑p-¶‑p. k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I U‑m-U‑v, ]‑p-hÀ U‑m-U‑v' F-¶ ]‑p-k‑v-X-I‑w C-¯- ]‑p-‑tc‑m-K-X‑n-b‑p‑w, B-‑tf‑m-l-c‑n h-c‑p-a‑m-\\‑ hÀ-[-\\- c-¯‑n k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I h‑n-Zy‑m-`y‑m-k‑w {]-X‑n-]‑m-Z‑n- h‑p-a‑m-W‑v c‑m-Py-]‑p-‑tc‑m-K-X‑n F-¶v [-c‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶ ¡‑p-¶ a‑n-I-h‑p-ä c-N-\\-b‑m-W‑v. k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I ] ‑te‑m-I-c‑m-Py-§-‑sf N‑n-´‑n-¸‑n-¨-X‑v _‑q-«‑m-‑sâ T-\\-§Ä-¡‑v D‑u-¶Â \\Â-I‑m-¯ h‑n-Zy‑m-`y‑m-k `-c-W-L-S-\\-b‑m-W‑v. A-X‑n-\\‑v ‑ti-j-a‑m-W‑v ]-e-c‑p‑w- k-{¼-Z‑m-b-§-‑sf A-‑t±-l‑w \\‑o-N-a‑m-b‑n h‑n-aÀ-i‑n- a‑m-d‑n N‑n-´‑n-¡‑m³ X‑p-S-§‑n-b-X‑v. \\‑n-e-h‑n-‑se ¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. l‑m-¸‑n-‑s\\-k‑v C³-U-I-‑vk‑n G-ä-h‑p‑w k-´‑p-ã c‑m-{ã‑w- ^‑n³-e‑m³-U‑p‑w G-ä-h‑p‑w Z‑p‑x-J-a‑p-Å [‑m-c‑m-f‑w k-¼‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶-hÀ ‑t]‑m- c‑m-{ã‑w A-^‑v-K‑m-\\‑n-Ø‑m-\\‑p-a‑m-W‑v. k‑z‑m-X-{´y‑w e‑p‑w ‑tk-h‑n-M‑v-k‑n-‑sâ I‑m-cy-¯‑n ]-c‑m-P-b-‑s¸- e-`‑n-¨‑v 75 B-ï‑p-IÄ ]‑n-¶‑n-S‑p-‑t¼‑m-g‑p‑w \\-½‑p-‑sS «‑p ‑t]‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v C-¶‑v \\‑n-Xy I‑m-g‑v-N-b‑m-W‑v. c‑m-Py‑w l‑m-¸‑n-‑s\\-k‑v C³-U-I-‑vk‑n 144þ-B‑w \\-½‑p-‑sS X-e-a‑p-d k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I-`-{Z-X ‑s‑sI-h-c‑n-¡- Ø‑m-\\-¯‑m-W‑v. a‑n-I-¨ h‑n-Zy‑m-`y‑m-k‑w e-`y-a‑m-b‑n- W-‑sa-¦‑n k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I h‑n-Zy‑m-`y‑m-k‑w {]-‑tb‑m-K- «‑p‑w k-´‑p-ã P‑o-h‑n-X‑w \\-a‑p-¡‑n-¶‑p‑w A-{]‑m-] X-e-¯‑n ‑sI‑m-ï‑p h-‑t¶ a-X‑n-b‑m-I‑q. y-a‑m-‑sW-¶‑v k‑m-c‑w. A-X‑n-\\‑p a‑m-ä‑w D-ï‑m-h‑m³ h‑n-Zy‑m-e-b-§-f‑n l‑m-¸‑n-\\-k‑v F-P‑p-‑t¡-j³ d‑n-‑te-j³-j‑n-¸‑v F-P‑yp-‑t¡-j³ A-Xy-´‑m-‑t]-£‑n-X-a‑m-W‑v. k-´‑p-ã P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n-\\‑v \\-à a-\\‑p-jy- ‑te‑m-I-¯‑n h‑n-Zy‑m-e-b-§-f‑n ] _-Ô-§Ä A-Xy‑m-h-iy-a‑m-W‑v. H-c‑p k-a‑q-l-P‑o- T‑n-¸‑n-‑t¡-ï A-Xy‑m-h-iy-a‑m-b, F-¶‑m H-c‑p h‑n-b‑m-b a-\\‑p-jy-\\‑v N‑p-ä‑p-]‑m-S‑p-a‑m-b‑n B-‑tc‑m-Ky- h‑n-Zy‑m-e-b-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w ]T‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-¯ N‑n-e h‑n-Zy‑m- `y‑m-k i‑m-J-I-f‑m-W‑v ]-d-ª‑p-‑ sh-¨-X‑v. a-\\‑p-jy ]‑p-‑tc‑m-K-X‑n-¡‑p‑w, \\-·-¡‑p‑w C‑u h‑n-Zy‑m-`y‑m-k i‑m-J-IÄ k‑n-e-_-k‑p-I-f‑n DÄ-‑s¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑m C-¶‑v \\-½Ä ‑t\\-c‑n-S‑p-¶ ]-e {]-i‑v-\\-§Ä-¡‑p‑w ]-c‑n-l‑m-c-a‑m-I‑p‑w. 95

Subtitle version of viral youtube video by Amjad Wafa Director, Caliph Life School Silent Poison Hadiya Lisna Let me share some experiences I than his fiancée. ‘Wouldn’t I get a girl like have heard recently. A couple, who loved this’? this thought started to flow into his each other during their college years and mind. are engaged now, Another story,A girl who was mar- After engagement a thought ried very recently, Even though she is say- struck the guy’s mind. Why should I marry ing that her husband is very loving and this girl? Wouldn’t I get a smarter and pret- caring but she isn’t happy. tier girl. And the reason was, She was a He shared his story when this regular viewer of many lifestyle vlogs like thought started to disturb his mind.Af- husband-wife joint vlogs, family vlogs ter listening to him, etc. While watching what I understood all these vlogs, her wasThough there concept or expecta- were many factors tion about Married that lead him to Life changed in her this thought,But the mind unknowing- main reason was he ly. Husband should uses social media spent most of the regularly, especial- time with me, we ly Instagram. When should go for shop- he scrolls through ping, go for a vaca- Instagram, he used tion and if possi- to see many girls’ ble should start a photos and profiles. YouTube channel. Which he felt they Many thoughts like are more beautiful these were injected 96

to her mind. like, do people even Though she was happy with other think like that? do peo- ple compare like that? things of real life, she was not enjoying her But there are people who married life because of these thoughts. overthink these I have heard many similar stories recently As an outsider when we hear such imperfection. Now lets look at the effort we stories We might feel like, do people even put to post a picture. Editing out pimples think like that? do people compare like or marks on our face, we are taking hours that? But there are people who overthink to find the perfect filter, which means we these things and even fall into a depres- don’t like our imperfections. We are not in- sion stage. studies and experiences prove terested in showing our imperfections to it. others Now lets introspect, We started us- Even if it is, we make master plans ing social media just for a time pass. Now if to let others know that we are living our we have a minute to spare we are unlock- best of life Some people take the screen- ing our phone and unknowingly our fin- shots of others’ wishes on their birthday gers are reaching Instagram, Facebook or and repost it to show others that everyone YouTube. That much we got programmed loves and considers them. That means and addicted to these. people are faking their lives. Speaking of what we are seeing on We should also note the so called social media, we see the filtered versions lifestyle vlogs these days I am not talking of our friend’s or a celebrity’s or a strang- about those who create quality contents er’s lives, our friend’s new house, or his The current trend is that , if an old friend new car, his beautiful wife, or her husband or classmate is contacting you, It’s either Unknowingly a jealousy or a comparison for promoting their MLM Company or You- thought is creating in our mind. The posts tube channel. As there are hell lot of You- of celebrities we follow are reminding us tube channels out there, which lack ideas everyday of what we don’t have. How im- or contents. Due to this shortage of idea, perfect we are! Like fairness even by add- Some You-tubers try to grab views by sell- ing filters, six pack body, perfect body parts ing their privacy. It’s then the private spac- and structure etc or some brands which pay celebrities to highlight their products When we see all these, a concern about our limitations are creating in our minds. A sense of insecurity, a feeling of 97

es like Kitchen, Bedroom and Bathroom into an unhappy state. we might not face become themes of their videos. “What are a depression instantly, but these thoughts the things in my bedroom, the dress and and other factors will add up to the cause cosmetics in my Wardrobe”. “The things of depression. We can’t enjoy the things my husband’s family brought me when we enjoyed before, having unnecessary they came to see me” (Sarcastically say- mental stress, not able to find happiness ing about present lifestyle vlog themes). in many things. We can find problems like If nothing works, they come up with hus- these as an after effect. band-wife prank videos or brother-sister fight videos. Similar to exposing privacy, some fake their lives to increase likes. Luxury, People are trying to sell their pri- which they possess or pretend to possess, vacy for views. like cars, clothes etc. There are people who even fake their relationships. I heard from We can see that when individu- my friends that Some so called ‘made for al creators bring their wife or family into each other’ couple in Youtube are nothing their videos, their views rise rapidly. We like that in their real life. need to think about why the views are in- creasing thereafter. One thing is sure, the Viewers should see if they are more we expose our privacy the more get concerned by watching such vlogs or else the views. One thing we need to be aware these are all just an entertainment. No need of is that privacy is something we can sell of that, lets take our life itself. The struggle very easily but can’t buy back once it is we take to post something on social media. sold. I agree, that What one wants to post “What to post, which filter should be used, is their freedom. But what audience need what should be the next content...’ People to realise is that the freedom to decide are simply creating headaches by thinking what to watch is our’s. many people like these things everytime. to peep into others’ privacy. They love to know what is happening in other’s house- Researchers of Stanford Universi- holds.Things happening in my house and ty call this ‘The Duck Syndrome’. When we your house are same as what’s happening see a duck, what we see is a duck flowing in most of the households. But I have heard freely on water but we don’t see the effort stories of many regular viewers of such the duck is taking underwater with legs to vlogs- “my wife is not loving that much, flow like that my husband not caring that much...” “....if my dad was like the dads in such vlogs” This represents the struggles of With these thoughts people are moving you-tubers, influencers or even ourselves behind a post. It is necessary to take a break and should ask ourselves ‘are we 98

addicted to all these?’ ‘Whether this social Let’s enjoy real life a little bit more. media and such videos are bringing us When we go out to see a program true happiness’. We need to find a way out. in school, children may be performing When we eat food we have an understand- well on the stage but audience may not be ing about what’s going inside. But while watching it with their eyes. Instead, they we are watching a vlog or using social me- might be seeing through their ‘camera eye’. dia we don’t know what’s entering into our There they forget to enjoy the moment. mind.Actually we all need a Social Media When we click with our camera we should Diet, like social distancing. In this era of ensure that the moment is clicked in our social media, it may be impossible to avoid heart too. Otherwise after sometime we it completely. But we need to use some pre- will be just having things we have taken ventive strategies. Peace and happiness in the camera not in our heart or mind. are the main goals of any individual’s life. “happiness, happiness and happi- We need to think about what feeling we ness” Let all our click, like, comment... and get when we see others’ posts. each breath... be for happiness signing of! Thank you. Are we feeling jealous towards that person or are we having discomfort seeing one’s post Just unfollow them. If you are feeling uncomfortable when see- ing one’s post then why are you following them? Another trend these days is giving negative comments under the post of ac- tress or female celebrities. Why are we go- ing to bother those Celebrities. Are those things affecting our happiness? if you are uncomfortable, just unfollow them. If you are feeling unhappy watching my profile or post, unfollow me. When we are following or subscribing someone we should ensure that Whether we get any kind of informa- tion or moral value or at least a good feel- ing. We think we are happy when we use social media. But unknowingly or uncon- sciously we are being unhappy Let’s get addicted to life 99

Artificial Intelligence Asla CP Education is the backbone of the Intelligence (AI). The AI by the namesake advancements that the world rejoices in seems to be superficially great. But, it can today. There has been tremendous trans- inflict outrageous disparities for mankind. formations within the society since the And it’s a serious issue to be dissected. unveiling of educational rights for all. All Even the world renowned personalities there is a huge level difference between the warn the world of the fervent possibilities primary level and the postgraduate level of a huge threat that may pervade. By the on account of education, similarly it stimu- time, people would feel forced to accept the lates the growth of the enhancing technol- reality. The world needs to contrive in a ogies and various other fields to its extreme clever way to ensure the security of man- extent. Access to education has become kind. A small levity from the people said more flexible by the emergence of digital may trigger a huge destruction. The expert learning. A world without technology is engineers predict that the automobile in- hard to exist today. The enormous utilities dustry will be autonomous very soon. And that it provides are also beyond the limits. also, the AI would be ready to challenge Generations that pass by today have been humanity with its enormous powers. To- living and born with the unlimited offers day only narrow AI exists in the world. But that the techworld gifted them. Reality the the changes are so high that it can take up pears almost forget about the prospects of the whole new level in the future. As the AI servitude that they may have to encounter right now is inevitable, the idea of halting it by the intrusion of technology or Artificial would be impossible. And services provid- 100