The Body Systems

Kuberski 2B The Body Systems Alexis Morgan

Table of Contents Page # Integumentary System……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...1-2 Musculoskeletal System…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….3-4 Nervous System………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5-6 Special Senses……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..7-9 Cardiovascular System..………………………………………………………………………………………………………...10-11 Respiratory System………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...12-13 Digestive System…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….14-15 Urinary System……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….16-17 Reproductive System……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..18-19

Integumentary System Functions: The integumentary system protects the body from the external environment and disease, retains fluid, eliminates waste products, and regulates body temperature. Key Terms: Diseases and Abnormalities: derm/o, dermat/o- skin erythr/o red Basal Cell Carcinoma- Cancer found in the hands, neck, arms or back. It is most commonly caused by excessive pedicu/o finger/toenail kerat/o hard, horn-shaped UV ray exposure or radiation. Melanoma- a cancer characterized by the uncontrolled myc/o fungus rhytid/o sebum growth of pigment-producing cells in the epidermis Eczema- an allergic reaction that appears as dry, itchy lip/o fat albin/o white patches of skin resembling rashes Squamous Cell Carcinoma- a cancer that represents itself xer/o dry, dryness onych/o nails as lesions commonly found on the scalp, ears and hands xanth/o yellow pil/o hair Related Health Careers: Dermatopathologist- a professional who specializes in diagnosing diseases of the skin, hair, and nails Esthetician- a skin care professional who is focused on maintaining a healthy and aesthetically pleasing epidermis

Integumentary System Vocabulary Terms Skin- the outer covering of the body and is the largest organ of the integumentary system Hair- a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis Nails- a horn-like keratinous plate at the tip of the fingers and toes Keratin- the fibrous protein that makes up hair and nails and some of the cells in the outermost layers of the skin Dermis- the inner layer of cells that make up the skin Epidermis- the outer layer of the two main layers of cells that make up the skin Sweat Glands- small tube-shaped structures of the skin that produce sweat Subcutaneous Layer- the layer of tissue that underlies the skin Eczema- a chronic or recurrent inflammatory skin disease that usually begins in the first few years of life Acne- a skin condition that occurs when your hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells

Musculoskeletal System Functions: The musculoskeletal system aids in body support, movement, protection of internal organs, and minerals and fat storage. Diseases and Abnormalities: Tendonitis- occurs when tendons become inflamed or Key Terms: irritated my/o muscle -pexy fixation, to put in place Carpal Tunnel Syndrome- the compression of the median myel/o bone marrow oste/o bone nerve as it passes into the hand cost/o rib crani/o skull Osteoarthritis- degeneration of joint cartilage and the chondr/o cartilage arthr/o joint underlying bone causing pain and stiffness in the hip, knee and thumb joints Fibromyalgia- a chronic condition causing pain in the muscles and bones, areas of tenderness, fatigue, and sleep and cognitive disturbances -plegia paralysis, stroke kinesi/o movement Related Health Careers: Rheumatologist-a medical professional who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disease and systemic autoimmune conditions Myologist- a medical doctor or scientist who focuses on the study of muscles

Musculoskeletal System Vocabulary Terms Calcium- one of the minerals that make up the composition of bones Cartilage tissue- flexible, rubbery connective tissue found on joint surfaces Compact bone- hard, dense bone tissue Fissure- narrow, slit-like opening between bones Ossification- the process of bone formation Periosteum- thin, protective membrane surrounding bones Red bone marrow-found in cancellous bone, site of blood cell formation Tendon- a type of connective tissue connecting muscle to bone and muscle to muscle Ligament- a type of connective tissue that connects bone to bone Skeletal muscle- muscles attached to bones that allow for body movement

Nervous System Function: The nervous system functions to collect sensory information; process, interpret, and integrate that information; and trigger responses throughout the body Diseases and Abnormalities: Key Terms: Meningitis- inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord neur/o nerve encephal/o brain Encephalitis- inflammation of the brain myel/o bone marrow ambul/o walking Epilepsy- seizure disorder of the brain, -esthenia sensation mening/o meninges characterized by recurring and excessive discharge from neurons psych/o mind concuss/o shaken Cerebral Palsy- disturbances in voluntary muscular together action due to brain damage Related Health Careers: Neuropsychologist- is a psychologist who specializes in understanding the relationship between the physical brain and human behavior Nuclear Medicine Radiologists- physicians who use radioactive materials, called radiopharmaceuticals, to diagnose and treat disease.

Nervous System Vocabulary Terms Central Nervous System (CNS)-controls most functions of the body and mind; brain and the spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- the part of the nervous system outside the CNS, nerves not within the brain and spinal cord Neurons- masses of nerve cells that react to physical and chemical changes Nerve Impulses- messages sent along nerve fibers through the pns and cns Cell Body- portion of nerve cells that include a cytoplasmic mass and a nucleus and from which nerve fibers extend Dendrites- nerve fibers that transmit impulses toward neuron cell bodies Axons- nerve fibers that conduct nerve impulses away from neuron cells bodies Myelin- fatty material that forms sheath like coverings around some nerve fibers Synapse- junction between axon of one neuron and dendrite or cell body of another neuron Neurotransmitter- chemical that axon end secretes to control another neuron

Special Senses Function: the special senses are the senses that have specialized organs devoted to them; these organs aid in vision, hearing, sight, touch, smell and balance Key Terms: Diseases and Abnormalities: Amblyopia- when the brain fails to process inputs from one eye and over time favors the other; commonly known as lazy eye irid/o iris -cusis hearing Conjunctivitis- inflammation or infection of the clear membrane -opia vision condition ot/o ear known as conjunctiva that lines your eyelid and covers the white part of your eyeball; pink eye tympan/o middle ear, eardrum opthalm/o Glaucoma- a group of eye conditions that damage the optic eye -metry process of measuring nerve due to an abnormally high amount of pressure within the eye; this condition is one of the leading causes of blindness Presbyopia- loss of the ability to adjust near-to-far and far-to-near vision due to age & the elasticity in the lens Related Health Careers: Ophthalmologist- a medical doctor who specializes in eye care Otolaryngologist- a medical doctor who diagnoses and treats conditions related to the head and neck, such as ear infections; the may also perform surgeries to remove tumors in these areas

Special Senses Vocabulary Terms Conjunctiva- delicate membrane that lines the eyelids and covers part of the outer surface of the eyeball Sclera- the firm, white, fibrous outer layer of the eyeball, protects and maintains eye shape Auricle- the shell-shaped structure surrounding the auditory canal opening Cerumen- provides a sticky trap for foreign bodies and repels insects also known as earwax Tympanic Membrane- the eardrum; vibrates when sound reaches it; separates the external and middle ear Middle Ear- a small, air-filled, mucosa-lined cavity within the temporal bone

Special Senses Vocabulary Continued Ossicles- the three smallest bones in the body; transmit the vibration of the eardrum to the fluids of the inner ear Internal Ear- a maze of bony chambers called the bony, (osseous) labyrinth Chemoreceptors- receptors for taste & olfaction respond to chemicals Papillae- small peglike projections on tongue that contain taste buds (vallate papillae, fungiform papillae)

Cardiovascular System Function: The cardiovascular system works to ensure blood flow to all parts of the body while providing oxygen and nutrients Key Terms: Diseases and Abnormalities: Coronary artery disease- damage or disease of the cardi/o heart angi/o blood vessel heart’s major blood vessels Congestive heart failure- a chronic condition in which hem/o, hemat/o blood the heart does not pump and the normal level of efficiency brady- slow tachy- fast Peripheral artery disease- a condition in which narrowed blood vessels reduce blood flow in the limbs thromb/o clot -emia blood condition Arrhythmia- irregular beating of the heart, whether that be too fast slow or weakened in some respect leuk/o white erythr/o red arteri/o artery Related Health Careers: Clinical Cardiac Perfusionist-during heart bypass or arterial grafting surgery, a clinical cardiac perfusionist uses a special technique to stop the heart so that the surgeon can make the repair Cardiovascular Technician- works in a cardiac cath lab and performs very complex procedures, including stent implants, cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators and other tests to diagnose heart disease

Cardiovascular System Vocabulary Terms Aorta- largest artery in the body (main artery) Arteriole- small artery Capillary- smallest blood vessel, materials pass to and from the bloodstream through capillary walls Oxygenated Blood- oxygen-rich blood (normally red in diagrams) Deoxygenated Blood- oxygen-poor blood (blue in diagrams) Diastole- relaxation phase of the heartbeat Electrocardiogram- record of the electricity flowing through the heart, the electricity is expressed in waves Endocardium- inner lining of the heart Myocardium- muscular, middle layer of the heart Pericardium- double-layered membrane surrounding the heart

Respiratory System Function: The respiratory system aids in the exchange of gases between the bloodstream and the body, breathing, and protection from external stimuli through coughing and mucus production. Key Terms: cyan/o blue Diseases and Abnormalities: bronch/o bronchial tube -oxia oxygen Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease- a chronic laryng/o larynx pleur/o pleura, side respiratory disorder caused by long-term exposure to oxy- swift, sharp, acid pulmon/o lungs substances that irritate and damage the lungs pneum/o lung, air, gas Asthma- a chronic disorder involving soreness and thorac/o chest trache/o trachea swelling of the interior airway walls Pneumothorax- a collapsed lung caused by chest trauma Sinusitis- inflammation blocks the sinus openings and prevents the mucus from draining Related Health Careers: Registered Pulmonary Function Technologist- medical professional who runs tests on patients with suspected respiratory disorders and work with other medical staff to evaluate patients and confirm a diagnosis Pediatric Respiratory Care Specialist- work with toddlers and older children, providing breathing treatments and other care for children with asthma, cystic fibrosis, and a wide range of other respiratory problems

Respiratory System Vocabulary Terms Nasal Cavity- the cavity behind the nose and above the roof of the mouth that filters air and moves mucus and inhaled contaminants outward and away form the lungs Larynx- voice box, passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea, contains vocal cords Trachea- windpipe that directs air from the pharynx to the bronchi Bronchi- the passages that branch from the trachea and direct air into the lungs Lungs- two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity, responsible for respiration Bronchioles- progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways Alveoli- tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood Cilia- short structures projecting from a cell containing bundles of microtubules that move a cell through its surroundings Mucus- protective secretion of the mucus membranes Respiration- the metabolic processes where certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules

Digestive System Function: The digestive system is responsible for taking in food and nutrients and turning it into energy so the body can function. Diseases and Abnormalities: Key Terms: Gastroesophageal reflux disease- occurs when acidic cholecyst/o gallbladder hepat/o liver stomach juices, or food and fluids back up from the stomach into the esophagus enter/o small intestine gastr/o stomach Peptic Ulcer Disease- an open sore in the lining of the stomach or upper part of the small intestine proct/o anus, rectum or/o mouth Inflammatory Bowel Disease- long-lasting inflammation in the digestive tract -pepsia digestion chol/e bile, gall Gallstones- occurs when bile forms small hard deposits in the gallbladder col/o, colon/o colon, large intestine Related Health Careers: Gastroenterologist- a physician specializing in diseases of the digestive system including esophagus, stomach and intestines Proctologist- a physician specializing in diseases of the rectum and anus

Digestive System Vocabulary Terms Bolus- a chewed mass of food. Epiglottis- a cartilaginous valve in the throat which prevents food from entering the trachea Esophagus- tube through which the bolus passes to reach the stomach Peristalsis- smooth muscle contractions push the bolus towards the stomach Stomach- large muscular organ that digests food both chemically and mechanically Mechanical Digestion- the physical breaking down of food particles into smaller bits that are easier to digest Chemical Digestion- process in which larger molecules from food particles are broken down through chemical reactions into smaller, simpler molecules Small Intestine- the location where most chemical digestion takes place. Pancreas- organ that regulates blood sugar levels, produces enzymes, and produces sodium bicarbonate, which reduces stomach acidity Liver- Organ that produces bile and filters toxins out of blood.

Urinary System Function: The urinary system functions to filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product. Key Terms: Diseases and Abnormalities: -cele hernia cyst/o urinary bladder Nephrosis- any of the various forms of kidney disease also defined as any degenerative disease of the renal tubules pyel/o renal pelvis nephr/o nephrons Urethritis- inflammation of the urethra commonly due to infection by bacteria ren/o kidney -uria condition of urine, urination Chronic Kidney Disease- kidneys are damaged and unable to filter blood properly causing a build up of waste and -pexy fixation -ectasis dilation, widening eventually kidney failure Interstitial Cystitis- a condition that causes discomfort or pain in the bladder and a need to urinate frequently and urgently -lysis breakdown, destruction Related Health Careers: Nephrologist- Provide medical management to patients with kidney diseases. Also caring to kidney transplant patients, people with kidney failure, and treating with dialysis Transplant Surgeons- Transplant surgeons perform the surgeries that allow renal failure patients to become healthy again

Urinary System Vocabulary Terms Calyx- a cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis Kidney- one of two bean-shaped organs on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region that filters nitrogen waste from the blood to form urine Nephron- the structure that actually produces urine in the process of removing waste and excess substances from the blood Renal artery- blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney Renal pelvis- central collection region in the kidney Renal tubules- microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration Urea- major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine Ureter- one of two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder Urethra- tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body Urinary bladder- hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine

Reproductive System Function: The reproductive system aids in the production and transportation of egg and sperm cells, in addition to nurturing these cells to develop offspring. Key Terms: sapling/o fallopian tube Diseases and Abnormalities: cervic/o cervix orchid/o testis Endometriosis- a condition resulting from the appearance of ovo egg endometrial tissue outside the uterus and causing pelvic pain oophor/o ovary men/o menstruation Cervical Cancer- cancer that originates in the cervix of a female mamm/o breast gynec/o female Testicular Cancer- cancer that originates in tissue of the testicles HIV/ AIDS- a sexually transmitted disease that interferes with the body’s ability to fight infections colp/o vagina prostat/o prostate gland Related Health Careers: Reproductive Endocrinologist- identify fertility issues in men and women and determine the best treatment methods for those conditions Andrologist- the medical profession dealing with the health of the male reproductive system Gynecologist- the medical professional dealing with the health of the female reproductive system

Reproductive System Vocabulary Terms Estrogen- female reproductive steroid hormones that are secreted by the ovary and responsible for typical female sexual characteristics Fallopian tube- one of two fluid-filled tubes in females through which an egg passes after its release from an ovary Fertilization- process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell Infertility- the inability to reproduce Menstruation- the shedding of the uterine lining Ovary- one of usually two organs that produce ova and secrete estrogen and progesterone Testes- male organ, which produce sperm and secrete male reproductive hormones Testosterone- primary reproductive hormone of the male body Puberty- period of rapid growth and sexual maturation during which the reproductive system becomes fully functional Zygote- organism produced by the union of two gametes