(Profile history of the ancient world) Potter, David Stone - The origin of empire_ Rome from the Republic to Hadrian (264 BC-138 AD)-Profile Books Ltd (2019)

General Histories: R. Syme, Tacitus (Oxford, 1958) (see also under historiography); R. Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford, 1986). P. A. Brunt, Roman Imperial Themes (Oxford, 1990) contains a great number of important studies, while F. Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World 2nd ed. (London, 1992) offers a crucial model for the way the Roman state worked; see also the essays collected in F. Millar, Government, Society and Culture in the Roman Empire, H. M. Cotton and G. M. Rogers, eds. (Chapel Hill, 2004). Actium: R. Gurval, Actium and Augustus: The Politics and Emotions of Civil War (Ann Arbor, 1995); P. Petsas, Octavian’s Campsite Memorial for the Actian War. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n. 79.4 (Philadelpia, 1989). Army and Military Affairs after the Civil Wars: P. Allison, People and Spaces in Roman Military Bases (Cambridge, 2013); P. Conole and R. D. Milns, ‘Neronian Frontier Policy in the Balkans: The Career of Ti. Plautius Silvanus’, Historia 24 (1983), 183–200; S. Dillon, ‘Women on the Columns of Trajan and Marcus Aurelius and the Visual Language of Roman Victory’, in S. Dillon and K. Welch, Representations of War in Ancient Rome (Cambridge, 2006), 244–71; W. Eck, ‘Herrschaftssicherung und Expansion: Das römische Heer unter Augustus’, in G. Negri and A. Valvo, Studi su Augusto: In occasione del XX centenario della morte (Turin, 2016), 77–93; I. Haynes, Blood of the Provinces: The Roman Auxilia and the Making of Provincial Society from Augustus to the Severans (Cambridge, 2013); F. Lepper, Trajan’s Parthian War (Oxford, 1948); F. Lepper and S. Frere, Trajan’s Column (Gloucester, 1988); C. S. Lightfoot, ‘Trajan’s Parthian War and Fourth-century Perspective’, JRS 80 (1990), 115–26; E. Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire rev. ed. (Baltimore, 2016); R. McMullen, Change in the Roman Empire: Essays in the Ordinary (Princeton, 1990); F. G. Millar, ‘Emperors, Frontiers and Foreign Relations, 31 BC to AD 378’, Britannia 13 (1982), 1–23; T. Mommsen, Res Gestae Divi Augusti (Berlin, 1883); D. S. Potter, ‘The Mysterious Arbaces’, AJP 100 (1979), 541–2; D. S. Potter, ‘The Inscription on the Bronze Hercules of Mesene: Vologaeses IV’s War with Rome and the Date of Tacitus’ Annales’, ZPE 88 (1991), 277–90; D. S. Potter, ‘Empty Areas and Roman Frontier Policy’, AJP 113 (1992), 269–74; D. S. Potter, ‘Emperors, Their Borders and Their Neighbors: The Scope of the Imperial Mandata’, in D. L. Kennedy, ed., The Roman Army in the East, JRA Supplemental Series 18 (Ann Arbor, 1996), 49–66; E. Ritterling, ‘Legio’, RE 1216– 18; M. P. Speidel, ‘The Captor of Decebelus: A New Inscription from Philippi’, JRS 60 (1970), 142– 53; R. Syme, ‘Some Notes on the Legions under Augustus’, JRS 23 (1933), 14–33; B. Turner, ‘War Losses and Worldview: Reviewing the Roman Funerary Altar at Adamclisi’, AJP 134 (2104), 277– 304. Cultural History: M. T. Boatwright, Hadrian and the City of Rome (Princeton, 1987); M. T. Boatwright, Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire (Princeton, 2000); G. W. Bowersock, Greek Sophists and the Roman Empire (Oxford, 1969); G. W. Bowersock, ‘Historical Problems in Late Republican and Augustan Classicism’, in Le classicism à Rome aux Iers siècles avant et après J.C. Fondation Hardt, Entretiens 25 (Geneva, 1979), 57–75; G. W. Bowersock, ‘The Pontificate of Augustus’, in K. A. Raaflaub and M. Toher, eds., Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and His Principate (Berkeley, 1993), 380–94; E. Gabba, Dionysius and the History of Archaic Rome (Berkeley, 1991); A. M. Gowing, Empire and Memory: The Representation of the Roman Republic in Imperial Culture (Cambridge, 2005); C. P. Jones, Plutarch and Rome (Oxford, 1971); R. Laurence, S. Esmonde Cleary and G. Sears, The City in the Roman West c. 250 BC–c. AD 250 (Cambridge, 2011); C. Marek, In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Roman World, S. Rendall, tr. (Princeton, 2016); R. McMullen, Change in the Roman Empire: Essays in the Ordinary (Princeton, 1990); D. S. Potter, ‘Cultural Archaism and Community Identity: The Case of Xanthus and Paphos’, Mελέται και Υπομνήματα Ιδρυματος Αρχιεπισκόπου Μακαρίου Γ’ Κύπρου (Nicosia, 1994), 427–41; R. R. R. Smith, ‘The Imperial Reliefs from the Sebasteion at Aphrodisias’, JRS 77 (1987), 88–138; A. J. Spawforth, Greece and the Augustan Cultural Revolution

(Cambridge, 2012), 18–26; R. J. Tarrant, ‘Poetry and Power: Virgil’s Poetry in Contemporary Context’, in C. Martindale, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Virgil (Cambridge, 1995), 169–87; P. Veyne, L’empire gréco-romain (Paris, 2005); G. Woolf, Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul (Cambridge, 1998); P. Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (Ann Arbor, 1987). Economic Structures: P. F. Bang, The Roman Bazaar: A Comparative Study of Trade and Markets in a Tributary Empire (Cambridge, 2008); K. Hopkins, ‘Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire (200 BC–AD 400)’, JRS 70 (1980), 101–25; P. Horden and N. Purcell, The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History (Oxford, 2000); A. Tchernia, The Romans and Trade, J. Grieve with E. Minchin, tr. (Oxford, 2016); P. Temin, The Roman Market Economy (Princeton, 2012). Evolution of the Principate: A. R. Birley, Hadrian: The Restless Emperor (London, 1997); G. W. Bowersock, Roman Arabia (Cambridge, MA, 1983); G. W. Bowersock, ‘Augustus and the East: The Problem of the Succession’, in F. Millar and C. Segal, Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects (Oxford, 1984), 169–88; P. A. Brunt, ‘Lex de Imperio Vespasiani’, JRS 67 (1977), 95–111; E. J. Champlin, Nero (Cambridge, MA, 2005); A. Dalla Rosa, ‘Dominating the Auspices: Augustus, Augury and the Proconsuls’, in J. Richardson and F. Santangelo, eds., Priests and State in the Roman World (Stuttgart, 2011); W. Eck, ‘The Administrative Reforms of Augustus: Pragmatism or Systematic Planning’, in J. Edmondson, Augustus (Edinburgh, 2009), 229–49; W. Eck, ‘Die Lex Troesmensium: eine Stadtgesetz für ein Municipium Civium Romanorum’, ZPE 200 (2016), 565–606 (evidence for emendation of the Lex Julia in AD 5); J.-L. Ferrary, ‘À propos des pouvoirs d’Auguste’, Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz 12 (2001), 101–54 [reprinted in shortened form in Edmondson, Augustus]; H. I. Flower, ‘The Tradition of Spolia Opima: M. Claudius Marcellus and Augustus’, CA 19 (2000), 49– 53; M. T. Griffin, Nero: The End of a Dynasty (London, 1984); H. Halfmann, Itinera principum: Geschichte und Typologie der Kaiserreisen im Römischen Reich (Stuttgart, 1986); O. Hekster, ‘All in the Family: The Appointment of Emperors Designate in the Second Century AD’, in L. de Blois, ed., Administration, Prosopography and Appointment Policies in the Roman Empire (Amsterdam, 2001), 35–49; O. Hekster, Emperors and Ancestors, Roman Rulers and the Constraints of Tradition (Oxford, 2015); P. Hermann, Der römische Kaisereid (Göttingen, 1968); R. A. Kearsley, ‘Octavian and Augury: The Years 30–27 BC’, CQ 59 (2009), 147–66; W. K. Lacey, The Augustan Principate: The Evolution of a System (Liverpool, 1996); C. Lange, Res Publica Constituta: Actium, Apollo and the Accomplishment of the Triumviral Assignment (Leiden, 2009); B. Levick, Claudius (London, 1990); B. Levick, Tiberius the Politician rev. ed. (London, 1999); B. Levick, Vespasian (London, 1999); J. F. Matthews, Roman Perspectives: Studies in the Social, Political and Cultural History of the First to Fifth Centuries (Swansea, 2010), 57–84; J. W. Rich, ‘Augustus and the Spolia Opima’, Chiron 26 (1996), 85–127; J. W. Rich and J. H. C. Williams, ‘Leges et Iura P.R. Restituit: A New Aureus of Octavian and the Settlement of 28–27 BC’, NC 159 (1999), 169–213; G. D. Rowe, Princes and Political Cultures: The New Tiberian Senatorial Decrees (Ann Arbor, 2002); R. Syme, ‘The Crisis of 2 BC’, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften: Philosophisch-Historiker Klasse: Sitzungsberichte 1974, 7, 3–34 [= Roman Papers 3 (Oxford, 1984), 912–36]; S. Thakur, ‘Tiberius, the Varian Disaster and the Dating of Tristia 2’, MD 73 (2014), 69–97; F. Vervaet, ‘The Secret History: The Official Position of Imperator Caesar Divi Filius from 3–27 BCE’, AS 40 (2010), 114– 52; A. Wallace-Hadrill, ‘Civilis Princeps: Between Citizen and King’, JRS 72 (1982), 32–48. Historiography: R. Ash, Ordering Anarchy: Leaders and Armies in Tacitus’ Histories (Ann Arbor, 1999); D. S. Potter, ‘The Greek Historians of Imperial Rome’, in A. Feldherr and G. Hardy, eds., The Oxford History of Historical Writing 1, Beginnings to AD 600 (Oxford, 2011); T. Rajak, Josephus 2nd ed. (Bristol, 2002); R. Syme, Tacitus (Oxford, 1958); R. Syme, ‘Livy and Augustus,’ HSCP 64 (1959), 27–87 [= Roman Papers 1 (Oxford, 1979), 400–54]; A. Wallace-Hadrill, Suetonius: The

Scholar and His Caesars (London, 1983); L. M. Yarrow, Historiography at the End of the Republic: Provincial Perspectives on Roman Rule (Oxford, 2006). Imperial Administration: C. Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire (Berkeley, 2000); G. W. Bowersock, ‘Syria under Vespasian’, JRS 63 (1973), 133–40; G. W. Bowersock, ‘Hadrian and Metropolis’, Bonner Historia-Augusta-Colloquium 1982–83 (Bonn, 1985), 75–88; G. Burton, ‘Proconsuls, Assizes and the Administration of Justice under the Empire’, JRS 65 (1975), 92–106; D. Fishwick, The Imperial Cult in the Latin West: Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire 1.1 (Leiden, 1987); B. W. Frier, ‘Roman Life Expectancy: Ulpian’s Evidence’, HSCP 86 (1982), 213–51; M. T. Griffin, ‘The Lyons Tablet and Tacitean Hindsight’, CQ 32 (1982), 404–18; F. G. Millar, The Roman Near East 31 BC–AD 337 (Cambridge, MA, 1995); S. Mitchell, ‘The Treaty between Rome and Lycia of 46 BC’, in R. Pintaudi, Papyri Graecae Schøyen. Papyrologica Florentina 35 (Florence, 2005), 166–259; C. Nicolet, Space, Geography, and Politics in the Early Roman Empire (Ann Arbor, 1991); S. R. F. Price, Rituals and Power: The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor (Cambridge, 1984). Senate and Equestrian Orders: P. A. Brunt, ‘The Role of the Senate in the Augustan Regime’, CQ 34 (1984), 423–44; S. Demougin, L’ordre équestre sous les Julio-Claudiens (Paris, 1988); F. Millar and C. Segal, Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects (Oxford, 1984); R. J. Talbert, The Senate of Imperial Rome (Princeton, 1984). Revolts: P. A. Brunt, Roman Imperial Themes (Oxford, 1990); W. Eck, Rom und Judaea (Tübingen, 2007); G. Gambash, Roman and Provincial Resistance (London, 2015); M. Goodman, The Ruling Class of Judaea: The Origins of the Jewish Revolt against Rome AD 66–70 (Cambridge, 1987); A. Heinrichs, ‘Vespasian’s Visit to Alexandria’, ZPE 3 (1968), 51–80; W. Horbury, Jewish War under Trajan and Hadrian (Cambridge, 2014); R. McMullen, Change in the Roman Empire: Essays in the Ordinary (Princeton, 1990); J. Nicols, Vespasian and the Partes Flavianae Historia Einzelschriften 28 (Wiesbaden, 1978).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While the formal genesis of this book goes back to the kind invitation of John Davey to contribute to the Profile History of the Ancient World, my interest in the subject extends many years in the past, to my tenure of the Salvesen Fellowship at New College, Oxford. There I had the pleasure of learning from Antony Andrewes, George Forrest, Robin Lane Fox and Geoffrey de Ste Croix. I was able to attend seminars at which Ronald Syme was present, and to learn from three Peters – Brunt, Derow and Fraser. It seems appropriate that the composition of this book should have been undertaken during Michaelmas Term 2015, when I had the honour of holding a visiting fellowship at New College, for which opportunity I am grateful to fellows of the College, as well as for the warm and congenial environment of the Senior Common Room. I owe a particular debt of gratitude in all this to Professor Andrew Meadows. I would also like to thank Hassan Hamed for making me feel very much at home. While in Oxford I had the further opportunity of having regular discussions with Fergus Millar, whose approach to the subject can be felt throughout this book (and more than a few others I have written). The draft was finished in Ann Arbor, where I have been able to benefit from the fellowship of many excellent colleagues, among them Sara Ahbel-Rappe, Basil Dufallo, Ben Fortson, Bruce Frier, Richard Janko, Lisa Nevett, Chris Ratté, Francesca Schironi, Gina Soter, David Stone and Nicola Terrenato. I am especially grateful to Nic for introducing me to Italy in ways that only he can, and to Marcello Mogetta for organising various expeditions with the Gabii crew that have enabled me to get to know the subject as I would otherwise never have done, and to both Nic and Marcello for answering countless queries. It is also a pleasure to thank Professor Ratté and Professor Burt Smith for help with illustrations. The book went to press in my tenure of the Ronald J. Mellor Professorship in UCLA’s wonderful History Department. I am immensely grateful to all my colleagues in Los Angeles for their hospitality, especially to Professor David Phillips and to Jonathan Ebueng, without whose patient help I could not have functioned. I am also grateful to Louisa Dunnigan, who took over the project for Profile when John retired, and especially to Heather Hughes at Harvard University Press and to Penny Daniel, for their help. Jan Dewitt and Parrish Wright lent aid with an early draft of the text, helping make the text more user- friendly, Tim Hart and James Faulkner provided very helpful comments at a later stage. It is also a pleasure to thank Sally Holloway for her copyediting of the manuscript. I have once again benefitted enormously from the assistance of Sue Philpott, master copyeditor, for improving the manuscript in countless ways. And to Jane Delancy who drew the three plans of the Roman Forum with impressive speed and accuracy, eliminating structures for whose location there is no direct evidence. None of this would have been possible without the support of my family, my wife Ellen and our daughters, Claire and Natalie (and Michael Schneider, who will be joining the family on a more formal basis). While I was writing this book, my father, who encouraged my early interest in the history of the ancient world, died, taking with him an unparalleled depth of knowledge of mankind’s assorted foibles, but I am confident that my mother will be recognising some resonance with people she has known. The book is dedicated to our dear friends Veronika Grimm and John Matthews. Oxford Ann Arbor

Los Angeles

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