Book II MP M. 4 Part of Speech สอน เฉลย

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 1 COURSE OUTLINES [MP. 4] 1. STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES PART OF SPEECH VERBS 12 TENSES (ACTIVE VOICE) 2. NOUNS QUANTITATIVE WORDS COMPARISON (ADJECTIVE & ADVERB) PASSIVE VOICES 3. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (IF CLAUSES) 4. RELATIVE CLAUSES (ADJECTIVE CLAUSE) 5. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH 6. VERBALS GERUNDS INFINITIVES PARTICIPLES MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 2 หวั ใจไวยากรณ์ girl, Elizabeth, computer, Fifth Avenue, happiness We didn't want to go to school. Noun ใช้เรียกชือ คน สตั ว์ สิงของ (นาม) สถานที คณุ สมบตั ิ I, you, us, them, this, those, themselves, somebody, anyone, who, which Pronoun ใช้แทนนามทกี ล่าวมาแลว้ (สรรพนาม) He is playing tennis with Jane. Verb ใช้แสดงการกระทาํ หรืออาการ jump, kiss, understand, becomes, is, seemed (กริยา The phone has rung ten times today. ใข้ขยาย N. หรือ Pronoun. Adjective red, small, glorious, interesting, unexpected (คุณศัพท)์ ใช้ขยาย V. Adj. adv. His handwriting is very clear. หรือทังประโยค Adverb ใช้แสดงความสัมพันธร์ ะหวา่ ง n. slowly, happily, always, between, with, beside กริยาวิเศษณ)์ หรือ pron. กบั คาํ อืนๆ ในประโยค The film was extremely good. ใช้เชือคาํ วลี หรือประโยคเข้า Preposition ดว้ ยกนั in, on, around, above, between, with , beside (บพุ บท) ใช้แสดงอารมณห์ รือความรู้สึก The students are in the library. Conjunction and, but, or, neither…… nor, however, moreover (สันธาน) Either my brother or my sister will be in Europe. Interjection Aha! Bravo! Gosh! Wow! Yuck! Oops! Ouch! (อุทาน) Oh ! What a surprise! SENTENCE STRUCTURE Robert gave Susan a ring. Declarative (บอกเลา่ ) The door is open. Interrogative (คาํ ถาม) Imperative (คาํ สัง) How fast does she type? Exclamatory (อุทาน) Who did you talk to? Turn right on Oak Street. Don't touch that wine. What a nuisance! How did I make that mistake! MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 3 PARTS OF A SENTENCE The school holidays are very short. subject (ภาคประธาน) Anne and Peter got married yesterday. Predicate (ภาคแสดง) Sam shouted at the robber and chased him We found the purse and returned it to the owner SENTENCE PATTERNS S. + Intransitive V. Tony runs S. + Linking V. + N. Complement Tony is/ becomes a doctor. S. + Linking V. + Adj. Complement intelligent Tony is/ seems S. + Transitive V. + Direct O. Tony helps sick people S. + Transitive V. + Indirect O. + Direct O. Tony gives sick people medicine. MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 4 Part of speech ประเภทของคํา concept Part of speech คอื ประเภทหรอื ชนดิ ของคาํ ตา่ ง ๆ ทเี ราใชใ้ นการพดู หรอื เขยี น ในภาษาองั กฤษ มกี ารแบง่ ประเภทของคําออกเป็ นทงั สนิ 8 ประเภท ไดแ้ ก่ Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction and Interjection ดงั นนั คําในภาษาองั กฤษแตล่ ะคาํ ทเี ราพบเจอจะตอ้ งเป็ น 1 ใน 8 ประเภทนเี สมอ 1) NOUN คอื คําทใี ชเ้ รยี กคน สตั ว์ สงิ ของ สถานทแี ละคณุ สมบตั ิ รวมถงึ ชอื ของสงิ ตา่ ง ๆ (คาํ นาน) เหลา่ นนั ดว้ ย คน - man, father, lady, John, Peter, Susan 2) Pronoun สตั ว์ - cat, fish, bird, dolphin, buffalo, mosquito (คําสรรพนาม) สงิ ของ - car, pen, book, table, clock, computer สถานที - city, house, school, airport , hospital คุณสมบตั ิ - love, honesty, wisdom, happiness คอื คําทใี ชแ้ ทนคํานาม เพอื หลกี เลยี งการกลา่ วซํา บางครงั อาจใชแ้ ทนคาํ นามที ยงั ไม่ รวู้ า่ สงิ นนั คอื อะไร หรอื ใชแ้ ทนสงิ ทรี หู้ รอื เห็นอยแู่ ลว้ แทนคาํ นาม - I, we, you, they, he, she , it แทนสงิ ทยี งั ไม่รวู้ า่ คอื อะไร - Something is missing. แทนสงิ ทรี หู้ รอื เห็นอยู่แลว้ - That is not my fault. 3)Verb คอื คาํ ทบี อกการกระทาํ หรอื อาการ ความเป็ นอยหู่ รอื สภาวะตา่ ง ๆ (คํากรยิ า) บอกการกระทาํ - laugh, eat , run , read, watch บอกความเป็ นอยู่ - be, have , exist บอกสภาวะ - seem , taste , become 4) Adjective คอื คาํ ทใี ชข้ ยายหรอื อธบิ ายคํานามหรอื คําสรรพนาม เพอื ใหไ้ ดร้ ายละเอยี ด (คําคณุ ศพั ท)์ เพมิ ขนึ เกยี วกบั ลกั ษณะตา่ ง ๆ เชน่ คุณสมบตั ิ สภาพ สี อายุ หรอื สญั ชาตขิ องสงิ นนั ๆ บอกคุณสมบตั ิ - James is smart. บอกสภาพ - He bought a new book. บอกสี - The pencil is green. บอกอายุ - These children are young. บอกสญั ชาติ - That is an ‘ girl. MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 5 5)Adverb คอื คาํ ทใี ชข้ ยายหรอื อธบิ ายคาํ กรยิ า คําคุณศัพท์ หรอื คํากรยิ าวเิ ศษณ์ เพอื ให ้ (คาํ กรยิ าวเิ ศษณ)์ รายละเอยี ดเพมิ ขนึ เกยี วกับลักษณะอาการ เวลา หรอื สถานที บอกลกั ษณะ - The little boy behaves badly. บอกเวลา - I will do the work tomorrow. บอกสถานที - I have looked everywhere for my pen. 6)Preposition คอื คําทใี ชเ้ ชอื คํานามหรอื คาํ สรรพนามเขา้ กบั คําอนื ๆ ในประโยค เพือชว่ ยแสดง (คําบพุ บท) ความสัมพันธห์ รอื ทําใหค้ วามหมายของประโยคสมบรู ณข์ นึ แสดงเวลา - They met at six o'clock. แสดงสถานที - He hid behind the curtain. แสดงทศิ ทาง - We jumped into the pond. แสดงวธิ กี าร - She killed the time by watching TV. 7)Conjunction คอื คําทใี ชเ้ ชอื มคํา กลมุ่ คํา หรือประโยคเขา้ ดว้ ยกนั (คาํ สันธาน) เชอื มคํา - John got up and walked downstairs. เชอื มกลมุ่ คํา - They went across the street and into a shop. เชอื มประโยค - He never worked hard but he got richer. 8) Interjection คอื คาํ ทผี พู ้ ูดเปลง่ ออกมา เพอื แสดงอารมณห์ รอื ความรูส้ กึ ของตนเอง เชน่ ดใี จ (คาํ อทุ าน) เสยี ใจ ประหลาดใจ ตนื เตน้ โกรธหรือตกใจ คําอทุ านไมเ่ กยี วขอ้ งกบั คําอนื ๆ ใน ประโยคเลย และใชเ้ ครอื งหมายอศั เจรีย์ (!) ร่วมอย่ดู ว้ ย แบง่ ออกเป็ น 2 ประเภท ไดแ้ ก่ อทุ านเป็ นคาํ และอทุ านเป็ นประโยค อทุ านเป็ นคาํ - Oh! Woow! Brovo ! Oops! Ouch! อุทานเป็ นประโยค - what an awful noise! How cold the room is! TIP การพิจารณาวา่ คําไหนเป็ นคาํ ประเภทใด บอ่ ยครังทเี ราไมส่ ามารถระบตุ ายตัวได ้ เราตอ้ งสังเกตจากหนา้ ทขี องคํานันในประโยค เพราะคํา ๆ เดยี วกนั อาจทําหนา้ ที ตา่ งกนั ในแตล่ ะประโยคไดเ้ ชน่ This train goes fast. (ใชเ้ ป็ น adverb เพราะขยายกรยิ า goes) It is a fast train. (ใชเ้ ป็ น adjective เพราะขยายคํานาม train) MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 6 Exercise 1 Decide which parts of speech are these words child handsomeหลอ่ 1. ADJ. new ใหม่ 9. N. himself at 2. ADV. happily มคี วามสขุ 10. ADJ. slowly walk 3. V. read อ่าน 11. PRON. computer 4. PRON. they 12. PREP. 5. N. house 13. ADV. 6. CONJ. but 14. V. 7. PREP. on 15. N. 8. INTERJ. Wow! วา้ ว Exercise 2 : Decide which parts of speech are the underline words. 1. I bought a beautiful dress at the mall ADJECTIVE 2. What did she ask you to do? PRONOUN 3. I left my shoes under the kitchen table. PREPOSITION 4. We have to finish our work quickly. ADVERB 5. On Saturdays I work from nine to five. VERB 6. I want to go to a university in Canada. NOUN 7. I’m sure I have met your girlfriend before. VERB 8. James will be here on Monday or Tuesday. CONJUNCTION 9. My friend said, “Oh! What a cold weather!” INTERJECTION 10. We went to the store to buy a few things. PREPOSITION Exercise 3 Decide which parts of speech are the words in the sentences 1) The lazy man slept in the afternoon, and he was very tired at night. 1. ADJ. lazy 7. PRON. he 2. N. man 8. V. was 3. V. slept 9. ADV. very 4. PREP. in 10. ADJ. tired 5. N. afternoon 11. PREP. at 6. CONJ. and 12. N. night 2) A red car is dangerous for policemen, but it is incredibly beautiful. 1. ADJ. red 6. N. policeman 2. N. car 7. CONJ. but 3. V. is 8. PRON. it 4. ADJ. dangerous 9. ADV. incredibly 5. PREP. for 10. ADJ. beautiful Exercise 4 : Decide which parts of speech are the underlined words. 1. John never puts sugar in his coffee. b. noun a. verb d. adverb c. adjective 2. The thief ran away from the security guard. a. pronoun b. verb c. adjective d. noun 3. She has been sick for three days. b. adjective a. verb d. preposition c. noun 4. My aunt lives here in this beautiful house. a. noun b. verb c. adverb d. adjective 5. Anna is getting married next year. a. noun b. adverb MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 7 c. pronoun d. adjective 6. The hungry soldier ate four slices of pizza. a. noun b. verb c. adjective b. adverb 7. Wine is more expensive than beer. b. noun a. adverb d. preposition c. adjective 8. The computer is having technical problems. a. adverb b. pronoun c. conjunction d. adjective 9. Peter saw her yesterday in the cafeteria. a. preposition b. conjunction c. adjective d. interjection 10. John is very sharp, but he is sometimes lazy. a. adjective b. noun c. preposition d. conjunction 11. Do you want to come to the playground with us? a. noun b. adjective c. pronoun d. adverb 12. She was quite happy to receive the prize. a. noun b. verb c. adverb d. adjective 13. Andrew can run faster than anyone in our school. a. adverb b. adjective c. noun d. pronoun 14. I bought this perfume (นาํ หอม) in a foreign country. a. noun b. adjective c. pronoun d. adverb 15. Judy sent me a postcard from London. b. preposition a. adjective d. conjunction c. pronoun 16. Please come to my party to celebrate my birthday. a. adverb b. noun c. pronoun d. verb 17. My cousin has written an interesting story. a. adjective b. verb c. noun d. adverb 18. The children are playing outside in the garden. a. noun b. pronoun c. verb d. adverb 19. You must answer the question honestly. a. adjective b. adverb c. pronoun d. preposition MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 8 20. Although she loves him a lot, she doesn’t want to marry him. a. adjective b. pronoun c. preposition d. conjunction 21. Our group has been rehearsing for the show. a. verb b. adjective c. noun d. adverb 22. Mark talked to them about the homework. a. noun b. pronoun c. adjective d. preposition 23. you will be beautiful when you grow up. a. conjunction b. adjective c. preposition d. pronoun 24. If you walk fast, you will catch the bus. a. adjective b. adverb c. verb d. noun 25. The woman whose brother works at the bar is my friend. a. noun b. adjective c. pronoun d. adverb 26. The letter was written in green ink. b. noun a. adverb d. verb c. adjective 27. The man was badly hurt in the accident. a. noun b. verb c. adverb d. adjective 28. She has to clean her messy room before she goes out. a. preposition b. conjunction c. adjective d. pronoun 29. This is the quickest (ลัด) way to the cinema. a. verb d. noun c. adjective d. adverb 30. David entered the room and he switched on the light. a. conjunction b. preposition c. adjective d. adverb MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 9 Exercise 1 Read the sentences and decide what part of speech is missing. Then, complete the sentences with the correct of the words in parentheses. 1. Their first album was a great SUCCESS (Part of Speech NOUN ) and sold two million copies worldwide. (success) ความสําเรจ็ 2. The food was so cold and TASTELESS (Part of speech ADJECTIVE) that I decided to complain to the manager about it.(taste) จดื ชดื 3. It takes a lot of effort and PATIENCE (Part of speech NOUN) to learn how to play a musical instrument. (patient) อดทน 4. The witnesses were asked to give a detailed DESCRIPTION (Part of speech NOUN) of the accident. (describe) บรรยาย 5. Aren’t you going to INTRODUCE (Part of speech VERB) me to your friend ? I haven’t met her before.(introduction)แนะนาํ 6. The longest-living person OFFICIALLY (Part of speech ADVERB) recorded lived to be 122 years and 164 days old. (official) ทางการ 7. In order to BROADEN (Part of Speech VERB) your shoulders, you have to do many push-ups at the gym. (broad) กวา้ ง 8. I suggest we go to Korea for a week, unless you can RECOMMEND (Part of speech:VERB) another destination. (recommendation) แนะนํา 9. The country’s ECONOMIC (Part of speech: ADJECTIVE) situation has improved ever since the development of the tourist industry. (economy) เศรษฐกจิ 10. Take my advice and see your bank manager if you’re having FINANCIAL (Part of speech: ADJECTIVE) problems . (finance) การเงิน 11. I couldn’t carry the boxes by myself so I asked the shop ASSISTANT (Part of speech; NOUN) to bring them to my car. (assist) พนักงาน, ชว่ ยเหลือ 12. John works in the gym instructing people on how to use the equipment PROPERLY (Part of Speech: ADVERB) . (proper) เหมาะสม 13. I have been thinking of taking a holiday. I BELIEVE (Part of Speech; VERB) I deserve it because I’ve worked hard all year. (belief) เชือ 14. I had to complain to the telephone company about my EXTREMELY (Part of speech: ADVERB) high phone bill, which I was not prepared to pay. (extreme) อย่างยิง 15. “We must find out as much as we can about the gang,” said the DETECTIVE( Part of speech: NOUN). (detect) นักสืบ MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 10 Exercise 2 Read the sentences and choose the underlined part that is grammatically wrong. The, correct the errors. ทงั ๆ ทเี ขามปี ัญหาสุขภาพ แต่แอดรูว์กไ็ ด้เตมิ เต็มความใฝฝันของเขาทจี ะลงเล่นในทมี ฟตุ บอลทงิ ถนิ 1. Despite his health (1) problems, Andrew (2) fulfilled his (3) ambitious to play in the (4) local football team. [ตามหลัง possessive adjective (his) ซึ งแสดงความเป็ นเจา้ ของ ตอ้ งตามดว้ ยคํานาม] การแสดงดนตรีนีทรงพลงั มากเสียจนผู้ฟังยืนปรบมือให้กบั วงดนตรีออร์เคสตราอย่างกกึ ก้อง 2. The musical (1) perform was so (2) powerful that the audience (3) gave the orchestra a standing (4) ovation. [เมอื ใช้ definite article (the) ตอ้ งตามด้วยคาํ นาม ในทนี ีมี musical (adj.) ขยายร่วดว้ ย] เราได้ประเมนิ ราคาบ้านหลงั นไี ว้ทรี าว 60,000 เหรียญ แต่เรายงั ไม่ได้คาํ นวฯค่าซ๋อมแซม 3. We had estimated the (1) valuable lf the house to be around 60,000 dollars, (2) but we hadn’t (3) calculated the cost of the (4) renovation. [เมอื ใช้ definite (the) ตอ้ งตามด้วยคาํ นาม] ผู้หญงิ คนนีแสดงความไม่พอใจต่อผู้รับเหมาเนืองจากไม่สามารถสร้างบ้านให้เสร็จตรงตามเวลาได้ 4. The woman (1) expressed her (2) dissatisfying to the builder for not (3) having the house (4) ready on time. [ตามหลงั possessive adjective (her) ซึงแสดงความเป็ นเจา้ ของ ตอ้ งตามดว้ ยคาํ นาม] ทอี ยู่อาศยั และการมสี ุขอนามยั ทดี ี การดูแลสุขภาพอย่างเพยี งพอ และอาหารทมี คี ุณค่าทางโภชนาการ ล้วนมสี ่วนสําคญั ต่อช่วงอายุของชีวิตมนุษย์ 5. Proper housing and sanitation, (1) adequate healthcare and 92) nutritious diet play an (3) importantly part in a person’s life (4) expectancy. [เมอื ตอ้ งการขยายคาํ นา (part) ที ตามมา ตอ้ งใชร้ ูปของ adjective] ในระหว่างทีเขามอี าชพี เป็ นครู เขาได้รับมือกับบรรดานักเรียนทมี พี นื เพแตกต่างกนั 6. During (1) their career as a teacher, he has (2) dealt with students from (3) different (4) backgrounds. [เพอื ใหส้ อดคล้องกับคาํ นามเอกพจน์ (a teacher) ตอ้ งเปลี ยนเป็ นรปู เอกพจน์ his] เพอื ทจี ะได้งาน คุณจะต้องมีประสบการณด์ ้านโทรคมนาคมเป็ นเวลาสามปี และจะต้องมคี ณุ สมบตั ทิ ีจาํ เป็น ซงึ หนงึ ในนนั ก็คือการมีปริญญามหาวิทยาลยั 7. To get the job you must have three years’ (1) experience in (2) telecommunications and the (3) necessarily qualifications, one of (4) which is a university degree. [เมอื ตอ้ งการขยายคาํ นาม (qualifications) ที ตามมา ตอ้ งใชร้ ูปของ adjective] องค์การสัตว์ป่ ามุ่งหมายทจี ะคุ้มครองสัตว์ป่ าหายากจากการสูญพนั ธ์ โดยการช่วยเหลือสัตว์ป่ าเหล่านีนจากสถานการณท์ ีเป็ นอนั ตรายและจดั หาสถานทที ี ปลอดภัยกวา่ ในสัตว์ทงั หลายได้อยู่อาศยั 8. Wildlife organizations aim to (1) protection rare species of animals from becoming (2) extinct by recuing them from (3) dangerous situations and (4) securing safer places for them to live in. [เมอื ใช้ตามโครงสรา้ ง aim to do something (มุ่งหมายที จะ......) ตอ้ งเปลี ยนจากคํานาม protection ที ตามหลงั มาใหเ้ ป็ นคาํ กรยิ า protect] MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 11 Exercise 3 : Identify what part of speech each underlined word is การออกแบบอาคารได้ถูกปรับแตง่ เพือให้เหมาะแกก่ ารเข้าออกของผู้พกิ ารมากขึน 1. Increasingly, the design of buildings is being modified to allow easier access for disabled people. a. verb, verb c. verb, noun b. noun, noun d. noun, verb การขาดแคลนทีพักสาํ หรับนกั ศึกษาทเี พิมขึนไดไ้ ปจาํ กัดการเพมิ จาํ นวนนักศกึ ษาซึงมหาวิทยาลัยไดว้ างแผนเอาไว้ 2. The lack of extra student accomm0dation restricted the expansion in student numbers which the university was planning. a. verb, noun c. verb, pronoun b. noun, noun d. noun, pronoun แมว้ า่ โลกจะกาํ ลังค่อย ๆ ร้อนขึนชา้ ๆ แตก่ ารเพมิ สงู ขึนของอณุ หภมู กิ ็เกิดขึนในระดับทีหลากหลายในแตล่ ะประเภท 3. Although the world is getting warmer slowly, the increase in temperature varies from country to country. a. verb, verb c. verb, noun b. noun, noun d. noun, verb นักเรียนไมค่ วรอย่นู ิงเฉย แตค่ วรพยายามทีจะมสี ่วนร่วมในการอภปิ รายในกลุ่มให้มากทสี ดุ ทีจะเป็นไปได้ 4. Students should not be passive but should try instead to contribute as much as possible to group discussions. a. noun, adjective c. noun, noun b. verb, adjective d. verb, noun ปัจจุบนั เราสามารถทีจะสรุป ความเชือมโยงระหวา่ งการใช้โทรศพํ ทม์ ือถือกับการเกดิ โรคมะเร็งบางชนดิ ไดแ้ ลว้ 5. It is now possible to infer a link between using mobile phones and contracting some forms of cancer. a. verb, verb c. noun, verb b. adjective, preposition d. verb, preposition ข้อเทจ็ จริงทีวา่ การเตบิ โตของประชากรยงั คงสูงขึนอยา่ งตอ่ เนืองนัน เป็ นหนึงในปัญหาทพี วกเราเผชิญ 6. The fact that population growth is still accelerating is one of the most important problems we face. a. verb, verb c. noun, verb b. noun, noun d. verb, noun มหาวิทยาลัยส่วนใหญจ่ าํ เป็ นต้องหาเงินจากแหล่งเงินทนุ ภาคเอกชนแต่เงินทนุ หลักของมหาวทิ ยาลัยเหลา่ นันยงั คงมาจากรัฐบาล 7. Most universities need to earn money from private sources, but the major part of their funding still comes from the government. a. noun, adjective c. adjective, noun b. noun, pronoun d. adjective, pronoun รายจ่ายด้านการจดั หาอาวธุ เช่น ปื น รถถัง และเครืองบินทาํ ใหส้ ูญเสียความมงั คงั ของประเทศอยา่ งมาก 8. Expenditure on weapons such as guns, tanks and aeroplanes consumes a large portion of a country’s wealth. a. noun, verb c. adjective, verb b. noun, noun d. adjective, noun ปัจจัยในการเขียนเรียงความทียากปัจจัยหนึงคือการเลือกสรรข้อมูล ทเี กยี วข้องกับหัวข้อเรือง และการตดั ข้อมลู ทไี มเ่ กียวข้องออกไป 9. One difficult aspect of writing an essay is selecting material which is relevant to the topic and excluding irrelevant information. a. noun, noun c. adjective, noun b. adjective, noun d. noun, adjective MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 12 แม้วา่ ตวั ละครจะมคี วามสมจริงมาก แต่โครงเรืองกลับอ่อนมากเสยี จนภาพยนตเ์ รืองนีประสบความล้มเหลว 10. Although the characters were very convincing, the plot was so weak that the film was a failure. a. preposition, noun c. conjunction, noun b. preposition, verb d. conjunction, verb นักศึกษามักจะแต่งตวั ตามสบาย มามหาวทิ ยาลยั แต่การแต่งตัวรูปแบบนจี ะไม่เหมาะสมเมอื นักศกึ ษาเริมทํางาน 11. Students usually dress casually at university, but this style of dress is not appropriate when they start work. a. adjective, adverb c. adjective, adjective b. adverb, adverb d. adverb, adjective ประเด็นปัญหาทางด้านสงั คมและทางการเมือง ทีสาํ คญั ในประเทศทีพฒั นาแลว้ หลาย ๆ ประเทศคือจาํ นวนประชากรผู้สงู อายทุ ีเพิมสูงขนึ 12. An important social and political issue in many developed countries is the growing number of old people. a. noun, verb c. adjective, noun b. adjective, adjective d. noun, noun ก่อนทีจะรับนักศึกษาตา่ งชาติ มหาวทิ ยาลัยจะตรวจสอบใหแ้ น่ใจวา่ นักศกึ ษามีความสามารถทางภาษาองั กฤษมากเพียงพอ 13. Before accepting an overseas student, a university will make sure that the student’s English is adequate. a. adjective, adjective c. noun, noun b. adjective, noun d. noun, adjective นักเศรษฐศาสตรบ์ างทานเสนอวา่ เทคโนโลยีใหม่ ๆ ทาํ ใหเ้ กิด การว่างงานในขณะทีคนกลุ่มอนื ๆ มองว่าเทคโนโลยเี หลา่ นันช่วยใหเ้ กิดการ สร้างงานเพิมขึน 14. Some economists argue that new technology causes unemployment while others feel that it allows more jobs to be created. a. verb, conjunction c. verb, preposition b. noun, conjunction d. noun, preposition แมว้ า่ เขาจะมีความสนใจในหลาย ๆ ดา้ น แต่ไอนส์ ไตนเ์ ป็ นทีรู้จักมากทสี ดุ จากผลงานด้านฟิ สิกส์ 15. Even though he was interested in many fields, Einstein is best known for his work in the sphere of physics. a. noun, verb c. noun, noun b. pronoun, verb d. pronoun, noun ในหนังสือพมิ พ์ รูปแบบการจดั หน้าของบทความจะอยู่ในแนวตัง ขณะทีแถวจะถูกจัดวางตามขวาง บนหนา้ หนังสือพมิ พใ์ นแนวนอน 16. In newspapers, the layout of the columns is vertical, while the rows run across the page horizontally. a. verb, adjective c. preposition, adjective b. preposition, adverb d. conjunction, adverb นักศกึ ษาไมค่ วรจดทุกอย่างทีไดย้ นิ ในการบรรยาย แตค่ วรทาํ สรุปเพยี งใจความสาํ คญั 17. Students should not try to write down everything they hear in a lecture, but just make a summary of the most important points a. noun, verb c. noun, noun b. pronoun, verb d. pronoun, noun MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 13 ก่อนทีเราจะตดั สนิ ความสาํ เร็จของรัฐบาลได้ เราจะต้องตงั เกณฑก์ ารประเมินเช่น การวา่ งงาน การป้องกนั ประเทศหรือการจัดเก็บภาษี 18. Before we can judge a government’s success, we have to decide the criteria such as unemployment, defence, or taxation. a. verb, verb c. noun, verb b. noun, noun d. verb, noun เสือผ้าของผชู้ ายและผหู้ ญงิ เคยมีลกั ษณะแตกตา่ งกนั มาก ในขณะทีปัจจุบัน ผู้หญิงมกั ใส่กางเกงขายาวแบบผชู้ าย 19. The clothing of men and women used to be quite distinct, whereas today women often were trousers as well as men. a. noun, preposition c. verb, preposition b. noun, conjunction d. verb, conjunction บริษทั ญีป่ นุ และเกาหลไี ด้ลงทนุ อย่างมหาศาลในสหราชอาณาจกั ทาํ ใหเ้ กิดการสร้างงานใหม่ ๆ จาํ นวนับพัน 20. Japanese and Korea companies have invested heavily in the UK, creating thousands of new jobs. a. noun, noun c. adjective, noun b. noun, adjective d. adjective, adjective การชาํ ระเงินสาํ หรับการซอื สนิ ค้า เป็ นจาํ นวนมากดว้ ยบัตรเครดิตแทนเงนิ สด กลายมาเป็ นบรรทดั ฐานสาํ หรับหลาย ๆ ประเทศในโลก 21. Paying for large purchases by credit card instead of in cash has become the norm in many parts of the world. a. verb, verb c. noun, verb b. noun, noun d. verb, noun แมว้ า่ คาํ พูดมกั จะเป็ นเสยี งทีตอ่ เนืองกัน แตภ่ าษาเขียนจะถกู แบง่ ออกเป็ นหน่วย ๆ แยกกันซึงเราเรียกวา่ คาํ 22. Although speech is mostly continuous sound, written language is divided into discrete units which we call words. a. adjective, preposition c. adverb, preposition b. adjective, conjunction d. adverb, conjunction ผู้วิจยั ตลาดใช้ข้อมูลเช่น รูปแบบการใช้จา่ ยของผู้คน และข้อมูลเกียวกบั อายุและอาชีพ ในการตดั สนิ ใจเลอื กกลยุทธท์ างการตลาดทีมี ประสิทธิภาพมากที สดุ 23. Market researchers use data such as people’s spending patterns as well as information about age and occupation to decide on the most effective marketing strategies. a. noun, preposition c. noun, conjunction b. pronoun, preposition d. pronoun conjunction หนึงในบทบาทของกรรมการผ้จู ัดการคือการประสานงานกบั แผนกตา่ ๆ เพอื ทีจะทาํ ใหม้ นั ใจวา่ แผนกเหลา่ นันทาํ งานร่วมกันไดอ้ ยา่ งดี 24. One of the roles of the Managing Director is to coordinate the work of different departments to ensure that they work well together. a. verb, adjective c. noun, conjunction b. conjunction, adjective d. adjective, adverb เจมสป์ ฎิเสธงานจากบริษัทบญั ชี แม้ว่าจะมเี งินเดือนทีสงู มากตามทีเขาไดร้ ับการเสนอกต็ าม 25. James rejected the job with the accounting firm despite the big salary he was offered. a. preposition, verb c. preposition, adjective b. conjunction, verb d. conjunction, adjective MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 14 ถา้ คณุ ตังใจเรียกมากกว่านีตลอดภาคเรียน คุณคงจะไมต่ ้องกังวลใจเรื องขอ้ สอบมากเช่นนี 26. If you had studied more throughout the semester, you wouldn’t be so worried about the exams now. a. preposition, verb c. preposition, adjective b. conjunction, verb d. conjunction, adjective แมว้ า่ จะมีหลกั ,นน้อยมากแต่นักวทิ ยาศาสตรห์ ลา่ ยทา่ นคาดเดาว่าอาจมสี ิงมีชิวิตอยใู่ นดาวเคราะหด์ วงอืน ๆอีก 27. Although there is very little evidence, many scientists speculate that life may exist on other planets. a. adjective, verb c. noun, verb b. adjective, noun d. noun, noun หลงั จากประสบอุบตั ิเหตจุ ากการเล่นสกี ไมเคิลต้องใช้เวลาหลายเดอื นในการบาํ บดั กอ่ นทีเขาสามารถเดนิ ไดส้ กั ครัง 28. After his skiing accident, Michael needed month of therapy before he could walk again. a. preposition, noun c. preposition, adjective b. conjunction, verb d. conjunction adjective ผมมบี ัตรเช้าชมการจดั แสดงศลิ ปะสมัยใหมท่ ีจดั ในเมอื งอยู่สองใบ คุณอยากไปกบั ผมไหม อืม ไมร่ ู้สิ ฉันไมร่ เู้ รืองอะไรเลย เกียวกบั ศิลปะ สมัยใหม่ แลว้ ฉันกไ็ มใ่ ช่ศลิ ปิ นด้วย 29. “I’ve got two tickets for the new modern art exhibit downtown, D you want to go with me?” “Oh, I don’t know. I don’t know anything about modern art, and I’m no artist. a. conjunction, noun c. conjunction pronoun b. interjection, noun d. interjection, pronoun ฉนั ทาํ งาน 40 ชัวโมงต่อสปั ดาห์ แล้วฉันก็ยงั ลงเรียนอกี สาวิชา โอโห เธอจะต้องเรียนตอนไหน ตอนเช้าปกติแลว้ บางวันสิงทีฉนั ทาํ ก็แคก่ ิน เรียน ทาํ งาน แลว้ กน็ อน 30. “I work 40 hours a week, and I’m taking three classes?” “Wow ! when do you have to study?” “in the morning, usually, some days all I do is eat, study, work, and sleep” a. conjunction, adjective c. conjunction, adverb b. interjection, adjective d. interjection, adverb MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 15 Parts of Speech - Exercise 1 Identify the correct part of speech for each listed item in each sentences below. Choose from among the following options: noun verb adjective adverb pronoun conjunction preposition qualifier determiner 1. A small snail climbed over the slippery log and inched slowly toward the nearby fields. A = determiner small = adjective : snail = noun : climbed = verb over = preposition the = determiner slippery = adjective log = noun and = conjunction inched = verb slowly = adverb toward = preposition the = determiner nearby = adjective fields = noun 2. I didn't go to the very formal dinner because you never returned from the cleaners with my favorite tuxedo. I = pronoun didn't go = verb to = preposition the = determiner very = qualifier formal = adjective dinner = noun because = conjunction you = pronoun never = adverb returned = verb from = preposition the = determiner cleaners = noun with = preposition my = pronoun (or determiner ) favorite = adjective tuxedo = noun MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 16 3. The senator made numerous lofty promises to his constituents when he spoke so glibly at the expensive political fundraiser in Washington, D.C. The = determiner senator = noun : made = verb numerous = adjective : lofty = adjective promises = noun to = preposition his = pronoun (or determiner ) constituents = noun when = conjunction he = pronoun spoke = verb so = qualifier glibly = adverb at = preposition the = determiner expensive = adjective political = adjective fundraiser = noun in = preposition Washington, D.C. = noun Parts of Speech - Exercise 2 Identify the correct part of speech for each listed item in each sentences below. Choose from among the following options: noun verb adjective adverb pronoun conjunction preposition qualifier determiner 1. The weather was quite warm, so we walked lazily along the shady path near an old cemetery in the countryside. The = determiner weather = noun : was = verb quite = qualifier warm = adjective so = conjunction we = pronoun walked = verb lazily = adverb along = preposition the = determiner shady = adjective path = noun near = preposition an = determiner old = adjective cemetery = noun MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 17 in = preposition the = determiner countryside = noun 2.While Josephine nonchalantly ate her huge sandwich, we numbly watched a sly cat as it climbed almost imperceptibly onto the ledge by the sofa and rather greedily eyed a poor little mouse under the chair. While = conjunction : Josephine = noun was eating = verb nonchalantly = adverb her = pronoun huge = adjective sandwich = noun we = pronoun numbly = adverb watched = verb a = determiner sly = adjective cat = noun as = conjunction it = pronoun climbed = verb almost = qualifier imperceptibly = adverb onto = preposition the = determiner ledge = noun by = preposition the = determiner sofa = noun and = conjunction rather = qualifier greedily = adverb eyed = verb a = determiner poor = adjective little = adjective mouse = noun under = preposition the = determiner chair = noun MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 18 Parts of Speech - Exercise 3 Identify the correct part of speech for each listed item in each sentences below. Choose from among the following options: noun verb adjective adverb pronoun conjunction preposition qualifier determiner 1. The coffee from that small market near the mall usually tastes pretty good, but lately it has seemed somewhat acidic. The = determiner coffee = noun from = verb that = determiners small = adjective market = noun near = preposition the = determiner mall = noun usually = adverb tastes = verb pretty = qualifier good = adjective but = conjunction lately = adverb it = pronoun has = verb (auxiliary) seemed = verb somewhat = qualifier acidic = adjective 2. If anyone in a dark suit knocks at the door before I come back, answer it very cautiously, and call the police immediately if you suspect danger. If = Conjunction anyone = pronoun in = preposition a = article dark = adjective suit = noun knocks = verb at = preposition the = determiner door = noun before = preposition I = pronoun come = verb back = adverb answer = verb it = pronoun very = qualifier cautiously = adverb MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 19 and = conjunction : call = verb : the = DETERMINER police = noun immediately = adverb : if = conjunction you = pronoun suspect = verb any = determiner danger = noun : Parts of Speech - Exercise 4 Identify the correct part of speech for each listed item in each sentences below. Choose from among the following options: noun verb adjective adverb pronoun conjunction preposition qualifier determiner 1. Although the competition was quite stiff, my novel narrowly won first prize in a prestigious national contest. Although = conjunction the = determiner competition = noun was = verb quite = qualifier stiff = adjective my = determiner : novel = noun narrowly = adverb won = verb first = adjective prize = noun in = preposition a = determiner prestigious = adjective national = adjective contest = noun 2. What was the very last thing you did before your appointment with Harry? What = pronoun was = verb the = determiner very = qualifier last = adjective : thing = noun you = pronoun did = verb before = preposition your = determiner MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 20 appointment = noun with = preposition Harry = noun 3. The list of names grew longer and the available space dwindled as they entered the camp for refugees. The = determiner list = noun : of = preposition names = noun grew = verb longer = adjective and = conjunction the = determiner : available = adjective space = noun : dwindled = verb as = conjunction they = pronoun : entered = verb : the = determiner camp = noun for = preposition refugees = noun MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 21 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates Exercise 1 Directions: In the text boxes provided below each item, identify the sentence's simple subject and simple predicate 1. Four young soldiers led the troops into battle. Subject = soldiers Predicate = led 2. In less than two hours, the entire cake had been eaten. Subject = cake Predicate = had been eaten 3. For most of his career, Jim has ridden his bicycle to his office. Subject = Jim Predicate = has ridden 4. Two beautiful goldfish in the pond were eating the insects on the top of the water. Subject = goldfish Predicate = were eating 5. Until that last telephone call, I was having a wonderful day. Subject = I Predicate = was having 6. Last week's fire was started by an arsonist from a nearby town. Subject = fire Predicate = was started 7. Her latest statement to the press was carefully worded. Subject = statement Predicate = was worded 8. Novels by E. L. Doctorow are my favorite. Subject = novels Predicate = are 9. The farmers in that part of the county are planting their fields this week. Subject = farmers Predicate = are planting 10. Eat your food slowly. Subject = you Predicate = eat MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 22 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates Exercise 2 Directions: In the text boxes provided below each item, identify the sentence's simple subject and simple predicate. 1. The results of the test are inconclusive Subject = results Predicate = are 2. There have been many incidents of vandalism in the past. Subject = incidents Predicate = have been 3. Why did he take the new car back to the dealer? Subject = he Predicate = did take 4. My name was written on the document in three places. Subject = name Predicate = was written 5. By the saucer of milk sat a very scrawny cat. Subject = cat Predicate = sat 6. She will be going to the dentist's office later this afternoon. Subject = she Predicate = will be going 7. Remarkably, the patient with the shattered skull survived the surgery. Subject = patient Predicate = survived 8. All citizens in the United States must complete a tax return each year. Subject = citizens Predicate = must complete 9. With prices so low, I should have bought a few more toothbrushes Subject = I Predicate = should have bought 10. Will Joe be taking his golf clubs on this trip? Subject = joe Predicate = will be taking MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 23 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates Exercise 3 Directions: In the text boxes provided below each item, identify the sentence's simple subject and simple predicate.. 1. What were you doing at 11:00 p.m. last night? Subject = you Predicate = were doing 2. The agent at the bank must have been feeling suspicious about the action Subject = agent Predicate = must have been feeling 3. The flower on a cactus is a thing of beauty. Subject = flower Predicate = is 4. After an hour or two, you should find the pain bearable. Subject = you Predicate = should find 5. The guitarist's fingers flew over the frets on the guitar neck. Subject = fingers Predicate = flew 6. Every house on this block was destroyed by the tornado. Subject = house Predicate = was destroyed 7. My editor in New York will be working all week on the manuscript for my new book. Subject = editor Predicate = will be working 8. By the fence sat an old box full of keys. Subject = box Predicate = sat 9. Did Mr. Bond request a change in his reservation for dinner? Subject = Mr. Bond Predicate = Did request 10. My friends from the old neighborhood came to my new house. Subject = friends Predicate = came MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 24 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates Exercise 4 Directions: In the text boxes provided below each item, identify the sentence's simple subject and simple predicate. 1. At ten minutes after midnight, the cat jumped from the porch railing. Subject = cat Predicate = jumped 2. Have you tasted the new coffee from Brazil? Subject = you Predicate = Have tasted 3. There was no bread in the freezer yesterday. Subject = bread Predicate = was 4. The senator from Wisconsin was considering the bill on immigration. Subject = senator Predicate = was considering 5. Where did the young man put my coat? Subject = man Predicate = did put 6. The documentary on the ravages of the hurricane showed a number of tragic events. Subject = documentary Predicate = showed 7. At the top of the stairs stood a very tiny man with some tickets in his hand. Subject = man Predicate = stood 8. What did Mark say to you about the lecture? Subject = Mark Predicate = did say 9. The exterior mirror on my car was broken by a vandal. Subject = mirror Predicate = broken 10. After that scary experience with the hitchhiker, Harry must be feeling very lucky. Subject = Harry Predicate = must be feeling MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 25 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates Exercise 5 Directions: In the text boxes provided below each item, identify the sentence's simple subject and simple predicate 1. Has Mary seen the new movie about cats? Subject = Mary Predicate = Has been 2. That joke has been sent to millions of people over the Internet. Subject = joke Predicate = has been sent 3. There was a small bee in the jar. Subject = bee Predicate = was 4. Near the sink lay a large bottle of soap. Subject = bottle Predicate = lay 5. When will Hilda buy a new car? Subject = Hilda Predicate = will buy 6. Suddenly the large flame from the candle lit the curtains n the bedroom. Subject = flame Predicate = lit 7. By now, Bill has read Gulliver's Travels at least three times. Subject = Bill Predicate = has read 8. Why isn't anybody volunteering for the job? Subject = anybody Predicate = isn't volunteering 9. Each student in this class should write an essay about the court's decision. Subject = student Predicate = should write 10. After such a cold winter, the townspeople in Newton are expecting a warm spring. Subject = townspeople Predicate = are expecting MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 26 VERBS Verbs have traditionally been defined as words that show action or state of being. Verbs can also sometimes be recognized by their position in a sentence. In the following two sentence frames, only a verb can be put into the empty slot. NOUN __________ THERE ________ NOUN (verb) (verb) Often, prefixes and suffixes (affixes) will signify that a word is a verb. For example, the suffixes - ify, -ize, -ate, or -en usually signify that a word is a verb, as in typify, characterize, irrigate, and sweeten. Prefixes such as be-, de-, or en- may signify that a word is a verb, as in bestow, dethrone, and encourage. These affixes, often inconsistent from verb to verb, are called derivational affixes. Added to a word, they either change the word's part of speech Example: / or change the word's meaning Example: The base form of a verb is derived from the verb’s infinitive: to + verb Four suffixes consistently added to a verb’s base create all forms of a verb used in all tenses: 1. -s creates 3rd person singular / present tense (He talks.) 2. -ing creates the present participle / used with be (He is talking.) 3. -ed creates the simple past (He talked.) 4. -en creates the past participle / used with have (He has talked.) Note: The -en verb ending used with a form of to have as an auxiliary is generally written -ed, as in has talked. Unlike the derivational affixes, these inflectional suffixes are consistently used with all verbs, even though their form may look different from verb to verb. Because many verbs in English are irregular; as result, their –ed and/or –en endings may not follow any obvious pattern. MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 27 Examples: Smith writes short stories at home. (-s ending) (to write) Smith is writing short stories at home. (-ing ending) Smith wrote short stories at home. (-ed ending) (to buy) Smith has written short stories at home. (-en ending) (to go) * Jones buys a newspaper each day. (-s ending) Jones is buying a newspaper today. (-ing ending) Jones bought a newspaper yesterday. (-ed ending) Jones has bought newspapers every day. (-en ending) * Students go to the library often. (-s ending) Students are going to the library often. (-ing ending) Students went to the library often. (-ed ending) Students have gone to the library often. (-en ending) The majority of verbs are regular and consistently use -ed and -en to form their simple past tense and past participles. (e.g. talked, has talked) Many verbs are irregular, however, and follow no consistent pattern in creating their -ed and/or - en forms. A list of the major irregular verbs is shown below. A verb phrase is defined as the main verb together with all its auxiliaries (helping verbs). Auxiliary verbs always precede the main verb. There are two types of auxiliary verbs: 1. Inflected auxiliary verbs: be have do 2. Modal auxiliaries (considered more fully under (auxiliary verbs) present past no tense will would must shall should can could may might Examples of verb phrases: He has taken the test. (auxiliary has + main verb take.) He is taking the test. (auxiliary is + main verb take) He did take the test. (auxiliary do + main verb take) He has been taking the (auxiliaries has been + main test. verb take) Verbs may be divided into three types: A. Action verbs - show an action -- either physical or mental B. Verbs of being (forms of be - is, are, was, were, has/have/had been, will be) - show a state of existence: MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 28 /// C. **Linking verbs - link a subject with its complement (A subjective complement \"completes\" / \"equals\" the subject.) Linking verbs: appear, taste, smell, feel, look, sound, grow, seem, remain, become NOTE: Most linking verbs can also be used as action verbs. Action verbs may be either transitive or intransitive. A. A transitive verb is one that is followed by a direct object. Example: MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 29 B. An intransitive verb is one that is NOT followed by a direct object. Example: Caution: An intransitive verb may be followed by adjectives, adverbs, and/or prepositional phrases. As long as the verb is not followed by a noun or pronoun functioning as the direct object, the verb is intransitive. Example: NOTE: Some action verbs may be either transitive or intransitive. Example: (left) MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 30 Another example (read): ; Verbs have three moods: indicative, imperative, and subjunctive. A. The indicative mood states a fact, asks a question, or exclaims. B. The imperative mood gives a command. The subject is always \"you\" understood. C. The subjunctive mood occurs in two instances: 1. The sentence indicates a situation contrary to fact. 2. The sentence shows a wish, desire, or demand in a nominal clause beginning with that following verbs such as desire, demand, request, suggest MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 31 Distinguishing between Transitive and Intransitive Verbs - Exercise 1 Directions: In the spaces provided, identify the predicate verb in each sentence below. Then, label the verb as transitive or intransitive. If the verb is transitive, write the direct object in the space provided. If it is intransitive, leave the space blank. Example: After the meeting, Tom will announce his plans for the next week. Answer: will announce, transitive, plans 1. She telephoned her uncle last Saturday. Answer: telephoned, transitive, uncle 2. We easily located the path through the woods. Answer: located, transitive, path 3. Marion has been sitting in that chair for a very long time. Answer: has been sitting, intransitive 4. With great hopes for a lucrative contract, the writer finally sent the manuscript to a publisher. Answer: sent, transitive, manuscript 5. For such a small boy, Paul eats a great deal of candy. Answer: eats, transitive, deal 6. What do you want from me? Answer: do want, transitive, What 7. James came by his fortune honestly. Answer: came by, transitive, fortune 8. She smiled at her younger sister across the hall. Answer: smiled, intransitive 9. Jack finally figured out the answer to the very difficult problem. Answer: figured out, transitive, answer 10. A number of experienced hikers will be trekking through the mountain pass shortly. Answer: will be trekking, intransitive MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 32 Distinguishing between Transitive and Intransitive Verbs - Exercise 2 Directions: In the spaces provided, identify the predicate verb in each sentence below. Then, label the verb as transitive or intransitive. If the verb is transitive, write the direct object in the space provided. If it is intransitive, leave the space blank. Example: After the meeting, Tom will announce his plans for the next week. Answer: will announce, transitive, plans 1. What have you done to your hair? Answer: have done, intransitive 2. The students were walking through the new buildings on campus. Answer: were walking, intransitive 3. Helen brought up the subject again this evening. Answer: brought up, transitive, subject 4. Until ten o'clock on Saturday, each shopper may purchase only one of the popular dolls. Answer: may purchase, transitive, one 5. Are you coming to the costume party this weekend? Answer: Are coming, intransitive 6. The butter has been sitting on the counter for over three hours. Answer: has been sitting, intransitive 7. Hubert wrestled with his conscience over the incident. Answer: wrestled, intransitive 8. Two men with masks over their faces held up the bank on 42nd Street today. Answer: held up, transitive, bank 9. The teenager had wrecked his new car within days of its purchase. Answer: had wrecked, transitive, car 10. Subscribers will be writing about that controversial article for months. Answer: will be writing, intransitive MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 33 Distinguishing between Transitive and Intransitive Verbs - Exercise 3 Directions: In the spaces provided, identify the predicate verb in each sentence below. Then, label the verb as transitive or intransitive. If the verb is transitive, write the direct object in the space provided. If it is intransitive, leave the space blank. Example: After the meeting, Tom will announce his plans for the next week. Answer: will announce, transitive, plans 1. In spite of much indecision, Sarah finally put on her new dress. Answer: put on, transitive, dress 2. Why were you saying those things to him? Answer: were saying, transitive, things 3. Until recently, the plant stood in the east corner of the atrium. Answer: stood, intransitive 4. The flamingos on the far side of the lake dipped their heads into the water. Answer: dipped, transitive, heads 5. After the debacle with the burned popcorn, the microwave no longer works. Answer: works intransitive 6. Have you walked across the school's campus lately? Answer: have walked, intransitive 7. Tabitha brought her dog to the veterinarian for its annual shots. Answer: brought, transitive, dog 8. After three hours of argument, they made up with a kiss. Answer: made up, intransitive 9. The young man in the booth would not accept my ticket to the concert. Answer: would not accept, transitive, ticket 10. The box of paper clips spilled onto the floor from the table in the front of the room.. Answer: spilled, intransitive MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 34 Distinguishing between Transitive and Intransitive Verbs - Exercise 4 Directions: In the spaces provided, identify the predicate verb in each sentence below. Then, label the verb as transitive or intransitive. If the verb is transitive, write the direct object in the space provided. If it is intransitive, leave the space blank. Example: After the meeting, Tom will announce his plans for the next week. Answer: will announce, transitive, plans 1. Amelia Earhart once flew from Los Angeles to Mexico City. Answer: flew, intransitive 2. Very few people in the neighborhood agreed with Smith about street lighting. Answer: agreed, intransitive 3. When did the group from the local museum finally reach the archeological site? Answer: did reach, transitive, site 4. Marx collaborated with Engels on the Communist Manifesto. Answer: collaborated, intransitive 5. After the first act of the play, most of the dancers wore purple leotards. Answer: wore, transitive, leotards 6. Why did the IOC choose Vancouver for the 2010 winter Olympics? Answer: did choose, transitive, Vancouver 7. Most children can play happily at the beach for an entire afternoon. Answer: can play, intransitive 8. Mary Wollstoncraft disagreed with the notion of women's inferiority. Answer: disagreed, intransitive 9. In the final minute of the fourth quarter, Jim threw the winning pass into the end zone. Answer: threw, transitive, pass 10. The Beatles came to the United States in the 1960s. Answer: came, intransitive MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 35 Distinguishing between Transitive and Intransitive Verbs - Exercise 5 Directions: In the spaces provided, identify the predicate verb in each sentence below. Then, label the verb as transitive or intransitive. If the verb is transitive, write the direct object in the space provided. If it is intransitive, leave the space blank. Example: After the meeting, Tom will announce his plans for the next week. Answer: will announce, transitive, plans 1. No one has told us about the big news of the day. Answer: has told, transitive, us 2. The child cried for many hours over the lost doll.. Answer: cried, intransitive 3. Last night, Ivan dreamed about colorful clowns on unicycles.. Answer: dreamed, intransitive 4. By noon on Saturday, Helen will have ridden her bicycle over fifty miles. Answer: will have ridden, transitive, bicycle 5. What in the world did Geoff see in the distance? Answer: did see, transitive, What 6. Three monks from Tibet were solemnly pouring sand onto the mandala. Answer: were pouring, transitive, sand 7. Peter glared at his friend Max for at least ten seconds. Answer: glared, intransitive 8. The naughty child was finally cleaning up the toys ion the floor of his bedroom. Answer: was cleaning up, transitive, toys 9. Are you bringing a gift to the birthday party for Jane? Answer: are bringing, transitive, gift 10. The fingers of her left hand were lying across the page of the book. Answer: were lying, intransitive MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 36 Linking verb คืออะไรกนั หนอ มอี ะไรบา้ งทีควรเรียนรู้และจดจาํ แลว้ มนั ใช้ต่างกนั หรือเหมือนกันกับ Verb to be คาํ ถามเหล่านีมี มาจากน้องๆทยี ังไม่เข้าใจหลักการใช้ linking verb นึกว่ามนั สามารถใช้แทน Verb to be ได้เลย แต่จริงๆแล้วมนั เป็ นอย่างไร มาดกู นั Linking แปลวา่ เชือม Verb แปลวา่ กริยา Linking Verb คือ กริยาเชือม ทาํ หน้าทีเชือมประธานกบั คุณศัพทเ์ พือบอกสภาวะ ไมใ่ ช่บอกการกระทาํ linking verb มีอะไรบา้ ง Linking verb พืนฐานเบอื งตน้ ทีทกุ คนควรจดจาํ ไว้ให้แมน่ ไดแ้ ก่ be (is am are/ was were/ been) เป็ น คอื appear ดเู หมอื น / ปรากฎ become เริม, กลาย come เป็ น, กลายเป็น/ มา feel รู้สึก/ คลาํ get เริม / ไดร้ ับ go เกดิ / ไป grow เริม / โต, ปลกู look ดเู หมอื น / มอง remain ยงั คง/ อยู่ seem ดเู หมอื น smell สง่ กลิน / ดม sound ดูเหมอื น / สง่ เสียง stay ยงั คง / พัก taste มรี ส/ ชิม turn กลาย / หมนุ [คําแปลตวั หน้า หมายถงึ ถา้ ทาํ หน้าทีเป็ น Linking verb - คาํ แปลตัวหลงั หมายถงึ ถา้ ทาํ หน้าทีเป็ นกริยาหลกั หรือกริยาแท]้ หลกั การใช้ linking verb Linking verb กค็ ือ คาํ กริยาทที าํ หน้าทีเชือมประธานของประโยคกบั คาํ คณุ ศัพท์ เพือบง่ บอกสภาวะของประธานในประโยคนันๆซึงคาํ ทเี รารู้จกั กนั ดกี ็คือ Verb to be She is happy. หลอ่ นมคี วามสุข You are smart. คุณฉลาด He is lazy. เขาขเี กยี จ Linking Verb หรือกริยาแท้ Linking Verb ตามตวั อยา่ งดา้ นบนนัน ส่วนใหญ่ทาํ หน้าทไี ดท้ ัง กริยาแท้ และกริยาเชือม มีสาม 3 คาํ คือ be , become, seem ทีเป็ นได้ เฉพาะกริยาเชือม เพราะบอกได้แค่สภาวะ แต่ไมส่ ามารถบอกการกระทาํ ได้ ใหจ้ าํ หลกั การงา่ ยๆวา่ ถา้ ทาํ หน้าทีเป็ นกริยาแทจ้ ะแสดงการกระทาํ ถา้ ทาํ หน้าทีเป็ นกรยิ าเชือมจะแสดงสภาวะ ตวั อยา่ งคาํ กริยาทีเป็ นไดท้ ังกริยาแท้และกริยาเชือม เช่น I come home every Sunday. ฉันมาบา้ นทุกวันอาทติ ย์ เป็ นกริยาแท้ เพราะ come บอกการกระทาํ My dreams come true. ฝันของฉนั กลายเป็ นจริง เป็ นกริยาเชือม เพราะ come บอกสภาวะ I’m feeling the pillow. ฉันกาํ ลงั คลําหมอน เป็ นกริยาแท้ เพราะ feel บอกการกระทาํ I’m feeling cold. ฉนั รู้สึกหนาว เป็ นกริยาเชือม เพราะ feel บอกสภาวะ We grow flowers. พวกเราปลกู ต้นไม้ เป็ นกริยาแท้ เพราะ grow บอกการกระทาํ The flowers grow old. ดอกไมเ้ ริมแก่ เป็ นกริยาเชือม เพราะ grow บอกสภาวะ MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 37 They smell flowers. พวกเขาดมดอกไม้ เป็ นกริยาแท้ เพราะ smell บอกการกระทาํ The flowers smell good. ดอกไม้ส่งกลินหอม เป็ นกริยาเชือม เพราะ smell บอกสภาวะ Linking Verb กบั Verb to be ความแตกต่างของ Linking verb กับ Verb to be กค็ ือว่า Linking verb = ชัวคราว Verb to be = ถาวร ถ้าเราใช้ Verb to be เมือไหร่ จะเป็ นการบอกนสิ ัยถาวรของคนๆนั น แตถ่ า้ ใช้ linking verb จะบอกวา่ พฤตกิ รรมนันๆเกดิ ชวั คราว เช่น She is happy. หลอ่ นมคี วามสุข นี คอื ตัวตนของเธอ เธอมีความสขุ ทุกเวลา She looks happy today. หลอ่ นดูเหมือนจะมคี วามสขุ วนั นี เดือนกอ่ น สัปดาหก์ ่อนหน้ามยุ่ สังสัยไดร้ ับข่าวดีอะไรสกั อยา่ ง You are smart. คณุ ฉลาด คูณเก่งอยู่แลว้ แตเ่ กิด ทีหนึงตลอด ทาํ อะไรกค็ ล่องไปหมด You seem smart. คุณดฉู ลาด คณุ ดฉู ลาดขึนนะ ประชุมทุกทมี แี ต่เสนอแนะอะไรไมเ่ ป็ นท่า วนั นหี นาทาํ ไมเป็นคนละคน กินยาผดิ ซองหรือเปล่า He is lazy. เขาขีเกยี จ ไมเ่ คยทาํ อะไรเลย งานหนักไม่เอา เบาไมส่ ู้ He sounds lazy. เขาดเู หมอื นจะขีเกยี จ ปกติขยันขันแข็ง แต่ทาํ ไมตอนนีเหมือนจะเริมอู้งานแลว้ เกดิ อะไรขึน อันนีเป็ นการยกตวั อย่างให้เห็นความแตกตา่ งกันนะครับ โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิงการกลา่ วถงึ พฤติกรรมหรือนิสัย ถ้าใช้ verb to be นันคือนิสยั ของคนนันๆ แตม่ บี างบริบท บางคาํ ทใี ช้แทนกนั ได้เลย เช่น The soup is good. The soup tastes good. ซุปรสชาติดี She is cold. She feels cold. หลอ่ นหนาว ใช้แทนกนั ได้ ถ้าบอกความรู้สกึ แต่ She is cold. She never talks to anyone. หลอ่ นเยน็ ชา หลอ่ นไมเ่ คยพดู กบั ใครเลย MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 38 Action verb & Stative verb คาํ กริยาในภาษาองั กฤษมีเย๊อะแยะมากมาย เรารู้กนั ดีอยแู่ ล้วว่ากริยาคอื คาํ ทีแสดงการกระทาํ แคก่ ริยาอยา่ งเดยี วกถ็ ูกแบ่งเป็ นกลมุ่ ได้หลายแบบ ใน ทีนจี ะแบ่งออกเป็ น 2 กลุ่ม คือ Action verb Stative verb 1. action verbหรือ บางคนเคา้ กเ็ รยี กว่า dynamic verb คือคาํ กริยาทีแสดงอาการ การกระทาํ มีการขยบั เขยือน เคลือนไหว พดู ง่ายๆคอื เรานึกภาพออกว่าเขาทาํ กริยานันๆอย่างไร เช่น ถ้าบอกว่า เขากนิ ข้าว เรากน็ ึกภาพออกว่าเขากาํ ลงั ตักข้าวเข้าปาก หรือ เขากระโดด เรากเ็ ห็นภาพ คนกาํ ลงั กระโดด ทีมนั ไดช้ ือเก๋ๆมาอีกชือหนึงว่าdynamic verb เพราะคาํ ว่า dynamic มนั แปลวา่ เคลือนไหว ไงละ่ คะ กริยากลมุ่ นีมี เยอะแยะ มากมาย สว่ นใหญ่กเ็ ป็ นกริยาทเี ราเรยี นมากนั ตงั แตป่ ระถมนันแหละค่ะ เช่น eat, drink, speak, write, catch, go, walk, watch, sit, hit, sleep, hold, etc. นีแค่ตวั อย่างเพือใหเ้ หน็ ภาพของaction verb เท่านันค่ะ 2. stative verbหรือบางครังเรียกว่า state verb หรือ abstract verb คอื คาํ กริยาทีไม่ไดแ้ สดงการกระทาํ หรือการเคลือนไหวแตเ่ ป็ น กริยาทแี สดงสภาวะ คาํ กริยาทจี ัดอยใู่ นกลุ่ม stative verb แบง่ ออกเป็ น 6 ประเภทดังนีคะ่ 2.1 คาํ กริยาทแี สดงการรับรู้ แสดงถึงการใช้ประสาทสัมผสั ดู ไดย้ ิน ได้กลนิ ลิมรส รู้สึก คือ hear, see, smell, taste, feel ตวั อยา่ ง ประโยค เช่น The roast chicken smells good. ไก่ยา่ งกลินหอมจัง I heard someone crying outside. ฉันไดย้ นิ ใครบางคนร้องไหอ้ ยขู่ ้างนอก 2.2 คาํ กริยาทแี สดงสภาวะทางความคดิ เช่น believe, know, recognize, think, doubt, mean, remember, understand, forget, realize, suppose, etc. I don’t know Jason, so I won’t invite him to my birthday party. I recognized you as soon as you come into the room. 2.3 คาํ กริยาทแี สดงความเป็ นเจ้าของ เช่นbelong, own, have, possess That is the only valuable thing I possess. นันเป็ นสิงมีค่าชินเดียวทีฉนั มี I don’t have any money left. ฉนั ไม่มเี งนิ เหลืออยู่เลย 2.4 คาํ กริยาแสดงอารมณห์ รือความรู้สึก เช่นlove, like, hate, mind, envy, wish, prefer, fear, surprise, astonish, etc. I like her style. I prefer tea to cake. 2.5 คาํ ทีแสดงการวดั หรือการประมาณคา่ เช่น weigh, cost, measure, contain, equal, etc. This pack of sugar weighs more than that one. นําตาลถงุ นี หนกั มากกว่าถงุ นัน The ring costs 23,000 baht. แหวนวงนีราคา 23,000 บาท 2.6 คาํ กริยาแสดงสภาวะอืนๆ เช่นverb to be (is, am, are), owe, seem, exist, require, etc. I owe you a lot. ฉนั เป็ นหนีคุณมากมายเหลอื เกนิ It seems that you don’t understand me. ดูเหมอื นวา่ เธอจะไม่เข้าใจฉนั MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 39 *** stative verb บางคาํ เป็ นได้ทัง action verb และ stative verb ดงั นันในการนาํ ไปใช้จะตอ้ งแยกนิดนงึ ว่า เป็ นแบบไหนเพราะถา้ เป็ นแบบ stative verb จะเอามาทาํ เป็ น continuous tense หรือกริยารูปกาํ ลงั กระทาํ ไม่ได้ เช่น The cake tastes delicious. (stative verb) เคก้ มีรสอร่อย (เราจะไม่พดู ว่า The cake is tasting delicious. แปลว่า เคก้ กาํ ลังมรี สอร่อย แบบนีผิดคะ่ ) I’m tasting the soup. Let’s see if it’s too much salty. (action verb) ฉันกาํ ลังจะชิมซุปถ้วยนี ดูสวิ า่ จะเคม็ ไปมัย Grammar Exercise - Linking Verbs Choose the correct answer 1. She looks fine. Linking Verb 2. She looked into the street. Ordinary Verb 3. He is the best soccer player in the world. Linking Verb 4. She was great in her new performance. Linking Verb 5. He seems confused. Linking Verb 6. They tasted the pizza. Ordinary Verb 7. The pizza tasted good. Linking Verb 8. That sounds fantastic. Linking Verb 9. I stayed at the hotel. Ordinary Verb 10. He grew tired of running. Linking Verb MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 40 Verbs of Being, Linking Verbs, and Action Verbs- Exercise 1 Directions: Identify the subject and predicate for each sentence. Then identify the verb type as linking,action, or being. Note: Include auxiliary (helping) verbs when identifying predicates. 1. After several days in bed, Alice felt much better. The subject is Alice. The predicate is felt. The verb type is linking. 2. Manny tasted the wine in its cup. The subject is Manny. The predicate is tasted. The verb type is action. 3. Children often look cute in their Halloween costumes. The subject is Children. The predicate is look. The verb type is linking. 4. Each person felt the soft fur on the rabbit. The subject is person. The predicate is felt. The verb type is action. 5. I have looked everywhere for the key to the basement. The subject is I. The predicate is have looked. The verb type is action. 6. The post man is early today. The verb type is being. The subject is post man . The predicate is is. 7. Quasimodo sounded the bells for the last time. The verb type is action. The subject is Quasimodo . The predicate is sounded. 8. Does Quasimodo feel up to par today? The verb type is linking. The subject is Quasimodo. The predicate is does feel. 9. The four people remained in the hotel until May. The subject is people . The predicate is remained. The verb type is action. 10. Where have you been? The predicate is have been. The verb type is being. The subject is you. 11. Every summer we grow several rows of tomato plants. The subject is we. The predicate is grow. The verb type is action. 12. An angel appeared on the horizon. The subject is angel. The predicate is appeared. The verb type is action. 13. Jim has grown taller in the last year. The subject is Jim. The predicate is have grown. The verb type is linking. 14. Your essay on the civil war was too long. The subject is essay. The predicate is was. The verb type is being. 15. Could you be a little earlier for the next meeting? The subject is you. The predicate is could be. The verb type is being. MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 41 Verbs of Being, Linking Verbs, and Action Verbs- Exercise 2 Directions: Identify the subject and predicate for each sentence. Then identify the verb type as linking, action, or being. Note: Include auxiliary (helping) verbs when identifying predicates. 1. Did John look handsome in that picture? The subject is John. The predicate is did look. The verb type is linking. 2. Despite the excitement all around her, the young gymnast remained calm. The subject is gymnast. The predicate is remained. The verb type is linking. 3. Four students in Mr. Brown's art history class borrowed books on Monet from the library. The subject is students. The predicate is borrowed. The verb type is action. 4. We were spending too much money on silly things. The subject is We. The predicate is were spending. The verb type is action. 5. We smelled the smoke at least an hour before the actual fire. The subject is We. The predicate is smelled. The verb type is action. 6. The manual for the stereo will be in the drawer next to the TV. The subject is manual . The predicate is will be. The verb type is being. 7. The woman in the red dress looked absolutely beautiful. The subject is woman . The predicate is looked. The verb type is linking. 8. Did you buy that piece of jewelry for me? The subject is you. The predicate is did buy. The verb type is action. 9. The artist has been at her studio since 11 a.m. The subject is artist . The predicate is has been. The verb type is being. 10. Where are you going? The predicate is are going.. The verb type is action. The subject is you . 11. The baker has been making specialty cakes for years. The subject is baker. The predicate is has been making. The verb type is action. 12. Bill had appeared sad earlier in the day. The subject is Bill. The predicate is had appeared. The verb type is linking. 13. I have looked everywhere for my lost keys. The subject is I. The predicate is have looked. The verb type is action. 14. The plant will grow most easily in a very sunny spot. The subject The plant. The predicate is will grow. The verb type is action. 15. Will you be staying with us overnight? The subject is you. The predicate is Will be staying. The verb type is action. MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 42 Verbs of Being, Linking Verbs, and Action Verbs- Exercise 3 Directions: Identify the subject and predicate for each sentence. Then identify the verb type as linking, action, or being. Note: Include auxiliary (helping) verbs when identifying predicates. 1. The great Redwoods on the California coast grow very tall. The subject is Redwoods. The predicate is grow. The verb type is linking. 2. Would he agree to our offer of amnesty?. The subject is he. The predicate is Would agree. The verb type is action. 3. There is no reason for anger in this situation. The subject is reason . The predicate is is. The verb type is being. 4. The soldier on the front lines was searching the area for explosives. The subject is soldier. The predicate is was searching.The verb type is action. 5. Even with very little hope, Tom seemed optimistic. The subject is Tom . The predicate is seemed. The verb type is linking. 6. May will be making her zesty gravy for the celebration tonight. The subject is May. The predicate is will be making. The verb type is action. 7. Why did he ask that question? The subject is he . The predicate is did ask. The verb type is action. 8. The women have been celebrating each other's birthdays for years. The subject is women. The predicate is have been celebrating.The verb type is action. 9. The fudge in that little store on the boardwalk smelled positively wonderful. The subject is fudge . The predicate is smelled. The verb type is linking. 10. Can you see the stripes on the flag from here? The subject is you . The predicate is can see. The verb type is action. 11. The button for the computer should be on the lower left side of the CPU. The subject is button. The predicate is should be. The verb type is being. 12. Before the start of the meal, Morris tasted the soup. The subject is Morris. The predicate is tasted. The verb type is action. 13. People were asking about our insurance plan. The subject is People. The predicate is were asking. The verb type is action. 14. After the long wait in the supermarket line, the woman with two small children slowly walked to the corner drugstore. The subject is woman. The predicate is walked. The verb type is action. 15. Did Joe seem feverish to you this morning? The subject is Joe. The predicate is Did seem. The verb type is linking. MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 43 Verbs of Being, Linking Verbs, and Action Verbs- Exercise 4 Directions: Identify the subject and predicate for each sentence. Then identify the verb type as linking,action, or being. 1. Her presence would have been a constant reminder of the accident. The subject is presence . The predicate is would have been. The verb type is verb of being. 2. Harry's sister can sing beautifully. The subject is sister . The predicate is can sing. The verb type is action. 3. Junior smelled the coffee beans from Brazil. The subject is Junior . The predicate is smelled. The verb type is action. 4. One gymnast sustained a painful injury to her left shoulder. The subject is gymnast. The predicate is sustained. The verb type is action. 5. The two horses are looking quite uncomfortable in the small van. The subject is horses . The predicate is are looking. The verb type is linking. 6. After a great deal of searching, I finally found your sweater in the hamper. The subject is I . The predicate is found. The verb type is action. 7. Why do his threats sound so scary? The subject is threats . The predicate is do sound. The verb type is linking. 8. Upon his arrival, the landlord became quite upset about the leaking pipe. The subject is landlord. The predicate is became. The verb type is linking. 9. There are two pictures hanging on the front wall. The verb type is being. The subject is pictures .The predicate is are hanging. 10. Are all of your friends at the mall today? The subject is all . The predicate is are. The verb type is being. 11. In the warm weather, the milk on the counter turned sour. The subject is milk. The predicate is turned. The verb type is linking. 12. With her sharp mind and quick wit, the Thompsons' youngest daughter may be a genius. The subject is daughter. The predicate is may be. The verb type is being. 13. In spite of the offer of help, the jury still felt helpless about the large amount of conflicting evidence. The subject is jury. The predicate is felt. The verb type is linking. 14. Even after many years, the boy remained in Angora with his parents. The subject is boy. The predicate is remained. The verb type is action. 15. On the other hand, Monday seems like a good day for a parade. The subject is Monday. The predicate is seems. The verb type is linking. MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 44 Verbs of Being, Linking Verbs, and Action Verbs- Exercise 5 Directions: Identify the subject and predicate for each sentence. Then identify the verb type as linking, action, or being. Note: Include auxiliary (helping) verbs when identifying predicates. 1. Why are you eating celery for breakfast? The subject is you . The predicate is are eating. The verb type is action. 2. In all fairness, James should send us a message with the time of his arrival. The subject is James . The predicate is should send. The verb type is action. 3. That would be a serious question with no easy answer. The subject is That . The predicate is would be. The verb type is being. 4. Have you ridden across the new bridge yet? The subject is you. The predicate is have ridden. The verb type is action. 5. Out of the corner of her eye, Mabel looked at Mrs. Jenkins. The subject is Mabel . The predicate is looked. The verb type is action. 6. The basement in the old house smelled like dust and old moisture. The subject is basement . The predicate is smelled. The verb type is linking. 7. Will Montie be there by three o'clock? The subject is Montie . The predicate is Will be. The verb type is being. 8. At the edge of the ravine, the road abruptly ended. The subject is road. The predicate is ended. The verb type is action. 9. The lion cages at the zoo look unstable. The subject is cages . The predicate is look. The verb type is linking. 10. There will be a business card on the table near the front door. The subject is card The predicate is will be. The verb type is being. 11. From that vantage point, she could see his dark shape clearly. The subject is she. The predicate is could see. The verb type is action. 12. In this poem, words become symbols for ghostly realms. The subject is words. The predicate is become. The verb type is linking. 13. With any luck, the boat will be ready for a long trip down the coast next week. The subject is boat. The predicate is will be. The verb type is being. 14. After two hours at the airport, Jenny was growing increasingly upset with the unreliable airline schedule. The subject is Jenny. The predicate is was growing. The verb type is linking. 15. The two bloodhounds from the local sheriff's office can easily track the escapee through the woods. The subject is bloodhounds. The predicate is can track. The verb type is action. MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 45 Present Tenses เหตุการณ์ในปัจจบุ นั Present Simple การกระทาํ ทเี ป็ นนสิ ัย Our friends usually travel alone. (V.1-s.es) My parents run every morning. ขอ้ เท็จจรงิ ทัวไป Water boils at 100 C. The earth revolves around the sun ตารางเวลาในอนาคต The next flight is at 7 o' clock. The ticket office starts at 9 am. always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, hardly, never, every Present Continuous เกดิ ขนึ ขณะทพี ูด He is staying at hotel at the moment. (is/am/are+v.ing) Look! It is snowing. กาํ ลังเกดิ ขนึ ในชว่ งนี The world's climate is changing. The athlete is training for the Olympics. เหตกุ ารณใ์ นอนาคตทวี าง We are going to the cinema tonight. แผนไวล้ ว่ งหนา้ We grandfather is arriving tomorrow. now at the moment, at present, nowadays , tonight, this moth Note ! กรยิ าบางตวั ไมใ่ ช่ continuous เชน่ see, hear, smell, look appear, seem, want, love, like, hate, feel, agree, own, belong to Present Perfect เพงิ สนิ สดุ ลง She has just gone out. (has/have + V.3) The Democrats have won the election. เกดิ ในอดตี ไมร่ ะบุเวลา Someone has broken a window แนช่ ดั They have seen me on television. เกดิ ในอดตี และดําเนนิ This man has lived here for six years. มาจนถงึ ปัจจบุ ัน We haven't seen each other since 2005 เกดิ ขนึ ซํา ๆ ในอดีต The kids have seen the film many times. Sandra has been to Paris several times. just , ever, never, already, yet , for (+ระยะเวลา) sice (+ จดุ เรมิ ตน้ ของเวลา หรอื + ประโยค Past Simple) Present Perfect เกดิ ขนึ และดําเนิน Nick has been swimming for two hours. Continuous ตอ่ เนืองถงึ ขณะทพี ดู They have been playing since 4 o'clock. (has/have been เพงิ สนิ สดุ ลงมัก I'm hot ! I have been running. เห็นผลของเหตกุ ารณ์ Watch out ! We've been painting the door. + V.ing) MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 46 Exercise 1 Use either the present simple or the present continuous of the verbs in parentheses. คณุ กาํ ลงั ทาํ อะไรในหอ้ งครัวนี 1. A: What ARE you (do) DOING here in the kitchen? ฉันกาํ ลังชิมซุปว่ามันมคี วามเค็มพอหรือยงั B: I (taste) AM TASTING the soup to see if it (have) HAS enough salt. คุณรู้จกั ผูห้ ญิงทกี าํ ลังคุญกบั ทอมตรงนันไหม 2. A: DO you (know) KNOW the woman who (talk)IS TALKING to Tom over there? ไม่ ฉนั ไมร่ ู้จกั หล่อนแต่ฉนั เดาว่าคงเป็ นแขกเขาทีมาจากฝรังเศส B: No, I (not, recognize) DON’T RECOGNIZE her, but I (suppose) SUPPOSE that she is his guest from France. คณุ เอาร่มไปดว้ ยทาํ ไม ฝนไมไ่ ดต้ กสักหน่อย 3. A: Why ARE you (take) TAKING your umbrella? It (not, rain) ISN’T RAINING ฉนั มักพก มันติดตวั ไปด้วยตลอด แคเ่ ผือไว้น่ะ B: I (always, take) ALWAYS TAKE it. Just in case! แตฝ่ นไมเ่ คยตก ในเดือนกรกฎาคมแบบนีนะ A: But it (never, rain) NEVER RAINS here in July. โอ้ แต่คุณไมม่ ีทางรู้ วันนีอาจจะไมเ่ หมือนทกุ วันก้ได้ B: Oh, well, you (never, know) NEVER KNOW. Today might be different! ทาํ ไมเธอสดู สมูกฟุดฟิดแบบนันล่ะ 4. A: Why ARE you (sniff) SNIFFING like that? ฉันกาํ ลังพยายามดมดวู า่ เธอกาํ ลงั ใช้นําหอมอะไรตอนนี B: I (try) AM TRYING to decide what perfume you (wear) ARE WEARING at the moment ออ๋ จวี องชนี ่ะ ของขวญั วนั คริสตม์ าสองจอหน์ A: OH, it’s Givenchy- John’ s present for Christmas. มันมกี ลินหอมมากเลย B: It (smell) SMELLS wonderful. เธอคิดวา่ เธอมโี อกาสชนะการแข่งขันหมากรุกครังนีไหม 5. A: DO you (think) THINK you (have) HAVE any chance of winning this chess match? ฉันคดิ ว่ามโี อกาสนะ ฉนั มองเหน็ วิธกี ารเดินทไี ดเ้ ปรียบจากตรงนีเยอะเลย B: Yes, I (see) SEE a number of good moves that I can make from this position MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 47 Exercise 2 Use either the present perfect or the present perfect continuous of the verbs in parentheses. ดนู ันสิ หมิ ะตก สวยอะไรอย่างนี 1. A: Look! It’s snowing. How nice! ใช่ฉันเหน็ แลว้ หิมะตกมาได้เกอื บสิบนาทีแล้วนะ เธอเพงิ เหน็ หรือไง B: Yes, I know . It (snow) HAS BEEN SNOWING for almost ten minutes HAVE you (just, notice) JUST NOTICED it. น่าตนื เตน้ มากเลยจรงิ ๆ นะ ฉนั ไม่เคยเหน็ หมิ ะมากอ่ นเลยในชีวติ นีเป็ นครังแรกทีฉันไดเ้ หน็ หมิ ะ A: It’s very exciting, really. I (never, see) HAVE NEVER SEEN snow in my life. This is the first time I (see) HAVE SEEN it. เราขับรถตงั แต่ 9 โมงเชา้ และฉนั คดิ วา่ เราขับมาไดค้ รึงทางแลว้ 2. We (drive) HAVE BEEN DRIVING since 0 o’ clock this morning, and I think we (drive) HAVE DRIVEN half of the way so far. ฉันไม่คิดวา่ เขาจะปฎเิ สธตาํ แหน่งนี เขาอยากมาโดยตลอด ทีจะทาํ งานแบบอสิ ระและงานนีก็ตอบโจทยเ์ ขาไดอ้ ยา่ งลงตวั 3. I don’t think he’ll refuse this position. He (always, want) HAS ALWAYS WANTED to work independently, and this job suits his purpose exactly. ผคู้ นในแอฟริกาทุกขท์ รมาน จากความหิวโหยมาตังแต่ฉนั จาํ ความได้ และฉันกเ็ กรงวา่ พวกเขาจะต้องเจอกับปัญหาเดมิ นีตลอดไปถ้าไมไ่ ด้ รับการช่วยเหลืออย่างถกู วธิ ี 4. The people in Africa (suffer)HAVE BEEN SUFFERING from hunger for as long as I can remember, and I’m afraid they’ll have the same problem forever if they aren’t given the right kind of help. ช่วงสีอาทติ ยใ์ หห้ ลังมานี เขาเรียนภาษาจีนหลงี เลกิ งาย ดงั นันในช่วงนีเขาจงึ ไมม่ ีเวลามากสาํ หรับการเข้าสังคม 5. For the last four weeks, he (learn) HAS BEEN LEARNING Chinese after work, so he (not, have) HAS NOT HAD much time for any social life recently. พวกเราดาํ เนินธุรกจิ ของเราเองมาตงั แตเ่ ดือนกนั ยายนและมีลูกค้าขาประจาํ จาํ นวนมากด้วย 6. We (run) HAVE BEEN RUNNING our business since September and (gain) HAVE GAINED a lot of regular customers already. เราไดร้ ับใบสมัครสาํ หรับตาํ แหน่งนีเป็ นจาํ นวนมาก และตังแตเ่ มือเช้านี เรากไ็ ดพ้ จิ ารณาวา่ ใบสมคั รงานใบไหนบา้ งทีน่าสนใจ จนถงึ ตอนนี เราได้เลือกมาแล้วหา้ ใบทเี หมาะสม 7. We (receive) HAVE RECEIVED a lot of applications for the job, and sine this morning, we (consider) HAVE BEEN CONSIDERING which ones to put on the short list. So far we (choose) HAVE CHOSEN five suitable ones. นีเป็ นครังแรกทฉี นั ได้เหน็ สสี นั ของฤดูใบไม้ร่วงทีสวยงามในควิเบก ถงึ แม้ว่าฉนั ไดเ้ คยมาเยอื นเมืองนหี ลายครังแล้วก็ตาม 8. This is the only time I (see) HAVE SEEN the beautiful autumn colors of Quebec, although I (visit) HAVE VISITED the province many times before. เร็วเข้า คณุ ทาํ งานนีมาไดส้ ามวนั แล้วนะ แล้วคณุ ก็ทาสไี ปไดเ้ พียงสองหอ้ งเทา่ นัน 9. Hurry up! You (work) HAVE BEEN WORKING on this job for three days, and you (only, paint) HAVE ONLY PAINTED two rooms so far. นีเป็ นรางวลั แรกทเี ธอไดร้ ับ ในอาชีพของเธอ ดังนันเธอจงี ตืนเตน้ กบั มนั มาก 10. This is the first prize she (receive) HAS RECEIVED in her career, so she is very excited about it. MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 48 Exercise 3 : Add “since” or “ for” to the sentences below. 1. We haven’t seen her SINCE she left Bangkok. 2. It has been raining steadily FOR the last two days. 3. Their daughter has been attending university FOR five years 4. His sister has been looking for a job SINCE she graduated last year. 5. They have had their house SINCE Mr. Smith retired in 2009. 6. Dr. William has been the president SINCE the foundation of the institution. 7. She has been talking on the phone FOR more than half an hour. 8. My son has been trying to pass the university exam FOR at least three years. 9. Anna has avoided being with people SINCE she was a small child. 10. I have been helping her with her English assignments SINCE the beginning of the semester. Exercise 4 : Choose the correct answer. 1. “I miss my sister very much.” ฉนั คิดถงึ พสี าวของฉันมาก “__________ her lately?” เธอไม่ไดเ้ จอหล่อนเลยหรือช่วงนี a. Can’t you see c. Haven’t you seen b. Do you see d. Would you see 2. “When can you come?” เธอจะมาไดเ้ มอื ไหร่ “I’ll come as soon as __________ my work.” ฉันจะไปทนั ทีทีฉนั เสร็จงาน a. I finished c. I will finish b. I’d finished d. I’ve finished แมเ้ จมสอ์ ยูอ่ เมริกากว่าสองปี เขายังไมช่ ินกบั การขับเลนขวา 3. Although James has been in the States for more than two years, he ________ the car on the right. a. does not still use to driving c. is still not used to drive b. did not still use to drive d. is still not used to driving แอนดรูวเ์ ป็ นคนรอบรู้ เขาไดร้ ับการปลกู ฝังโดยคณุ พ่อให้อ่านนิทานตังแต่เขาอายเุ พียงเจด็ ขวบ และเขากเ็ ป็ นคนทีหลงรักการอ่านตังแตน่ ัน เป็ นตน้ มา 4. Andrew is a well-read man. He was persuaded by his father to read tales when he was only seven years old, and he __________ fond of reading ever since. a. was c. has been b. is d. had been แตล่ ะครังทีนักร้องดาวเดน่ ร้องเพลงจบ ผฟู้ ังทกุ คนจะปรบมืออย่างกกึ ก้อง 5. Each time the star singer finished a song, everybody in the audience________ loudly. a. applauds c. applauded b. applaud d. have applauded คณุ หารือ เรืองอะไรกนั อย่างจริงจังในช่วงสามชัวโมงนีหรือ 6. What ______ so seriously these last three hours? a. were you discussing c. have you been discussing b. have you discussed d. did you discuss 7. “They look so exhausted.” พวกเขาเป็ นนักเรียนทีดี “I’m not surprised. They do nothing but___________.” ฉันไมแ่ ปลกใจเลย พวกเขาไม่ทาํ อะไรเลยนอกจากเรียนอยา่ งเดยี ว a. study c. studying b. studies d. to study MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 49 8. “You look exhausted.” คุณดูเหนือยลา้ มาก “I_________ around the town all day.” ฉนั ไปนู่นมานีในเมืองมาตลอดทงั วนั a. ran c. have been running b. had run d. had been running คุณป่ ขู องเขาเสยี ชวี ติ มาหา้ ปีแล้ว 9. His grandfather has __________ for five years. a. died c. been died b. dead d. been dead เอ็ดเวิรด์ ได้ยนิ ชือเสยี งเรืองความงดงามของภเู ก็ตมามาก และก็หวังว่าจะได้ไปทีนันสักวนั หนึจงนถ 10. Edward_______ a lot about the beauty of Phuket, and _______ to go there one day. a. is hearing , is hoping c. hears , will hope b. has heard, hopes d. heard, would hope จนถงึ ตอนนนี ักเรียนของฉันยงั เขียนรายงานวทิ ยาศาสตรไ์ ม่เสร็จเลย 11. Up to the present time my student________ writing her scientific report yet. a. had not finished c. has not finished b. did not finish d. does not finish 12. “What are you future plans?” แผนการในอนาคตของคณุ คืออะไร “I’m going to move out of the city as soon as I __________” ฉนั จะยา้ ยออกจากเมืองนีทนั ทีทีฉันเรียนจน a. graduate c. will be graduated b. will graduate d. have been graduated ตังแตส่ หภาพโซเวยี ดลม่ สลาย พรมแดนทางการเมืองทเี ปลียนไปอย่างรวดเร็วในยโุ รปตะวนั ออกทาํ ให้คนทาํ แผนทมี ีงานยุ้งมาโดยตลอด 13. Ever since the collapse of the Soviet Union, rapidly changing political boundaries in Eastern Europe _______ mapmakers busy. a. kept c. were keeping b. are keeping d. have been keeping นีเป็ นครังแรกทฉี ันเขียนจดหมายทีเป็ นทางการขนาดนี 14. This is the first time I ___________ such a formal letter. a. write c. will write b. wrote d. have written ซูซานเปลียนงานสามครังภายในเวลาสามเดอื น ฉันคดิ ว่าหล่อนควรจะเลือกอยู่ทีไหนสกั แห่งเป็นเรืองเป็ นราว 15. Susan________ her job three times just in the last three months, I think she ought to stick to just one thing. a. is changing c. was changing b. has changed d. has been changing เลขานุการชัวคราวทาํ งานไดแ้ ย่มากตงั แต่หล่อนเริมงานจนฉันตังตารอวนั ทีคุณแครอลจะกลับมา 16. The temporary ___________so poorly since she started that I________ forward to the day when Miss Carol will return. a. has been performing, am looking c. performed, would look b. will have performed, looked d. had performed , have looked 17. “How long _________ you _______ for that company?” คณุ ทาํ งานให้กับบริษัทนันนานแคไ่ หน “For more than ten years now.” ทาํ มาเกนิ กว่าสบิ ปี แล้ว a. will , be working c. had, worked MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB

Essential English Grammar (Part of Speech) DON BOSCO VITTHAYA School Page 50 b. have , been working d. are, working พวกเขาจัดประชุมเรืองนีกนั ได้สีครังแล้วในช่วงสามเดอื นทผี ่านมา แต่ยังคงไม่บรรลขุ ้อตกลงได้ 18. They _________ four meetings on this subject in the last three months, but still _______an agreement. a. held, don’t reach c. will have held, hadn’t reached b. had held, didn’t reach d. have held, haven’t reached ประชากรในเมอื งเพิมมากขึน อยา่ งรวดเร็วใสช่วงไม่กีปี ทีผา่ นมาจนเทศบาลประสบปัญหาในการจดั หาบริการโครงสร้างพืนฐานให้แก่ทกุ คน 19. The population of the city________ so rapidly in recent years that the municipality ______difficulty supplying infrastructure services for all the people a. has increased, is having c. is increasing, has had b. increased, will have had d. was increasing, had คุณได้ยินสงิ ทีโจกบั ปีเตอรค์ ุยกันอยา่ งใกลช้ ิดตรงมมุ นันหรือไม่ 20. Can you hear what Joe and Peter _______about so intimately in that corner? a. are talking c. have talked b. were talking d. talked เขายงั คงไม่สามารถนอนหลับสนิทเนืองดว้ ยความทงจาํ ทีเลวร้ายเกียวกับสงคราม แม้วา่ มันจาํ ผ่านมาเกือบหนึงปี หลงั จากเขากลบั บ้าน มาแลว้ กต็ าม 21. He still can’t sleep properly because of the bad memories of the war, although it _______ nearly a year since he ________ home. a. is, would return c. will be, returns b. has been, returned d. was, had returned ดเู ดก็ ๆ พวกนันวิงเล่นเทา้ เปล่ากันสิ พวกเดก็ ๆ ดเู หมอื นไม่สนใจเลยว่าพวกเขาไมไ่ ดใ้ สรองเทา้ อยู่ 22. Look at those children running barefoot! They ________ to mind that they _______shoes. a. didn’t seem, were not wearing c. don’t seem, are not wearing b. won’t seem, don’t wear d. hadn’t seemed, wouldn’t be wearing อยา่ ขับรถเดด็ ขาดจนกวา่ คณุ จะไดต้ รวจสอบยางรถยนตแ์ ล้ว 23. Never drive your car before you_______ the tires. a. had checked c. are checking b. checked d. have checked คณุ ควรลดการสูบบหุ รี นีเป็ นมว้ นทีเจด็ ทีคุณสบู ในช่วงสองชัวโมงนีนะ 24. You should cut down on your smoking. This is the seventh cigarette you ________ in the last two hours. a. smoked c. had smoked b. have smoked d. are smoking แม้ว่าการคา้ โลกจะอ่อนแอ แตป่ ริมาณการสง่ ออกของละตินอเมริกาเคยเพิมสงู ขึนถึง9% ต่อปีในช่วงสองปีทีผ่านมานี 25. Despite the sluggishness of world trade, the volume of Latin American exports _______by 9% in each of the past two years a. grows c. used to grow b. has grown d. would grow ผา่ นมาเพยี งแค่สองสัปดาหต์ ังแต่เขามาถงึ ทนี ี ดงั นันเขาจงึ ยงั ไมไ่ ดเ้ ทยี วชมเมืองมากนัก 26. It’s only a fortnight since he _____ here, so he __________ much sightseeing yet. a. has come, didn’t do c. came, hasn’t done b. is coming, can’t do d. had come, hadn’t done เราอ่านหนังสอื มาได้ครึงเลม่ แลว้ และฉันกค็ ิดว่าอีกครึงเลม่ จะต้องใช้เวลาอ่านอกี สองวัน MP M. 4 DONBOSCO VITTHAYA BY TengTurbo SDB