Amoli Hindi Pathmala Class 8

8 ysf[kdk MkWú fueZy nyky ,eú,ú] chú,M~ú] ih&,púMhú (iwoZ izkè;kfidk] fnYyh ifCyd LowQy] uks,Mk)

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vkeq[k ckyeu papyrk vkSj ftKklk ls Hkjk gksrk gSA cPpksa dh blh ftKklkiw.kZ papyrk dks ldkjkRed fn'kk nsus rFkk muosQ cgqeq`[kh fodkl gsrq ^veksyh ¯gnh ikBekyk* izLrqr djrs gq, gesa vikj g\"kZ dh vuqHkwfr gks jgh gSA bl ikBekyk dk fuekZ.k jk\"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ ij vkèkkfjr ikB~;Øe osQ vuqlkj fd;k x;k gSA ckyeu ij osaQfær bl ikBekyk esa cPpksa osQ O;kogkfjd ,oa ckSn~f/d Lrj dks è;ku esa j[kdj ikB~;&lkexzh dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA blesa Hkk\"kk osQ vk/kjHkwr dkS'kyksaµ Jo.k] okpu] iBu] ys[ku osQ vf/xe lfgr ¯pru&euu (Thinking)] fo'ys\"k.k (Analysis)] dYiuk'khyrk (Imagination)] jpukRedrk (Creativity) ,oa ewY;kadu (Evaluation) ij Hkh cy fn;k x;k gSA bl rjg ls ;g ikBekyk cPpksa dh Hkkf\"kd&laink rFkk ckSn~f/d&laink vkfn dks le`n~/ djus esa l{ke lkfcr gksxhA bl ikBekyk dh oqQN izeq[k fo'ks\"krk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSaµ � izLrqr ikBekyk vk/qfud ,oa izHkkoh f'k{k.k fof/;ksa osQ vuqowQyA � fo\"k;oLrq esa fofo/rk ,oa vk/qfudrk dk lekos'kA � ekSf[kd] fyf[kr ,oa cgqfodYih; vkfn iz'u&izk:iksa esa Hkkoxr fofo/rkA � fp=kksa dk vkd\"kZd ,oa izlaxkuqowQy izLrqrhdj.kA � fp=kksa rFkk dforkvksa osQ ekè;e ls iqLrd esa jkspdrk dk lekos'kA � euksjatd xfrfof/;ksa osQ ekè;e ls mPpLrjh; fparu&euu dkS'ky dk lao/ZuA � f'k{k.k vf/xe osQ ozQfed fodkl ij cyA � fofHkUu izdkj dh xfrfof/;k¡µO;fDrRo fuekZ.k esa lgk;dA vk'kk gS fd bl ikBekyk dks vkidk Hkjiwj lg;ksx ,oa leFkZu izkIr gksxkA bl ikBekyk dks vkSj vf/d Kkuijd rFkk jpukRed cukus osQ fy, vkiosQ lq>koksa dh izrh{kk jgsxhA µysf[kdk 3

ikB&ewY;kadu ikB&ozQe ikBxr ;ksX;rk,¡@dkS'ky jpukRed vfHkO;fDr thou&ewY; 1- go+Q nks (dfork) ekSf[kd rFkk fyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsuk] vuqPNsn&ys[ku] lwph rS;kj djuk] izo`Qfr dk lEeku 2- lk, (dgkuh) Hkko&lkE;rk ij vk/kfjr dkO;&iafDr;ksa dks dforkvksa dk laxzg ,oa ys[ku] laosQr djuk] LoPNrk fy[kuk] lgh fodYi dk pquko] Jrqys[k] osQ vk/kj ij igpku djukA dk egRo le>uk] 3- [kq'kcw vkt i;kZ;okph 'kCn] o.kZ&foPNsn] opu&ifjorZu rFkk pkVZ&isij ij fe=krk ij vk/kfjr nksgs Li\"Vokfnrk] izko`Qfrd Hkh ;kn gS--- fyax dh igpkuA fy[kdj xfrfof/ cksMZ ij yxkuk] lkSan;Z&cks/A (laLej.k) ekSf[kd rFkk fyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsuk] vk'k; i=k] fe=k dks igpkudj mlosQ fo\"k; R;kx dh Hkkouk] Li\"V djuk] lgh fodYi dk pquko] Jqrys[k] esa fy[kukA fe=krk] lw>cw>] 4- ckyduh vkxr 'kCn] 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ] izR;; tksM+dj laLej.k&ys[ku] vuqPNsn&ys[ku] ppkZ] bZekunkjh ,oa leiZ.kA (js[kkfp=k) 'kCn&fuekZ.k] fØ;k osQ n~foRo :iksa dk iz;ksx] fganh esa izpfyr vaxsz”kh osQ 'kCn ,oa fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k dh igpku rFkk mlosQ Hksn] vifBr muosQ vFkZ lfgr lwph cukukA vknj ,oa lEeku • n`f\"Vdks.k xn~;ka'k ij vk/kfjr iz'uA dk Hkko] lknxh] 5- Hkyk oSQls pyw¡ ekSf[kd rFkk fyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsuk] ikBka'k tho&tarqvksa osQ vkilh O;ogkj osQ vkReh;rk] vk/kfjr iz'u] fdlus&fdlls dgk] Jqrys[k] fo\"k; esa baVjusV ls tkudkjh izkIr cky&lqyHk mUeqDrrkA eSa\\ (dfork) i;kZ;okph 'kCn] fØ;k 'kCnksa ls laKk 'kCnksa dk djuk] laokn&ys[ku] voyksdu 6- ifjorZu (dgkuh) :ikrja.k] ^fd* vFkok ^dh* dh lgk;rk ls okD;ksa ij vk/kfjr ys[ku] dgkuh&iBu] tho ek=k osQ izfr osQ fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ] fuikr dk iz;ksx] vdeZd i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ ?kjksa osQ uke fy[kukA laosnu'khyrk] 7- ekfj;k ekaVsljh rFkk ldeZd fØ;kvksa dh igpkuA vkReh;rk] okrkoj.k (thou&izlax) ekSf[kd rFkk fyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsuk] dFkkud vuqPNsn&ys[ku] ;FkkFkZ izlax dks osQ izfr tkx:drk 8- esjk ne ?kqVrk dh ?kVukvksa dks Øe nsuk] lgh fodYi dk pquko] fy[kuk] Hkk\"k.k&izfr;ksfxrk] 'kCn&[ksyA rFkk LoLFk (foKkuijd ukVd) Jqrys[k] fyax ,oa opu dh igpku] dj.k vkSj thou&'kSyh dks • /weziku dh yr viknku dkjd dh igpku] ldeZd rFkk vdeZd ppkZ djuk] i=k&ys[ku] fo\"k; osQ viukukA fØ;k dh igpku] fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k rFkk mlosQ Hksnksa i{k&foi{k esa fopkjksa dh ekSf[kd la?k\"kZ] lkgl] okys (y?kq dFkk) dh igpku] fo'ks\"k.k rFkk fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k] vifBr izLrqfr] ifjokj osQ cqtqxks± ls izkIr n`<+&izfrK cukuk] xn~;ka'k vk/kfjr iz'uA vuqHkoksa dks lgikfB;ksa osQ lkFk lk>k ekuork dks osQoy i<+us osQ fy,A djukA vaxho`Qr djuk] ekSf[kd rFkk fyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsuk] dkO;ka'k okn&fookn] Lo;a osQ fopkj lk>k leL;k&lekèkku gsrq vk/kfjr iz'u] Hkk\"kk&lkSan;Z dk Kku] Jrqys[k] djuk] vuqPNsn&ys[ku] ifj;kstuk la?k\"kZ djukA foykse 'kCn] ^esa* rFkk ^eSa* dk okD; esa iz;ksx] dk;Z] egkiq#\"kksa dh igpku] jpukRed vius cqtqxks± dk milxZ dh lgk;rk ls 'kCn&fuekZ.kA ys[kuA lEeku djuk ,oa okn&fookn izfr;ksfxrk] i;kZoj.k mudh Hkkoukvksa dh ekSf[kd rFkk fyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsuk] ^gk¡* laj{k.k gsrq fd, tkus okys dnz djuk] vius vFkok ^ugha*] ikB dh ?kVukvksa dks Øe nsuk] vko';d dk;ks± dh lwph cukuk] tUe&LFkku ls tqM+s Jqrys[k] vaxsz”kh rFkk mnwZ osQ 'kCnksa dh igpku o vuqPNsn&ys[ku] Lyksxu ys[ku] jgukA ys[ku] 'kCn&;qXe] vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij okD; dh Kku&foLrkj] fnol@lekjksg dk n`<+&fu'p;] yxu igpku] 'kCn&ifjokj] 'kCn ,oa 'kCn&;qXeksa dk vk;kstuA vkRefo'okl] lk/uk] okD; esa iz;ksxA lk{kjrk dk egRoA ekSf[kd rFkk fyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsuk] feyku i;kZoj.k&laj{k.k djuk] ^gk¡* vFkok ^ugha* esa mRrj nsuk] Jqrys[k] dk egRo le>uk] milxZ] izR;;] okD;ka'kcks/d 'kCn] dkjd dh okrkoj.k osQ vuq:i igpku] okD;&:ikarj.kA vius dk;Z&O;ogkj ekSf[kd rFkk fyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsuk] ^gk¡* esa ldkjkRed vFkok ^ugha* esa mRrj nsuk] Jqrys[k] vkW vkxr ifjorZu djukA Loj] uqDrk dk iz;ksx] ^j* osQ :i] okP;&ifjorZu] eqgkojksa osQ vFkZ ,oa mudk okD; esa iz;ksxA osQoy i<+us osQ fy,A 4

9- cgknqj (ckyJe ekSf[kd rFkk fyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsuk] lgh Hkk\"k.k izfr;ksfxrk] ifj;kstuk dk;Z cky etnwjh dk ij vk/kfjr fodYi dk pquko] ?kVukvksa dks Øe nsuk] rFkk d{kk esa izLrqfr] lk{kkRdkj] fojks/ djuk] dgkuh) Jrqys[k] dkjd&ifjp; o dj.k rFkk viknku Mk;jh&ys[kuA ekuoh; Hkkoukvksa dks dkjd esa varj dh igpku] lzksr osQ vk/kj ij Hkk\"k.k izfr;ksfxrk] uqDdM+ ukVd] vkRelkr djukA 10- vkus okyk dy 'kCn&Hksn] eqgkojksa dk okD; esa iz;ksx] okD;ksa dk dfork ys[ku] vius Hkkoh thou osQ Hkz\"Vkpkj fuokj.k]    (dfork) dky&ifjorZu] vifBr xn~;ka'k ij vk/kfjr iz'uA fo\"k; esa fy[kuk] dkSu&fdlosQ fy, leL;k&lek/ku 1 1- eSa fgyksj ekSf[kd rFkk fyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsuk] tkuk tkrk gS\\ deZBrk] ln~HkkoukA dkO;ka'k vk/kfjr iz'u] Jrqys[k] i;kZ;okph 'kCn] ppkZ djuk] vfrfjDr iBu] laokn] cqn~f/eRrk] lkekftd gqtsekokyk (cky okD;ka'kcks/d 'kCn] fØ;k 'kCnksa dk laKk esa vkichrh lk{kk djuk] Kku&foLrkjA O;ogkj] drZO;&cks/] euksoSKkfud ifjorZu] milxZ vifBr dkO;ka'k vk/kfjr iz'uA LozSQi&cqd rS;kj djuk] izfln~/&LFkyksa lknxh] lw>&cw>] lR;dFkk) ekSf[kd rFkk fyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsuk] lgh rFkk izfln~/ bekjrksa osQ fo\"k; vkRefo'okl] 1 2- ikrkydksV èkjrh fodYi dk pquko] Jrqys[k] vkxr 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ] esa tkudkjh izkIr djosQ fy[kuk] nwjnf'kZrk] cky&lqyHk dk vtwck okP; dh igpku ,oa okP;&ifjorZu] loZuke rFkk okn&fookn izfr;ksfxrk dk vk;kstu] euksfoKku] vuq'kkluA (;k=kk&izlax) lkoZufed fo'ks\"k.k dh igpku] ewy fØ;k rFkk lk{kkRdkj osQ fy, iz'ukoyh rS;kj ekr`Hkwfe osQ izfr 1 3- nks dykdkj jatd fØ;k dh igpkuA djuk] ;g Hkh tkusaA leiZ.k dk Hkko] (js[kkfp=k) ekSf[kd rFkk fyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsuk] ikBka'k okn&fookn izfr;ksfxrk] Lo;a osQ izko`Qfrd lkSan;Z cks/] vk/kfjr iz'u] lgh rFkk xyr dFku dk pquko] fopkj dks lk>k djuk] jkspd ys[k lknxh] vkReh;rkA • thou dk >juk Jqrys[k] laf/&foPNsn] ewy 'kCn ,oa izR;;] fy[kuk] vuqPNsn&ys[ku] dykdkjksa uSfrdrk] 'kkyhurk] (dfork) n~oan~o&lekl ,oa mldk foxzg] fo'ks\"k.k&fo'ks\"; dh igpkuA lkekftd O;ogkj] osQ tksM+s cukuk] vuqLokj] vuqukfld] folxZ] uqDrk lR;rk] ,dfu\"B 14- vk”kknh rFkk la;qDr O;atu ;qDr 'kCnA ppkZ djuk] vius fopkj lk>k lkèkuk] vkRefo'okl] (dfork) ekSf[kd rFkk fyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsuk] lgh djuk] vuqPNsn ;k dfork ys[ku] lgkuqHkwfrA 15- lxquh dk liuk mRrj dk pquko] fdlus&fdlls dgk\\ Jqrys[k] dfork&laxzg rFkk dfork ikBA uqDrk;qDr 'kCnksa dk mPpkj.k] milxZ n~okjk ppkZ djuk] dgkuh dks dkYifur :i drZO;&cks/] • ,d fpV~Bh (i=k) 'kCn&fuekZ.k] ^fd* ,oa ^dh* dk okD; esa iz;ksx] nsuk] lk{kkRdkj gsrq iz'ukoyh rS;kj fo'ys\"k.k {kerk dk fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k osQ Hksnksa dh igpku] iwoZdkfyd djuk] okn&fookn] lwph rS;kj djuk] fodkl] vktknh dk fØ;k;qDr ljy okD; dk la;qDr okD; esa lqfopkjksa ij fopkj djukA lgh vFkZ le>uk] :ikarj.kA leiZ.k Hkko dks osQoy i<+us osQ fy,A vkRelkr djukA ekSf[kd rFkk fyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsuk] feyku f'k{kk dk egRo] djuk] lgh mRrj dk pquko] Hkko&lkE;rk okyh lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa dkO;&iafDr;k¡ fy[kuk] Jrqys[k] foykse 'kCn] dk Kku] drZO; cks/] okD;ka'kcks/d 'kCn] o.kZ&foPNsn] vifBr dkO;ka'k deZBrk] lgkuqHkqfr] vk/kfjr iz'uA lg;ksx dh Hkkouk ekSf[kd rFkk fyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsuk] dgkuh dks c<+kok nsukA dh ?kVukvksa dks Øe nsuk] lgh mRrj dk pquko] fdlus&fdlls dgk] Jrqys[k] fyax dh igpku] cgqopu fr;Zd :i dk okD; esa iz;ksx] ^M&M+* rFkk ^<&<+* dk iz;ksx] fØ;kvksa osQ n~foRo :iksa dk iz;ksx] jpuk osQ vk/kj ij okD;&:ikarj.kA osQoy i<+us osQ fy,A 16- vkReksRlxZ (fuca/) ekSf[kd rFkk fyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsuk] feyku Hkk\"k.k&izfr;ksfxrk ]ppkZ djuk] R;kx] lkgl] djuk] vk'k; Li\"V djuk] Jrqys[k] milxZ fopkj lk>k djuk] 'kghnksa osQ uke izfrcn~/rk] leiZ.k] n~okjk 'kCn&fuekZ.k] Hkkookpd laKk dk fuekZ.k] vkSj muosQ dkeksa ij vk/kfjr [ksy] deZBrk] fuHkhZdrk] dkjd osQ Hksnksa dh igpku] eqgkojs ,oa muosQ dfork&ys[kuA la?k\"kZ ,oa mRlkg dk vFkks± dk feyku djuk o okD; esa iz;ksx djuk] Hkko tkxzr djukA laf/&foPNsnA 5

fo\"k;&lwph Ø-la- ikB dk uke i`-la- 1 go+Q nks (dfork) µosQnkjukFk flag 7 2 lk, (dgkuh) µfgeka'kq tks'kh 12 3 [kq'kcw vkt Hkh ;kn gS--- (laLej.k) µeuksgj peksyh ^euq* 20 4 ckyduh (js[kkfp=k) µvlxj otkgr 27  n`f\"Vdks.k (laLej.k) µlqHkkf\"k.kh [ksrjiky 34 (osQoy i<+us osQ fy,) 5 Hkyk oSQls pyw¡ eSa\\ (dfork) µgfj'kadj ijlkbZ 36 6 ifjorZu (dgkuh) µekyrh tks'kh 41 7 ekfj;k eksaVsljh (thou&izlax) µvk'kkjkuh cksgjk 49 8 esjk ne ?kqVrk (foKkuijd ukVd) µiadt prqosZnh 57  /weziku dh yrokys (y?kq dFkk) µladfyr 65 (osQoy i<+us osQ fy,) 9 cgknqj (ckyJe ij vk/kfjr dgkuh) µvejdkar 66 10 vkus okyk dy (dfork) µxksikyo`Q\".k HkV~V ^vkoqQy* 74 11 eSa fgyksj gqtsekokyk (cky euksoSKkfud lR;dFkk) µfnyhi fpapkydj 79 12 ikrkydksV&/jrh dk vtwck (;k=kk&izlax) µxkso/Zu ;kno 87 13 nks dykdkj (js[kkfp=k) µeUuw HkaMkjh 95  thou dk >juk (dfork) µvkjlh izlkn flag 103 (osQoy i<+us osQ fy,) 14 vk”kknh (dfork) µckypaæu pwfYydkÅ 104   (ey;ky; dfo) 15 lxquh dk liuk (dgkuh) µMkWú txnh'k O;kse 110  ,d fpV~Bh (i=k) µfueZy lsuxqIr 117 (osQoy i<+us osQ fy,) 16 vkReksRlxZ (fuca/) µx.ks'k 'kadj ^fon~;kFkhZ* 119  vH;kl iz'u i=kµ1 125  vH;kl iz'u i=kµ2 129 6

1 gd+ nks ikB&izos'k lcdks viuh ¯”knxh thus dk vf/dkj gAS fdlh oQs thou eas ck/k cuuk vufq pr gAS iÑz fr oQs fofHkUu vxa kas ls ekuo vufq pr NMs N+ kM+ u djs rkfd mudk LokHkkfod fodkl gk]s vkokxeu gk]s Lor=a krk gks vkjS lia .w kZ iÑz fr ekuo oQs dY;k.k oQs fy, irkdk Lo:i cuh jgAs iwQ y dks gd+ 1 nks] og gok dks I;kj djs] vksl] /wi] jaxksa ls ftruk Hkj losQ Hkjs] flgjs] dk¡is] mHkjs] u, iwQyksa osQ fy,! xa/ dks gd+ nks og mM+s] cgs] f?kjs] >js] feV tk,] ubZ xa/ osQ fy,! ckny dks gd+ nks] og gj uUgs ikS/s dks Nk¡g ns] nqykjs] fiQj js'ks&js'ks2 esa gydh lqj/uq3 dh ifRr;k¡ yxk ns] fiQj dgha Hkh] dgha Hkh] fxjs] cjls] ?kgjs4] VwVs] pqd tk,µ u, ckny osQ fy,! Mxj dks gd+ nks] og] dgha Hkh] dHkh Hkh] fdlh ou] ioZr] [ksr] xyh&xk¡o&pkSgVs5 tkdj lkSai ns Fkdu viuh] ck¡gsa viuh 'kCnkFkZ ubZ Mxj osQ fy,! 1- vf/dkj_ 2- ,d&,d d.k_ 3- banz/uq\"k_ 4- lglk vk igq¡puk_ 5- pkSjkgs veksyh fganh ikBekykµ8 7

ygj dks gd+ nks] og dHkh lax iqjok6 osQ] dHkh lkFk iNqok7 osQ bl rV ij Hkh vk,] ml rV ij Hkh tk, vkSj fdlh jsrh ij flj j[k lks tk, ubZ ygj osQ fy,! ekVh dks gd+ nks] og Hkhts8] ljls] iwQVs] v¡[kqvk,9 bu esM+ksa10 ls ysdj] mu esM+ksa rd Nk, vkSj dHkh u gkjs] ;fn gkjs rc Hkh mlosQ ekFks ij fgys] vkSj fgys vkSj mBrh gh tk, ;g nwc11 dh irkdk12 'kCnkFkZ u, ekuo osQ fy,! 6- iwoZ ls vkus okyh gok_ 7- if'pe ls vkus okyh gok_ µosQnkjukFk flag 8- Hkhxs_ 9- vaoqQj fudyuk_ 10- [ksr osQ vkl&ikl feV~Vh dk cuk;k gqvk ?ksjk_ 11- ?kkl] fruosQ_ 12- èot dfo&ifjp; osQnkjukFk flagµ osQnkjukFk flag dk tUe 7 tqykbZ 1934 bZú dks mRrj izns'k osQ cfy;k ftys osQ pfd;k xk¡o esa gqvk FkkA mUgksaus dk'kh fganw fo'ofon~;ky; ls 1956 bZú esa fganh esa ,eú,ú vkSj 1964 esa fganh esa ih&,púMhú dh mikf/ izkIr dhA budh izeq[k o`Qfr;k¡& vHkh fcYoqQy vHkh] ”kehu id jgh gS] ;gk¡ ls ns[kks] vdky esa lkjl] ck?k] l`f\"V ij igjk] rkyLrk; vkSj lkbfdy vkfn dkiQh izfln~/ gSaA 1989 esa mudh Ñfr ^vdky esa lkjl* osQ fy, mudks lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj fn;k x;k FkkA blosQ vfrfjDr mUgsa eSFkyh'kj.k xqIr lEeku] Hkkjr&Hkkjrh lEeku] fnudj lEeku rFkk KkuihB iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA vH;kl ckr ikB dh Oral Skills eq[k ls bu iz'uksa osQ mRrj crkb,A d- dfo iwQy osQ fy, fdlls I;kj djus osQ go+ Q dh ek¡x dj jgs gSa\\ 8 veksyh fganh ikBekykµ8

[k- xa/ D;k&D;k dj ldrh gS\\ x- ckny fdlesa lqj/uq (banz/uq\"k) ltk,¡\\ ?k- ygjsa dgk¡&dgk¡ fopj.k djsa\\ dye ls Writing Skills 1- bu iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,A d- i---wQ-y-----u--,-----i--wQ-y---k-sa --o---sQ---f-y---,-----D--;--k----d---j-u--s---o--sQ----f-y---,----r--R--i--j----g--k-sa\\--------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- -x--a/-----f-d---l---o--sQ----f-y---,----e---j----f-e--V--u--s---d---k-s --r--S;---k-j----g--k-s\\---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- -d---f-o--r--k----e--sa --c---k-n--y-----d---k-s---D--;--k---g---d-+----f-n--,-----t---k-u--s --d---h----c--k-r-----d---h----x--b-Z---g--S\\--------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- -M--x--j----(--j--k-L--r--s)----d----g--k-¡&--d---g--k-¡---t--k-r--s---g--q,-----u--,----e---k-x--Z --c---u--k-,--\\---------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ä- d----f-o-----f-e--V--~V--h----d---h---g---kj-----D--;--k-sa --u--g---h-a --p---k-g--r--s\\-----;--f-n----g---kj--s --r---ks---u--,-----e--k-u--o-----d---k-s---D--;--k---m---i--g--k-j----n--s\\------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- nh xbZ iafDr;ksa osQ leku Hkko okyh iafDr;k¡ dfork esa ls pqudj fyf[k,A d- iwQy gok dks I;kj djs vkSj Lo;a dks vksl] /wi] fofHkUu jaxksa ls Hkjs rFkk viuh LokHkkfod ,oa euksokafNr fØ;k,¡µflgjuk] dk¡iuk] mHkjuk vkfn tSlk Hkh tks Hkh djuk pkgs djsA viuk thou ft,A -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- ygj Hkh LosPNk ls tgk¡ tkuk pkgs tk,A ;fn og iwoZ ls vkus okyh gok osQ lkFk tkuk pkgrh gS rks tk,A ;fn if'pe ls vkus okyh gok osQ lkFk tkuk pkgrh gS rks tk,A ftl fdukjs ij tkuk pkgrh gS tk, vkSj viuh bPNk ls ftl jsrh (foJke&LFky) ij vkjke djus dk eu gks] ogha ubZ ygj osQ fy, Lo;a lks tk,A -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- veksyh fganh ikBekykµ8 9

3- lgh mRrj pqudj ^3* dk fpg~u yxkb,A d- ckny dks Nk¡g nsus dk gd+ gSµ (i) banz/uq\"k dks (ii) js'kksa dks (iv) isM+ksa dks (iii) uUgs ikS/s dks (ii) nwc dh [k- dfork esa fdldh ^irkdk* dh ppkZ gSµ (iv) ygj dh (i) ekVh dh (iii) esM+ksa dh Jqrys[k % dk¡is] jax] xa/] Nk¡g] ifRr;k¡] pkSgVs] v¡[kqvk, ckr lksp dh (dksbZ ,d dhft,) Analytical Skills 1- dHkh&dHkh gekjh Lora=krk rFkk vf/dkj nwljksa osQ fy, ck/k ;k eqlhcr cu tkrs gSaA ,slk dc gksrk gS\\ fyf[k,A 2- izÑfr dks mldk i;kZIr vf/dkj feys] mlls NsM+NkM+ u gksA ,slk oSQls laHko gksxk\\ vius fopkj fyf[k,A ckr Hkk\"kk dh  Language Skills 1- uhps oqQN 'kCn fn, tk jgs gSaA dfork esa ls buosQ ,d&,d i;kZ;okph 'kCn <w¡<+dj fyf[k, rFkk ,d&,d viuh vksj ls Hkh fyf[k,A  -------------------------- -------------------------- d- iq\"i µ -------------------------- -------------------------- [k- fdukjk µ -------------------------- -------------------------- x- feV~Vh µ -------------------------- -------------------------- ?k- ok;q µ -------------------------- -------------------------- Ä- euq\"; µ -------------------------- -------------------------- p- èot µ 2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ o.kZ&foPNsn dhft,A d- jax µ ---------- $ ---------- $ ---------- $ ---------- $ ---------- [k- dk¡is µ ---------- $ ---------- $ ---------- $ ---------- x- Nk¡g µ ---------- $ ---------- $ ---------- $ ---------- ?k- ck¡gsa µ ---------- $ ---------- $ ---------- $ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- Ä- xk¡o µ ---------- $ ---------- $ ---------- $ ---------- $ ---------- p- lax µ $ $ $ 10 veksyh fganh ikBekykµ8

3- uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ opu cnfy, rFkk fyax Hkh fyf[k,A 'kCn opu fyax 'kCn opu fyax iwQy µ --------------------------------i--------wQ----y------------ -------------------------------- --------------------i------------q¯----Y--------y------------x-------- ------------------------ ?[ptkk---- ikS/k µ --------------------------------i--------k----S/------------s -------------------------------- -----i---q¯-Y--y---x-------- d- gok µ v¡[kqvk µ ---------------------- x- ckny µ ou µ ---------------------- Ä- js'kk µ xyh µ ---------------------- N- iRrh µ xk¡o µ >- ygj µ ---------------------- ---------------------- ×k- rV µ ---------------------- ---------------------- iq¯Yyx 'kCn osQ var esa ^vk* o.kZ dk ^,* gks tkrk gS] 'ks\"k esa T;ksa dk R;ksa jgrk gSA fr;Zd :i esa foHkfDr;ksa osQ lkFk fHkUu :i gksrk gS_ tSlsµiwQy dk cgqopu iwQyA fr;Zd :i ^iwQyksa esa*] ^iwQyksa ls* vkfn gks ldrk gSA jpukRed vfHkO;fDr Creative Expression ckr eu dh 1- ^euq\"; osQ fodkl esa izÑfr dk ;ksxnku* fo\"k; ij ,d vuqPNsn fyf[k,A 2- dfo izÑfr osQ odhy gSa] mlosQ gd+ dh ckr dj jgs gSaA vf/dkj dk nwljk igyw drZO; gSA izÑfr osQ fy, gekjs D;k drZO; gSa\\ ,d lwph rS;kj dhft,A 3- izÑfr laj{k.k ij fy[kh xbZ vU; dforkvksa dk laxzg dhft,A izR;sd Nk=k dks fdlh dfork dks lqanj ,oa lqLi\"V ys[k esa fy[kus dks dfg,A vktdy NaneqDr dfork dk vf/d izpyu gSA ;g Nan ls eqDr gksrh gS] blesa Hkkoksa dh izèkkurk gksrh vkSj futh vuqHko izdV fd, tkrs gSaA g¡lrs&xkrs ---------g--o--k-b--Z --t---g--k-”--k----------- ------------------------------------- laosQrksa osQ vk/kj ij uke igpkudj fyf[k,A ------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- d- tks gok esa mM+rk gSA ------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- [k- tks ty cjlkrk gSA x- tks lqxa/ nsrk gSA ?k- tks xjeh nsrh gSA Ä- tks Nk¡g nsrk gSA p- ftl ij yksx pyrs gSaA veksyh fganh ikBekykµ8 11

2 lk, ikB&izos'k ge lc vius fe=kkas ls iesz djrs gAaS ,d&nlw js oQs l[q k&n[q k eas dke vkrs gAaS lPpk fe=k ogh gS tks lk, dh rjg fe=k dk thou Hkj lkFk fuHkkrk gAS ;g ikB ,d ,ls s lPps fe=k dh dgkuh g]S tks vius fe=k dh eR` ;q oQs ckn Hkh mloQs drOZ ;kas dks ijw k djus dk opu fuHkkrk gAS u Ugs&uUgs nqèkeq¡gs cPps! vosQyh #X.k1 iRuhA ukrs&fj'rs dk ,slk dksbZ ugha tks ”k:jr ij dke vk losQA ifr lqnwj2 vÚhdk esa] vLirky esa chekj! eghuksa rd dksbZ i=k ughaA cgqr yacs le; osQ ckn ,d fnu ,d i=k feykA cM+k d#.k vkSj nnZ Hkjk FkkA uSjksch osQ fdlh vLirky ls fy[kk x;k FkkA ^jksx dkcw ls ckgj gS blfy, MkWDVj us vWkijs'ku dh lykg nh gSA yxrk gS] pan fnuksa dh esgekunkjh gS---A mlosQ ckn rqe yksxksa dk D;k gksxk] oqQN lw>rk ughaA ikl gksrs rks---ysfdu---Hkjkslk j[kuk---Hkxoku lcdk j[kokyk gS---ftlus iSnk fd;k gS] og ijofj'k3 Hkh djsxk---A* iRuh i=k i<+rh] jksrhA vcksèk cPps #ykbZ Hkjh vk¡[kksa ls ek¡ dk eq¡g rkdrsA fiQj fpV~Bh ij fpV~fB;k¡ Mkyha mUgksaus] fiQj rkj] rc dgha osQU;k dh eksgj yxk ,d fons'kh fyI+kQkI+kQk feykA fy[kk Fkkµ^ijekRek dk gh peRdkj gS] gkyr lqèkj jgh gSA ,d u;k tUe feyk gS---A* FkksM+s fnuksa ckn fiQj i=k vk;kA ^gkyr igys ls vPNh gSA ¯prk dh vc dksbZ ckr ughaA* bl ckj oqQN #i;s Hkh igq¡p x,A cPpkas osQ eqj>k, eq[kM+s f[ky mBsA chekj iRuh dk LokLF; FkksM+k lqèkkj dh vksj c<+kA fpV~fB;k¡ fu;fer :i ls vkrh jghaA #i;s Hkh igq¡prs jgsA mlesa fy[kk Fkkµ ^gkFk osQ vkWijs'ku osQ ckn vc og i=k ugha fy[k ikrk] blfy, fdlh ls fy[kok ysrk gSA vius dkjksckj dk Hkh oqQN foLrkj dj jgk gS] èkhjs&èkhjs oqQN ubZ ”kehu [kjhnus dk Hkh bjknk gSA 'kgj osQ ikl ,d ^iQkeZ gkml* cukus dh ;kstuk gS---A* 'kCnkFkZ 1- chekj_ 2- cgqr nwj_ 3- ikyu&iks\"k.k 12 veksyh fganh ikBekykµ8

?kj osQ ckjs esa] iRuh osQ ckjs esa] cPpkas dh i<+kbZ osQ ckjs esa fdrus gh iz'u FksA cM+h mRlkgtud ckrsa Fkha--- foLrkj lsA bruk vPNk i=k igys dHkh Hkh u vk;k FkkA lcdks LokHkkfod :i ls izlUurk gqbZA Mwcrh uko fiQj ikj yx jgh FkhA yxHkx rhu cjl chr x,A cPps cgqr ;kn djrs gSaA mls ns[kus Hkj dks rjlrs gSaA tks&tks fgnk;rsa fpV~Bh esa fy[kh jgrh gSa] mudk v{kj'k%4 ikyu djrs gSaA ek¡ dks fdlh rjg dk d\"V ugha nsrsA dguk ekurs gSaA i<+us esa cgqr esgur djrs gSaA vTtw dgrk gS fd cM+k gksdj og Hkh ikik dh rjg vÚhdk tk,xkA bathfu;j cusxkA ikik osQ lkFk [kwc dke djsxkA vc og iwjs ckjg lky dk gks x;k gSA NBh d{kk esa vOoy5 vk;k gSA ekLVj th dgrs gSa fd mls o”khI+kQk feysxkA ruq vc vV~Bkjg ikj dj jgh gSA mldk Hkh C;kg djuk gSA fpV~Bh osQ tokc esa cgqr&lh ckrsa FkhaA fy[kk Fkkµ^bl le; rks ugha] gk¡] vxys lky ruq osQ C;kg ij vo'; igq¡pw¡xkA ngst dh ¯prk u djukA dgha oj dh [kkst djukA* oj dh ryk'k esa HkVdus dh vfèkd vko';drk u gqbZA vklkuh ls [kkrk&ihrk ?kj fey x;kA 'kk;n bruk vPNk ?kjkuk u feyrk ysfdu bl Hkze ls fd dU;k osQ firk vÚhdk esa lksuk cVksj jgs gSa] lc lgt6 gks x;kA 'kknh dh frfFk fuf'pr gks xbZA uSjksch ls i=k vk;k fd og le; ls igq¡p jgk gSA xgus&diM+s lc cukdj og lkFk yk,xkA ysfdu 'kknh osQ le; og pkgdj Hkh igq¡p ugha ik;kA foo'krkvksa ls Hkjk yack i=k vk;kµ^bl chp tks ,d u;k dkjksckj 'kq: fd;k gS] mlesa e”knwjksa dh gM+rky py jgh gSA ,sls ladV osQ le; esa ;g lc NksM+dj og oSQls vk ldrk gS! gk¡] xgus] diM+s vkSj #i;s fHktok fn, gSaA oj&oèkw osQ fp=k mls vo'; Hkstsa] og izrh{kk djsxkA* [kSj] fookg èkweèkke osQ lkFk gks x;kA fookg osQ lkjs fp=k Hkh Hkst fn,A vTtw us bl o\"kZ dbZ buke thrsA gkbZ LowQy7 dh ijh{kk esa ftys esa loZizFke jgkA [ksyksa esa Hkh igyk LFkku izkIr gqvkA cgqr ls lfVZfiQosQV feys] o”khI+kQk feykA buke esa feyh lkjh oLrqvksa dh I+kQksVks os ikik dks Hkstuk u HkwysA cnys esa dherh oSQejk vk;kA xeZ lwV dk diM+k vk;kA lqanj ?kM+h vkbZ vkSj eeZLi'khZ8 yack i=k vk;kA fy[kk Fkkµ^og cPpksa dh mEehn ij gh th jgk gSA ;g lkjk dkjksckj mUgha osQ fy, rks gSA* ij vusd okns djus ij Hkh ?kj vkuk laHko u gks ikrkA gj ckj oqQN u oqQN vM+pusa vk tkrha vkSj mudk vkuk LFkfxr9 gks tkrkA le; vckèk10 xfr ls ia[k yxkdj mM+rk jgkA cPpksa us fy[kk fd ;fn mudk ?kj vk ikuk dfBu gks jgk gS rks os gh lc vÚhdk vkus dh lksp jgs gSaA oqQN o\"kZ ogha fcrk ysaxsA 'kCnkFkZ 4- tSlk fy[kk gks fcyoqQy oSlk gh_ 5- izFke_ 6- vkjke l_s 7- nloha d{kk_ 8- fny dks Nw yus s okyh_ 9- oqQN le; osQ fy, #dk gqvk_ 10- fcuk #osQ veksyh fganh ikBekykµ8 13

mRrj esa osQoy bruk gh Fkkµ^vTtw tc rd viuh i<+kbZ iwjh ugha dj ysrk rc rd oqQN ugha gks ldrkA le; fudkydj dHkh og Lo;a ?kj vkus dk iz;kl djsxkA cPpksa dh cgqr ;kn vkrh gSA ?kj dh cgqr ;kn vkrh gSA ysfdu foo'krk osQ fy, D;k fd;k tk,\\* var esa] ,d fnu og Hkh vk igq¡pk tc vTtw us viuh i<+kbZ iwjh dj yhA dgha vPNh ukSdjh dh ryk'k 'kq: gqbZ] ij firk osQ vc Hkh ?kj vkus dh laHkkouk u fn[kh rks mlus fy[kkµ^vEek chekj jgrh gSaA ,d ckj] vafre ckj ns[kuk Hkj pkgrh gSa*A izR;qRrj11 esa foLr`r i=k feyk vkSj bykt osQ fy, #i;s HkhA ijarq bl ckj vTtw us gh tkus dk dk;ZØe cuk fy;kA vdLekr12 igq¡pdj ikik dks pkSadkus dh ;kstuk cukbZA fVdV [kjhn fy;kA ikliksVZ] oh”kk Hkh lc ns[krs&ns[krs cu x;k vkSj ,d fnu fnYyh ls og foeku ls jokuk Hkh gks x;kA mlosQ eu esa ,d xgjh mRoaQBk13 Fkh fd ikik mls ns[kdj fdrus pfdr gksaxs! mUgksaus dYiuk Hkh u dh gksxh fd ,dk,d og bruh nwj] ,d nwljs ns'k esa bruh vklkuh ls vk tk,xkA mudh fuxkgksa esa rks vHkh Hkh og mruk gh NksVk gksxk] tc og fuDdj igudj vk¡xu esa xqYyh&MaMk [ksyrk FkkA uSjksch osQ gokbZ vM~Ms ij mrjdj og lhèkk ml irs ij x;k] tks i=k esa fn;k gqvk FkkA ijarq ogk¡ rkyk yxk FkkA gk¡] mlosQ firk dh iqjkuh] èkq¡èkyh useIysV vo'; yxh FkhA vklikl iwNrkN dh rks irk pyk fd ,d o`n~/ Hkkjrh; vizoklh14 vo'; ogk¡ jgrs gSaA jkr dks nsj ls nÝ+ rj ls ?kj ykSVrs gSaA fdlh ls feyrs&tqyrs ughaA fcyoqQy vosQys jgrs gaSA og ckgj cjkens esa j[kh csap ij izrh{kk djrk jgkA jkr dks ,d cw<+k O;fDr rkyk [kksyus yxk rks ns[kk ,d ;qod lkeus cSBk m¡Q?k jgk FkkA mldk uke&èkke iwNk rks mls viuh ck¡gksa esa Hkj fy;kA cM+s mRlkg ls Lokxr fd;kA Hkkstu osQ ckn os mls vius dejs esa ys x,A nhokj dh vksj mUgksaus b'kkjk fd;k] ,d uUgk cPpk ek¡ dh xksn esa yq<+dk fdyd jgk gSA ¶;g fdldk fp=k gS\\¸ ;qod us xkSj ls ns[kkA oqQN >sairs gq, dgkµ¶esjkA¸ o`n~/ bl ckj oqQN vkSj ”kksj&”kksj ls f[kyf[kyk,µ¶esjs cPps! rqe brus cMs+ gks x, gksA lp! brus lky chr x,A tSls dy dh ckr gSA¸ mUgksaus mlosQ psgjs dh vksj ns[kkµ¶rqe 'kk;n ugha tkurs] rqEgkjs firk dk eSa fdruk ftxjh nksLr gw¡! fdrus yacs le; rd ge lkFk&lkFk jgs] nks nksLrkas dh rjg ugha] lxs Hkkb;ksa dh rjgA mlh us eq>s ¯gnqLrku ls ;gk¡ cqyk;k FkkA cM+h yxu ls lkjk dke fl[kk;kA¸ lkFk&lkFk lk>s esa15 geus ;g dkjksckj 'kq: fd;kA uSjksch dh vkt ;g cgqr vPNh iQeZ gSA ;g lc mlh dh cnkSyr16 gS---A dgrs&dgrs os fBBd x,A mldk gkFk vius gkFkkas esa Fkkers gq, os cksysµ¶rqEgkjh ek¡ oSQlh gSa\\ dgha dksbZ dfBukbZ rks ugha\\¸ ¶u] lc Bhd gSA¸ ¶cl] ;gh eSa pkgrk Fkk] ;ghA¸ gkSys&ls mUgksaus mldk gkFk lgyk;kA nsj rd 'kwU; esa iyosaQ fVdk, lksprs jgsA oqQN {k.kksa dk ekSu Hkax dj [kks,&[kks, ls cksysµ¶ns[kks csVs] frudksa osQ lgkjs 'kCnkFkZ rks gj dksbZ th ysrk gSA ysfdu dHkh&dHkh ge frudksa osQ lk, ek=k osQ vkljs] Hk¡oj ls 11- tokc esa_ 12- vpkud_ 13- mRlqdrk_ 14- Hkkjr fudydj] fdukjs ij vk yxrs gSaA¸ osQ ckgj jgus okys Hkkjrh;_ 15- fgLlsnkjh esa_ 16- osQ dkj.k 14 veksyh fganh ikBekykµ8

¶---”kjk lkspks csVs!¸ os [kk¡lsµ¶rqEgkjs firk dh e`R;q vkt ls ianzg&chl lky igys gks tkrh] rks D;k gksrk\\ rqe vukFk gks tkrsA rqEgkjh ek¡ ?kqV&?kqVdj dc dh ej pqdh gksrhaA rqe brus gkSlys ls i<+ ugha ikrsA tgk¡ rqe vkt gks] ogk¡ rd ugha igq¡p ikrsA¸ mUgkasus vius lw[ks gksaBksa dks thHk dh uksd ls fHkxks;kµ¶ge nqcZy gksrs gq,] vlgk;] vosQys gksrs gq, Hkh fdrus&fdrus chgM+ ouksa dks ikj dj tkrs gSa] lgkjs dh ,d vn`'; Mksj osQ lgkjs---A¸ mudk xyk Hkj vk;kµ¶rqEgkjs firk rks rc gh xq”kj x, Fks csVsA vius lk>s dkjksckj ls] muosQ fgLls osQ iSls fu;fer :i ls Hkstrk jgkA fdrus o\"kks± ls eSa blh fnu osQ bar”kkj eas Fkk--- vc rqe cM+s gks x, gksA vius bl dkjksckj esa esjk gkFk cVkvksA esjk opu iwjk gks x;k tks eSaus mls ejrs le; fn;k Fkk---A¸ mudk xyk Hkj vk;kA os nhokj ij V¡xs ,d èkq¡èkys ls fp=k dks u tkus D;k&D;k lksprs gq, ns[krs jgsA µfgeka'kq tks'kh ys[kd&ifjp; izfln~/ miU;kldkj ,oa dgkuh ys[kd fgeka'kq tks'kh dk tUe 4 ebZ 1935 dks mRrjk[kaM osQ paikor ftys osQ tksl;wM+k xk¡o esa gqvkA mUgksaus vius is'ksoj thou dh 'kq#vkr i=kdkfjrk ls dh FkhA os yacs le; rd fganh if=kdk dknafcuh vkSj lkIrkfgd fganqLrku osQ laiknu ls tqM+s jgsA ckn osQ fnuksa esa mUgksaus okxFkZ osQ laiknu dk Hkh nkf;Ro l¡HkkykA Nk;k er Nwuk eu] vj.;] egklkxj] le; lk{kh gS] rqEgkjs fy,] lqjkt] dxkj dh vkx (miU;kl)A euq\";&fpg~u] tyrs gq, MSus] uaxs ik¡oksa osQ fu'kku vkfn (dgkfu;k¡) cgqr izfln~/ gSaA bUgsa lkfgR; lsok osQ fy, vusd izfrf\"Br iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA vH;kl ckr ikB dh Oral Skills eq[k ls bu iz'uksa osQ mRrj crkb,A d- iRuh i=k i<+dj D;ksa jks, tk jgh Fkh\\ veksyh fganh ikBekykµ8 15

[k- yacs le; osQ ckn feys i=k esa D;k vk'oklu Fkk\\ x- firk Lo;a i=k D;ksa ugha fy[kdj Hkstrs Fks\\ ?k- vTtw ijh{kk esa vOoy vk;k rks firk dh rjI+kQ ls D;k&D;k migkj vk,\\ dye ls Writing Skills 1- bu iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,A d- fu;fer :i ls fpV~fB;ksa vkSj #i;s vkus dk ifjokj ij D;k vlj gqvk\\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- ruq osQ fy, vPNs ?kjkus dk oj lgt gh feyus osQ ihNs D;k dkj.k Fkk\\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- ifjokj n~okjk vizQhdk vkdj feyus dh ckr dk fpV~Bh n~okjk D;k tokc vk;k\\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- firk us ruq dh 'kknh esa u igq¡pus dh D;k foo'krk crkbZ\\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ä- vTtw us uSjksch tkus dk oQk;ZozQe D;ksa cuk;k\\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p- firk osQ fe=k us ifjokj dks mudh e`R;q dk lekpkj u nsdj Lo;a muosQ lkjs drZO; fuHkk,A vkidh n`f\"V ls D;k ;s mfpr Fkk\\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa dk vius 'kCnksa esa vk'k; Li\"V dhft,A d- le; vck/ xfr ls ia[k ck¡/dj mM+rk jgkA [k- ge nqcZy gksrs gq,] vlgk;] vosQys gksrs gq, Hkh fdrus&fdrus chgM+ ouksa dks ikj dj tkrs gSa] lgkjs dh ,d vn`'; Mksj osQ lgkjs----------A 3- dgkuh osQ vuqlkj lgh fodYi pqudj fjDr LFkku Hkfj,A d- firk fpV~Bh esa tks fgnk;rsa fy[krs] cPps mudk -------------------------- ikyu djrsA (ii) v{kj'k% (i) i<+dj (iii) oqQN&oqQN (iv) cgqr esgur ls 16 veksyh fganh ikBekykµ8

[k- firk dks gj ckj oqQN u oqQN vM+pusa vk tkrha vkSj mudk vkuk -------------------------- gks tkrkA (i) vlaHko (ii) ckf/r (iii) LFkfxr (iv) laHko x- dHkh&dHkh ge frudksa osQ -------------------------- Hk¡oj ls fudydj fdukjs ij vk yxrs gSaA (i) lgkjs ls (ii) vkJ; ls (iii) lk, ek=k osQ vkljs (iv) /ks[ks ls Jqrys[k % vizQhdk] vkWijs'ku] fpV~fB;k¡] LokHkkfod] izlUurk] loZizFke] lfVZfiQosQV] mEehn] iz;kl] izoklh] izR;qRrj ckr lksp dh (dksbZ ,d dhft,) Analytical Skills 1- lkjh fLFkfr Li\"V gksus ij vTtw dks firk osQ fe=k dk èkU;okn djuk pkfg, ;k ukjk”kxh izdV djuh pkfg,\\ crkb,A 2- thou esa izfrowQy ifjfLFkfr;k¡ lHkh osQ lkFk gksrh gSaA ,sls esa O;fDr dks fdl izdkj gkSlyk cuk, j[kuk pkfg,\\ ckr Hkk\"kk dh  Language Skills 1- fganh Hkk\"kk esa fons'kh Hkk\"kkvksa osQ vusd 'kCn izpyu esa vk x, gSaA ^vkW* Loj dk mPpkj.k ^vk* vkSj ^vks* osQ chp dk izrhr gksrk gSA ;g vkxr Loj gSA vaxzs”kh 'kCnksa esa bldk mPpkj.k gksrk gS_ tSlsµvkWijs'ku] MkWDVj vkfnA ikB esa ls oqQN vkxr 'kCn <w¡<+dj fyf[k,A ------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- 2- ^tud* 'kCn ^firk* 'kCn dk i;kZ; gSA bldk vFkZ gksrk gSµ ^iSnk djus okyk* gSA ^tud* 'kCn vU; dbZ 'kCnksa esa Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµlEekutud % ftls ns[kus ;k ftlls feyus ij eu esa lEeku dk Hkko iSnk gksA uhps blh izdkj osQ oqQN 'kCn fn, gSa] buosQ vFkZ fyf[k,A -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- d- mRlkgtud µ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- fujk'kktud µ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- vk'p;Ztud µ 3- ^gksus okyk* ;k ^djus okyk* osQ vFkZ esa ^d* izR;; dk iz;ksx gksrk gS_ tSlsµ vo'; gksus okyk & vko';dA ikyu djus okyk µ ikydA fn, x, 'kCnksa esa ^d* izR;; tksM+dj 'kCn cukb,A ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------ ;ckk/stku k ------------------------------------------------------ d- iks\"k.k [k- vkjk/uk x- ?k- vkykspuk Ä- /kj.k p- veksyh fganh ikBekykµ8 17

4- è;ku nhft,µ oqQN {k.kksa dk ekSu Hkax dj [kks,&[kks, ls cksys rqEgkjh ek¡ ?kqV&?kqVdj dc dh ej pqdh gksrhA jaxhu inksa dh vksj è;ku nhft,A fozQ;k osQ n~foRo :i dk iz;ksx ge ^vf/d* ;k ^yxkrkj* osQ vFkZ esa djrs gSaA nh xbZ fozQ;kvksa osQ n~foRo :i dk fjDr LFkkuksa esa iz;ksx dhft,A lgdrqeekHjkkkjhkdfvnkreukksit-l---hM--o----+d--u----k--sa --;--i--s----j--g----h-----------------------------------------------------F----kg-d---e----rk--j--s --h--u----gr-----hj--a]i--+DQo;dqQHkNsakVhV[kv¡xtksaksykb,r,xkAHsMkAkh+ d- jgs gks! pyuk] djuk] [k- fy;k djksA i<+uk] ?kweuk x- ?k- 5- fØ;k dh fo'ks\"krk crkus okys 'kCn fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k dgykrs gSaA fØ;k oSQls gks jgh gSµjhfrokpd_ fØ;k dc gks jgh gS] dky dk cks/ djkus okys & dkyokpdA fØ;k dgk¡ gks jgh gS] LFkku dk cks/ djkus okys LFkkuokpdA fØ;k de ;k ”;knk] fdruh ek=kk esa gks jgh gS] mldk cks/ djkus okys ifjek.kokpd fØ;kfo'k\"s k.k dgs tkrs gAaS fØ;k oQs lkFk oQS l]s dc] dgk]¡ fdruk yxkdj igpku dhft,A fn, x, okD;ksa esa fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k 'kCn js[kkafdr djosQ Hksn crkb,A ------------------------------ ------------------------------ d- jksx dkcw ls ckgj gSA ------------------------------ [k- /hjs&/hjs oqQN ubZ ”kehu [kjhnus dk bjknk gSA ------------------------------ x- xgus&diM+s lc cuokdj og lkFk yk,xkA ------------------------------ ?k- vdLekr igq¡pdj ikik dks pkSadkus dh iwjh&iwjh ;kstuk cukbZA ------------------------------ Ä- og ckgj cjkens esa j[kh csap ij izrh{kk djrk jgkA p- uSjksch dh vkt ;g cgqr vPNh iQeZ gSA 6- fn, x, vifBr xn~;ka'k dks è;ku ls i<+dj iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,A thou l?a k\"kk±s ls Hkjk gAS lda V ls mcjus dh 'kfDr fdlh nlw js oQs ikl ugha gkrs h] Lo;a vius Hkhrj gkrs h gAS n<` + bPNk 'kfDr okyk eu\"q ; dHkh vliQy ugha gkrs kA fujra j l?a k\"kZ djus okyk O;fDr ;fn lkgl] /;S Z vkjS eukcs y dks lkFk yds j pys rks fot;Jh dk gh oj.k djrk gAS nlw jh vkjs eu ls gkjus okyk 'k:q ls gh xyr lkps oQs dkj.k gkj tkrk gAS ok;ju] feUVu] ljw nkl] tk;lh vkfn us eu dh 'kfDr oQs dkj.k gh 'kkjhfjd Lrj ij deh gkus s ij Hkh fodykxa rk dks ijkftr dj fn;kA toS Qs ,'s kys cgjs Fk]s mUgkuas s gkBas kas ls i<u+ k lh[k ikfy;Z eVas eas xx¡w k&as cgjkas oQs fgrkas dh odkyr dhA gys us oQs yj xx¡w h&cgjh&v/a h Fkh fiQj Hkh viuh miyfC/;kas ls nfq u;k dks vk'p;pZ fdr dj fn;kA d- ladVksa dks nwj djus dh 'kfDr dgk¡ ls vkrh gS\\ [k- lnk fot;Jh dks oj.k djus okyk O;fDr oSQlk gksrk gS\\ x- 'kkjhfjd :i ls fodykax gksus ij lI+kQyrk oSQls laHko gS\\ ?k- tSosQ ,s'ksy D;ksa izfln~/ gSa\\ 18 veksyh fganh ikBekykµ8

jpukRed vfHkO;fDr Creative Expression ckr eu dh 1- ^lPps fe=k osQ D;k y{k.k gSa*µ bl fo\"k; ij vusd nksgs fganh lkfgR; esa miyC/ gSaA izR;sd Nk=k nks&nks nksgs pkVZ&isij ij fy[kdj xfrfof/&cksMZ ij yxk,¡A 2- vTtw dk uSjksch esa vkdj ftl lp ls ifjp; gqvk vkSj mlls mRiUu vleatl dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu djrs gq, vius fe=k dks i=k fyf[k,A g¡lrs&xkrs uhps oqQN uke fn, x, gSa ftudh fe=krk osQ ckjs esa vkius dbZ ckj i<+k&lquk gksxkA ,d fe=k dk uke ge ns jgs gSa] nwljs dk uke vki Lo;a lkspdj fyf[k, vkSj budh fe=krk osQ ckjs esa Hkh fyf[k,A lqnkek µ -------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ nq;ksZ/u µ -------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ jke µ -------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ veksyh fganh ikBekykµ8 19