Body Systems Flip Book By Svea Ireland

BodySystemsFlip BookSvea Ireland

Table of Contents 1. Integumentary System2. Musculoskeletal System 3. Nervous System 4. Special Senses5. Cardiovascular System 6. Respiratory System 7. Digestive System 8. Urinary System 9. Reproductive System

Integumentary System Overall Function: The Integumentary system has 7 main functions that contribute to its primary function as a complex whole. The first is protection, in which the skin blocks and attempts to prevent penetration of ultraviolet rays and pathogens in the exterior environment. The next is sensory perception, that serves as a caution and healing method that works in forms of pain, temperature, and touch. The third is regulation of body temperature, in which blood vessel dilation and constriction either releases or holds in heat. The fourth is the storage that the hypodermis serves purpose to. This is where fats, sugar, vitamins, water, salt, and other aqueous solutions may be held. The fifth is the absorptivity that the membranes contribute when quick relief is needed through medication. This is most commonly seen in transdermal treatment. The membranes also serve purpose to a 6th function, where the secretion of salt, excess water, heat, and sweat pass through the hypodermis, dermis, and epidermis. The final and 7th function is the production of vitamins. The most important one is the process of nutrients from the sun, that result in vitamin D. Vitamin D in the human body, promotes a happy and healthy digestive system. Overall the integumentary system serves to be a shield against harmful outside invaders.TOC

10 Vocabulary:Derm/o, dermat/o - skinKerat/o - horny, hard, corneaXer/o - dryXanth/o - yellowErythr/o - redPedicul/o - louse (singular), lice (plural)Onych/o - fingernail or toenailMyc/o - fungusPil/o - hairLip/o -fat, lipidRhytid/o - wrinkleAlbin/o- white

10 Key Terms:Subcutaneous: pertaining to under the skinEpidermis: The outer layer of skin that forms a protective covering of the bodyDermis :The inner or deeper layer of skin, consisting of nerve and blood vessels.stratum corneum: outer layer of the epidermis composed of dead, flat cells, which convert to keratin thatcontinually flakes away.basal layer: inner layer of the epidermis, composed of living cells and where new cells are continuouslybeing produced.adipectomy; lipectomy: excision of fatadipose tissue: pertaining to fatty tissuesubcutaneous tissue: underlying structures of the skin attached to the dermissebaceous glands: oil-secreting glands of the skinsudoriferous glands:sweat glands

4 Diseases/Abnormal Conditions:Acne Vulgaris - The inflammation of the sebaceous glands.Dermatitis - The inflammation of the skin caused by an irritantEczema - A non contagious inflammatory skin conditionAthlete's foot - A contagious fungal infection.2 Related Health Careers:Dermatologist - Within the description of a dermatologist, a professional in the field must diagnose, treat,and help prevent diseases or other malformations associated with the skin. They may also work with thetreatment and diagnosis of pigmented abrasions such as common acquired nevi and melanoma.Cosmetologist - A cosmetologist is a licensed and professional individual, trained in the beautificationand specialization of skin and hair treatments. A cosmetologist is commonly referred to as a beautician.



Musculoskeletal System Overall Function: The musculoskeletal system provides support to the structure of the body and produces the movement of joints and other limbs. The bones, muscles, and connective tissues within the human body all work to bind tissues and organs together in order to create the musculoskeletal system. The bones protect the body's internal organs and bear the weight of the body, while the skeletal portion of the system serves as storage for calcium and phosphorus, which also work with the hematopoietic system. The muscles keep bones in place. They contract and pull on the bones, which in return, creates movements such as standing, walking, running, and holding objects. To allow motion, joints, which are bones connected to other bones and muscle fibers via tendons and ligaments, are set in place to balance and even out movement. Finally there is cartilage, which prevents bone friction. All these key components work together to produce a fluid and full functioning skeletal frame.TOC

10 Vocabulary/Key Terms:My/o - muscleMyel/o - spinal cord, bone marrowOste/o - boneCost/o - ribCrani/o - skull-pexy - surgical fixationChondr/o - cartilagearthr/o - joint-plegia - paralysis, strokekinesi/o - movement

10 Key Terms:Abduction: movement away from the midline adduction: movement from (the midline)Ambulate: to walk electromyogram: recording of the electrical activity of the musclesEndomysium: pertaining to within the muscles epimysium: pertaining to on or upon the musclesFascia: fascia or fibrous bands kinesiology: study of movement or motionMyocardium: referring to the heart muscle myometrium: muscular uterine tissue4 Diseases/Abnormal Conditions:Tenalgia - Is the pain in a tendonFascitis - Inflammation of the fasciaMyositis- Inflammation of the muscle tissue, especially the skeletal musclesMyomalacia- Abnormal softening of muscle tissue

2 Related Health Careers:Rheumatologist - Treats disorders that involve the inflammation of connective tissues including muscles.Orthopedic Surgeon- Treats injuries and disorders involving bones, joints, muscles, and tendons.





Nervous System Overall Function: The nervous system is an organ system containing a central and peripheral system, working toward the common goal of internal and external communication. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain maintains order and controls all body systems and organs. The nervous system primarily works to take in, incorporate, and react to sensory input from internal and external environment. The brain works through the spinal cord and the nerves, and gives instructions to all parts of the body about when and how to do certain objectives, while the spinal cord is a long bundle of nerves that allows the brain to communicate with the rest of the body, ultimately maintaining homeostasis. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerve cells or neurons that carry messages in the form of an electrical impulses. The messages move from one neuron to another to keep the entire body in rhythmic framework. Unlike other cell tissues, nerve cells cannot be repaired if damaged.TOC

10 Vocabulary Words:neur/o -nerveencephal/o - brainmyel/o - spinal cord, bone marrowambul/o - walking-esthesia - sensation, feelingmening/o - meninges, membranepsych/o - mindconcuss/o - shaken together-phasia - speech, ability to talk-lepsy - seizure, attack

10 Key Terms: Anesthesiologist: a physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery Anesthetic: the medication used to induce anesthesia Anesthetist: a medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia, but is not a physician Anticonvulsant: administered to prevent seizures such as those associated with epilepsy Antidepressant: a medication administered to prevent or relieve depression antipsychotic drug: a medication administered to treat symptoms of severe disorders of thinking and mood that are associated with neurological and psychiatric illnesses arachnoid membrane: the second layer of the meninges and is located between the dura mater and the pia mater ascending nerve tracts: carry nerve impulses toward the brain Barbiturates: a class of drugs whose major action is a calming or depressed effect on the central nervous system Brainstem: the stalk-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord; made up of three parts: the midbrain, pons, and medulla

4 Diseases/Abnormal Conditions:Encephalitis - inflammation of the brain, caused by infection or an allergic reactionHydrocephalus- a condition in which fluid accumulates in the brain, typically in young children, enlargingthe head and sometimes causing brain damage.Anencephaly -congenital absence of the brain and spinal cordDysphasia -language disorder marked by deficiency in the generation of speech, and sometimes also inits comprehension, due to brain disease or damage.2 Related Health Care Careers:Neurologist- a specialist in the anatomy, functions, and organic disorders of nerves and the nervoussystemBrain Surgeon:a medical practitioner qualified to perform surgical operations on the brain and other partsof the neural system



Special Senses Overall Function: The special senses are the organs devoted to vision,hearing, balance, smell, and taste. The distinction between special and general senses is used to characterize nerve fibres running to and from the central nervous system. Information from special senses is carried in somatic afferents and special visceral afferents. It is a faculty by which the body perceives an external stimulus, especially in one of the faculties of sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch.TOC

10 Vocabulary Words:iirid/o -iris kerat/o - corneaocul/o - eye retin/o- retina-opia - vision condition Phac/o- lensLacrim/o- lacrimal apparatus ot/o - eartympan/o - tympanic membrane ophthalm/o - eye

10 Key Terms: The outer hard layer of the eye (white of eye) is the:sclera The eye structure that lies directly behind the pupil and iris is the:lens The tear glands that lubricate and protect the eye are called:lacrimal glands The inner layer of the eye with the vision receptors is the:Retina \"net\" The small organs that produce and drain tears from the eye are the:Lacrimal glands and ducts The mucous membrane lining the inner eyelids & globe eyeball is the:conjunctive The nerve in the eye that carries visual impulses from the retina to the brain is the:Optic nerve clear, watery fluid that fills the space between the cornea and iris: aqueous humor The medical term that means one who is skilled in filling prescriptions for lenses is:optician interlaced with many blood vessels that nourish the eyes: choroid coat

4 Diseases/Abnormal Conditions:Ametropia - an abnormal refractive condition (as myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism) of the eye in whichimages fail to focus upon the retinaAnisocoria - unequal pupil sizesAstigmatism- a defect in the eye or in a lens caused by a deviation from spherical curvature, which resultsin distorted images, as light rays are prevented from meeting at a common focusOtitis- inflammation of the ear, usually distinguished as otitis externa (of the passage of the outer ear),otitis media (of the middle ear), and otitis interna (of the inner ear; labyrinthitis)2 Related Health Care Careers:Ophthalmologist - a specialist in the branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment ofdisorders and diseases of the eyeOtorhinolaryngologist -is the area of medicine that deals with conditions of the ear, nose, and throat (ENT)region. The specialty is often treated as a unit with surgery of the head and neck.



Cardiovascular SystemOverall function:Blood circulates throughout a network of vessels to provide cells with oxygen and nutrients and to helpdispose of metabolic waste. The heart is the pump that filters the blood to eventually go out to the bloodvessels.10 Vocabulary Terms:angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o: vessel aort/o: aortaarteri/o: artery ather/o: fatty/ lipid substanceatri/o: atrium cardi/o: heartmy/o: muscle pector/o, steth/o: chestthromb/o: clot ven/o, phleb/o: veinTOC

10 Key Terms:atrium:upper right or left chamber of the heartEndocardium: membrane lining the cavities of the heartEpicardium: membrane forming the outer layer of the heartPericardium: protective sac enclosing the heart; composed of two layers with fluid in betweenvisceral pericardium: layer of the pericardium closest to the heartparietal pericardium: outer layer of the pericardiumpericardial cavity: fluid-filled cavity between the pericardial layersaortic valve: heart valve between the left ventricle and the aortamitral valve, bicuspid valve: heart valve between the left atrium and left ventriclepulmonary semilunar valve: heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery

4 Diseases/Abnormal Conditions:Aneurysm: a widening; a bulging of the wall of the heart, aorta, or artery caused by a congenital defect or acquiredweakness.angina pectoris: chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenated blood to the heart muscle; frequently caused bynarrowing of the coronary arteries.Arteriosclerosis: thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification/hardening of arterial walls.Atherosclerosis: a form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the buildup of fatty substances that harden within the walls ofarteries.2 Health Related Careers:Cardiologists: Health care professionals that combat diseases and conditions of the cardiovascular system. They monitor,diagnose and treat heart conditions through medication and management of lifestyle factors, including some non-invasiveprocedures. (ex angioplasty)Imaging Professionals: Used primarily to assist cardiologist professionals, imaging consultants use magnetic resonanceimaging and ultrasound technology to provide useful images of the heart in operation, and to diagnose blockages in theveins and arteries by calculating blood flow.



Respiratory SystemOverall function:The human respiratory system is a series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbondioxide. The primary organ, connected to the nose and other oxygen suppliers, is the lungs. 10 Vocabulary Terms: naso: nose pector: chest bronchus: lung pulmon:lung laryng: larynx -pnea:breathing pneum: lung Phon/o:voice rhin/o:nose -esthesia:sensationTOC

10 Key Terms:Pharynx: The section of the alimentary canal that extends from the mouth and nasal cavities to the larynx, where itbecomes continuous with the esophagus.Larynx: Voice boxEpiglottis: The thin elastic cartilaginous structure located at the root of the tongueTrachea: A thin-walled, cartilaginous tube descending from the larynx to the bronchi and carrying air to the lungs.(windpipe)Bronchi: The two main branches of the trachea, leading directly to the lungs.Bronchiole: The fine tubular extensions of a bronchus.Alveoli: A tiny, thin-walled, capillary-rich sac in the lung where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.Also called air sac.Mediastinum: The region in mammals between the pleural sacs, containing the heart and all of the thoracic viscera exceptthe lungs.Diaphragm: A muscular membranous partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities and functioning inrespiration.Pleura: A thin serous membrane in mammals that envelops each lung and folds back to make a lining for the chest cavity.

4 Diseases/Abnormal Conditions:Asthma: A chronic reversible respiratory disease that is characterized by sudden recurring attacks oflabored breathing, chest constriction, and coughing. Asthma attack is often triggered by cold, allergies,pollution, emotional factors, and other unidentified factors.Chronic Bronchitis: Is defined clinically as a persistent cough that produces sputum matter that iscoughed up from the respiratory tract, for at least three months in two consecutive years.Emphysema: A pathological condition of the lungs marked by an abnormal increase in the size of the airspaces, resulting in labored breathing and an increased susceptibility to infection. It can be caused byirreversible expansion of the alveoli or by the destruction of the alveolar walls.Pneumothorax: The collection of air or gas in the space surrounding the lung

2 Health Related Careers: Pulmonologist:A pulmonologist is a person who is specialized in diagnosing and treating patients with lung problems anddiseases, such as asthma, lung cancer, tuberculosis, COPD, and pulmonary vascular disease.Respiratory Therapist:A respiratory therapist is a professional who diagnoses breathing problems and suggests treatment optionsfor patients. They exam the chest, analyze tissue samples, and manage ventilators or other airway devicesfor patients who have problems breathing on their own.



Digestive SystemOverall Function:The function of the digestive system is digestion and absorption. Digestion is the breakdown of food intosmall molecules, which are then absorbed into the body.10 Vocabulary:abdomin/o abdomen -algia painaliment/o nutrition amyl/o starchan/o anus appendic/o appendixphag/o eat or swallow intestin/o intestinesgastr/o stomach Dys- bad, difficult, painfulTOC

10 Key terms:Epiglottis: a lid-like structure that closes off the entrance to the trachea to prevent food and liquids from moving from thepharynx during swallowingEsophagogastroduodenoscopy: an endoscopic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and upper duodenumEsophagus: the muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomachGallbladder: a pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liverGallstone: a hard deposit formed in the gallbladder and bile ducts due to the concretion of bile componentsGingiva: the specialized mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth, covers the bone of the dental arches, and lines thecheeks; also known as the gumsGingivectomy: the surgical removal or diseased gingival tissuehard palate: the bony anterior portion of the palate that is covered with specialized mucous membranehemoccult test: a lab test for hidden blood in the stoolsHemorrhoidectomy: the surgical removal of hemorrhoids

4 diseases/abnormal:Malabsorption: a condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passesthrough itMalnutrition: a lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits,or the inability of the body to digest, absorb, and distribute these nutrientsMalocclusion: any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teethinguinal hernia: the protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wallor groin2 Health related careers:Gastroenterologist: a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of thestomach and intestinesOncologists : Oncologists are specialists in surgical and non-surgical treatment of cancers that occur inthe digestive tract,ranging from tumors of the throat and stomach to pancreatic cancers



Urinary SystemOverall FunctionTheir function is to remove liquid waste from the blood in the form of urine, maintain a balance of saltsand other things in the blood, and produce erythropoietin, a hormone that aids in the formation of redblood cells. The kidneys remove urea from the blood through nephrons.10 Vocab: pyel/o renal pelvisnephr/o, ren/o kidneyureter/o ureter urethr/o urethraalbumin/o albumin azot/o urea, nitrogenblast/o developing cell, germ cell glyc/o, glycos/o sugarhydr/o water lith/o stoneTOC

10 Key terms:Kidneys: two bean-shaped organs located on each side of the vertebral column on the posterior wall of the abdominalcavity behind the parietal peritoneum.Nephron: urine producing microscopic structure.Glomerulus: cluster of capillaries at the entrance of the nephron. The process of filtering the blood begins here.renal pelvis: funnel-shaped reservoir that collects the urine and passes it to the ureterHilum: indentation on the medial side of the kidney where the ureter leaves the kidneyUreters: two slender tubes that receive the urine from the kidneys and carry it to the posterior portion of the bladderurinary bladder: muscular, hollow organ that temporarily holds the urine.Urethra: lowest part of the urinary tract, through which the urine passes from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.urinary meatus: opening through which the urine passes to the outsideCreatinine: a blood test that measures the amount of creatinine in the blood. An elevated amount may indicate impairedkidney functions

4 diseases/abnormal:renal failure: loss of kidney function resulting in its inability to remove waste products from the body andmaintain electrolyte balancerenal hypertension: elevated blood pressure resulting from kidney diseaseurinary retention: abnormal accumulation of urine in the bladder because of an inability to urinateurinary suppression: sudden stoppage of urine formation2 Health related careers:UrologyUrologists provide medical and surgical management for disorders of the urinary tract in both men andwomen. They may diagnose and treat urologic disease, cancers, deformities and injuries.NephrologistsNephrologists begin their careers in internal medicine. Nephrologists provide medical management topatients with kidney disease. They also provide care to kidney transplant patients and people with kidneyfailure, treating the latter with dialysis.



Reproductive SystemOverall Function:The female reproductive system produces egg cells and nourishes offspring until birth. The malereproductive system produces and deposits sperm.10 Vocabulary:: hyster/o, uter/o uterusvagin/o vagina salping/o fallopian tubemetr/o measure, uterine tissuelapar/o abdominal wall top/o place or position-tropin that which stimulates test/o, testicul/o testiclespen/o penis prostat/o prostateTOC

10 Key Terms:labia majora: the larger pair of skin foldspara/urethral glands:gland that is near the urethraVestibule: a chamber or channel communicating with or opening into another, in particular.Bartholin glands : the greater vestibular gland that produce a mucus-like secretionPerineum : the area between the vaginal opening and the anusabdominal hysterectomy: removal of the uterus through an incision in the abdominal wallpelvic exenteration: removal of all pelvic organsrapid plasma reagin: any space or cavity at the entrance to a canal blood test to detect and monitorsyphilisgram stain: slide-staining technique that helps identify bacteriawet mounts: direct microscopic examination of fluid

4 Abnormal Diseases/ Conditions:Mittelschmerz: abdominal pains in the region of an ovary during ovulationectopic pregnancy: on in which a fertilized ovum implants somewhere outside the uterine cavityPID: pelvic inflammatory disease is were the fallopian tubes are infectedTSS:Toxic shock syndrome, sudden fever, headache, confusion, acute renal failure and abnormal liverfunctions2 Health Related Careers:AndrologistsAndrology is the medical profession dealing with the health of the male reproductive system. They performsurgical procedures such as vasectomy and vasovasostomy, and they also handle any genital infections,infertility, or cancer.UrologistsUrology is the study of surgical and medical diseases of the male and female reproductive system. Thisincludes the urinary tract system and the male reproductive organs.



BibliographyBoundless. “Functions of the Musculoskeletal System.” Boundless Biology. Boundless, 26 May. 2016. Retrieved 10 Oct.2016 fromhttps://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-musculoskeletal-system-38/types-of-skeletal-systems-215/functions-of-the-musculoskeletal-system-811-12050/ ● “Integumentary System.” InnerBody, http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/integumentary#full-description. Accessed 6 Oct. 2016. ● Slide1.JPG (791×614). http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio210/chap05/Slide1.JPG. Accessed 1 Nov. 2016. ● musculoskeletal system - Google Search. https://www.google.com/search?q=integumentary+system+med+term&espv=2&biw=1366&bih=638&source=lnms&t bm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjc1634xofQAhUGOiYKHQO0DccQ_AUIBigB#tbm=isch&q=musculoskeletal+system& imgrc=SZg7y7A3FTfWUM%3A. Accessed 1 Nov. 2016.