Child Nutrition and Health

Index 139 CDC, 7, 13, 39 conflict, 94, 95 cell culture, 72 consensus, ix, 29, 39, 71, 107, 108 cell differentiation, 113 Consensus, 39 cell line(s), 117 consent, 92, 122 cerebral palsy, 14 constipation, vii, 1, 15 challenges, 34, 40 constituents, 62, 84 changing environment, 122 consulting, 132 cheese, 31, 59, 94, 110, 132 consumer protection, 67, 70, 85, 87 cheilosis, 6 consumers, 69, 70, 71, 74, 84, 85, 100, 102 chemical(s), viii, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 84, 85, consumption, ix, 11, 13, 25, 29, 45, 51, 52, 55, 57, 87 59, 62, 64, 69, 70, 74, 76, 84, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, chemokines, 109 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 111, chemotherapy, vii, 1, 10, 11, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 22, 122, 132, 133 consumption habits, 99 27, 35, 38, 41 consumption patterns, 13, 69 Chicago, 35, 39, 41 containers, 27 chicken, 132 contamination, 27 childhood, viii, 2, 15, 28, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, 42, controlled studies, 113, 114 controlled trials, 55, 57, 58, 63, 113, 115 44, 56, 57, 59, 61, 62, 65, 68, 91, 92, 101, 102, controversial, ix, 107, 108, 109, 111 103, 105, 110, 111, 113, 115, 116, 118, 122, 131, cooking, 27 133, 134 cooperation, 84 childhood cancer, 34, 35, 37, 42 coping strategies, ix, 90 China, viii, 43, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 61, 62 copper, 4, 23, 28, 31 cholecalciferol, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, corticosteroid therapy, 20 115 corticosteroids, 10 cholelithiasis, 3 cost, 9, 20, 63, 84 cholesterol, 10, 109 cost effectiveness, 63 chopping, 29 Costa Rica, 112, 118 chronic diseases, 68 creatine, 12 chronic illness, 6 creatinine, 11, 12, 22, 28, 39, 58 circulation, 13 critical period, 59 City, 117 critical thinking, 4 classes, 133 cross sectional study, 114 classification, 16, 36 cross-sectional study, 45 cleaning, 32 CRP, 9 clinical application, 41 culture, 26 clinical trials, 40 curriculum, 133 clothing, 7, 32 CV, 44, 47 coding, 93 cyclophosphamide, 19 coefficient of variation, 7, 44, 47 cyclosporine, 17, 25 coffee, 95 cystic fibrosis, 36, 39 cognitive performance, 103 cystitis, 19 cognitive process, 103 cytokines, 109 colitis, 4, 15, 30 colorectal cancer, 39 D communication, 71, 84, 100 community(s), 52, 71, 112, 133 data analysis, 92, 123 compliance, 100 data collection, ix, 5, 89, 92, 93 complications, 3, 12, 17, 20, 24, 30, 37 decision-making process, 71 composition, 5, 9, 35, 37, 84, 103 defence, 110, 112, 114 compounds, 73 deficiency(s), ix, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 18, 23, 31, 35, conceptualization, 34 conditioning, 17, 19 45, 46, 51, 56, 62, 107, 108, 112, 118, 119 confinement, 101

140 Index deficit, 4 dysuria, 19 degradation, 10 dehydration, 8, 10, 18, 32 E dendritic cell, 117 dental caries, 35 earnings, 70 dentist, 31, 32, 97, 124 ecology, 114 Department of Health and Human Services, 35 economic development, 132 dependent variable, 123 economic status, 53 depression, 6, 24, 33 eczema, 108, 110, 113, 114, 115, 118, 119 depth, 5 edema, 6, 17 detachment, 24 education, x, 28, 53, 60, 121, 122, 124, 127, 128, detectable, 73, 110 developing countries, vii, 1, 2, 56 129, 130, 131 developmental process, 68 egg, 94, 98 deviation, 77, 78 elementary school, 103, 104 diabetes, 3, 122 eligibility criteria, 92 dialysis, 37, 38 emission, 71 diarrhea, vii, 1, 4, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, employment, 124, 132 employment status, 124 25, 27 encoding, 115 diet, viii, ix, 2, 5, 6, 12, 13, 17, 18, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, endangered, 70 energy, vii, ix, 1, 4, 6, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 33, 35, 42, 47, 57, 59, 60, 61, 65, 84, 85, 89, 90, 92, 100, 117, 122, 123, 124, 128, 129, 130, 131, 26, 28, 29, 31, 36, 37, 40, 57, 61, 63, 64, 89, 90, 132, 133 91, 94, 98, 103, 122 dietary fat, 13 energy density, 90, 103 Dietary Guidelines, 62 energy expenditure, 19, 20, 40, 57, 122 dietary habits, 44, 51, 132 enforcement, 69, 100 dietary intake, viii, 12, 13, 23, 38, 39, 44, 57, 60, 61, enlargement, 6, 7 67, 75 environment(s), 13, 70, 100, 108, 116, 133, 135 dietary supplementation, viii, 43, 52 environmental factors, 68 dieting, 33, 105, 123, 124, 128, 131, 132 enzyme(s), 18, 109, 114 digestion, 5, 18 eosinophil count, 112 digestive enzymes, 18 eosinophilia, 117 discomfort, 17 epidemic, x, 90, 121, 134 discrimination, 101 epidemiology, 40, 42, 60, 72 disease-related death, vii, 1, 2, 30 epithelial ovarian cancer, 40 diseases, ix, 44, 107, 108, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, ergocalciferol, 109 117 essential fatty acids, 22 displacement, 6, 9 estimated daily intake (EDI), ix, 68, 76, 84 distribution, 3, 53 ethics, 92 dizziness, 24 ethnic diversity, 51 DNA, 108 ethnic groups, 45, 46, 51 doctors, 60 etiology, 63 dogs, 26, 76, 77 EU, 69, 73 DOI, 104 Europe, 38, 51, 56, 104 dominance, 110 European Commission, 58 dosage, 28, 47, 54, 56 European Community, 61 dose-response relationship, 72 European Union, 48, 50, 85 dosing, 3 everyday life, 108 Down syndrome, 14, 30 evidence, viii, ix, x, 26, 44, 45, 47, 50, 56, 57, 58, drawing, 10 59, 64, 68, 86, 89, 91, 102, 107, 108, 109, 110, drinking water, 72, 85 115 drug metabolism, 3, 30 excretion, 11, 12, 46, 58 drugs, 3, 17, 86 exercise, 60, 132, 133

Index 141 experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, 117 fraud, 69, 86 expertise, 84 fresco, 27 exposure, vii, viii, ix, 9, 12, 17, 23, 30, 67, 68, 69, fructose, 90 fruits, 29, 31, 76, 133 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 81, 83, 84, 85, 87, FTIR, 9 101, 108, 109, 110, 111, 114, 115 fungal infection, 18 fungi, 74 F facilitators, ix, 89, 92 G failure to thrive, 20 false negative, 12 gallbladder, 5 families, vii, ix, 44, 89, 91, 92, 93, 96, 99 gastrointestinal tract, 16, 114, 115 family environment, 91 gender differences, 135 family history, 115, 122 gene expression, 117, 118 family income, 53, 123, 124, 126 genes, 109, 114, 115, 133 fast food, 132, 133 genetic mutations, 13 fasting, 10 genetic predisposition, 2, 100, 108 fat, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 15, 18, 22, 32, 37, 57, 78, 97, 100, genetics, 131, 134 gestation, 14 102, 105, 110, 111, 132 gestational age, 64 fat intake, 22 global health, ix, 107, 115 fat soluble, 22 glossitis, 6 fatty acids, 26, 111 glucocorticoids, 10, 112 fear, 94 glucose, 9, 10, 38 femininity, 133 glucose tolerance, 38 ferritin, 11, 38 glutamine, 18, 25, 40, 41 fever, 20, 22, 24, 25 GPA, 124, 127, 128, 130, 131 fiber, 32, 101 grades, 131, 135 fights, 95 gravity, 112 Finland, 111, 116 growth, vii, 1, 4, 7, 8, 13, 14, 20, 22, 23, 26, 27, 35, first degree relative, 124 fish, 26, 27, 29, 31, 53, 111, 118 36, 39, 49, 50, 55, 59, 61, 64, 68, 74, 101, 108, fish oil, 53 109 fistulas, 22 Guatemala, 34 flame, 29 guidance, 47, 92, 101 flora, 18 guidelines, ix, 17, 18, 26, 29, 37, 39, 42, 84, 107, fluid, 7, 8, 9, 17, 18, 21, 22, 56 115, 133 focus groups, 93 folate, 30, 97 H food additive(s), ix, 67, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, hair, 6, 119 84, 85, 86, 87 hair follicle, 119 Food and Drug Administration, 85 half-life, 3, 10, 21 food industry, 70, 84 Hawaii, 60 food intake, viii, ix, 13, 25, 33, 67, 77, 89, 133 hazards, 70, 72 food poisoning, 69, 74 headache, 24 food production, 70, 74 healing, 4, 6, 25, 30 food products, 68, 69, 74, 78, 83, 84 health, vii, viii, ix, 23, 34, 37, 43, 44, 45, 47, 50, 52, food safety, 26, 28, 70, 74, 84, 85, 87 food security, 87 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, formation, 46, 61 75, 84, 85, 87, 89, 91, 92, 100, 101, 102, 103, formula, viii, 12, 14, 44, 46, 47, 49, 55, 58, 59, 65, 107, 108, 115, 122, 124, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133 112 health care, 45 fractures, 56, 59, 63, 64 fragility, 59

142 Index health effects, 47, 50, 72, 73 I health risks, 70, 87 health status, 73, 125, 128, 131, 132 iatrogenic, 11 heart disease, 122 ideal, 8, 12, 36, 98 heartburn, 17, 23, 32 identification, 72, 84, 123 heavy metals, 70 idiopathic, 113, 116 height, viii, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 39, 64, 67, IL-13, 109 immune function, 108, 114 75, 91, 92, 123 immune modulation, vii, 109 height growth, 8 immune response, 109 hematocrit, 9, 11 immune system, 16, 18, 109, 110, 115, 117, 118 hematuria, 19 immunity, ix, 12, 107 hemodialysis, 37 immunocompromised, vii, 2, 26 hemoglobin, 9, 11 immunomodulatory, 118 hepatic failure, 21 improvements, 28 hepatotoxicity, 24 in utero, 110 high income countries, vii, 1, 2, 3, 28, 30 in vitro, ix, 107, 109, 112, 114, 115 high school, 105, 124 in vivo, 110, 112, 113 higher education, 55 incidence, 2, 25, 33, 34, 44, 51, 58, 108, 110, 111, historical data, 5 history, 4, 6, 13, 23, 111 112 HIV, 118 income, vii, 1, 2, 3, 28, 30, 34, 54, 55, 63, 90, 92 HIV-1, 118 independent variable, 123 homeostasis, 16 India, 3, 56, 63 homes, 75, 93 individuals, ix, 7, 9, 46, 56, 89, 90, 91, 107, 114, 115 hormone, 10 inducer, 118 hospitalization, 12, 24 induction, 38, 118 host, 4, 28, 30, 40, 112 industrial revolution, 108 household income, viii, 43, 53, 55, 92 industrialisation, 108 household tasks, 132 industry, 64, 70, 74, 75 housing, 123 infancy, x, 44, 57, 59, 62, 107, 108, 117, 133 HSCT, 4, 6, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, infant feeding practices, 52 infants, viii, 5, 12, 13, 14, 18, 20, 22, 39, 43, 44, 45, 26, 27, 28 human, 9, 16, 46, 59, 61, 62, 69, 72, 73, 84, 85, 110, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 69, 71, 109, 110, 116, 118 112, 117, 118, 134 infection, 3, 10, 16, 18, 19, 20, 24, 30, 111, 118 human exposure, 73 inflammation, 4, 9, 11, 18, 19 human health, 84, 85 inflammatory mediators, 10, 109 human leukocyte antigen, 16 inflammatory responses, ix, 107, 112 human milk, 9, 46, 62 informed consent, 122 human right(s), 69 ingredients, 70, 74, 84 hydrogen, 20 inheritance, 117 hyperalimentation, 12, 39 inhibition, 109, 113 hypercalciuria, 58 initiation, 26, 53 hyperglycemia, 10, 20, 26, 38 injury(s), 18, 114 hyperlipidemia, 3, 26 innate immunity, 109, 112 hyperphosphatemia, 18 insomnia, 24 hyperpnea, 24 inspections, 78 hypersensitivity, 11, 12, 39 institutions, 26 hypertension, 3, 122 insulin, 3, 10, 33, 38 hypertriglyceridemia, 11 insulin resistance, 3, 33 hypophosphatemia, 26 integration, 10, 73 hypotension, 18 integrity, 25 hypothesis, 110, 113, 114, 116 intensive care unit, 10, 37

Index 143 interference, 47 lifestyle changes, 108 intervention, viii, 14, 17, 30, 44, 56, 57, 58, 59, 90, lifetime, 68, 70, 72 ligand, 108 115, 134 light, 17, 71, 100, 123, 134 intervention strategies, 90 lipids, 122 intestinal tract, 24 liquids, 29, 31, 32, 33 introspection, 94 literacy, 100 ionizing radiation, 9, 30 liver, 5, 6, 10, 16, 17, 21, 22, 45, 109 iron, 11, 23, 47, 56, 57, 60, 62, 65, 97 liver cells, 109 irradiation, 17, 18, 22 liver failure, 21, 22 Islam, 134 logistics, 95 isotope, 6, 9, 20 longitudinal study, 61 issues, 13, 70, 85, 96, 97, 100, 133 loss of appetite, vii, 1, 4, 15, 30 Italy, 40, 107 love, 97 low risk, 27, 132 J low-density lipoprotein, 10 lower respiratory tract infection, 111, 118 Japan, 48, 51 lumbar spine, 58 jaundice, 16, 17, 24 lung function, 112, 118, 119 juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 108 lupus, 108 lymph, 6 K lymph gland, 6 lymphocytes, 114 Kaposi sarcoma, 2 lymphoma, 2, 6 keratinocytes, 112, 114, 119 lysis, 18 kidney, 10, 58, 109 kidney failure, 10 M kidney stones, 58 kindergarten, 52, 77, 84 macronutrients, 4, 17, 31 kindergartens, viii, 52, 67, 75, 84 macrophages, 18, 109, 110, 112, 118 kinetics, 61, 62 magnesium, 28, 56, 57, 97 Kuwait, x, 121, 122, 132, 133, 134, 135 magnitude, 72, 84 majority, 2, 69, 94 L malabsorption, 4, 10, 11, 13, 17, 18, 23, 45, 59, 60, labeling, 102 65 lack of control, 96, 99 malignancy, 38 lactase, 18, 44, 51, 60, 62 malignant cells, 11 lactase deficiency, 44, 51, 60, 62 malnutrition, vii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, Lactobacillus, 18 lactose, 17, 18, 28, 32, 45, 59, 60, 65 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 30, 35, 36, 38, 39 lactose intolerance, 32, 45, 59, 60, 65 management, viii, 2, 17, 28, 31, 39, 40, 71 large intestine, 5 manufacturing, 69, 85 later life, 45, 57, 91 marital status, 53 Latin America, 34 marketing, 90, 97, 100, 103, 105 LDL, 10 marrow, 27, 38, 40, 41 lead, 11, 18, 56, 58, 61, 65, 84, 108, 133, 134 Maryland, 86, 87 lean body mass, 8, 9, 11, 15, 16, 20, 37 mass, x, 6, 7, 9, 12, 24, 37, 38, 57, 63, 91, 92, 102, legislation, 69, 72 leukemia, 4, 42 113, 121, 122, 123 level of education, 124, 131 mass media, 123 life cycle, 72 mass spectrometry, 9 lifestyle behaviors, 132 matter, 103, 122 MB, 134 measurement(s), viii, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 16, 40, 50, 64, 67, 74, 75, 77, 123

144 Index meat, 26, 29, 31, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 83, 94, 132 negative outcomes, 95 mechanical ventilation, 40 neuroblastoma, 2, 4, 6 media, 133 neurosurgery, 38 median, 7, 46 neurotoxicity, 86 medical, 5, 6, 10, 34, 52, 65 neutropenia, 18, 31 medical history, 6 neutrophils, 18, 112 medication, 6, 7, 10, 18, 63 New England, 103 medicine, 6 New Zealand, 37, 47, 48, 55, 60, 62, 63, 102, 104 medulloblastoma, 6, 35 Nigeria, 56 mellitus, 116 nitrates, ix, 68, 79, 82, 83 menopause, 64, 65 nitrite, viii, 67, 76, 83 mental activity, ix, 89 nitrogen, 11, 16, 21, 22, 25, 38 meta analysis, 42 NK cells, 109 meta-analysis, 45, 55, 58, 63, 64, 65, 116 no voice, 68 Metabolic, 37, 38, 40, 134 normal development, 44 metabolic pathways, 68 North America, 35, 45, 51, 63 metabolic responses, 65 NPC, 21, 22 metabolism, 4, 11, 30, 46, 57, 61, 108, 115, 117, 118 nurses, 5 mice, 109, 112, 114, 119 nutrient(s), 2, 17, 18, 23, 24, 33, 46, 47, 48, 51, 55, microcephaly, 15 micronutrients, 4, 7, 31, 50 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 74, 91, 97, 98, 100, 101, microorganisms, 70, 74 102, 104 Middle East, 122 nutrition, vii, viii, ix, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 17, 18, 21, 24, migration, 117 25, 28, 30, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 59, 60, 61, 62, milligrams, 69 64, 65, 77, 84, 85, 89, 100, 102, 103, 104, 117, mineralization, 9, 45 123, 124, 128, 131 MIP, 110 nutrition labels, 100 mixing, 9 nutritional assessment, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 37 modelling, 72, 73, 87, 99, 100 nutritional deficiencies, 35 models, 109, 112, 114 nutritional screening, 5 modifications, vii, 1, 23 nutritional status, vii, 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, mold, 26 16, 23, 25, 30, 34, 36, 37, 38, 104 molecules, 108, 110, 115 nutritional therapy, vii, 1, 4, 23 mood change, 24 morbidity, x, 10, 37, 41, 121 O morphine, 25 mortality, x, 8, 10, 36, 37, 121 obesity, vii, ix, x, 2, 3, 4, 6, 14, 30, 34, 35, 64, 89, mouth sores, vii, 1 90, 92, 93, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108, mucous membrane(s), 6, 18 116, 121, 122, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, multiple sclerosis, 108, 116 133, 134, 135 muscle mass, 8, 11, 12, 15, 16, 35 musculoskeletal, 16 obesity prevention, x, 121, 122 musculoskeletal system, 16 occupational asthma, 86 mycobacteria, 112 occupational health, 70 myeloid cells, 112 OH, 28, 56, 60, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, myelosuppression, 11 myocardial infarction, 58, 65 115, 118 oil, 22, 45, 116, 132 N old age, 50, 132 omega-3, 118 National Academy of Sciences, 49 opportunities, viii, 2, 30, 31, 70 National Institutes of Health, 16, 39 organ(s), vii, 1, 4, 7, 16 nausea, vii, 1, 4, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 24, 27, 30, 33 orthostatic hypotension, 24 osteoarthritis, 122 osteomalacia, 115 osteoporosis, 23, 40, 44, 57, 59, 64, 65

Index 145 outpatient(s), 5, 7, 28, 41 policy making, x, 121 overlap, 16 pollution, 108 overnutrition, 2, 3, 30 polymorphism, 115 overweight, vii, ix, x, 14, 15, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 99, polyphosphates, vii, viii, ix, 67, 68, 73, 74, 75, 76, 102, 103, 104, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86 129, 131, 132, 133, 134 polyunsaturated fat, 111, 118 oxalate, 59 polyunsaturated fatty acids, 111, 118 oxygen, 19, 20 population, 2, 3, 12, 23, 25, 26, 37, 40, 46, 47, 50, oxygen consumption, 19 51, 52, 57, 58, 64, 68, 69, 71, 74, 77, 85, 92, 102, P 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 118, 122, 132 population group, 46, 50, 51 Pacific, viii, 43, 45, 104 positive correlation, 25 pain, 5, 12, 17, 24, 31 positive relationship, 113 pancreas, 18 potassium, 6, 9, 28, 32, 97 pancreatic insufficiency, 18 poultry, 26, 29, 31 pancreatitis, 4, 15 poverty, 103 parallel, 8, 123 Prader-Willi syndrome, 14 parameter estimation, 73 pregnancy, 30, 42, 110, 111, 113, 114, 118, 119 parenting, 92, 96, 99 preparation, 4, 27, 90, 91 parents, viii, ix, 43, 45, 53, 59, 60, 69, 75, 77, 78, 84, preschool, vii, viii, 36, 64, 67, 68, 75, 76, 77, 84 preschool children, vii, viii, 36, 64, 67, 68, 75, 76, 85, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99, 100, 122, 77, 84 124, 133, 134 preservative, ix, 68, 80, 83 participants, 52, 84, 92-98, 100, 131 President, 86 pathogenesis, 108, 113 prevention, vii, x, 1, 4, 29, 30, 40, 45, 105, 107, 108, pathogens, 26, 70, 112 115, 116, 134 pathophysiology, 112 primary school, 62 pathways, 100 principles, 9 peptide, 112, 118 probability, 71 percentile, 14, 15, 20, 58, 122 probiotics, 18, 31, 53 peripheral blood, 41 producers, 68, 70 Perth, 43, 52, 53, 55, 63 professionals, 7, 59, 60, 125, 131, 132 petechiae, 6 profit, 70 pharyngitis, 24 prognosis, 6 phenotype(s), ix, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 115, 118 prognostic implications, vii, 1, 3 Philadelphia, 34, 86 programming, 118, 134 phosphate, 58, 59, 74, 108 pro-inflammatory, 109, 118 phosphorus, 57, 65 project, 39, 92, 102 physical activity, viii, 2, 29, 45, 56, 91, 122, 131, proliferation, 109, 113 132, 133, 134, 135 prophylaxis, 18, 108 physical education, 133 protection, 69, 70, 85, 115 physical inactivity, 4, 30, 102 protective role, 108, 112 pilot study, 24, 40 protein energy malnutrition, vii, 1, 4, 31 placebo, 40, 41, 57, 58, 64, 113 protein synthesis, 10 placenta, 46, 110 proteins, 9, 10, 13, 22, 37, 108 plasma levels, 108, 113 pseudotumor cerebri, 3 plausibility, 72 psychiatrist, 33 playing, 108, 109, 110 psychological development, 3 plethysmography, 6, 36 puberty, 3, 61 poison, 72 public concern, 70 polarization, 110, 117 public health, viii, 44, 56, 58, 59, 70, 73, 103, 122 policy, x, 92, 103, 121, 122 public policy, 93 policy makers, 92 publishing, 62, 86

146 Index pulmonary edema, 22 rights, 70 risk assessment, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77, 84, 85, 87 Q risk factors, 4, 57, 65, 102, 104, 114, 122, 124, 132, quadriceps, 6 134 questionnaire, 13, 52, 53, 58, 75, 77 risk management, 70, 71, 84 risks, viii, 3, 5, 43, 60, 68, 70, 132 R room temperature, 27, 31, 32 routes, 69 radiation, vii, 1, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 116 Royal Society, 85 radiotherapy, 11 rules, 98, 100 Ramadan, 134, 135 rural areas, 45 rash, 16, 113, 119 reactant, 11 S reactants, 10 reactions, 75, 86 safety, 18, 47, 59, 70, 72, 73, 74, 76, 83, 85, 87 reactivity, 114 saliva, 9, 17, 32 reality, 69, 94 school, x, 45, 52, 54, 59, 63, 94, 95, 99, 101, 102, recall, 13 receptors, 109, 115 104, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, recognition, vii, 1, 4, 70, 90, 133 131, 133, 134, 135 recommendations, 23, 26, 29, 45, 46, 49, 73, 103, science, 67, 124, 126 seafood, 132 104 secondary school students, 133 recovery, 4, 11, 24, 30 secrete, 18 recurrence, 29 secretion, 10, 17, 38 red blood cells, 62 sedentary lifestyle, 132, 134 regions of the world, 51 selenium, 4, 23, 28, 31 regression, 123, 124, 128, 129, 130, 131 sensation(s), 25, 31 regression analysis, 123 sensitivity, 69, 73, 87, 109, 115 relapses, 25 sensitization, x, 107, 108, 118, 119 relatives, 123, 129, 131 serum, ix, 10, 11, 16, 22, 28, 37, 58, 107, 108, 112, relevance, 93 113, 119 remission, 38 serum albumin, 10, 16, 37 renal dysfunction, 17, 18 serum ferritin, 11 renal failure, 21, 22 services, 69 rent, 123 SES, 90, 91, 92, 93, 99, 100 repair, 20 severe asthma, 113 requirements, 19, 20, 21, 23, 40, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, sex, viii, 7, 13, 14, 46, 67 shelf life, 68, 74 60, 61, 62, 92, 118 shock, 41 resale, 69 showing, 109 reserves, 8 siblings, 114, 124, 131, 132 resistance, 10, 133 side effects, vii, 1, 4, 15, 16, 17, 18, 30 resolution, 87 signaling pathway, 119 resources, 4, 6, 34, 71 signs, 6, 15, 16, 133 response, ix, 9, 10, 12, 21, 22, 39, 52, 69, 70, 72, 73, Singapore, 87 sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, 17 87, 107, 109, 112, 114, 117, 119 skeletal muscle, 16 restaurants, 133 skeleton, 44, 46, 49, 57 restrictions, 5, 133 skin, 6, 8, 12, 15, 16, 17, 22, 35, 108, 109, 113, 114 retinoblastoma, 2 skin diseases, 113, 114 retinol, 9, 10 skinfolds, 8 rhinitis, 110 sleep apnea, 3 rickets, 45, 56, 59, 60, 63, 108, 109, 115, 116 smooth muscle, 113

Index 147 snacking, 33, 90, 104, 131 target population, 47, 72 society, 132, 133, 134 TDI, 73, 74, 86 socioeconomic status, ix, 13, 16, 89, 90, 102 teachers, 52 sodium, 29, 32 techniques, 4, 37 softener, 32 technology, 9, 87 solid tumors, 6, 11, 38 teens, 91 solution, 55 teeth, 6, 32, 97 South Africa, 87 telephone, 93 soymilk, 59, 65 television viewing, 133, 135 Spring, 64 tertiary education, 92 stability, 74 testing, 11, 103 staff members, 63 texture, 31, 74 stakeholders, 71, 84 Thailand, 62 standard deviation, 47 therapeutic benefits, 113 state, 10, 11, 16, 34, 101, 102 therapy, vii, viii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, statistics, 33, 34, 123 steatorrhea, 13, 18 28, 30, 37, 38, 39, 113 steroids, 17, 33, 108 threats, 70, 85 stimulant, 28, 33 thrombophlebitis, 24 stomach, 16, 17, 24, 94 thyroid, 10 stomatitis, 6, 41 time commitment, 9 storage, 12 time constraints, ix, 89 strategy use, 95 tissue, 20, 28, 72, 109 stress, 6, 16, 21, 73 TLR, 117 stroke, 122 tobacco, 29 structure, 72, 93, 112, 118 toddlers, 22, 39 style, 27 tofu, 59 sulphur, viii, 67, 79, 80, 81, 83, 85 tooth, 35 supplementation, vii, viii, x, 12, 18, 23, 25, 41, 43, total cholesterol, 10 total energy, 22, 25 44, 45, 47, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 65, total parenteral nutrition, 11, 22, 25, 28, 40 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 115, 116, 119 toxicity, 25, 38, 39, 47, 69, 73 surface area, 9, 13, 22 toxicology, 72, 84, 85, 86 surveillance, 122 toxicology studies, 72 survival, vii, 1, 2, 3, 10, 25, 28, 30, 33, 109, 117 trade, 87, 96, 100 survival rate, vii, 1, 2, 28, 30 trade-off, 96, 100 survivors, 23, 29, 37, 42 traits, 109 susceptibility, 3, 16, 30, 68, 71, 119 transcription, 108 sweat, 9 transferrin, 9, 10, 11, 12, 38 sweeteners, 84 transformation, 7 swelling, 17 transfusion, 11, 23 Switzerland, 34 translocation, 25 symptoms, 4, 17, 23, 59, 110, 112, 113, 114, 118 transmission, 114, 115 syndrome, 14, 16, 18, 22, 26, 41 transplant, 18, 24, 28, 38, 40, 41, 42 synthesis, 10, 115 transplant recipients, 24, 38, 40 transplantation, vii, 1, 4, 16, 20, 24, 27, 30, 37, 40, T 41 T cell(s), ix, 107, 109, 112, 117 transport, 13 tachycardia, 24 transportation, 132 tactics, 70 trauma, 41 Taiwan, 52 treatment, vii, x, 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, talent, 133 target, 47, 72, 108 20, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34, 37, 107, 108, 111, 113, 115, 116, 119, 133 trial, 40, 41, 64, 65, 119, 135

148 Index triceps, 6, 8, 36 W triggers, 117, 118 triglycerides, 10 waking, ix, 89, 91 tuberculosis, 118 walking, 95, 134 tumor(s), 7, 18, 29, 42 Washington, 38, 40, 42, 61, 62, 65, 85, 86, 87 turgor, 22 waste, 17, 75 type 1 diabetes, 108, 116 water, 9, 19, 20, 27, 31, 32, 36, 74, 116 wealth, 132 U weaning infants, viii, 43, 44, 59 web, 42 UL, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 58 weblog, 92 ultrasound, 64 weight changes, 22 UN, 21 weight control, 57 undernutrition, 2, 3, 15 weight gain, vii, ix, 1, 5, 14, 17, 23, 33, 57, 58, 64, undesirable weight loss, vii, 1, 15 uniform, 4, 96 89, 103, 122, 132, 133, 134 United, vii, 1, 2, 13, 33, 34, 39, 44, 47, 48, 49, 61, weight loss, vii, 1, 5, 14, 15, 17, 26, 38, 125 weight management, 19, 91, 131, 132 85, 102, 122 weight reduction, 65 United Kingdom, 102 weight status, 91, 93, 100, 102 United Nations, 34, 44, 49, 61 well-being, 68 United States, vii, 1, 2, 13, 33, 34, 39, 44, 47-49, 85 wellness, 133 urban, 61, 62 Western Australia, 43, 63, 89 urban areas, 61, 62 Western countries, 108 urea, 11 Western Europe, 49 urine, 9, 11, 12, 22 wheeze, 110, 111, 113, 118, 119 urticaria, 75, 87, 113, 114, 119 wheezing, 110, 111, 118 US Department of Health and Human Services, 34 WHO, 7, 13, 14, 19, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 48, 49, 51, USA, 35, 45, 47, 112 UV, 111 61, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 86, 87, 105, 134 UV radiation, 111 workers, 63, 85 working memory, 91 V World Health Organisation, 7, 19, 105 World Health Organization (WHO), 34, 35, 36, 39, variables, 12, 36, 39, 54, 123, 132, 134 variations, 34, 73, 96, 110, 134 42, 44, 49, 61, 90, 102, 104, 122, 134 vegetables, 29, 51, 59, 109, 133 worldwide, 45, 102 vehicles, 132 worry, 96 victimization, 85, 87 victims, 69, 85 X Vietnam, 62 viral pathogens, ix, 107, 108 xerostomia, 24 viruses, 70, 74 vitamin D, vii, x, 4, 23, 31, 40, 46, 49, 53, 56, 58, 59, Y 60, 63, 65, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, young adults, 64 115, 116, 117, 118, 119 young people, vii, 1, 2, 29, 30, 103 vitamin D deficiency, 40, 56, 63, 116 young women, 65 vitamin K, 4, 23, 31 vitamins, viii, 6, 22, 43, 45, 53, 96, 97, 116, 119 Z VLDL, 10, 11 vomiting, vii, 1, 4, 5, 12, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, zinc, 4, 10, 23, 28, 31, 47, 56, 57, 60, 62, 97 27, 30, 33