ii)Behavioural Approach based on Psychology, Sociology and Anthropology This approach led to the study of “Organizational Behaviour” that involves the study of attitudes and behaviour of groups Contributors include Maslow, Davis, McGregor, Herzberg, Rensis Likert, Kurt Lewin, Chris Argyris, etc. Motivation, leadership, communication, group dynamics and participative management are the core aspects 51
C) Quantitative Approach (also known as Mathematical or Operations Research Theory) Main contributors: Simon, Newman, James March, etc Main aspects: Mgt involves decision making after evaluating various alternatives Use of mathematical models to evaluate the alternatives Evolved from Mathematical & Statistical solutions developed for military problems during World War II 52
Quantitative Approach: Use of Mathematics and Operations Research in Planning, Decision Making and Controlling to achieve precision Linear Programming to improve resource allocation decisions Queuing Theory to reduce customers’ queues and serve them faster Inventory Modeling for better inventory mgt MIS for better information mgt PERT and CPM for timely completion of projects and avoiding cost over-runs 53
D)Contemporary Approach Early approaches focused on ‘inside view’ of the organisation In 1960s, management experts began to look at the ‘outside view’ i.e. the external environment or what is happening outside the boundaries of the organisation Two contemporary views emerged: i) System Approach and ii) Contingency Approach 54
i) Systems Approach: Main contributors: Kenneth Boulding, Ludwig Von, R.A.Johnson, etc. A System is a set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole It gets influenced by the external environment e.g. influence of external forces Organisations need to adapt to their system to survive and succeed 55
ii) Contingency/Situational Approach Main contributors: Tom Burns, Paul Lawrence, G.W. Stalker, etc This approach believes that organisations are different, they face different situations and require different ways of managing No single best way of managing in all situations Management or leadership is entirely situational, it depends upon a given situation and it varies from situation to situation At times, it may be autocratic, at other times, it may be democratic or participative 56
Thank you 57
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