Mangrove forestKwandang coast Damage Assumption :High biodiversity Ecosystem sustainability is a long- Disturbed ecosystem productivity term ecological sustainability The survival of most dependent Remote sensing imagery, ecosystems disturbed petamap, and field data Need rehabilitation lapangan Information about area, location, and the species of damaged mangrove,and the damage intensityModel for mangrove Economic valuation in other area in of the mangrove Indonesia forest damage Need different valuation method based on the level of the damage of mangrove ecosystem in Kwandang coast Economic valuation model as the basis for rehabilitation of mangrove forest damageNote: Recommendation = Source 1. Establish regulations (Perda) on the forestry = Process which govern mangrove forests status = Results 2. All aspects related directly with the utilization of mangrove should take into account ecological valuesImage 2.2 Scheme of theoretical framework on mangrove forest damage in research site 12
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Gorontalo province has got extensive mangrove areas in the north coast ofNorth Gorontalo regency and in the south coast of Pohuwato. We chose NorthGorontalo regency as research areas since there is mangrove forest having highbiodiversity and unique zoning patterns which are different from zoning pattern ingeneral, although nowadays it has been damage. The location of this research spreadin 6 (six) villages; Bulalo, Dambalo, Leboto, Molinggapoto, Moluo and Mootinelo.3.1 Materials, data and tools in Research3.1.1 Materials Materials used in the research are:1. Images of Digital Landsat ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus) with a spatial resolution of 30m the year 2000 recording used to create maps of land use, vegetation maps, and map mangrove destruction in 20002. Images of ALOS/AVNIR-2 (Advanced Land Observing Satelite/Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type-2) with a spatial resolution of 10m in 2010 recording are used to create maps of landforms, land use maps, vegetation maps, damage maps, vegetation maps, and to calculate the carbon.3. RBI Indonesia map scale 1:50,000, Sheet 2216-64 Kwandang 1991, used as a reference to the geometric and topographical maps of administration, sample location maps, maps of landforms, land use maps of 2000, land use maps of 2010, maps of vegetation cover in 2000, maps of vegetation cover in 2010, the map of mangrove destruction in 2000, the map of mangrove destruction in 2010, the land unit maps, and map vegetation.4. The map created by the interpretation of landforms map RBI, District Administration Map Kwandang In 2010, Geological Map Sheet Tilamuta, Citra Alos AVNIR-2 in 2010.5. Land Use Map of 2000 made from the interpretation of RBI map, Map Kwandang District Administration in 2010, Landsat ETM+ in 2000. 13
6. Land Use Map of 2010 made into interpretation RBI Map, Map Kwandang District Administration in 2010, Image ALOS/AVNIR-2 2010.7. Land Unit map created by stacking ride thematic maps that have been prepared consisting of map RBI, Map Kwandang District Administration in 2010, Map of landforms of 2010, Land Use Map in 2010, for consideration in determining land units.3.1.2 Secondary Data Secondary data needed in this research are:1. Secondary data consisting of climate data (rainfall and number of rainy days per year) for the past 6 years are used to analyze the climatic conditions in the study area.2. Data in Figures (Data Dalam Angka) North Gorontalo regency in 2010, and the DDA District Kwandang in 2010.3. Secondary Data and information from the Office, government technical institutions associated with this study.3.1.3 Tools Tools used in this research are:1. Computer Notebook Toshiba, Intel Core 2 Duo.2. Software SIG Arc View 3.3 version, ENVI 4.8, extensi xtool, extensi transform and registry tool GIS were used in processing and manufacturing of display or layout map, and the extension is an extension of an additional edit tools used for editing the map.3. Microsoft Office Excel 2007 programs to assist the calculation related to mapping, vegetation analysis, carbon calculation, economic valuation of mangrove forests. 14
4. Stationery as supporting work in the field, sheet checklist for field work, which is to check the condition of the field, questionnaires for the fishermen, communities, and stakeholders around Mangrove Forest.5. Tools for surveys and field measurements include: a. Global Position System (GPS) receiver garmin e-map, to determine the location coordinates research in the field. b. Ground drill for soil sampling that will be analyzed in the laboratory. c. Salinometer to measure salinity (salt content) dissolved in water. d. Litmus paper to measure the acidity or wet soil and water. e. Digital cameras to document images of objects in the field. f. Data cable for transfer of image objects from digital cameras to computers. g. Tape recorder to record interviews.6. The analysis soil device in the laboratory of Hydrology and Water Quality, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada.3.2 Population and research sample3.2.1 Population Population is generalisationn area which consists of objects /subjects havingspecific qualities and characteristics determined by researcher to be studied and takenits conclusion (Sugiyono, 2009). The population of this research is all mangroveareas, communities, community leaders, agencies concerned with the problemsstudied both in the District of North Gorontalo, and Gorontalo province. Mangrovedamage is the main object of study. This study was conducted using the economicvaluation approach to the level of mangrove destruction. Other factors that also utilize the mangrove are community in general andfishermen in particular. Aspects of the targeted study to the community include theutilization of mangrove, by examining the socio-economic conditions in relation tothe utilization of mangrove itself. The population taken based on the livelihoods of 15
people is 3432 people. The population of land units in the mangrove forests for theyear 2010 were identified by map land units are 41 units divided into 9 land units.3.2.2 Research Sample Determination of research sample in the field was done using stratifiedrandom sampling. Considerations taken in determining the location of the sample isdifficulties or easyness to recognize an object at the time of interpretation, complexityand affordability in achieving the specified sample locations. In determining thesample points on each unit of land would still consider the land use of mangroveforest land use that has changed from the destining. Land units are obtained fromoverlapping stacking landform maps and maps of land usage/utilization of mangroveforest. Results of landform parameters ovderlay and closure / land use mangroveforests in the study area produce 31 units of land are divided into 9 classes of landunits.3.2.3 Sampling Technique of Land Unit The technique of soil sampling with stratified sampling in which techniquesampling is performed based on the characteristics of the elements defined to thetarget population obtained. The determination of sampling was based on distributionof soil types in both study sites contained vegetation, and that has been turned intofarms and gardens. Under conditions of a homogeneous damage then taking a soilsample points were represented by 11 sample points from a total of 31 sample pointsplot observations. This is done with the consideration that the type of soil in the studyarea already exists, but it is necessary for the precision of the soil samples forlaboratory testing. Components measured and analyzed in laboratoty include soilcondition e.g soil texture, soil texture class, pH H20, ph KCL, total nitrogen, Pavailable, K available, KPK, Ca, Mg, K, Na, alkali saturation, organic material, andsalinity. 16
3.2.4 Sampling Techniques of Socio-Economic Aspects of Community Stratified sampling is used to determine the respondents in the sampling areasince every village in the district Kwandang have different characteristic, some aredense the others are not. In choosing the respondents from every area we use randomsampling in which every individual is given an equal opportunity to be respondents.The respondents are fishermen, farmers, farm workers, merchants, community leaders, the stakeholders of both provincial and local governments. The number of respondents was 2% of 3432 total population in the sixvillages, it is due to a limited time and funds. There were 65 respondents. Anotherthing that is done to complete the data was conducted interviews with threerespondents from community leaders, stakeholders both provincial and localgovernments during survey and field measurements.3.2.5 Vegetation Sampling Techniques Vegetation sampling techniques include vegetation structure by makingsquare transect marked by rope. Each transect was 30x30 meter condering spatialresolution of image used. Then, diameter, crown height, free banch height and thewidth of every tree are mapped and recorded. Total transect made were 31 samplepoints, from the sea to land. Mangrove species in research area was known by doingdirect identification in each transect. Any species of mangrove found in the transectswere recorded.3.2.6 Data Collection in Agencies Sampling on agencies used purposive sampling method, that is samplingtechniques based on specified characteristics of the target population elementsobtained. The technique is based on certain traits thought to have ties with theresearch conducted. This method is used by the consideration that only certainagencies that have activities in accordance with the study. After the establishment ofthe agency conducted only certain parts that were targeted for interviews. The 17
relevant agencies were the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) District of NorthGorontalo, Gorontalo province BPS, Forestry and Plantation North GorontaloDistrict, Fisheries and Marine North Gorontalo District, Gorontalo ProvinceBALIHRISTIK, Planning North Gorontalo District, the Meteorology, Climatologyand Geophysics Gorontalo Province .3.3 Research variables The variables consisted of: 1) Socio-Economic Characteristics Variableswhich are the population, level of education, income and expenses, 2) Environmentalabiotic Characteristics variables ie landform, land use, land units, soil conditions,climate, and 3) Characteristics of Forest mangrove Degradation Variable ie over thefunctions of mangroves and mangrove forest area changes; 4) Economic Valuation ofmangrove Forest Variables ie direct use values and indirect use values, 3) the value ofoptions, 4) the value of the presence of endangered species, protected species andhabitat protection, 5 ) heritage value.3.4 Research Procedure1. Preparation of thematic maps covering Interpretation Landsat ETM+ in 2000 and ALOS/AVNIR-2 in 2010, landform map, map use / land use, land unit map, map of the land, vegetation closure map, map of mangrove forest degradation.2. Mangrove ecosystem analysis based on the map include abiotic environment characteristics, the condition of mangrove vegetation structure, socio-economic conditions.3. Analysis of economic valuation of mangrove forests techniques and methods of calculation of economic valuation of mangrove forests that used are from all the benefits derived from mangrove forests either in the form of mangrove products and services. 18
The techniques and methods of calculation of economic valuation of mangroveforests are presented in Table 3.5.Tabel 3.5 The techniques and methods of calculation of economic valuation of mangrove forestsEconomic values of mangrove forest ValuationA. Direct use value1. Firewood Market price, the price of firewood2. Wood Market price, the price of buildings wood3. Fish catches Market price, the price of fish catches4. Shrimp Market price, the price of shrimp5. Mangrove crabs Market price, the price of mangrove crabs6. Ecotourism fare7. Knowledge Direct costB. Indirect use value1. Intrusion barriers Replacement costs, the costs to obtain fresh water2. As a shield, anchoring wave (tsunami) Replacement cost, the cost to build theand flood control break water infrastructure and water- retaining wall used as a protective barrier wave and flood control3. Feed provider Market price, the price of feedC. Value option1. Biodiversity Biodiversity value in US $ 1500/km²2. Carbon storage Carbon value 1 ton US $ at recent3. Maintaining micro and macro climate mangrove Relocation costs which is the cost offorest planting, seed costs spent to preserve the mangrove forest back that have been damagedD. Existence value1. Endangered species, protected wildlife, dan Endangered species value US $ 30 ha/year habitat protectionE. Heritage value contingent valuation methotdsSource : Primary Data, 2010 19
4. Total economic valuation of mangrove forest degradation calculation of the total economic value of mangrove use adding the direct use values, indirect use value, option value, existence value, and the value of heritage.5. Mangrove rehabilitation efforts analysis of mangrove rehabilitation based on a value derived from the destruction of mangrove forests based on the weight value of mangrove destruction condition in the study site. The classification based on standard criteria of the condition of mangrove destruction of mangrove forests to the criteria of good-very solid, well-being, broken-rare. Meanwhile, mangrove rehabilitation activities conducted through mangrove replanting analyzed based on the results of the questionnaire. This value will be used as a reference in order to rehabilitate the damaged mangrove conditions.6. Economic valuation model formulation as a basis for the rehabilitation of mangrove forest degradation in sub kwandang economic valuation modeling that will be used as the basis for the rehabilitation of mangrove deforestation in sub Kwandang obtained by involving the various constituent components of the analysis variables. The resulting valuation model can prove that the ecological value of the economic value of mangrove forests is greater than the economic value derived from the direct use, so the exact value of ecological value due to damage to the ecosystem is acceptable.IV. RESEARCH AREA CONDITIONS4.1 Condition of Regional Mangrove Ecosystem Research4.1.1 Geographical, administration and total area District Kwandang by Region in Figures (DDA), 2010 consisted of 13villages. Broad research areas based on BPS is 301.26 km², broadly based oncalculations with the help of Geographic Information System (GIS) is 306.23 km².The big difference in the results between BPS and the calculation results with GIS,due to the computation of BPS is based on extensive calculations pursuant to thecertificate of land without the use of the calculation of the image. While all of the 20
data for this study will refer to the area based on the image ALOS/AVNIR-2(Advanced Land Observing Satellite/Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometertype-2) year recording 2010. Based on extensive village located in the study area, the village has a greatestis Bualemo, 117.96 km ² or 38.52% wider than the other in District KwandangVillage, and the smallest village is Moluo at 4.6 Km ² or 1.51 %. Of the 13 villagevisible on the map District administration Kwandang, only six villages were selectedfor sampling; Molingkapoto, Mootinelo, Leboto, Bulalo, Villages and MoluoDambalo, with distribution of sample points ,31 points. It is based on the destructionof mangrove forests that occur in the region.4.1.2 Climate Rainfall in Kwandang region in year 2006-2011 make a huge influence onmangrove growth in this area. Preview average rainfall year interval 2006-2011 ispresented in Figure 4.2. Curah Hujan Jumlah Hari Hujan 2904 2289 24321524 1500 1007 83 66 248 125 89 982006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Figure 4.2 Average Rainfall Interval Time Year 2006-2011 District Kwandang 21
4.1.3 Landforms The village area in research sites is composed of 6 landforms which are hillnon-limestone sedimentary rocks interspersed with calcareous sediments, erodedslopes of foothills, tidal flats, rocky mountains dominant non-volcanic intrusions,alluvial plains and coastal alluvial plains. Of the six landforms in the study sites weredominated landforms eroded slopes of foothills and tidal mud flats.4.1.4 The land use This study produced the data of land use for two different years, 2000 throughinterpretation of Landsat ETM+Image Digital recording in 2000 and land use in 2010through the recording in image interpretation ALOS/AVNIR-2 2010. Analysis ofthese data provides information how far the development of land use patterns in thestudy site in the past 10 years. Based on the interpretation of 1:50,000 scale map of 1991 RBI Kwandangsheet, Map Kwandang Administration in 2010, Digital Image Landsat ETM+(Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus) recording in 2000, and checking the field in 2010,mangrove area that has been converted into farms is 115.9 ha located in the village ofBulalo with an area 42.73 ha, and in the Village area of 73.17 ha Moluo. Land usepatterns in the study sites, for Molingkapoto Village, Village Mootinelo, Lebotovillage, and the village Dambalo there are not any use of land for farms. Meanwhile,based on the interpretation of 1:50,000 scale map of 1991 RBI Kwandang sheet, MapKwandang Administration in 2010, Image ALOS/AVNIR-2 in 2010, and field checksin 2010, for the use of land in the year 2010, there was a change of use of land forvillages in which in 2000 there have not been there for the opening of the pond. In2010 has seen the opening of the pond, in Molingkapoto village there is widely 110.3hectares pond,in Village Mootinelo existing pond area covering is 111.1 hectares, invillage Leboto is 167.6 ha, while for Dambalo village pond area there covering 25.96hectares. 22
The land use for the pond in the village of Bulalo and Moluo in 2010 haschanged. Now, in Bulalo village pond area is 105.2 ha, while for Moluo village thereare 70.94 hectares pond. Based on this data, in Villages Bulalo there are increasingareal extents of shrimp ponds due to human activity that continues to exploit themangrove areas, while for Moluo village, there is a change in pond widespread , in2000 the mangrove area has been converted into farm is 73.17 hectares, now therehas been a decline into 70.94 ha pond area, this is due to the growth of mangroves inthe area of former mangrove. In the location of the study was only found 6 types of landforms that non-limestone sedimentary rocky hills interspersed with calcareous sediments (D2B),eroded slopes of the foothills (D1a), tidal mud flats (M1), the dominant volcanicrocky mountains of non-intrusion (D1a), alluvial plains (F2), coastal alluvial plains(F1). To discover to what extent the change of use that occurred in the area ofmangrove forests in the year 2000 and the year 2010 can be seen from the results ofthe analysis of mangrove land units in the region for two different times. The resultsof the analysis unit of land for mangrove area in 2000 found 34 land units, while in2010 found 41 land units. This land units provide evidence that the resulting damagemangrove forest in the study site was the impact of land use of mangrove forest thathas changed into ponds, gardens, fields, settlements, ports, shrubs, and agriculturalland (moor).4.1.5 Land Laboratory analysis results of Hydrology and Water Quality of the Faculty ofGeography, Gadjah Mada University and field test shows mangrove soils at the studysite that the texture of soil conditions at point of 28, 4, 5, 23, 24, and 31 that still havemangrove vegetation which consists of coarse sand (2.77% -62.33%), very fine sand(5,35% -19,58%), sand (9,87% - 67,68%), dust (19,30% -58,07% ), and clay (13,02%- 35,71%), with the condition of the soils in the area then look mangrove Kwandangdominated by Avicennia and genus Sonneratia that live well on sandy soil, 23
Rhizophora sp more like fine dust, and Bruguiera sp like clay containing little organicmatter, whereas there is no vegetation (has been converted into farms and gardens)that the soil texture of coarse sand (7,28% - 42,72%), very fine sand (4,02% -18,14%), sand (11,30% - 60,86%), dust (24,66% - 58,07%), and clay (14,48% -31,32%). When viewed from the soil texture Kwandang mangrove areas are not suitablefor a pond because the sand content (> 50%) so it is less able to hold water and easilydestroyed. This is confirmed by research Johari (2009), that the soil is good for thepond is a type of soil with a high clay content and low sand content, high sandcontent is generally not suitable for the pond, because in addition to high porosity soilholding capacity is low so it is easy regardless if used to build the levees. Soil texturealso define a suitable water source for the pond. Seeing this data confirms that theregion Kwandang more suitable for planting mangrove than made pond.4.1.6 The change of Mangrove Forests use4.1.6.1 Spesies Mangrove Mangrove species foundin research sites are 16 species; Rhizophoramucronata Blume, Rhizophora apiculata Lamk, Ceriops decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou,Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B.Rob, Brugueira gymnorrhiza (L) Lamk, Bruguierapaviflora (Roxb) W&A, Sonneratia alba J.E. Smith, Soneratia caseolaris (L) Eng,Xylocarpus mulocensis (Lamk) Roem, Xylocarpus granatum Koen (niri), Avecenniaalba Blume, Avecennia marina (Forsk) Vierh, Avicennia officinalis (L) Lamk,Acanthus ilicifolius L, Heritiera littoralis Dryand. Ex W.Ait, Aegiceras corniculatum(L.) Blanco, and their spatial distribution is posited in ALOS/AVNIR-2 image. 24
4.1.6.2 Mangrove vegetation structurea. Mangrove vegetation structure and the Importance of the Criteria LevelDamaged TreesIn Table 4.7, there are a certain species that have high vegetation parametervalues and it can characterize the dominant species in a community. SpeciesAvicennia alba Blume has important value of 89,3%, the dominance of 312 cm ², afrequency of 0,42%, a density of 0,05 m², this which makes the species Avicenniaalba Blume showed the most dominant (30%) of the species other. While speciesAegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco had an uneven spread, it was only found at acertain point. This is indicated by the smallest critical value 3,03%, the dominance of4,91 cm ², a frequency of 0.03%, a density of 0.001 m².Table 4.7 Mangrove vegetation structure and the Importance of the Criteria Level Damaged TreesSpecies K Kr D Dr F Fr INP (m²) (%) (cm²) (%) (%) (%) (%)Avicennia alba 0,05 34,6 312 31,9 0,42 22,8 89,3Sonneratia alba 0,024 16,9 210 21,5 0,29 15,8 54,2Avicennia marina 0,018 12,3 133 13,6 0,19 10,5 36,5Brugueira gymnorrhiza 0,011 7,69 85,1 8,71 0,16 8,77 25,2Rhizophora Apiculata 0,01 6,92 52,7 5,39 0,19 10,5 22,8Xylocarpus mulocensis 0,006 3,85 36,3 3,71 0,16 8,77 16,3Soneratia caseolaris 0,006 3,85 38,6 3,94 0,13 7,02 14,8Ceriops decandra 0,007 4,62 48,5 4,96 0,06 3,51 13,1Rhizophora mucronata 0,004 3,08 14,3 1,46 0,06 3,51 8,05Ceriops tagal 0,003 2,31 18,9 1,93 0,06 3,51 7,75Xylocarpus granatum 0,003 2,31 8,65 0,89 0,03 1,75 4,95Avicennia officinalis 0,001 0,77 14,7 1,51 0,03 1,75 4,03Aegiceras corniculatum 0,001 0,77 4,91 0,5 0,03 1,75 3,03SourceS : Primary data Analisys, 2010 25
b. Mangrove vegetation structure and the Important Value of Stake Level In Damage Criteria l Berdasarkan analisis vegetasi untuk tingkat pancang terlihat adanya spesies-spesies tertentu yang memiliki nilai-nilai parameter vegetasi yang tinggi dan hal inidapat mencirikan spesies yang dominan dalam suatu komunitas. Spesies-spesiesmangrove tersebut, yakni Rhizophora apiculata Lamk adalah spesies yang palingmendominasi di lokasi penelitian sebesar 15% dengan nilai penting sebesar 46,5%,dominansi sebesar 174 cm², frekuensi sebesar 0,32%, dan kerapatan sebesar 0,02 m²,sedangkan Rhizophora mucronata Blume memiliki nilai penting sebesar 39%,dominansi sebesar 111 cm², frekuensi sebesar 0,39%, dan kerapatan sebesar 0,05 m².Hal ini dapat berarti bahwa penyebaran mangrove Rhizophora dapat dikatakan meratapada lokasi penelitian dan karena memiliki dominansi yang besar dibandingkandengan spesies lainnya di lokasi yang sama ini dapat berarti bahwa bentuk pohonRhizophora apiculata Lamk lebih besar dan memiliki penutupan tajuk yang lebih luasdibandingkan dengan spesies lainnya. Struktur vegetasi mangrove dan sebaranspesies dominan untuk tingkat pancang disajikan pada Tabel 4.8 Based on the analysis of vegetation to levels is seen any pilling certain speciesthat have high vegetation parameter values and it can characterize the dominantspecies in a community. Mangrove species, Rhizophora apiculata Lamk is the mostdominant species in the study sites by 15% with a significance of 46,5%, amountingto 174 cm² dominance, frequency of 0,32%, and a density of 0,02 m², whileRhizophora mucronata Blume have significant value by 39%, the dominance of111cm², a frequency of 0,39%, and a density of 0,05 m². This could mean that thespread of mangrove Rhizophora can be said evenly among the sites and because it hasa huge dominance compared to other species in the same location, may mean that theshape of the tree Rhizophora apiculata Lamk is larger and has a crown cover greaterthan other species. Mangrove vegetation structure and distribution of the dominantspecies on stake levels are presented in Table 4.8 26
Tabel 4.8 Mangrove vegetation structure and the Important Value of Stake Level In Damage CriteriaSpecies K Kr D Dr F Fr INP (m²) (%) (cm²) (%) (%) (%) (%)Rhizophora apiculata 0,02 1,72 174 32,9 0,32 11,9 46,5Rhizophora mucronata 0,05 3,72 111 21 0,39 14,29 39Ceriops decandra 0,39 31,9 10,8 2,04 0,13 4,762 38,7Avicennia alba 0,14 11,2 58 10,9 0,35 13,1 35,2Avicennia officinalis 0,26 21,1 17,8 3,35 0,1 3,571 28,1Sonneratia alba 0,04 2,99 43,6 8,23 0,39 14,29 25,5Ceriops tagal 0,01 0,54 52,4 9,89 0,35 13,1 23,5Avicennia marina 0,13 10,3 18,6 3,51 0,19 7,143 21Brugueira gymnorrhiza 0,1 8,08 25,2 4,76 0,19 7,143 20Bruguiera paviflora 0,03 2,45 9,1 1,72 0,1 3,571 7,74Xylocarpus mulocensis 0,06 4,81 2,83 0,54 0,06 2,381 7,73Xylocarpus granatum 0 0,18 2,32 0,44 0,06 2,381 3Soneratia caseolaris 0,01 0,45 2,67 0,5 0,03 1,19 2,15Heritiera littoralis 0,01 0,54 1,13 0,21 0,03 1,19 1,95Sources : Primary Data Analysis, 2010c. Mangrove vegetation structure and The Importance value of seedling level in Damage Criteria The result of importance value for mangrove seedlings at the site showed thatthere are two species of mangrove seedlings that have high great value for thedominant 21% for Rhizophora apiculata Blume species with critical value of 42,74%,density of 0,357 m², frequency of 0.23% and species Rhizophora mucronata Lamkwith critical value of 41,22%, density of 0,303 m², frequency of 0,26%. Mangrovevegetation structure and distribution of the dominant species for seedlings arepresented in Table 4.9 27
Tabel 4.9 Mangrove vegetation structure and Importance value of seedling level in Damage CriteriaSpecies K KR F FR INP (m²) (%) (%) (%) (%)Rhizophora apiculata 0,357 26,1 0,23 16,7 42,74Rhizophora mucronata 0,303 22,2 0,26 19 41,22Ceriops tagal 0,182 13,3 0,16 11,9 25,23Avicennia alba 0,172 12,6 0,16 11,9 24,5Acanthus 0,154 11,3 0,06 4,76 16,05Avicennia marina 0,068 4,96 0,13 9,52 14,48Xylocarpus mulocensis 0,053 3,9 0,13 9,52 13,42Brugueira gymnorrhiza 0,036 2,6 0,13 9,52 12,12Sonneratia alba 0,031 2,27 0,06 4,76 7,04Ceriops decandra 0,011 0,81 0,03 2,38 3,19Sources : Primary data Analysis, 20104.1.6.3 Mangrove Zonation Zoning profiles in the study site is unique compared to existing mangroveforests in other areas. One of the uniqueness comes from variations in the type livingthat is not as same as the pattern of zoning in general. Vegetation analysis resultsbased on importance value index and vegetation index based imagery and field testswere found from the coast to inland, each species are associated with each other in asingle layer, so the zoning in this area is a simple entry zoning which consists of onezoning or mixed. Zoning profile in coastal areas of Kwandang District does not consists ofseveral zoning, since there is no pure zoning one genus only, found only one mixedzoning, where each species grows again until towards the mainland, and growintermingled among several species, there are not any dominant species to determinethe zoning division. 28
4.1.7 Changes in mangrove forest Data analysis result of mangrove forest destruction in 2000 data showed thattotal area of mangrove forest at the study site was an area of 759,1 hectares, thedamaged area of 155,8 hectares with damage condition is completely destroyed withno further discovery of mangrove vegetation at the site, an area of 106 hectares or14% of the total area of mangrove forests, meanwhile, was broken-rarely is covering49,8 hectares or 7%. For mangrove areas with well-very solid criterion is measuring570.3 hectares or 75% of mangrove forest in 2000, and extensive mangrove areaswith well-being criteria are measuring 33 hectares or 4%. If this condition comparedwith the damage in 2010, there has been rapid change of area. Mangroves damage in 2010 achieved an increase of 41% from 21% in 2000,bringing the total mangrove destruction in 2010 to 62%, where the mangrove areasthat have been damaged has reached 687,3 hectares, with the condition of the damageis broken total, no more mangrove vegetation, is covering 551,5 hectares or 51% ofthe total area of mangrove forests, while a rarely damaged condition is covering 135,8hectares or 12% of the total area of mangrove forest. Meanwhile, the mangrove areaswith well-very solid criterion is measuring 341,8 hectares or 31% of the totalmangrove forest area in 2010, and the condition of mangroves to the criteria well-being is an area of 64,6 hectares or 6% of the total mangrove area. From the data obtained, teher is visible difference in the total area ofmangroves in the area of research, in which delineate areas for mangrove area in 2000covering an area of 759,1 hectares of mangrove and in 2010 an increase in the extentof mangrove area to 1093,7 hectares. Looking at the data, it is assumed that prior to2000, there has been rehabilitation of mangrove forests in areas that are alreadydamaged, but not yet read by the Landsat ETM+ because the species is still a seedlingplanted. This condition is confirmed by data from a personal interview with theDepartment of Forestry and Plantation Kwandang District, represented by MrEmmanuel Ruruh and teams directly involved in the activity, Rauf (45 th) that priorto 2000, there has been rehabilitation activities undertaken by one of the universities 29
in Gorontalo, STKIP (UNG now) from 1993 to 1995. Concrete manifestation of theresults of these activities can be seen with the addition of extensive areas ofmangrove forest in 2010, despite the condition of the damage is further increased,reaching 687,3 hectares, of which damaged a total area of 551,5 acres and rarelydamaged area of 135,8 hectares, even exceed the vegetation found in the year 2000which is 603,3 hectares .V. ECONOMIC VALUATION OF MANGROVE FOREST DAMAGE5.1 Economic Valuation Of Mangrove Forest Damage Economic valuation of mangrove forest destruction proves that the economicvalue derived from the ecological function is greater than economic value, thereforemaintaining mangrove is better than clear-cutting them for the opening of the farm orother earmarked by reason of economic factors. Total economic valuation ofmangrove forest destruction and the proportion of value to the research sites arepresented in Table 5.20 and Figure 5.8.Table 5.20 Total economic valuation of Mangrove in Kwandang districtNo Type of value Total value Rp/ha/year1 Direct use value 20,183,079,0002 Indirect use value 23,213,053,4093 Option Value 9,084,019,8714 Existence Value 185,571,0105 Value of Heritage 6,790,000Total Value 52,672,513,290Source : Primary data Analysis, 2010 30
0% Nilai Guna Langsung 25% Nilai Guna Langsung Tidak Langsung Nilai Pilihan36% Nilai Keberadaan Nilai Warisan 11% 28%Figure 5.8 Proportion of Value Total Economic Valuation in Research Sites, 20105.1.2 Damage Rehabilitation of Mangrove Forests in the Study Sites Rehabilitation of mangrove deforestation in the study site is entirely theresponsibility of the government, followed by the community and mangroveconservationist groups in the site. After rehabilitation of mangrove forest conditionsin past five years, from 65 respondents who answered that the condition does notchange are 9,23% (6 people), better condition are 20% (13 people), worse conditionare 49,23% (32 people) and others 21,23% (14 people). Respondents that werecategorized as others answered no change in the condition of mangroves, it continuesto damage and no effort to replant. Talking about rehabilitation in Kwandang district, the local governmentshould involve the community more fully in the hope that when the rehabilitationmovement is entrusted entirely to the people who are in the mangrove areas, they willautomatically feel posses mangrove forest. As a result, they will actively participateto keep, maintain, and control the existence of mangrove forests that are located notfar from where they live. In addition, in rehabilitation should place more emphasis onthe damage conditions, such as in Mootinelo that have been damaged 2,6 km from thecoastline and vast damage reaching 181,29 hectares, and in Leboto with damage 31
reaching 181,23 hectares, and Bulalo which is the damage is 80 meters from theshoreline with extensive damage reaches 123,396. Those three villages immediatelyneed rehabilitiation.5.3 Economic Valuation Model as the basis for the Rehabilitation of Mangrove Forest Degradation The model that will be developed in this research is procedural model orconceptual framework acquired by involving various components analysis andprovide varying results. The damage of mangrove forests in the research site is inrare-broken criteria. This indicates that the mangrove in the area is mostly gone. Thetrigger of the mangrove forest destruction in the study site is mostly because of theopening of the ponds, which are both productive and non-productive. From aneconomic perspective this gives a huge advantage, but this situation will not last long,which proved that many ponds are no longer productive. This is reinforced by thefindings of this study that based on the tests analysis of the soil conditions at the sites,the sites are not suitable for the pond, because the soil texture in mangrove areasKwandang, the sand content is > 50% so it is less able to hold water and easilydestroyed. Based on this study it was found that the people at the sites pay little attentionto the preservation of mangrove forest. This is mainly due to the low economic level,the lack of knowledge, education, and awareness of the value of mangrove benefits totheir lives. Value of mangrove ecosystems are preferred for economic value onlywhile the value of the mangrove ecological itself continues neglected. This view thatmust be straightened out, based on the findings of this study proved that the economicvalue derived from ecological functions are greater value than economic value, wherethe value comes from ecological function reaches 75,28% greater than direct usevalue 24,7 %. Based on these findings prove that maintaining mangrove better thanclear-cutting for the opening of the farm or other earmarked by reason of economicfactors. 32
The main contribution of this study is theoretically lies in the following aspects:a. To perform an economic valuation of mangrove ecosystems, such calculations should not simply based on use and non-use values obtained from the mangrove ecosystem, but also there is a need to value the damage caused by this ecosystem. So the ecological value of the mangrove itself is not necessarily abandoned. In addition to the accuracy of the data and the real extent of the damaged mangrove vegetation there are not only based on manual calculations in the field but also must use spatial patterns in economic valuation derived from the image.b. Valuation method used in this research, the researchers found new ways of doing economic valuation such as modifying all the formulas that are used for each value derived from mangrove forests by involving the spatial analysis and mapping. Direct use value by including the value of the damage, find the linear regression equation for the value of the catch of fish, shrimp, and crab, it is shown that the vast mangrove then catches of fish, shrimp, and crabs increased. Indirect use value which involve damaged area find the real value of mangroves function as intrusion barrier, as protection, anchoring waves, and flood control, and functions of mangroves as feed providers. The option value of mangrove’s function as carbon storage obtained directly by calculating the value of the carbon in the field based on the volume of species of mangrove trees and combined with the carbon value of the image by using a regression equation. Value of the presence of rare species, wildlife protection, habitat protection include a value of the findings in the field based on ekofloristik composition and analysis of vegetation.c. Economic valuation using spatial pattern needs to be done as one of the foundations of ecological damage assessment, in order to determine the target location, intensity of rehabilitation can be carried out with more precision. In my opinion, the things mentioned above has not been done by otherresearchers in Indonesia, either each aspect separately or the combination of allaspects. 33
VI. CONCLUSION, SUGGESTIONS AND IMPLICATION6.1 Conclusion1) The change rate of mangrove forest area seen from Landsat ETM+Digital Image 2000, mangrove forests in the study site is an area of 155.8 hectares damaged, and in 10 years, based Image ALOS/AVNIR-2, mangrove area in 2010 changes that have been damaged reaching 687,3 acres. Seeing this data an increase in mangrove forest destruction reached 531,596 hectares, an increase of 63% from the present.2) Based on the analysis of mangrove vegetation, we found 16 species that inhabit the mangrove forests in the region Kwandang. They are species Rhizophora mucronata Blume, Rhizophora apiculata Lamk, Ceriops decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou, Ceriops tagal (Perr.) CBRob, Brugueira gymnorrhiza (L ) Lamk, Bruguiera paviflora (Roxb) W & A, Sonneratia alba JE Smith, Soneratia caseolaris (L) Eng, Xylocarpus mulocensis (Lamk) Roem, Xylocarpus granatum Koen (NIRI), Avecennia alba Blume, Avecennia marina (Forsk) Vierh, Avicennia officinalis (L) Lamk, Acanthus ilicifolius L, Heritiera littoralis. Ex W.Ait, Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco. Of those 16 species, there is a presence of a globally endangered species, Ceriops decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou, so that it is vulnerable and require special attention to manage it. Vegetation analysis results based on importance value index and vegetation index based on imagery and field tests found from the coast to inland mainland, each species are associated with each other in a single layer, so the zoning in this area is a simple entry zoning or mixed zoning. Zoning Profile in coastal areas of Kwandang District do not consists of several zonings, since there is no pure zoning which consist only one genus. We found only one mixture zoning, in which each species grows to the mainland, and grow intermingled between 16 species.3) Based on the analysis of economic valuation on destruction of mangrove forests, it was found that the use value of the total mangrove forest in study site reached Rp52.672.513.290/10 years. If this value is divided into 10 years, the loss caused by the destruction of mangrove forests reaches Rp5.267.251.329 annually. Out of 34
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