A\\p-`q-Xn-Iƒ Bhn-jvIm-c-߃ eqsS ]pd-tØ°p t\\m°n-s°m≠v A]-cn-Nn-X-\\mbn I≠pÆn \\n∂p. tIcf Ah-km-\\sØ Xncn-™p-t\\m-´-Øns‚ {i≤m-RvP-en-tbmsS sh≈m-bn-b- ]m-Tm-hen ∏≥ \\S-∂-I-∂p. Pbn-ens‚ ]cn-k-c-ß-fn¬ sh≈m-bn-b-∏≥ Aßp-an-ßp-ambn ImØp- In-S-∂p. kqcy≥ D®n-bn-se-Øn. t\\cw XmWp. Cu cm{Xn-bn¬ I≠pÆn Dd-ßptam? cm{Xn ]n∂n-Sp-∂p. aXn-ep-Iƒ°-IØv I≠pÆn Pohn-°p-∂p. ]pe¿®bv°p apºp sImºph- nf- nI- ƒ apgß- p∂- Xv sh≈mb- nb- ∏- ≥ tI´p. AXp h[-in-£-bpsS NS-ßm-sW∂v sh≈m-bn-b-∏≥ Adn-™n-cp-∂n-√. cmhnse A©p-a-Wn-°m-sW∂v Ah¿ ]d-™n-cp-∂p. ssIbn¬ LSn-Im- c-an-s√-¶nepw Hcp I¿j-Is‚ P∑-kn-≤n-bn-eqsS sh≈m-bn-b-∏≥ kabw Adn-™p. Hcp t]‰n-®n-sb-t∏mse Xs‚ aIs‚ tZlsØ sh≈m-bn-b-∏≥ ]mdm-hp-Im-cn¬\\n∂v G‰p-hm-ßn. \"\"Imc-W-h¿°p Xm¬∏-cy-ap-≈-t]mse ihw kwkvI-cn-°mw.'' \"\"thv≠. F\\n°p Xm¬∏-cy-an-√.'' \"\"ih-Øns‚ Npa-Xe \\n߃ G¬°p-∂nt√?'' \"\"bP-am-\\-∑m-tc, Fs‚ ssIbn¬ ]W-an-√.'' D¥p-h-≠nbpsS ]ndsI tXm´n-I-fpsSIqsS sh≈m-bn-b-∏≥ \\S-∂p. ]´-W-Øn\\p ]pd-Øp≈ shfn-\\n-e-߃°p apI-fn¬ Igp-I-∑m¿ Np‰n-∏-d- ∂p. aÆp-aq-Sp-∂-Xn-\\p-apºv I≠p-Æn-bpsS apJw sh≈m-bn-b-∏≥ Hcp t\\m°p- I-≠p. B s\\‰n-bn¬ ssI∏Sw h®v A\\p-{K-ln-®p. sh≈m-bn-b-∏≥ shbn-eØv Ae-™p-\\-S∂v IS¬∏p-d-sØ-Øn; BZy- ambn IS¬ ImWp-I-bm-Wv. ssI∏-S-ß-fn¬ Ft¥m \\\\-™p-Ip-Xn-cp-∂p. tImS®n sI´n-Ø∂ s]mXn-t®m-dm-Wv. sh≈m-bn-b-∏≥ s]mXn-b-gn-®p. sh≈m-bn-b-∏≥ A∂w \\ne-tØs°dn™p. shbn-ens‚ apIƒØ-´n-se- hn-sS-\\nt∂m _en-°m-°-Iƒ A∂w sImØm≥ Cd-ßn-h-∂p. IS¬Øo-cØv (H.hn. hn-P-b≥) 51
a]Øv ebmfw \"\"BIm-i-Øns‚ Ccp-´n¬ AIsesbhn-sStbm hnS-cp∂ ]pe-cn-bpsS kqN\\.'' \"\"]d-ºnse a™-∏p-√n-eqsS Bcp-sS-sbm-s°tbm ZpxJk©m-c-ß-fpsS Xgºmbn Nhn-´Sn-∏mX \\o≠pt]mIp∂p.'' KZy-`m-jbpw Imhym-fl-I-amWv. IY-bnse Imhym-fl-I-amb CØcw {]tbm-K-߃ Is≠Øn hnh-cn-°- p-I. \"\"c≠p hm°p-Iƒ am{Xw. c≠p hm°p-Iƒ°n-Sbv°v km¥z-\\-Øns‚ \\nd-hv.'' CØc- Ø- n¬ A¿Y]- q¿Wß- f- mb au\\ß- f- mWv IYsb ]qcn∏- n°- p∂- Xv. N¿®sNøpI. \"\"s]mXn-t®mdn\\v IY-bn¬ khn-ti-j-amb ÿm\\-am-Wp-≈-Xv.'' IY hni-I-e\\w sNbvXv Cu {]kvXm-h-\\-tbmSp {]Xn-I-cn-°p-I. \"\"ae-bn¬ B‰n-Ø-Wp-∏n® shbn-ev, Npc-Øn-eqsS ae-sh-≈w-t]mse B¿Øn-cºn ]me-°m-t´bv°v hoip∂ Ing-°≥Im‰v.'' \"\"DuWp-I-gn®v ]mb-hn-cn®v Dd-ßm≥ InS-∂p. h¿j-߃°p-tijw BZy-ambn Fb¿°- ≠o-j-W-dn-√msX Dd-ßp-I-bm-Wv. ]pdØv Im‰ns‚ KmV-amb i_vZw. Npc-Øn-eqsS IS-te-‰w-t]mse Ing-°≥Im‰v Xnc-X-√n.'' \"\"XkvI-cs\\ hmevao-In-bm-°nb G´s‚ IcpW B Im‰n¬ \\nd™p.'' ˛ Im‰v ]d™ IY (H.-hn. hnP-b≥) H.hn. hnPb- s‚ IYI- f- n¬ Im‰v i‡a- mb km∂n[ya- mW- v. Im‰v ]d™ IY, IS¬Øo- cØv F∂o IY-Iƒ hne-bn-cpØn Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I. \"IS¬Øo-cØv' F∂ IYbv°v Bkzm-Z-\\w Xbm-dm-°p-I. IYm-]m-{X-kr-jvSn-bnse khn-tij-X-Iƒ cN-\\m-X{¥w BJym-\\-ssien, `mj kmaq-ln-I-]-›m-Øew ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-]-›m-Øew kvt\\l-_-‘-Øns‚ hyXy-kvX-X-e-߃ hniz- cq-]w, {]nb-Z¿i-\\w, IS¬Øo-cØv F∂o ]mT-`m- K-ß-fn¬ hmbn-°mw. DNn-X-amb kμ¿`߃ Is≠Øn hni-I-e\\w sNbvXv D]-\\ymkw Xbm-dm°pI. 52
A\\p-`q-Xn-Iƒ Bhn-jvIm-c-߃ tIcf ]m-Tm-hen Rm≥ Fs∂-°p-dn®v ]q¿W-ambn `mKn-I-ambn A¬∏w am{Xw $ ]mT-`m-K-ß-fnse {][m-\\m-i-b-߃ Is≠Øn kμ¿t`m-NnXw Ah-X-cn-∏n°m≥ Ign™p. $ BJym\\- c- oXnIfnse hyXymkw Xncn®- d- nb- m≥ km[n®- n´- p≠- v. $ N¿®-bn¬ ]s¶-SpØv ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ bp‡n-]q¿hw Ah-X- cn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-™p. $ {]tbm-K-߃, ssien-Iƒ F∂nhbpsS HuNn-Xyhpw `wKnbpw hni-I-e\\w sNøm≥ Ign-™p. $ IhnX Xmf-Ønepw CuW-Ønepw Be-]n-°m≥ km[n-®p. $ hcn-Iƒ hymJym-\\n®v Bi-b-߃ Is≠-Øm≥ km[n®p. $ Na¬°m-c-߃, _nw_-߃ F∂nh Is≠Øn hymJym-\\n- °m≥ Ign-™n´p-≠v. efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P\\w Fgp-Øp-Imsc Adn-bpI (1909 ˛ 1987) ae-bm-f-Ønse {]apJ IYm-Im-cn. sIm´m-c-°-c-bnse tIm´-h- ´Øv P\\n-®p. tIc-f- km-lnXy A°m-Z-an-bpsS sshkv{]-kn- U‚mbn tkh-\\-a-\\p-jvTn-®n-´p-≠v. tI{μ-˛-tI-cf kmlnXy A°m-Zan Ahm¿Up-Iƒ, hb-em¿ Ahm¿Uv, HmS-°p-g¬ Ahm¿Uv F∂nh e`n®n´p-≠v. {][m\\ IrXn-Iƒ A·n-km£n (t\\mh¬) aqSp-]-S-Øn¬, XI¿∂ Xe-apd, Infn-hm-Xn-en-eq-sS, Ime-Øns‚ GSp-Iƒ, IÆocns‚ ]p©n-cn, A·n-]p-jv]-߃, kXy-Øn-s‚ kzcw, hniz-cq-]w, CjvS-tZ-h-X, ]hn-{X-tam-Xn-cw, [otc-μp- a-Ppw-Zm-cpsS AΩ (sNdp-I-Ym-k-am-lm-c-߃); efn-Xm-RvP-en, HmW-°m-gvN, `mh-Zo-]vXn, Bbn-c-Øncn (Ihn-Xm-k-am-lm-c-߃) koX apX¬ kXy-hXnhsc (]-T-\\w) 53
a]Øv ebmfw Ipam-c-\\m-im≥ (1873 ˛ 1924) B[p-\\nI almIhn-{X-b-Øn¬ Hcmƒ. Xncp-h-\\-¥-]pcw Pn√-bnse Imbn°- c- bn¬ P\\n®- p. ]cºcmK- X- - Imhys- sie- nb- n¬\\n∂p hyXy- kvX-amb Ih-\\-Nm-Xpcn {]Z¿in-∏n-®p-sIm≠v ae-bmfIhn-X-bn¬ ]pXn-sbmcp `mhp-I-Xz-Øn\\v XpS°w Ipdn-® {]Xn-`. {io\\mc- mb- W- K- pcph- ns‚ Acpa- inj- y\\mb Ipamc- \\- mi- m≥ Fkv.- F≥.- Un.- ]n. tbmKw sk{I-´dn F∂ \\ne-bn¬ kaql-]-cn-jvI-cW{]ÿm-\\-Øn\\v t\\XrXzw hln-®p. \"hnth-tIm-Zbw' amkn-I-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ae-bm-f-Øn\\p ]pdsa kwkvIrXw, _wKm-fn, Cw•ojv `mj-I-fnepw ]mfin-Xy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. shbn¬kv cmP-Ip-am-c- \\n¬\\n∂v ]´pw hfbpw e`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. {][m\\ IrXn-Iƒ hoW-]q-hv, \\fn-\\n, eoe, {]tcm-Z-\\w, Nn¥m-hn-jvS-bmb koX, Zpc-h-ÿ, Nfim-e -`n-£p-In, Icp-W, {Kma-hr-£-Ønse Ipbn¬ (J-fi-Im-hy-߃); ]pjv]-hm-Sn, aWn-ame, h\\-am-e, kvtXm{X-Ir-Xn-Iƒ (I-hn-Xm-k-am-lm-c-߃); _me-cmamb-Ww, {io_p-≤-N-cnXw (Im-hy-߃); kuμ-cy-e-lcn (hn-h¿Ø-\\w); hnNn-{X-hn-Pbw, {]t_m-[-N-t{μm-Zbw (\\m-S-I-߃) H.-hn. hnP-b≥ (1931 ˛ 2005) ae-bm-f-I-Ym-km-ln-Xy-Øn\\v \\ho-\\-apJw \\¬Inb Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ F∂ \\ne-bn¬ Nnc-kva-c-Wo-b≥. ]me-°mSv Pn√-bnse a¶c-bn¬ P\\n-®p. Im¿´q-Wn-Ãv, Nn¥-I≥, tImf-anÃv F∂o \\ne-I-fnepw hy‡n-ap{Z ]Xn-∏n®p. tI{μ-˛-tI-cf kmlnXy A°m-Zan ]pc-kvIm- c-߃, Fgp-Ø-—≥ ]pc-kvIm-cw, hb-em¿ Ahm¿Uv, HmS-°p-g¬ Ahm-¿Uv, kRvP-b≥ ]pc-kvImcw XpSßn H´-\\-h[n _lp-a-Xn-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. {][m\\ IrXn-Iƒ Jkm-°ns‚ CXn-lm-kw, [¿Ω-]p-cm-Ww, Kpcp-km-K-cw, a[p-cw- Km-b-Xn, {]hm-N- Is‚ hgn, Xe-ap-d-Iƒ (t\\mh-ep-Iƒ); Hcp \\o≠ cm{Xn-bpsS Hm¿Ω-bv°m-bn, Aim¥n, _me-t_m-[n-\\n, IS¬Øo-c-Øv, Im‰v ]d™ IY (I-Ym-k-am-lm-c-߃); tLmj-bm-{X-bn¬ X\\n-sb, Hcp knμq-c-s∏m-´ns‚ Hm¿Ω-bv°m-bn, CXn-lm-k-Øns‚ CXn-lmkw (te-J-\\-߃) 54
A\\p-`q-Xn-Iƒ Bhn-jvIm-c-߃ tIcf ]m-Tm-hen hniz-cq]w ˛ Bgw ˛ ZpxJw ]Z-tImiw AKm-[X ˛ saen™ ˛ ssIIƒ A\\p-Xm]w ˛ hoSns‚ sNdnb Xfw, ]qapJw Iri-amb ˛ hoXn Ipd™ hgn ]mWn-Iƒ ˛ Xgp-Xv, Xmgv apJ∏v ˛ kvt\\lab-am-bXv, an\\p-°-ap-≈Xv apSp°v km£ ˛ F√mw kv\\nKv[w ˛ ]cn-ip≤ ˛ B{K-ln-°p∂ / bmNn°p∂ Bƒ {]nb-Z¿i\\w ˛ A√tbm ˛ tim` AJnew ˛ B{K-l-Øm¬ Aae ˛ ZpxJw A¿Yn ˛ Ah-chcpsS I¿Ω-ß-fm¬ \\bn-°-s∏-´v Atb ˛ `wKn B` ˛ hfsc Bÿ-bm¬ ˛ kpμcn C≠¬ ˛ `mKyw \\nP-I¿Ω-\\o-X-cmbv ˛ BsI Nph-∏m-b-Xv Nmcp ˛ G‰w Nncw ˛ Aß-bpsS k∂n[n X\\zn ZnjvSw ˛ ]cn-{`-aw, Aº-c∏v ]cn-]m-Sew ˛ Cu¿∏w, \\\\hv ]mcw ˛ ssk\\nI]cn-io-e\\w `h¬∏Zw ˛ hkv{X-Øn‚ \\mep-aq-e-I-fn¬ H∂v ˛ Xq°n-bn´p IS¬Øoc- Øv ˛ Xo¿®-s∏-SpØn ˛ \\of-ap≈ hcºv A‘m-fn∏v ˛ hgn-t®m-dv HmXw ˛ hgn IhmØv ˛ t]mIp-I, ASp-°pI tIm¥e ˛ _lp-am-\\-]q¿h-ap≈ sXmgpssI RmØn ˛ kam-iz-kn-∏n-°¬ \\nPw-h-cpØn ˛ \\ne-\\n-¬°p∂ s\\Sp-h-cºv ]mtYbw hjn ({]m-tZ-in-Iw) shßpI {i≤m-RvPen km¥z\\w ÿmbn 55
`mc-X-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S\\ `mKw IV I auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃ 51 I. auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃ ˛ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h `mc-X-Ønse Hmtcm ]uc-s‚bpw I¿Øhyw Bbn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv: (I) `c-W-L-S-\\sb A\\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ BZ¿i-ß-sfbpw ÿm]-\\-ß-sfbpw tZiob]XmI- s- bbpw tZiobKm\\s- Øbpw BZc- n°- pI- bpw sNøpI; (J) kzmX{- ¥yØ- n\\- pt- h≠- nb- p≈ \\ΩpsS tZiobkac- Ø- n\\v {]tNmZ- \\w \\¬Inb al\\- ob- m- Z¿iß- sf ]cnt- ]mj- n∏- n°- pI- bpw ]n≥XpS- c- pI- bpw sNøpI; (K) `mcX- Ø- ns‚ ]ca- m[- nI- mc- hpw sFIyhpw AJfi- X- bpw \\ne\\- n¿ØpI- bpw kwc£- n°- p- Ibpw sNøpI; (L) cmPysØ ImØpk- q£- n°- pI- bpw tZiob tkh\\w A\\pj- vTn°- ph- m≥ Bhiys- ∏S- pt- ºmƒ A\\pj- vTn°- pI- bpw sNøpI; (M) aX]- c- hpw `mjm]- c- hpw {]mtZi- nI- hpw hn`mK- ob- h- pa- mb sshhn[- yß- ƒ°XoX- a- mbn `mc- XØ- nse F√m P\\ß- ƒ°pa- nS- b- n¬, kulm¿Zhpw s]mXph- mb kmtlmZ- c- ya- t- \\m`- mh- hpw ]pe¿ØpI- . kv{XoIf- psS A¥ - n\\v Ipdhp hcpØ- p∂ BNmc- ß- ƒ ]cnX- yP- n°- pI; (N) \\ΩpsS kwkvImc- ka\\- zbØ- ns‚ kº∂- a- mb ]mcº- c- ysØ hnea- X- n°- pI- bpw \\ne\\- nd- p- ØpI- bpw sNøpI; (O) h\\ß- fpw XSmI- ß- fpw \\ZnI- fpw h\\yPoh- nI- fpw Dƒs∏S- p∂ {]IrXym D≈ ]cnÿ- nXn kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Pohn-I-tfmSv ImcpWyw ImWn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI; (P) imkv{Xob- a- mb ImgvN∏- mSpw am\\h- nI- X- bpw, At\\zj- W- Ø- n\\pw ]cnjvIcWØn\\pw D≈ at\\m`- mh- hpw hnIk- n∏- n°- pI; (Q) s]mXpk- zØv ]cnc- £- n°- pI- bpw i]Yw sNbvXv A{Iaw Dt]£- n°- pI- bpw sNøpI; (R) cmjv{Sw bXv\\Ø- ns- ‚bpw e£y{- ]m]- vXnb- ps- Sbpw D∂X- X- e- ß- f- nt- e°v \\nc¥cw Dbc- Ø- - °h- Æw hy‡n]- c- hpw Iq´mb- X- pa- mb {]h¿Ø\\- Ø- ns‚ F√m afie- ß- f- nepw D¬Ir- jvSX- b- v°pt- h≠n A[zm\\- n°- pI- . (S) Bdn\\pw ]Xn-\\m-en\\pw CSbv°v {]mb-ap≈ Xs‚ Ip´nt°m Xs‚ kwc-£-W-bn-ep≈ Ip´nI- ƒt°m, AXXp kwKXn t]mse, amXm]- nX- m°- tfm c£mI¿Ømthm hnZym`- ymk- - Øn\\- p≈ Ahk- c- ß- ƒ G¿s∏S- pØ- pI- .
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