Referensi 1 Psi Ergonomi

References Nielson, J. (1987). Using scenarios to develop user friendly videotex systems. Proceedings of NordDATA ’87 Joint Scandinavian Computer Conference (pp. 133–138), Trondheim, Norway, June 1987. Nielson, J. (1989). Executive summary In J. Nielson (ed.), Coordinating user inter- faces for consistency (pp. 1–7). Boston: Academic Press. Nielson, J. (1993). Usability engineering. Cambridge, MA: AP Professional. Nielson, J. (1994a). Enhancing the explanatory power of usability heuristics. Chi ’94 Proceedings (pp. 152–158). New York: Association for Computing Machinery. Nielson, J. (1994b). Heuristic evaluation. In J. Nielsen & R. L. Mack (eds.), Usability inspection methods (pp. 25–64). New York: Wiley. Nielson, J. (1994c). As they may work. Interactions: New Visions of Human-Computer Interaction (October, pp. 19–24). New York: Association for Computing Ma- chinery. Nielson, J., & Molich, R. (1990). Heuristic evaluation of user interfaces. CHI ’90 Proceedings (pp. 249–256). New York: Association for Computing Machinery. Nielson, J. (1993). Usability engineering. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press Profes- sional. Norman, D. A. (1981). Categorization of action slips. Psychological Review, 88, 1–15. Norman, D. A. (1986). Cognitive engineering. In D. A. Norman & S. W. Draper (eds.), User centered system design: New perspectives on human-computer interac- tion (pp. 31–61). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Norman, D. A. (1988). The psychology of everyday things. New York: Harper & Row. Norman, D. A. (1992). Turn signals are the facial expressions of automobiles. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Norman, D. A. (1998). The Invisible Computer: Why good products can fail, the PC is so complex, and information appliances the answer. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Norman, D. A., & Draper, S. W. (eds.) (1986). User centered system design. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Norman, D., & Bobrow, D. (1975). On data-limited and resource-limited processing. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 7, 44–60. Norman, D. A., Ortony, A., & Russell, D. M. (2003). Affect and machine design: Lessons for the development of autonomous machines. IBM Systems Journal, 42(1), 38–44. Noro, K., & Imada, A. S. (1991). Participatory ergonomics. London: Taylor & Francis. Noy, Y. I. (1997). Human factors in modern traffic systems. Ergonomics, 40(10), 1016–1024. NTSB. (1990). Marine accident report-Grounding of the U. S. Tankship Exxon Valdez on Bligh Reef, Prince William Sound, Valdez, Alaska, March 24, 1989 (NTSB/MAR90/04). Washington, DC: NTSB. NTSB. (1997). Marine accident report-Grounding of the Panamanian Passenger Ship ROYAL MAJESTY on Rose and Crown Shoal near Nantucket, Massachu- setts June 10, 1995 (NTSB/MAR97/01). Washington, DC: NTSB. Nugent, W. A. (1987). A comparative assessment of computer-based media for pre- senting job task instructions. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society (pp. 696–700). Santa Monica, CA: HFS. 546

References O’Brien, R., & Sheldon, w. C. (1941). Women’s measurements for garment and pattern construction, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Misc. Pub. No. 454. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. O’Donnell, R. D., & Eggemeier, F. T. (1986). Workload assessment methodology. In K. R. Boff, L. Kaufman, & J. Thomas (eds.), Handbook of perception and human performance: vol. II: Cognitive processes and performance (Chapter 42). New York: Wiley. O’Hara, J., & Brown, W. (1994). Advanced human system interface design review guideline (NUREG/CR-5908). Washington, DC: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Com- mission. O’Hara, J., Brown, W., Stubler, W., Wachtel, J., & Persensky, J. (1995). Human system interface design review guideline (Draft NUREG-0700, Rev 1.). Washington, DC: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. O’Hare, D., & Roscoe, S. N. (1990). Flightdeck performance: The human factor. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. Occupational Safety & Health Administration (1983). Occupational noise exposure: Hearing conservation amendment. Federal Register, 48, 9738–9783. Ohnemus, K. R., & Biers, D. W. (1993). Retrospective versus concurrent thinking-out loud in usability testing. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors & Ergonomics Society (pp. 1127–1131). Santa Monica, CA: HFES. Olson, G. M., & Olson, J. S. (2003). Human-computer interaction: Psychological as- pects of the human use of computing. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 491–516. Oman, C. M. (1993). Sensory conflict in motion sickness. In S. R. Ellis (ed.), Pictorial communications in virtual and real environments (2nd ed. pp. 362–376). Lon- don: Taylor & Francis. Orasanu, J. (1990). Shared mental models and crew decision making (Tech. Report 46). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory. Orasanu, J. (1993). Decision-making in the cockpit. In E. L. Weiner, B. G. Kanki, & R. L. Helmreich (eds.), Cockpit resource management (pp. 137–168). San Diego: Academic Press. Orasanu, J., & Backer, P. (1996). Stress and military performance. In J. Driskell & E. Salas (eds.), Stress and human performance. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Orasanu, J., & Connolly, T. (1993). The reinvention of decision making. In G. Klein, J. Orasanu, R. Calderwood, & C. E. Zsambok (eds.), Decision making in action: Models and methods (pp. 3–20). Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Orasanu, J., & Salas, E. (1993). Team decision making in complex environments. In G. Klein, J. Orasanu, & R. Calderwood (eds.), Decision making in action: Models and methods (pp. 327–345). Norwood, NJ. Ablex. Orasanu, J., Martin, L., & Davison, J. (2001). Cognitive and contextual factors in avi- ation accidents: decision errors. In E. Salas & G. A. Klein (eds.), Linking expertise and naturalistic decision making (pp. 209–225). Orlady, H. W., & Orlady, L. M. (1999). Human factors in multi-crew flight operations. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate Publishing LTD. Osburn, H. G. (1987). Personnel selection. In G. Salvendy (ed.), Handbook of human factors (pp. 911–938). New York: Wiley. 547

References Owens, D. P., Antonoff, R. J., & Francis, E. (1994). Biological motion and nighttime pedestrian conspicuity. Human Factors, 36, 718–732. Owsley, C., Ball, K., McGwin, G., Sloane, M. E., Roenker, D. L., White, M. F., & Over- ley, E. T. (1998). Visual processing impairment and risk of motor vehicle crash among older adults. Journal of the American Medical Association, 279(14), 1083–1088. Palmer, B., Gentner, F., Schopper, A., & Sottile, A. (1996) Review and analysis: Scien- tific review of air mobility command and crew rest policy and fatigue issues. Fatigue Issues, 1–2. Panko, R. R. (1998). What we know about spreadsheet errors. Journal of End User Computing, 10(2), 15–21. Parasuraman, R. (1986). Vigilance, monitoring and search. In K. Boff, L. Kaufman, & J. Thomas (eds.), Handbook of perception and performance (vol. 2, pp. 43/1–43/39). New York: Wiley. Parasuraman, R. (1987). Human-computer monitoring. Human Factors, 29, 695–706. Parasuraman, R., & Byrne, E. A. (2003). Automation and human performance in aviation. In P. S. Tsang & M. A. Vidulich (eds.), Principle and practice of aviation psychology (pp. 311–356). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Parasuraman, R., & Riley, V. (1997). Humans and Automation: Use, misuse, disuse, abuse. Human Factors, 39(2), 230–253. Parasuraman, R., Davies, D. R., & Beatty, J. (1984). Varieties of attention. New York: Academic Press. Parasuraman, R., Hancock, P., & Olofinboba, O. (1997). Alarm effectiveness in driver- centered collision warning systems. Ergonomics, 40, 390–399. Parasuraman, R., Molloy, R., & Singh, I. L. (1993). Performance consequences of au- tomation-induced complacency. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 3(1), 1–23. Parasuraman, R., & Riley, V. (1997). Humans and automation: Use, misuse, and abuse. Human Factors, 39, 230—253. Parasuraman, R., Sheridan, T. B., & Wickens, C. D. (2000). A model for types and levels of human interaction with automation. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, & Cybernetics : Part A: Systems and Humans, 30(3), 286–297. Parasuraman, R., Warm, J. S., & Dember, W. N. (1987). Vigilance: Taxonomy and utility. In L. S. Mark, J. S. Warm, & R. L. Huston (eds.), Ergonomics and human factors (pp. 11–31). New York: Springer-Verlag. Park, I., & Hannafin, M. J. (1993). Empirically-based guidelines for the design of in- teractive multimedia. ETR&D-Educational Technology Research and Develop- ment, 41(3), 63–85. Park, K. S. (1997). Human error. In G. Salvendy (ed.), Handbook of human factors and ergonomics (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. Parkes, A. M. (1993). Voice communications in vehicles. In A. M. Parkes & S. Franzen (eds.), Driving future vehicles (pp. 219–228). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. Parkes, A. M., & Coleman, N. (1990). Route guidance systems: A comparison of methods of presenting directional information to the driver. In E. J. Lovesey (ed.), Contemporary ergonomics 1990 (pp. 480–485). London: Taylor & Francis. 548

References Parks, D. L, & Boucek, G. P,. Jr. (1989). Workload prediction, diagnosis, and continu- ing challenges. In G. R. McMillan, D. Beevis, E. Salas, M. H. Strub, R. Sutton, & L. Van Breda (eds.), Applications of human performance models to system design (pp. 47–64). New York: Plenum. Passaro, P. D., Cole, H. P., & Wala, A. M. (1994). Flow distribution changes in com- plex circuits: Implications for mine explosions. Human Factors, 36(4), 745–756. Passmore, R., & Durnin, T. V G. A. (1955). Human energy expenditure, Physiological Review, 35, 83–89. Patel, V. L., Cytryn, K. N., Shortliffe, E. H., & Safran, C. (2000). The collaborative health care team: the role of individual and group expertise. Teaching & Learn- ing in Medicine, 12(3), 117–132. Patten, T. H., Jr. (1981). Organizational development through teambuilding. New York: Wiley. Patterson, R. D. (1990). Auditory warning sounds in the work environment. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sci- ences, 327(1241), 485–492. Pauls, J. (1980). Building evacuation: Research findings and recommendations. In D. Canter (ed.), Fires and human behavior (pp. 251–275). New York: Wiley. Pauls, J. (1994). Vertical evacuation in large buildings: Misses opportunities for re- search. Disaster Management, 6(3), 128–132. Pauls, J., & Groner, N. (2002). Human factors contributions to building evacuation research and system design: Opportunities and obstacles. Proceedings of Work- shop to identify innovative research needs to foster improved fire safety in the U.S. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. Pausch, R. (1991). Virtual reality on five dollars a day. Computer Human Interaction (CHI) Proceedings (pp. 265–269). New York: American Society for Computer Machinery. Payne, J. W. (1982). Contingent decision behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 382–402. Payne, J. W., Bettman, J. R., & Johnson, E. J. (1988). Adaptive strategy selection in de- cision making. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cogni- tion, 14, 534–552. Peacock, B., & Karwowski., W. (1993). Automotive ergonomics. Washington, DC: Tay- lor & Francis. Peacock, B., & Peacock-Goebel, G. (2002). Wrong number: They didn’t listen to Miller. Ergonomics in Design, 10(2), 4, 22. Perrow, C. (1984). Normal accidents. New York: Basic Books. Peters, R. H. (1991). Strategies for encouraging self-protective employee behavior. Journal of Safety Research, 22, 53–70. Peters, T. J. (1988). Thriving on chaos. New York: Knopf. Pew, R. W., & Mavor, A (1998). Modeling human and organizational performance. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. Pheasant, S. T. (1986). Bodyspace. London: Taylor & Francis. Pheasant, S. T., & O’Neill, D. (1975). Performance in gripping and turning: A study in hand/handle effectiveness. Applied Ergonomics, 6, 205–208. 549

References Phillips, E. H. (2001, Jan. 8). CFIT declines, but threat persists. Aviation Week & Space Technology, 28–30. Picard, R. W. (1997). Affective computing. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Pisoni, D. B. (1982). Perception of speech: The human listener as a cognitive inter- face. Speech Technology, 1, 10–23. Pitz, G. F., & Sachs, N. J. (1984). Judgment and decision: Theory and application. Annual Review of Psychology, 35, 139–163. Pollock, E., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (2002). Assimilating complex information. Learning & Instruction 12, 61–86. Pomerantz, J. R., & Pristach, E. A. (1989). Emergent features, attention, and percep- tual glue in visual form perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 15, 635–649. Pope, M. H., Andersson, G. B. T., Frymoyer, T. W., & Chaffin, D. B. (eds.) (1991). Occupational low back pain. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book. Posch, J. L., & Marcotte, D. R. (1976). Carpal tunnel syndrome, an analysis of 1201 cases. Orthopedic Review, 5, 25–35. Post, D. (1992). Colorometric measurement, calibration, and characterization of self-lumious displays. In H. Widdel & D.L. Post (eds.), Color in electronic dis- plays (pp 299–312). NY: Plenum Press. Poulton, E. C. (1976). Continuous noise interferes with work by masking auditory feedback and inner speech. Applied Ergonomics, 7, 79–84. Povenmire, H. K., & Roscoe, S. N. (1973). Incremental transfer effectiveness of a ground-based general aviation trainer. Human Factors, 15, 534–542. Preczewski, S. C., & Fisher, D. L. (1990). The selection of alphanumeric code se- quences. Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society (pp. 224–228). Santa Monica, CA: HFS. President’s Commission (1986). Report of the President’s Commission on the space shuttle Challenger. Wash. D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Agency. Price, H. E. (1985). The allocation of functions in systems. Human Factors, 27(1), 33–45. Price, H. E. (1990). Conceptual system design and the human role. In H. R. Booher (ed.), Manprint: An approach to systems integration (pp. 161–203). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Prinzel, L. J., Freeman, F. C., Scerbo, M. W., Mikulka, P. J., & Pope, A. T. (2000). A closed-loop system for examining psychophysiological measures for adaptive task allocation. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 10(4), 393–410. Pritchett, A. (2001). Reviewing the role of cockpit alerting systems. Human Factors & Aerospace Safety, 1, 5–38. Proctor, R. W., & Van Zandt, T. (1994). Human factors in simple and complex systems. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Proulx, G. (2001). Highrise evacuation: A questionable concept. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Human Behavior in Fire, pp. 221–230. Raby, M., & Lee, J. D. (2001). Fatigue and workload in the maritime industry. In P. A. Hancock & P. A. Desmond (eds.), Fatigue and workload (pp. 566–578). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. 550

References Raby, M., McGehee, D. V., Lee, J. D., & Norse, G. E. (2000). Defining the interface for a snowplow lane tracking device using a systems-based approach. Proceedings of the IEA2000/HFES2000 Congress (pp. 369–372). Santa Monica, CA: HFES. Raby, M., & Wickens, C. D. (1994). Strategic workload management and decision bi- ases in aviation. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 4(3), 211–240. Rajalin, S., & Summala, H. (1997). What surviving drivers learn from a fatal road ac- cident. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 29(3), 277–283. Ramachandran, V. S. (1988). Perceiving shape from shading. Scientific American, 259, 76–83. Rantanen, E. M., & Gonzalez de Sather, J. C. M. (2003). Human factors evaluation for a new boiler control interface at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham- paign’s Abbott Power Plant: An Avi/Psych 258/IE 240 special project, Fall 2002. University of Illinois Technical Report (AHFD-03–07). Savoy, IL: Institute of Aviation, Aviation Human Factors Division. Rasmussen, J. (1981). Models of mental strategies in process plant diagnosis. In J. Rasmussen & W. B. Rouse (eds.), Human detection and diagnosis of system fail- ures. New York: Plenum. Rasmussen, J. (1983). Skills, rules, knowledge: Signals, signs, and symbols and other distinctions in human performance models. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, & Cybernetics, 13(3), 257–267. Rasmussen, J. (1986). Information processing and human-machine interaction: An approach to cognitive engineering. New York: Elsevier. Rasmussen, J. (1993). Deciding and doing: Decision making in natural contexts. In G. Klein, J. Orasallu, R. Calderwood, & C. E. Zsambok (eds.), Decision making in action: Models and methods (pp. 158–171). Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Rasmussen, J., Pejtersen, A., & Goodstein, L. (1995). Cognitive engineering: Concepts and applications. New York: Wiley. Ray, P. S., Purswell, T. L., & Bowen, D. (1993). Behavioral safety program: Creating a new corporate culture. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 12, 193–198. Read, P. P. (1993). Ablaze: The story of the heroes and victims of Chernobyl. New York: Random House. Reason, J. (1990). Human error. New York: Cambridge University Press. Reason, J. (1997). Managing the risks of organizational accidents. Brookfield, VT: Ash- gate. Reason, T. T., & Brand, T. T. (1975). Motion sickness. New York: Academic Press. Recarte, M. A., & Nunes, L. M. (2000). Effects of verbal and spatial-imagery tasks on eye fixations while driving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 6(1), 31–43. Redelmeier, D. A., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1997). Association between cellular-telephone calls and motor vehicle collisions. New England Journal of Medicine, 336(7), 453–458. Reder, L. M. (ed.). (1996). Implicit memory and metacognition. Mahwah, NJ: Erl- baum. Reed, P., & Billingsley, P. (1996). Software ergonomics comes of age: The ANSI/HFES-200 standard. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors & Ergonomics Society (pp. 323–327). Santa Monica, CA: HFES. 551

References Reeves, B., & Nass, C. (1996). The Media Equation: How people treat computers, tele- vision, and new media like real people and places. New York: Cambridge Univer- sity Press. Regan, D. M., Kaufman, L., & Lincoln, J. (1986). Motion in depth and visual acceler- ation. In K. Boff, L. Kaufman, & J. Thomas (eds.), Handbook of perception and human performance (pp. 19–1/19–46). New York: Wiley. Reigeluth, C. M. (1989). Instructional design theories and models: an overview of their current status. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Reilly, R. R., & Chao, G. T. (1982). Validity and fairness of some alternative employee selection procedures. Personnel Psychology, 35, 1–62. Reinfurt, D. W., Campbell, B. J., Stewart, J. R., & Stutts, J. C. (1990). Evaluating the North Carolina safety belt wearing law. Acid. Anal. & Prev., 22(3), 197–210. Reithel, B. J., Nichols, D. L., & Robinson, R. K. (1996). An experimental investigation of the effects of size, format, and errors on spreadsheet reliability perception. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 36(3), 54–64. Rensink, R. A. (2002). Change detection. Annual Review Psychology, 53, 245–277. Rettig, M. (1991). Nobody reads documentation. Communications of the ACM, 34(7), 19–24. Reynolds, L. (1994). Colour for air traffic control displays. Displays, 15, 215–225. Richardson, R. M. M., Telson, R. U., Koch, C. G., & Chrysler, S. T. (1987). Evalua- tions of conventional, serial, and chord keyboard options for mail encoding. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society (pp. 911–915). Santa Monica, CA: HFS. Robertson, G. G., Card, S. K., & Mackinlay, J. D. (1993). Information visualization using 3D interactive animation. Communications of the ACM, 36(4), 57–71. Roche, A. F., & Davila, G. H. (1972). Late adolescent growth in stature. Pediatrics, 50, 874–880. Roebuck, J. A., Kroemer, K. H. E., & Thomson, w G. (1975). Engineering anthropom- etry methods. New York: Wiley. Rogers, T. G., & Armstrong, R. (1977). Use of human engineering standards in de- sign. Human Factors, 19(1), 15–23. Rogers, T. G., & Pegden, C. D. (1977). Formatting and organizing of a human engi- neering standard. Human Factors, 19(1), 55–61. Rohmert, W. (1965). Physiologische Grundlagell der Erholungszeitbestimmung, Zeitblatt derArbeitswissenschaft, 19, p. 1. Cited in E. Simonson, 1971, p. 246. Roland, H. E., & Moriarty, B. (1990). System safety engineering and management (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. Rolt, L. T. C. (1978). Red for danger. London: Pan Books. Romiszowski, A. J. (1984). Producing instructional systems: Lesson planning for in- dividualized and group learning activities. New York: Nichols Publishing. Rosa, R. (2001). Examining work schedules for fatigue: Its not just hours of work. In P. A. Hancock and P. A. Desmond (Eds.) Stress, Workload, and Fatigue. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Rosenthal, R. (1991). Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage. 552

References Roscoe, S. N. (1968). Airborne displays for flight and navigation. Human Factors, 10, 321–332. Roscoe, S. N. (2002). Ergavionics: Designing the job of flying an airplane. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 12(4), 331–339. Roscoe, S. N., Corl, L., & Jensen, R. S. (1981). Flight display dynamics revisited. Human Factors, 23, 341–353. Rosekind, M. R., Graeber, R. C., Dinges, D. F., Connell, L. J., Rountree, M. S., Spinwe- ber, C. L., & Gillen, K. A. (1994). Crew factors in flight operations: IX. effects of preplanned cockpit rest on crew performance and alertness in long-haul opera- tions (NASA Technical Memorandum 103884). Moffett Field, CA: NASA Ames Research Center. Rosenthal, L. J., & Reynard, W. (1991, Fall). Learning from incidents to avert acci- dents. Aviation Safety Journal, 7–10. Roske-Hofstrand, R. J., & Paap, K. R. (1986). Cognitive networks as a guide to menu organization: An application in the automated cockpit. Ergonomics, 29, 1301–1311. Rosow, J. M., & Zager, R. (1990). Training—The competitive edge. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Ross, H. L. (1988). Deterrence-based policies in Britain, Canada, and Australia. In M. D. Lawrence, J. R. Stortum, & F. E. Zimrig (eds.), Social control of the drinking driver (pp. 64–78). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Roth, E. M. (1994). Operator performance in cognitive complex simulated emergen- cies: Implications for computer-based support systems. Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors & Ergonomics Society (pp. 200–204). Santa Monica, CA: HFES. Roth, E. M. (1997). Analysis of decision making in nuclear power plant emergencies: An investigation of aided decision making. In C. E. Zsambok & G. Klein (eds.), Naturalistic decision making (pp. 175–182). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Roth, E., Bennett, K., & Woods, D. D. (1987). Human interaction with an “intelli- gent” machine. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 27, 479–525. Roth, E. M., & Woods, D. D. (1989). Cognitive task analysis: An approach to knowl- edge acquisition for intelligent system design. In G. Guida & C. Tasso (eds.), Topic in expert system design. The Netherlands: Elsevier. Rouse, W. B. & Valusek, J. (1993). Evolutionary design of systems to support decision making. In G. Klein, J. Orasanu, R. Calderwood, & C. E. Zsambok (eds.), Decision making in action: Models and methods (pp. 270–286). Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Rouse, W. B. (1988). Adaptive aiding for human/computer control. Human Factors, 30(4), 431–443. Rouse, W. B. (1990). Designing for human error. Concepts for error tolerant sys- tems. In H. R. Booher (ed.), Manprint: An approach to systems integration (pp. 237–255). New York: Van Nostrand Reinholt. Rouse, W. B., & Morris, N. M. (1986). On looking into the black box: Prospects and limits in the search for mental models. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 349–363. Rubin, T. (1994). Handbook of usability testing: How to plan, design and conduct effective tests. New York: Wiley. 553

References Rubinstein, T., & Mason, A. F. (1979, Nov). The accident that shouldn’t have hap- pened: An analysis of Three Mile Island. IEEE Spectrum, 33–57. Sagberg, F., Fosser, S., & Saetermo, I. A. F. (1997). An investigation of behavioral adaptation to airbags and antilock brakes among taxi drivers. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 29(3), 293–302. Salas, E., Bowers, C. A., & Rhodenizer, L. (1998). It is not how much you have but how you use it: Toward a rational use of simulation to support aviation train- ing. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 8(3), 197–208. Salas, E., & Burke, C. S. (2002). Simulation for training is effective when. Quality & Safety in Health Care, 11(2), 119–120 Salas, E., Cannon-Bowers, J. A., & Johnston, J. H. (1997). How can you turn a team of experts into an expert team? Emerging training strategies. In C. E. Zsambok & G. Klein (eds.), Naturalistic decision making (pp. 359–370). Mahwah, NJ: Erl- baum. Salas, E., Rozell, D., Mullen, B., & Driskell, J. E. (1999). The effect of team building on performance-an integration. Small Group Research, 30(3), 309–329. Salasoo, A., White, E. A., Dayton, T., Burkhart, B. J., & Root, R. W. (1994). Bellcore’s user-centered design approach. In M. E. Wiklund (ed.), Usability in practice: How companies develop user-friendly products (pp. 489–515). Boston: AP Professional. Salvendy, G. (ed.). (1997). The handbook of human factors and ergonomics (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. Sanders, A. F. (1970). Some aspects of the selective process in the functional visual field. Ergonomics, 13, 101–117. Sanders, M. S. (1977). Anthropometric survey of truck and bus drivers: Anthropom- etry, control reach and control force. Westlake Village, CA: Canyon Research Group. Sanders, M. S., & McCormick, E. J. (1993). Human factors in engineering and design (7th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. Sanderson, P. M. (1989). The human planning and scheduling role in advanced manufacturing systems: An emerging human factors domain. Human Factors, 31, 635–666. Sanderson, P. M., Flach, J. M., Buttigieg, M. A., & Casey, E. J. (1989). Object displays do not always support better integrated task performance. Human Factors, 31, 183–98. Santhanam, R., & Wiedenbeck, S. (1993). Neither novice nor expert: The discre- tionary user of software. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 38(2), 201–229. Salvendy, G. & Carayon, P. (1997). Data collection and evaluation of outcome mea- sures. In G. Salvendy (ed.), Handbook of human factors and ergonomics. New York: Wiley. Sarno, K. J., & Wickens, C. D. (1995). The role of multiple resources in predicting time-sharing efficiency: An evaluation of three workload models in a multiple task setting. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 5(1), 107–130. Sarter, N. B., & Woods, D. D. (2000). Teamplay with a powerful and independent agent: A full-mission simulation study. Human Factors, 42(3), 390–402. 554

References Sarter, N. B., & Schroeder, B. (2001). Supporting decision making and action selec- tion under time pressure and uncertainty: The case of in-flight icing. Human Factors, 43(4), 573–583. Sarter, N. B., Woods, D. D., & Billings, C. E. (1997). Automation surprises. In G. Sal- vendy (ed.), Handbook of human factors and ergonomics (2nd ed.) (pp. 1926–1943). New York: Wiley. Satish, U., & Streufert, S. (2002). Value of a cognitive simulation in medicine: to- wards optimizing decision making performance of healthcare personnel. Quality & Safety in Health Care, 11(2), 163–167. Sato, H., Ohashi, J., Iwanaga, K., Yoshitake, R., and Shimada, K. (1984). Endurance time and fatigue in static contractions. Journal of human ergology, 13, 147–154. Scerbo, M. W. (1996). Theoretical perspectives on adaptive automation. In R. Para- suraman & M. Mouloua (eds.), Automation and human performance: Theory and applications (pp. 37–64). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Schacherer, C. W. (1993). Toward a general theory of risk perception. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors & Ergonomics Society (pp. 984–988). Santa Monica, CA: HFES. Schacter, D. L. (2001). Seven sins of memory: How the mind forgets and remembers. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Schank, R. C., & Abelson, R. (1977). Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding. Hills- dale, NJ: Erlbaum. Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1981). Employment testing: old theories and new re- search findings. American Psychologist, 36(10), 1128–1137. Schmidt, R. A. & Bjork, R. A. (1992). New conceptualizations of practice: Common principles in three paradigms suggest new concepts for training. Psychological Science, 3(4), 207–217. Schmidt, J. K., & Kysor K. P. (1987). Designing airline passenger safety cards. Pro- ceedings of the 31st annual meeting of the Human Factors Society (pp. 51–55). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society. Schneider, W. (1985). Training high-performance skills: Fallacies and guidelines. Human Factors, 27(3), 285–300. Schottelius, B. A., & Schottelius, D. D. (1978). Textbook of physiology (18th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby. Really 18th Ed. Schraagen, J. M. (1997). Discovering requirements for a naval damage control deci- sion support system. In C. E. Zsambok & G. Klein (eds.), Naturalistic decision making (pp. 269–283). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Schraagen, J. M., Chipman, S. F., & Shalin, V. L. (2000). Cognitive task analysis. Mah- wah, NJ: Erlbaum. Schum, D. (1975). The weighing of testimony of judicial proceedings from sources having reduced credibility. Human Factors, 17, 172–203. Schustack, M. W., & Sternberg, R. J. (1981). Evaluation of evidence in causal infer- ence. Journal of Experimental Psychology, General, 110, 101–120. Schwing, R. C., & Kamerud, D. B. (1988). The distribution of risks: Vehicle occupant fatalities and time of the week. Risk Analysis, 8, 127–133. Seagull, J., & Gopher, D. (1995). Training head movement in visual scanning: An embedded approach to the development of piloting skills with helmet-mounted 555

References displays. Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors & Er- gonomics Society. Santa Monica, CA: HFES. Seagull, F. J., & Sanderson, P. (2001). Anesthesia alarms in context: An observational study. Human Factors, 43, 66–78. Segal, L. D. (1994). Actions speak louder than words: How pilots use nonverbal in- formation for crew communications. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Er- gonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting (pp. 21–25). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Seibel, R. (1964). Data entry through chord, parallel entry devices. Human Factors, 6, 189–192. Seidler, K., & Wickens, C. D. (1992). Distance and organization in multifunction dis- plays. Human Factors, 34, 555–569. Selcon, S. J., Taylor, R. M., & Koritas, E. (1991). Workload or situational awareness?: TLX vs. SART for aerospace systems design evaluation. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society, 35 (pp. 62–6). Senders, J. W. (1964). The human operator as a monitor and controller of multide- gree of freedom systems. IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, HFE-5, 2–6. Sengupta, A., Das, B. (2000). Maximum reach envelope for the seated and standing male and female for industrial workstation design. Ergonomics, 43(9), 1390–1404. Shanteau, J. and Dino, G.A., (1993). Environmental stressor effects on creativity and decision making. In O. Svenson & J. A. Maule (Eds.) Time pressure and stress in human judgment and decision making. (pp. 293–308). New Yourk: Plenum Press. Sharda, R., Barr, S. H., & McDonnell, J. C. (1988). Decision support system effective- ness: a review and an empirical test. Management Science, 34, 139–159. Sheridan, T. (1981). Understanding human error and aiding human diagnostic be- havior in nuclear power plants. In J. Rasmussen & W. Rouse (eds.), Human de- tection and diagnosis of system failures. New York: Plenum. Sheridan, T. (1997). Supervisory control. In G. Salvendy (ed.), Handbook of human factors. New York: Wiley. Sheridan, T. B. (2002). Humans and automation: System design and research issues. New York: Wiley. Sherman, W. R., & Craig, A. B. (2003). Understanding virtual reality: Interfaces, ap- plications and design. San Francisco: Elsevier. Sherry, L., & Polson, P. G. (1999). Shared models of flight management system verti- cal guidance. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 9, 139–154. Shinar, D. (1995). Field evaluation of an advance brake warning system. Human Fac- tors, 37(4), 746–751. Shinar, D., & Schieber, F. (1991). Visual requirements for safety and mobility of older drivers. Human Factors, 33(5), 507–520. Shneiderman, B. (1992). Designing the user interface: Strategies for effective human-computer interaction (2nd ed.). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Shope, J. T., & Molnar, L. J. (2003). Graduated driver licensing in the United States: evaluation results from the early programs. Journal of Safety Research, 34(1), 63–69. 556

References Shortliffe, E. H. (1976). Computer-based medical consultations: MYCIN. New York: Elsevier. Shults, R. A., Elder, R. W., Sleet, D. A., Nichols, J. L., Alao, M. O., Carande-Kulis, V. G., Zaza, S., Sosin, D. M., & Thompson, R. S. (2001). Reviews of evidence re- garding interventions to reduce alcohol-impaired driving. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 21(4), 66–88. Siegel, A. I. (1983). The miniature job training and evaluation approach: additional findings. Personnel Psychology, 36, 41–56. Sime, J. D. (1993). Crowd psychology and engineering: Designing for people or ball bearings? In R. A. Smith & J. F. Dicjie (eds.), Engineering for crowd safety (pp. 119–131), New York: Elsevier Science Publishers. Simon, F., & Corbett, C. (1996). Road traffic offending, stress, age, and accident his- tory among male and female drivers. Ergonomics, 39(5), 757–780. Simon, H. A. (1957). Models of man. New York: Wiley. Simon, H. A. (1987). Decision making and problem solving. Interfaces, 17, 11–31. Simonson E., & Lind, A. R. (1971). Fatigue in static work. In E. Simonson (ed.), Physiology of work capacity and fatigue. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas Publisher. Simonson, E. (ed.) (1971). Physiology of work and capacity and fatigue. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas Publisher. Simpson, C. (1976, May). Effects of linguistic redundancy on pilot’s comprehension of synthesized speech. Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference on Manual Control (NASA TM-X-73, 170). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Skitka, L. J., Mosier, K. L., Burdick, M., & Rosenblatt, B. (2000). Automation bias and errors: Are crews better than individuals? International Journal of Aviation Psy- chology, 10(1), 85–97. Sklar, A., & Sarter, N. (1999). Good vibrations: Tactile feedback in support of atten- tion allocation and human-automation coordination in event-driven domains. Human Factors, 41(4), 543–552. Slamecka, N. J., & Graf, P. (1978). The generation effect: delineation of a phenom- ena. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory, 4, 592–604. Slappendel, C., Laird, I., Kawachi, I., Marshall, S., & Cryer, C. (1993). Factors affect- ing work-related injury among forestry workers: A review. Journal of Safety Re- search, 24, 19–32. Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B., & Lichtenstein, S. (1977). Behavioral decision theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 28, 1–39. Smith, L. J. (1993). The scientific basis of human factors-A behavioral cybernetic perspective. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors & Er- gonomics Society (pp. 534–538). Santa Monica, CA: HFES. Smith, P. J., McCoy, E., & Layton, C. (1997). Brittleness in the design of cooperative problem-solving systems: The effects on user performance. IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part A-Systems and Humans, 27(3), 360–371. Smither, R. D. (1994). The psychology of work and human performance (2nd ed.). New York: HarperCollins. 557

References Sniezek, J. A., Wilkins, D. C., Wadlington, P. L., & Baumann, M. R. (2002). Training for crisis decision-making: Psychological issues and computer-based solutions. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(4), 147–168. Snook, S. H., & Ciriello, V. M. (1991). The design of manual handling tasks: Revised tables of maximum acceptable weights and forces. Ergonomics, 34, 1197–1213. Somes Job & Dalziel, R. F. (2001). Defining fatigue as a condition of the organism and distinguishing it from habituation, adaptation, and boredom. In P. A. Han- cock & P. A. Desmond (eds.), Stress, workload, and fatigue (pp. 466–475). Mah- wah, NJ: Erlbaum. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). (2002). Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource (CAESAR), CAESAR Project Data Set—North American Edition. ISBN 0-7680-1105-1. Sohn, S. Y., & Stepleman, R. (1998). Meta-analysis on total braking time. Ergonomics, 41(8), 1129–1140. Sojourner, R. J., & Antin, J. F. (1990). The effect of a simulated head-up display speed meter on perceptual task performance, Human Factors, 32, 329–340. Sollenberger, R. L., & Milgram, P. (1993). Effects of stereoscopic and rotational dis- plays in a 3D path-tracing task. Human Factors, 35(3), 483–499. Solomon, Z., Mikulincer, M., & Hobfoll, S. E. (1987). Objective versus subjective measurement of stress and social support: Combat-related reactions. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 55, 577–583. Sorkin, R. (1988). Why are people turning off our alarms? Journal of Acoustical Soci- ety of America, 84, 1 107–1 108. Sorkin, R. D. (1989). Why are people turning off our alarms? Human Factors Bul- letin, 32(4), 3–4. Sorkin, R. D., Kantowitz, B. H., & Kantowitz, S. C. (1988). Likelihood alarm displays. Human Factors, 30, 445–460. Spence, C., & Driver, J. (2000). Audiovisual links in attention: implications for inter- face design. In D. Harris (ed.), Engineering psychology and cognitive ergonomics. Hampshire: Ashgate. Spencer, K. (1988). The psychology of educational technology and instructional media. London & UK: Routledge. Spool, J. M., & Snyder, C. (1993). Product usability. Survival techniques. Tutorial pre- sented for IBM Santa Teresa Laboratory. Andover, MA: User Interface Engineering. Squires, P. C. (1956). The shape of the normal work area. Report No. 275. New Lon- don, CT: Navy Department, Bureau of Medicine & Surgery, Medical Research Laboratory. Srinivasan, R., & Jovanis, P. P (1997). Effect of selected in-vehicle route guidance sys- tems on driver reaction times. Human Factors, 39, 200–215. Stager, P., & Angus, R. (1978). Locating crash sites in simulated air-to-ground visual search. Human Factors, 20, 453–466. Stager, P., Hameluck, D., & Jubis, R. (1989). Underlying factors in air traffic control incidents. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society. Santa Monica, CA: HFS. Stanton, N. (1994). Human factors in alarm design. London: Taylor & Francis. 558

References Stanton, N. A., & Marsden, P. (1996). From fly-by-wire to drive-by-wire: Safety im- plications of automation in vehicles. Safety Science. 24, 35–49. Status Report (1994, Dec 17). All the 16-year-olds didn’t make it home. 29. #13. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Status Report (1995, Mar 18). Airbags save lives. 30. #3. Arlington, VA: Insurance In- stitute for Highway Safety. Steeb, R., & Johnson, S. C. (1981). A computer-based interactive system for group decision-making. IEEE Transactions, 11, 544–552. Stern, J. A., Boyer, D., & Schroeder, D. (1994). Blink rate: A possible measure of fa- tigue. Human Factors, 36(2), 285–297. St. John, M, Cowen, M. B., Smallman, H.S., and Oonk, H.M. (2001). The use of 2D and 3D displays for shape-understanding versus relative positioning tasks. Human Factors. 43, (1), pp. 79–98. Stokes, A. F., & Kite, K. (1994). Flight stress: Stress, fatigue and performance in avia- tion. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate Aviation. Stokes, A. F., Wickens, C. D., & Kite, K. (1990). Display technology: Human factors concepts. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. Stout, R. J. (1995). Planning effects on communication strategies: A shared mental model perspective. Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors & Ergonomics Society (pp. 1278–1282). Santa Monica, CA: HFES. Strauch, B. (1997). Automation and decision making: lessons learned from the Cali accident. Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Human Factors & Er- gonomics Society (pp. 195–199). Santa Monica, CA: HFES. Strawbridge, T. (1986). The influence of position, highlighting, and imbedding on warning effectiveness. Proceedings of the 30th Annual Meeting of the Human Fac- tors Society (pp. 716–720). Santa Monica, CA: HFS. Strayer, D. L., Drews, F. A., & Johnston, W. A. (2003). Cell phone-induced failures of visual attention during simulated driving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 9(1), 23–32. Strayer, D. L. & Johnston, W. A. (2001). Driven to distraction: Dual-task studies of simulated driving and conversing on cellular telephone. Psychological Science, 12(6), 462–466. Street, W. (1974). Brainstorming by individuals, coacting and interacting groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 433–436. Streeter, L. A., Vitello, D., & Wonsiewicz, S. A. (1985). How to tell people where to go: Comparing navigational aids. International Journal on Man-Machine Studies, 22, 549–562. Stubler, W. F., & O’Hara, J. M. (1995). Group-view displays for enhancing crew per- formance. Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors & Er- gonomics Society (pp. 1199–1203). Santa Monica, CA: HFES. Su, Y. L., & Lin, D. Y. M. (1998). The impact of expert-system-based training on cali- bration of decision confidence in emergency management. Computers in Human Behavior, 14(1), 181–194. Sulc, S. (1996). Speech characteristics in the course of coping with in-flight emer- gencies. In Situation Awareness: Limitations and Enhancements In the Aviation Environment (NATO AGARD CP-575). Neuilly-Sur-Seine, France: AGARD. 559

References Sumby, W., & Pollack, I. (1954). Visual contribution to speech intelligibility in noise. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 26, 212–215. Summala, H. (1981). Driver/vehicle steering response latencies. Human Factors, 23, 683–692. Summala, H. (1988). Zero-risk theory of driver behaviour. Ergonomics, 31, 491–506. Summala, H. (2000). Brake reaction times and driver behavior analysis. Trans- portation Human Factors, 2(3), 217–226. Summala, H., & Mikkola, T. (1994). Fatal accidents among car and truck drivers: Ef- fects of fatigue, age, and alcohol consumption. Human Factors, 36(2), 315–326. Sundstrom, E., & Altman, I. (1989). Physical environments and work-group effec- tiveness. Research in Organizational Behavior, 11, 175–209. Sundstrom, E., De Meuse, K. P., & Futrell, D. (1990). Work teams: Applications and effectiveness. American Psychologist, 45, 120–133. Svenson, O. (1981). Are we less risky and more skillful than our fellow drivers? Acta Psychologica, 47, 143–148. Svenson, O., & Maule, A. J. (eds.) (1993). Time pressure and stress in human judg- ment and decision making. New York: Plenum. Swain, A. D., and Guttmann, H. E. (1983). Handbook of Human Reliability Analysis with Emphasis on Nuclear Power Plant Applications. Sandia National Laborato- ries, NUBERG/CR-1278, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC. Sweller, J. (1994). Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty and instructional design. Learning & Instruction 4, 295–312. Sweller, J. (1999). Instructional designs in technical areas. Melbourne: ACER. Sweller, J., & Chandler, P. (1994). Why some material is difficult to learn. Cognition & Instruction 12(3), 185–233. Swennsen, R. G., Hessel, S. J., & Herman, P. G. (1977). Omissions in radiology. Faulty search or stringent reporting criteria? Radiology, 123, 563–567. Swets, J. A. (1996). Signal detection theory and ROC analysis in psychology and di- agnostics. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Swezey, R. W. (1987). Design of job aids and procedural writing. In G. Salvendy (ed.), Handbook of human factors (pp. 1039–1057). New York: Wiley. Swezey, R. W., & Llaneras, R. E., (1997). Models in training and instruction. In G. Salvendy (ed.), Handbook of human factors and ergonomics (2nd ed.) (pp. 514–577). New York: Wiley. Taggart, R. W. (1989). Results of the drug testing program at Southern Pacific Rail- road. In S. W. Gust & T. M. Walsh (eds.), Drugs in the workplace: Research and evaluation data (NIDA Research Monograph No. 91). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Talebzadeh, H., Mandutianu, S., & Winner, C. F. (1995). Countrywide loan under- writing expert system. AI Magazine, 16(1), 51–64. Tang, J. C. (1991). Findings from observational studies of collaborative work. In S. Greenberg (ed.), Computer-supported cooperative work and groupware (pp. 11–28). San Diego: Academic Press. Tattersall, A. J., & Hockey, G. R. J. (1995). Level of operator control and changes in heart rate variability during simulated flight maintenance. Human Factors, 37(4), 682–698. 560

References Taylor, W., Pearson, J., Mair, A., & Burns, W. (1965). Study of noise and hearing in jute weavers. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 38, 113–120. Teague, R. C., & Allen, J. A. (1997). The reduction of uncertainty and troubleshoot- ing performance. Human Factors, 39(2), 254–267. Tenner, E. (1996). Why things bite back: Technology and the revenge of unantici- pated consequences. New York: Knopf. Theeuwes, J. (1994). Visual attention and driving behavior. In C. Santos (ed.), Human factors in road traffic (pp. 103–123). Lisbon, Portugal: Escher. Theeuwes, J., & Godthelp, H. (1995). Self-explaining roads. Safety Science, 19, 217–225. Theeuwes, J., & Hagenzieker, M. P. (1993). Visual search of traffic scenes: On the ef- fect of location expectations. In A. G. Gale et al. (eds.), Vision in vehicles-IV (pp. 149–158). Amsterdam: Elsevier. Theeuwes, J, Alferdinck, J.W.A., & Perel, M. (2002). Relation between glare and driving performance. Human Factors, 44(1). 79–94. Tichauer, E. R. (l978). The biomechanical basis of ergonomics. New York: Wiley. Tindall-Ford, S., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (1997). When two sensory modes are bet- ter than one. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 3, 257–287. Tipping, J., Freeman, R. F., & Rachlis, A. R. (1995). Using faculty and student percep- tions of group-dynamics to develop recommendations for PBL training. Academic Medicine, 70(11), 1050–1052. Todd, P., & Benbasat, I. (2000). Inducing compensatory information processing through decision aids that facilitate effort reduction: An experimental assess- ment. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 13(1), 91–106. Tolcott, M. A., Marvin, F. F., & Bresnick, T. A. (1989). The confirmation bias in mili- tary situation assessment. Reston, VA: Decision Science Consortium. Tränkle, U., Gelau, C., & Metker, T. (1990). Risk perception and age-specific acci- dents of young drivers. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 22(2), 119–125. Treisman, A. (1986). Properties, parts, and objects. In K. R. Boff, L. Kaufman, & J. P. Thomas (eds.), Handbook of perception and human performance. New York: Wiley. Triggs, T., & Harris, W. G. (1982). Reaction time of drivers to road stimuli (Human Factors Report HFR-12). Clayton, Australia: Monash University. Trotter, M., & Gleser, G. (1951). The effect of aging upon stature. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 9(31), 1–324. Tsang, P. S., & Viduich, M. A. (eds.) (2003). Principles and practice of aviation psy- chology. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Tsang, P., & Wilson, G. (1997). Mental Workload. In G. Salvendy (Ed.). Handbook of Human Factors. NY: John Wiley. Tseng, S., & Fogg, B. J. (1999). Credibility and computing technology. Communi- cations of the ACM, 42(5), 39–44. Tufte, E. R. (1983). The visual display of quantitative information. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press. Tufte, E. R. (1990). Envisioning information. Cheshire, CT. Graphics Press. 561

References Tulga, M. K., & Sheridan, T. B. (1980). Dynamic decisions and workload in multitask supervisory control. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, & Cybernetics, SMC- 10, 217–232. Tversky, A. (1977). Features of similarity. Psychological Review, 84, 327–352. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice, Science, 211, 453–458. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124–1131. Tversky, B., & Franklin, N. (1990). Searching imagined environments. Journal of Ex- perimental Psychology: General, 119, 63–76. U.S. Department of Defense (1989). Human engineering design criteria for military systems, equipment, and facilities (M1L-STD-1472D). Washington, DC: Depart- ment of Defense. Ulrich, L., & Trumbo, D. (1965). The selection interview since 1949. Psychological Bulletin, 63, 100–116. Urban, J. M., Weaver, J. L., Bowers, C. A., & Rhodenizer, L. (1996). Effects of work- load and structure on team process and performance: Implications for complex team decision making. Human Factors, 38(2), 300–310. Uttal, W. R., Baruch, T., & Allen, L. (1994). Psychophysical foundations of a model of amplified night vision in target detection tasks. Human Factors, 36, 488–502. Van Cott, H. P., & Kinkade, R. G. (eds.) (1972). Human engineering guide to equip- ment design. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Van Der Horst, R. (1988). Driver decision making at traffic signals. In Traffic acci- dent analysis and roadway visibility (pp. 93–97). Washington, DC: National Re- search Council. Van Houten, R., & Nau, P. A. (1983). Feedback interventions and driving speed: A parametric and comparative analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 16, 253–281. Vanderheiden, G. C. (1997). Design for people with functional limitations resulting from disability, aging, or circumstances. In G. Salvendy (ed.) Handbook of human factors and ergonomics (2nd ed.).( Chpt 60). New York: Wiley. Varhelyi, A. (2002). Speed management via in-car devices: Effects, implications, per- spectives. Transportation, 29(3), 237–252. Vas, H. W. (1973). Physical workload in different body postures, while working near to or below ground level. Ergonomics, 16, 817–828. Vazquez-Abad, J., & Winer, L. R. (1992). Emerging trends in instructional interven- tions. In H. D. Stolovitch & E. J. Keeps (eds.), Handbook of human performance technology (pp. 672–687). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Vicente, K. (1999). Cognitive work analysis: Towards safe, productive and healthy computer-based work. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Vicente, K. J. (2002). Ecological interface design: Progress and challenges. Human Factors, 44(1), 62–78. Vicente, K. J., & Williges, R. C. (1988). Accommodating individual differences in searching a hierarchical file system. International Journal of Man-Machine Stud- ies, 29, 647–668. 562

References Vicente, K., & Rasmussen, J. (1992). Ecological interface design. IEEE Transactions on systems, man & cybernetics, 22(4), 589–606. Violanti, J. M. (1998). Cellular phones and fatal traffic collisions. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 30(4), 519–524. Violanti, J. M., & Marshall, J. R. (1996). Cellular phones and traffic accidents: An epidemiological approach. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 28(2), 265–270. Volpe, C. E. (1993). Training for team coordination and decision making effective- ness: theory, practice, and research directions. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors & Ergonomics Society (pp. 1226–1227). Santa Monica, CA: HFES. Volpe, C. E., Cannon-Bowers, J. A., Salas, E., & Spector, P. E. (1996). The impact of cross-training on team functioning: an empirical investigation. Human Factors, 38(1), 87–100. von Breda, L. (1999). Anticipating behavior in supervisory vehicle control. Delft Uni- versity, Netherlands: Delft University Press. Wagemann, L. (1998). Analysis of the initial representations of the human-automa- tion interactions (HAI). Travail Humain, 61(2), 129–151. Wagenaar, W. A., & Groeneweg, J. (1987). Accidents at sea: Multiple causes and im- possible consequences. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 27, 587–598. Walker, G. H., Stanton, N. A., & Young, M. S. (2001). Where is computing driving cars? International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 13(2), 203–229. Waller, P. F. (1991). The older driver. Human Factors, 33(5), 499–506. Ward, N. J., & Parkes, A. (1994). Head-up displays and their automotive application: An overview of human-factors issues affecting safety. Accident Analysis & Pre- vention, 26(6), 703–717. Warm, J. S. (1984). Sustained attention in human performance. Chichester, UK: Wiley. Warm, J. S., & Parasuraman, R. (eds.) (1987). Vigilance: Basic and applied. Human Factors, 29, 623–740. Warm, J. S., Dember, W. N., & Hancock, P. A. (1996). Vigilance and workload in au- tomated systems. In R. Parasuraman & M. Mouloua (eds.), Automation and human performance: Theory and applications (pp. 183–199). Mahwah, NJ: Erl- baum. Wasielewski, P. (1984). Speed as a measure of driver risk: Observed speeds versus driver and vehicle characteristics. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 16, 89–103. Wasserman, D. E. (1987). Motion and vibration. In G. Salvendy (ed.), Handbook of human factors (pp. 650–669). New York: Wiley. Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis. NY: Cambridge Univer- sity Press. Waters, T. R., Putz-Anderson, V, Garg, A., & Fine, L. (1993). Revised NIOSH equation for the design and evaluation of manual lifting tasks, Ergonomics, 36(7), 749–776. Weimer, J. (ed.) (1995). Research techniques in human engineering. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 563

References Weintraub, D. J., & Ensing, M. J. (1992). Human factors issues in head-up display design: The book of HUD (SOAR CSERIAC State of the Art Report 92–2). Dayton, OH: Crew System Ergonomics Information Analysis Center, Wright-Patterson AFB. Weiss, E. H. (1991). How to write usable user documentation (2nd ed.). Phoenix: Oryx Press. Wells, G. L. (1993). What do we know about eyewitness identification? American Psychologist, 48, 553–571. Wells, G. L., & Seelau, E. P. (1995). Eyewitness identification: psychological research and legal policy on lineups. Psychology, Public Policy & Law, 1, 765–91. Wells, G. L., Lindsay, R. C., & Ferguson, T. I. (1979). Accuracy, confidence, and juror perceptions in eyewitness testimony. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64, 440–448. West, J. B. (1985). Everest, the testing place. New York: McGraw-Hill. Wetzel, C. D., Radke, P. H., & Stern, H. W. (1994). Instructional effectiveness of video media. Multi media instruction. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Wexley, K. M., & Latham, G. P. (1991). Developing and training human resources in organizations (2nd ed.). New York: HarperCollins. White, C. C. (1990). A survey on the integration of decision analysis and expert sys- tems for decision support. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, & Cybernetics, 20(2), 358–364. White, R. M., & Churchill, E. (1971). The body size of soldiers, U.S. Army anthropome- try—1966 (pp. 1–329). Tech. Report 72–51–CE. Natick, MA: U.S. Army Natick Labs. Whiteside, Bennet, & Holtzblat (1988). Wickelgren, W. A. (1964). Size of rehearsal group in short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68, 413–419. Wickens, C. D. (1984). Processing resources in attention. In R. Parasuraman & R. Davies (eds.), Varieties of attention (pp. 63–101). New York: Academic Press. Wickens, C. D. (1986) The effects of control dynamics on performance. In K. R. Boff, L. Kaufman, & J. P. Thomas (eds.), Handbook of perception and performance, vol. II (pp. 39–1/39–60). New York. Wiley. Wickens, C. D. (1989). Attention and skilled performance. In D. Holding (ed.), Human skills (2nd ed.) (pp. 71–105). New York: Wiley. Wickens, C. D. (1992a). Engineering psychology and human performance (2nd ed.). New York: HarperCollins. Wickens, C. D. (1992b). The human factors of graphs at Human Factors Society an- nual meetings. Human Factors Bulletin, 35(7), 1–3. Wickens, C. D. (1995). Aerospace techniques. In J. Wiemer (ed.), Research techniques in human engineering (pp. 1 12–142). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Wickens, C. D. (1996). Designing for stress. In J. E. Driskell & E. Salas (eds.), Stress and human performance. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Wickens, C. D. (1997). Attentional issues in head-up displays. In D. Harris (ed.), Engineering psychology and cognitive ergonomics: Transportation systems, vol. 1 (pp. 3–21). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing. Wickens, C. D. (1998, Oct.). Commonsense statistics. Ergonomics & Design, 18–22. Wickens, C. D. (1999). Frame of reference for navigation. In D. Gopher & A. Koriat (eds.), Attention and performance, vol. 16. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. 564

References Wickens, C. D. (2000). The tradeoff of design for routine and unexpected perfor- mance: Implications of situation awareness. In D. J. Garland & M. R. Endsley (eds.), Situation awareness analysis and measurement. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Wickens, C. D. (2000a). The when and how of using 2-D and 3-D displays for opera- tional tasks. Proceedings of the IEA2000/HFES2000 Congress (pp. 3–403/3–406). Santa Monica, CA: HFES. Wickens, C. D. (2000b). Human factors in vector map design: The importance of task-display dependence. Journal of Navigation, 53(1), 54–67. Wickens, C. D. (2002a). Multiple resources and performance prediction. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomic Science, 3(2), 159–177. Wickens, C. D. (2002b). Situation awareness and workload in aviation. Current Di- rections in Psychological Science, 11(4), 128–133. Wickens, C. D. (2002c). Aviation psychology. In L. Backman & C. von Hofsten (eds.), Psychology at the turn of the millennium, vol. 1: Cognitive biological, and health perspectives. East Sussex, Great Britain: Psychology Press. Wickens, C. D. (2003a). Aviation displays. In P. S. Tsang & M. A. Vidulich (eds.), Principles and practice of aviation psychology (pp. 147–199). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Wickens, C. D. (2003b). Pilot actions and tasks: Selection, execution, and control. In P. Tsang & M. Vidulich (eds.), Principles and practice of aviation psychology (pp. 239–263). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Wickens, C. D., & Baker, P. (1995). Cognitive issues in virtual reality. In W. Barfield & T. A. Furness III (eds.), Virtual environments and advanced interface design (pp. 515–541). New York: Oxford University Press. Wickens, C. D., & Carswell, C. M. (1995). The proximity compatibility principle: Its psychological foundation and its relevance to display design. Human Factors, 37(3), 473–494. Wickens, C. D., & Carswell, C. M. (1997). Information processing. In G. Salvendy (ed.), Handbook of human factors and ergonomics (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. Wickens, C. D., Goh, J., Helleberg, J., Horrey, W., & Talleur, D. A. (2003, in press). At- tentional models of multi-task pilot performance using advanced display tech- nology. Human Factors. Wickens, C. D., & Hollands, J. (2000). Engineering psychology and human perfor- mance (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Wickens, C. D., & Kessel, C. (1980). The processing resource demands of failure de- tection in dynamic systems. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Percep- tion & Performance, 6, 564–577. Wickens, C. D., & Liu, Y. (1988). Codes and modalities in multiple resources: A suc- cess and a qualification. Human Factors, 30, 599–616. Wickens, C. D., & Long, J. (1995). Object- vs. space-based models of visual attention: Implications for the design of head-up displays. Journal of Experimental Psy- chology: Applied, 1(3), 179–194. Wickens, C. D., & Prevett, T. (1995). Exploring the dimensions of egocentricity in aircraft navigation displays. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Applied, 1(2), 110–135. 565

References Wickens, C. D., & Seidler, K. S. (1995). Information access, representation and uti- lization. In R. Nickerson (ed.), Emerging needs and opportunities for human fac- tors research. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. Wickens, C. D., & Seidler, K. S. (1997). Information access in a dual task context. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Applied, 3, 1–20. Wickens, C. D., & Seppelt, B. (2002). Interference with driving or in-vehicle task infor- mation: The effects of auditory versus visual delivery (AHFD-02–18/GM- 02–03).). Savoy: University of Illinois, Aviation Human Factors Division. Wickens, C. D., & Xu, X. (2003). How does automation reliability influence work- load? Proceedings, 1st Annual Robotics Consortium. U. S. Army Research Labo- ratory Collaborative Technology Alliance Program. Wickens, C. D., Gempler, K., & Morphew, M. E. (2000). Workload and reliability of predictor displays in aircraft traffic avoidance. Transportation Human Factors Journal, 2(2), 99–126. Wickens, C. D., Helleberg, J., & Xu, X. (2002). Pilot maneuver choice and workload in free flight. Human Factors, 44(2), 171–188. Wickens, C. D., & Hollands, J. (2000). Engineering psychology and human perfor- mance (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Wickens, C. D., Liang, C-C, Prevett, T., & Olmos, O. (1996). Electronic maps for ter- minal area navigation: Effects of frame of reference on dimensionality. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 6(3), 241–271. Wickens, C. D., Mavor, A. S., Parasuraman, R., & McGee, J. P. (eds.). (1998). The fu- ture of air traffic control: human operators and automation. Washington, DC: Na- tional Academy Press. Wickens, C. D., Mavor, A., & McGee, J. (eds.) (1997). Flight to the future: Human fac- tors in air traffic control. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. Wickens, C. D., Merwin, D. H., & Lin, E. (1994). Implications of graphics enhance- ments for the visualization of scientific data: Dimensional integrality, stereopsis, motion, and mesh. Human Factors, 36(1), 44–61. Wickens, C. D., Sandry, D., & Vidulich, M. (1983). Compatibility and resource com- petition between modalities of input, central processing, and output: Testing a model of complex task performance. Human Factors, 25, 227–248. Wickens, C. D., Stokes, A. F., Barnett, B., & Hyman, F. (1991). The effects of stress on pilot judgment in a MIDIS simulator. In O. Svenson & J. Maule (eds.), Time pressure and stress in human judgment and decision making. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Wickens, C. D., Thomas, L. C., & Young, R. (2000). Frames of reference for display of battlefield terrain and enemy information: Task-display dependencies and view- point interaction use. Human Factors, 42(4), 660–675. Wickens, C. D., Todd, S., & Seidler, K. S. (1989). Three-dimensional displays: Percep- tion, implementation, and applications (CSERIAC SOAR 89–001). Crew System Ergonomics Information Analysis Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. Wickens, C. D., Ververs, P., & Fadden, S. (2003). Head-up displays. In D. Harris (ed.), Human factors for commercial flight deck. Ashgate. 566

References Wickens, C. D., Vidulich, M., & Sandry-Garza, D. (1984). Principles of S-C-R com- patibility with spatial and verbal tasks: The role of display-control location and voice-interactive display-control interfacing. Human Factors, 26, 533–543. Wickens, C. D., Vincow, M. A., Schopper, A. W., & Lincoln, S. E. (1997). Computa- tional models of human performance in the design and layout of controls and dis- plays. Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: CSERIAC. Wickens, C. D., Zenyuh, J., Culp, V., & Marshak, W. (1985). Voice and manual con- trol in dual task situations. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society. Santa Monica, CA: HFS. Wickens, T. D. (2002). Elementary Signal Detection Theory. New York, Oxford. Wiegmann, D. A., & Shappell, S. A (2001). Human Error analysis of commercial avi- ation accidents. Aviation, Space, & Environmental Medicine. 72(11), 1006–1016. Wiegmann, D. A., and Shappell, S.A. (2003). A human error approach to aviation ac- cident analysis. Burlington Vt.: Ashgate. Wiener, E. L. (1977). Controlled flight into terrain accidents: System-induced errors. Human Factors, 19, 171–181. Wiener, E. L. (1988). Cockpit automation. In E. L. Wiener & D. C. Nagel (eds.), Human factors in aviation (pp. 433–461). San Diego: Academic Press. Wiener, E. L., & Curry, R. E. (1980). Flight deck automation: Promises and prob- lems. Ergonomics, 23(10), 995–1011. Wiener, E. L., Kanki, B. G., & Helmreich, R. L. (eds.) (1993). Cockpit resource man- agement. San Diego: Academic Press. Wierwille, W. W. (1995). Development of an initial model relating driver in-vehicle visual demands to accident rate, Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Mid-Atlantic Human Factors Conference (pp. 1–7). Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic and State University. Wierwille, W. W., & Casali, J. G. (1983). A validated rating scale for global mental workload measurement applications. Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society (pp. 129–133). Santa Monica, CA: HFS. Wierwille, W. W., & Tijerina, L. (1996). An analysis of driving accident narratives as a means of determining problems caused by in-vehicle visual allocation and vi- sual workload. In A. G. Gale, I. D. Brown, C. M. Haslegrave, & S. P. Taylor (eds.), Vision in vehicles (vol. 79–86). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. Wightman, D. C., & Lintern, G. (1985). Part-task training for tracking and manual control. Human Factors, 27(3), 267–283. Wiklund, M. E. (ed.) (1994). Usability in practice: How companies develop user- friendly products. Boston: AP Professional. Wikman, A. S., Nieminen, T., & Summala, H. (1998). Driving experience and time- sharing during in-car tasks on roads of different width. Ergonomics, 41(3), 358–372. Wilde, G. J. S. (1988). Risk homeostasis theory and traffic accidents: Propositions, deductions and discussion of dissension in recent reactions. Ergonomics, 31(4), 441–468. Wilkinson, R. T. (1992). How fast should night shift rotate? Ergonomics, 35, 1425–1446. 567

References Williams, A. F. (2003). Teenage drivers: Patterns of risk. Journal of Safety Research, 34(1), 5–15. Williams, A. F., & O’Neill, B. (1974). On-the-road driving records of licensed race drivers. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 6, 263–270. Williams, H. L., Gieseking, C. F., & Lubin, A. (1966). Some effects of sleep loss on memory. Perceptual Motor Skills, 23, 1287–1293. Williges, R. C. (1995). Review of experimental design. In J. Weimer (ed.), Research techniques in human engineering. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Williges, R. C., Johnston, W. A., & Briggs, G. E. (1966). Role of verbal communica- tion in teamwork. Journal of Applied Psychology, 50, 473–478. Williges, R. C., Williges, B. H., & Elkerton, J. (1987). Software interface design. In G. Salvendy (ed.), Handbook of human factors (pp. 1416–1449). New York: Wiley. Williges, R., (1992). (Ed.) The education and training of human factors specialists. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Wilson, J. R., & Corlett, E. N. (1991). Evaluation of human work. London: Taylor & Francis. Wilson, J. R., & Rutherford, A. (1989). Mental models: Theory and application in human factors. Human Factors, 31(6), 617–634. Wine, J. (1971). Test anxiety and direction of attention. Psychological Bulletin, 76, 92–104. Winkel, T., & Jorgensen, K. (1986). Evaluation of foot swelling and lower-limb tem- peratures in relation to leg activity during long-term seated office work. Ergo- nomics, 29(2), 313–328. Wixon, D., Holtzblatt, K., & Knox, S. (1990, April). Contextual design: An emergent view of system design. CHI ’90 Proceedings, 329–336. Wogalter, M. S., Desaulniers, D. R., & Brelsford, T. W. (1987). Consumer products: How are the hazards perceived. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society (pp. 615–619). Santa Monica, CA: HFS. Wogalter, M S., Kalsher, M. J., & Racicot, B. M. (1993). Behavioral compliance with warnings: Effects of voice, context, and location. Safety Science, 16, 113–120. Wogalter, M. S., Tarrard, S. W., & Simpson, S. N. (1992). Effects of warning signal words on consumer-product hazard perceptions. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society (pp. 935–939). Santa Monica, CA: HFS. Wogalter, M., Allison, S., & McKenna, N. (1989). Effects of cost and social influence on warning compliance. Human Factors, 31(2), 133–140. Wohl, J. (1983). Cognitive capability versus system complexity in electronic mainte- nance. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, & Cybernetics, 13, 624–626. Wolff, J. S., & Wogalter, M. S. (1998). Comprehension of pictorial symbols: Effects of context and test method. Human Factors, 40, 173–186. Wolff, T. (1892). Das Gesetz der Transformation der Knochen. Berlin: Hirschwald. Wood, J. M., & Troutbeck, R. (1994). Effect of visual impairment on driving. Human Factors, 36(3), 476–487. Wood, N. L., & Cowan, N. (1995). The cocktail party phenomenon revisited: atten- tion and memory in the classic selective listening procedure of Cherry (1953). 568

References Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 21, 255–260. Woods, D. D. (1984). Visual momentum: A concept to improve the cognitive cou- pling of a person and computer. International journal of Man-Machine Studies, 21, 229–244. Woods, D. D. (1995). The alarm problem and directed attention in dynamic fault management. Ergonomics, 38(11), 2371–2394. Woods, D., & Cook, R. (1999). Perspectives on human error: Hindsight biases and local rationality. In F. Durso (Ed.) Handbook of applied cognition. NY: John Wiley. Woods, D., Patterson, E., Corban, J., & Watts, J. (1996). Bridging the gap between user-centered intentions and actual design practice, Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 40th Annual Meeting (Vol. 2, pp. 967–971). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Woods, D. D., & Roth, E. (1988). Aiding human performance: II. From cognitive analysis to support systems. Le Travail Humain, 51, 139–172. Woods, D. D., Roth, E. M., Stubler, W. F., & Mumaw, R. J. (1990). Navigating through large display networks in dynamic control applications. Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society (pp. 396–399). Santa Monica, CA: HFS. Woods, D., Wise, J., & Hanes, L. (1981). An evaluation of nuclear power plant safety parameter display systems. Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society (pp. 110–114). Santa Monica, CA: HFS. Wozny, L. A. (1989). The application of metaphor, analogy, and conceptual models in computer systems. Interacting with Computers, 1(3), 273–283. Wright, D. B., & Davies, G. M. (1999). Eyewitness testimony. In F. T. Durso (ed.), Handbook of applied cognition (pp. 789–818). Chichester, England: Wiley, Ltd. Wright, D. B., & McDaid, A. T. (1996). Comparing system and estimator variables using data from real line-ups. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10, 75–84. Wright, P. (1974). The harassed decision maker: Time pressures, distractions, and the use of evidence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 555–561. Wright, P. (1977). Presenting technical information: a survey of research findings. Instructional Science, 6, 93–134. Wright, P., Lickorish, A., & Milroy, R. (2000). Route choices, anticipated forgetting, and interface design for on-line reference documents. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 6(2), 158–167. Wroblewski, L. & Rantanen, E. M. (2001). Design guidelines for web-based applica- tions. Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Er- gonomics Society (pp. 1191–1195) Santa Monica, CA: HFES. Wyszecki, C. (1986). Color appearance. In K. Boff, L. Kaufman, & J. Thomas (eds.), Handbook of perception and human performance, vol. I. New York: Wiley. Xiao, Y., Hunter, W. A., MacKenzie, C. F., & Jefferies, N. J. (1996). Task complexity in emergency medical care and its implications for team coordination. Human Factors, 38(4), 636–645. Xiao, Y., Mackenzie, C. F., & the LOTAS Group (1995). Decision making in dynamic environments: Fixation errors and their causes. Proceedings of the 39th Annual 569

References Meeting of the Human Factors & Ergonomics Society (pp. 469–473). Santa Mon- ica, CA: HFES. Yantis, S. (1993). Stimulus-driven attentional capture. Current Directions in Psycho- logical Science, 2, 156–161. Yeh, M., & Wickens, C. D. (2001a). Attentional filtering in the design of electronic map displays: A comparison of color-coding, intensity coding, and decluttering techniques. Human Factors, 43(4), 543–562. Yeh, M., & Wickens, C. D. (2001b). Display signaling in augmented reality: The ef- fects of cue reliability and image realism on attention allocation and trust cali- bration. Human Factors, 43(3), 355–365. Yeh, M., Merlo, J., Wickens, C. D., & Brandenburg, D. L. (in press, 2003). Head-up vs. head-down: The costs of imprecision, unreliability, and visual clutter on cue ef- fectiveness for display signaling. Human Factors. Yeh, M., Wickens, C. D., & Seagull, F. J. (1999). Target cueing in visual search: The ef- fects of conformality and display location on the allocation of visual attention. Human Factors, 41(4), 524–542. Yeh, Y. Y., & Wickens, C. D. (1988). Dissociation of performance and subjective mea- sures of workload. Human Factors, 30, 111–120. Yerkes, R. M., & Dodson, J. D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapid- ity of habit formation. Journal of Comparative Neurological Psychology, 18, 459–482. Yetton, P., & Bottger, P. (1983). The relationships among group size, member ability social decision schemes, and performance. Organizational Behavior & Human Performance, 32, 145–159. Yokohori, E. (1972). Anthropometry of JASDF personnel and its implications for human engineering. Tokyo: Aeromedical Laboratory, Japanese Air Self Defense Force, Tachikawa Air Force Base. Yoon, W. C., & Hammer, J. M. (1988). Deep-reasoning fault diagnosis: An aid and a model. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, & Cybernetics, 18(4), 659–675. Yost, W. A. (1994). Fundamentals of hearing (3rd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press. Young, L. R. (2003) Spatial Orientation. In P. S. Tsang & M. A. Vidulich (Eds). Principles and Practice of Aviation Psychology. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Young, M., & Stanton, N. (1997). Automotive automation: Effects, problems and im- plications for driver mental workload. In D. Harris (ed.), Engineering psychology and cognitive ergonomics. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Young, S. L., & Laughery, K. R. (1994). Components of perceived risk: A reconcilia- tion of previous findings. Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors & Ergonomics Society (pp. 888–892). Santa Monica, CA: HFES. Young, S. L., Wogalter, M. S., & Brelsford, J. W. (1992). Relative contribution of like- lihood and severity of injury to risk perceptions. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors & Ergonomics Society (pp. 1014–1018). Santa Monica, CA: HFES. Zachary, W. W. (1988). Decision support systems: Designing to extend the cognitive limits. In M. Helander (ed.), Handbook of human-computer interaction (pp. 997–1030). Amsterdam: North-Holland. 570

References Zakay, D., & Wooler, S. (1984). Time pressure, training, and decision effectiveness. Ergonomics, 27, 273–284. Zheng, J., Bos, N., Olson, J. S., & Olson, G. M. (2001). Trust without touch: Jump- start trust with social chat. CHI Extended Abstracts (pp. 293–294). New York: Association for Computing Machinery. Zsambok, C. E., & Klein, G. (1997). Naturalistic decision making. Mahwah, NJ: Erl- baum. Zuboff, S. (1988). In the age of smart machines: The future of work technology and power. New York: Basic Books. 571

572

Index Page references followed by \"f\" indicate illustrated Alzheimer disease, 540 B figures or photographs; followed by \"t\" indicates a Ambiguity, 193, 229, 443 table. American Journal of Psychology, 525 Balance, 98, 132, 171, 246, 267, 366, 368, 414, 496, American Psychological Association, 504, 508 499 1 Americans, 456 Americans with Disabilities Act, 456 Balancing act, 368 16PF, 451, 511, 516 Amplitude, 42, 71-75, 85, 89, 92, 95, 203-204, 307, Bar graphs, 185 Basal metabolic rate, 288-289 A 524 Basal metabolism, 288-289 of light, 42 Basic level, 133 Abilities, 17-18, 31, 128, 364, 429-431, 447-448, of sound, 71-72, 74-75, 95 Basilar membrane, 74-75 450-452, 461, 477, 483 Analysis of variance, 498 Bay of Pigs, 476 Analyzing data, 364 Behavior, 8, 58, 63, 125, 127, 138, 151-153, 155, 180, Abnormal, 105, 115, 186, 188 Anchoring, 145, 147 Abnormality, 66, 103 Anchoring heuristic, 145 188, 201, 217-221, 250, 277, 312, 317, Absentmindedness, 123 Anger, 305 332-333, 337-339, 345-347, 349, 354-355, Abstract reasoning, 411 Annoyance, 54, 96, 510, 523 357-362, 414-415, 426-427, 437, 444, 452, Abuse, 548 Anonymity, 480, 502 458-459, 472-474, 476, 481, 483, 487-489, Accessibility, 438 Anthropometry, 7, 29, 223-248, 339, 364, 421, 509, 495-496, 500, 503-504, 511-512, 527, Accidents, 4, 8, 58, 118, 124-125, 133, 221, 301, 323, 537-539, 543, 549-550, 556, 559-563, 570 517, 530, 539, 541, 544, 552, 554, 558, 564, and stress, 556, 560 325, 332-334, 336-341, 346, 356-358, 362, 570 attitude and, 437 365, 392, 407, 417, 424, 427-429, 438-439, Anvil, 74 moral, 333 473-474, 484, 486, 488-489, 502, 528-529, Anxiety, 303, 304-306, 310, 364, 451, 510, 568 strength of, 503, 570 533, 547, 549, 551, 553, 560-561, 563, 567 stress and, 304-306, 310 Behavior analysis, 560, 562 Accommodation, 46-47, 51-52, 55, 422, 503 Applied behavior analysis, 562 Behavioral adaptation, 554 visual, 46-47, 51-52, 55, 422 Applied research, 11, 488-489, 491, 495-496, 500-501 Behavioral decision theory, 522, 557 Accuracy, 24, 52, 69, 83, 88, 108, 121-122, 124, 129, Appraisal, 309, 448, 537 Beliefs, 37, 529 154, 159, 199-201, 204-206, 292, 317-318, performance, 309, 448, 537 Bell-shaped curve, 226 365, 370, 404, 487, 523, 564 Arguments, 393, 445 Between-subjects designs, 494, 496 eyewitness testimony, 564 Arithmetic, 132, 319, 367, 406 Bias, 12, 14, 63-66, 83, 120-121, 126, 147-149, 159, Achievement, 2, 243, 451 Arousal, 67, 305, 310-311, 313, 321-322, 324, 358, 360, 426-427, 504, 512, 543, 557, 561 understanding, 2 326-327, 329, 338, 427, 432-433 anchoring, 147 Acquisition, 401, 447, 459, 465, 468, 470, 514, 524, low level of, 311 availability, 148 526-527, 540, 545, 553 optimal, 67, 313, 327 confirmation, 126, 147-148, 561 Acronyms, 174 performance and, 321, 340 confirmation bias, 126, 147-148, 561 Actions, 6, 18, 24-26, 30, 48, 102, 112, 124-125, Art, 35, 238, 530, 564 hindsight, 148 142-144, 151-153, 155-156, 158, 160, 162, Artificial intelligence, 7, 526, 537 in signal detection, 63 199-201, 208, 216, 221-222, 284-285, 320, Asia, 326 overconfidence, 162, 427 358-360, 363, 368-372, 374-379, 403-405, Assessment, 39, 124, 143-144, 148, 153, 162, 288, representativeness, 162 407, 415, 461, 556, 565 318, 350, 401, 418, 431, 446-447, 450-452, response bias, 63-66, 83 Activity level, 290 515, 524-526, 528, 530, 532, 546-547, 561 test, 14, 121, 126, 543 Adaptation, 48-49, 326-327, 343, 426, 431, 436, 479, of personality, 451 Biases, 24, 119-122, 126, 137, 141-142, 144-150, 153, 538, 554, 558 Astronauts, 147 156, 159, 161-163, 426-427, 523, 551, 562, Adenosine, 279-280 ATMs, 17-18 569 Adjustment, 178, 240, 243, 326, 384, 422, 441 Attention, 4, 20, 60-61, 66, 68, 89, 97, 101-104, 107, analyzing, 24 Adolescence, 225, 507 109, 111, 122-124, 128-131, 133-134, cognitive, 119, 122, 126, 141-142, 144-145, 147, Adolescents, 507 142-143, 151, 153-156, 169-170, 172-173, Adults, 288, 548 180-181, 183, 187-190, 194, 196, 203, 219, 149-150, 153, 156, 159, 161, 163, 426, Advertisements, 12 224, 240, 272, 317-318, 324, 343, 345-347, 523, 551, 562, 569 Aerobic capacity, 294-297 419-422, 424, 429, 443-444, 457-458, Big Five, 510 Aerobic fitness, 450 464-465, 488, 490, 507, 529, 543, 548, 550, Big Five personality dimensions, 510 Affect, 40, 52-54, 58, 145-146, 149, 205, 221, 253, 557-559, 561, 563-565, 568-570 Binocular convergence, 55 271, 305, 320, 337-340, 343-345, 358-360, working memory and, 109, 124 Binocular disparity, 55 396, 472-473, 491, 495, 498, 546 Attention problems, 510 Binocular vision, 509 Affordances, 453 Attentional processes, 152 Biological factors, 5-6 Afterimage, 53 Attitude, 167, 179-180, 314, 339, 357, 382-383, 413, Biological rhythms, 544 Age, 17, 46, 54, 89-90, 92, 210, 225, 267, 272, 285, 432, 437, 440, 468, 476 Biology, 521 288, 293, 425, 428-431, 496, 503, 510, 536, Attitude change, 357 stress and, 521 551, 557, 560-561, 571 Attitudes, 37, 107, 346, 348, 381, 468-469, 472, 502 Black box, 553 and health, 293, 519, 536 measuring, 413 Blind spot, 103 hearing loss, 89-90, 92 Attraction, 396 Blindness, 49, 53, 103, 361, 380 Aggression, 513 similarity, 396 change blindness, 103 Aging, 536, 561-562 Audience, 51, 304 Blocking, 318, 515 physical, 561-562 Audition, 99 Blood, 161, 246, 252, 267, 269-270, 278, 281-286, study of, 561 Auditory information, 170, 420, 423 291-295, 297, 309, 343 Agreeableness, 451 Auditory threshold, 78 blood pressure, 291, 293-294 AI, 86-88, 412, 560 Australia, 553, 561 Blood types, 161 AIDS, 24, 110, 118, 123, 127, 138, 157-158, 160-161, authority, 402, 410, 414-415, 477, 481 Body, 2-4, 14, 97-98, 183, 207, 223-231, 233, 297, 302, 393, 400-401, 404, 406, 435-436, Automaticity, 61, 107, 130-131, 134, 162, 316, 235-239, 245-248, 249-254, 257, 261, 265, 446, 452-455, 457, 459, 468, 480-481, 544, 458-460, 463, 539 267-270, 273, 277-286, 288-291, 297-298, 559-561 Automobile accidents, 102 300, 302, 306-308, 324-326, 341-344, Alarm system, 78-80, 82 Autonomy, 414 363-364, 421-422, 453-454, 487, 503, 509, Alcohol, 338, 340, 343, 428-429, 431, 433, 437, 557, Availability heuristic, 146, 148 528, 536, 562, 564 560 Awareness, 123-124, 128, 143, 154-156, 162, 165, Body language, 482 perception of, 433 187-189, 317, 324, 405-407, 415, 432, 440, Body movement, 250-251 use of, 343, 437 443, 476, 482, 507, 521-522, 525, 528, 556, Body orientation, 97 alcohol consumption, 560 559, 565 Body posture, 247, 251-252, 277, 307 Algorithms, 82, 211, 404 Body weight, 226, 236-237, 251, 257, 268-269, 278, Altruism, 451 282, 288 573

Bones and muscles, 253 Cognitive impairment, 457 Constraints, 30-32, 142, 156, 210-211, 221, 236, 241, Bottom-up approach, 86-87 Cognitive interview, 122, 524 248, 298, 414, 468-469, 484 Bottom-up processing, 54-55, 60, 88, 105-108, 126 Cognitive load, 159, 161, 461-463, 536, 560 Boys, 225 Cognitive map, 117 Constricting, 286 Brain, 2-3, 46-47, 54-55, 69, 74, 97-99, 184, 251, Cognitive maps, 116-117 Construction, 107, 193, 277, 335, 337, 345, 418, 464, Cognitive processes, 6, 20, 126, 138, 196, 401, 547 285-286, 309, 487, 518 543, 547 anatomy of, 46, 74 automatic, 401 Contact, 201-202, 221, 273, 341-344, 419, 424-425, body movement and, 251 Cognitive psychology, 101, 122, 124, 134, 517, 542, circadian rhythms and, 518 436, 482, 539 development, 2, 518 546, 569 Context, 73, 79, 93, 97, 105-109, 111, 114, 118, scanning, 184 Cognitive resources, 101, 122, 127, 144, 154, 196, Brainstorming, 147, 475, 481, 559 121-122, 129, 133, 137, 139, 141, 155, Brightness, 42-47, 50, 61, 68-69, 491, 503 318-319, 420, 479 162-163, 168, 174, 192, 198-200, 211, 238, Cognitive stages, 359 244, 304, 358, 440, 453, 483-484, 487-489, C Cognitive theory, 534 495, 544, 556, 566, 568 Cognitive tools, 158, 161 Contingency, 474 Caffeine, 322, 329, 432, 539 College, 116, 416, 427, 429, 448, 475 Control, 4-5, 8, 15, 19, 24, 39-40, 49, 58, 60, 62, 67, Cancer, 159, 343-344, 363, 437-438 College students, 416, 427, 429 93, 97-98, 117-118, 123, 131, 134, 147, Carbon monoxide, 308 Color, 41-44, 48-49, 51, 53-54, 61-62, 67, 69, 150-153, 156-157, 161, 177-179, 193, 197, Carcinogens, 343 198-222, 278, 297, 301, 311-313, 347, 349, Cardiac output, 285-286 104-105, 160, 166-171, 173, 187, 189-190, 351-354, 363-365, 367, 369-370, 377-378, Career, 226 194, 380, 422, 501, 550, 569-570 395, 398-405, 408, 411-415, 418-426, 429, afterimage, 53 431, 436-442, 444-445, 473-474, 486, 489, selection, 226 sensing, 51 491-492, 496-497, 499-500, 522-523, Carpal tunnel syndrome, 208, 270-271, 274, 509, 550 Color blindness, 53 531-532, 534-535, 537-538, 542-543, Cartilage, 250-251 red-green, 53 551-558, 560, 562-567, 569 Case studies, 93, 310, 508 Color coding, 160, 171, 173, 190, 194, 378 coping and, 508 Categories, 5, 18, 21, 62, 96, 134, 165-166, 173, 190, Color contrast, 51 illusions of, 55, 98 Color vision, 49, 53, 194 perceived, 58, 67, 109, 161, 185, 307, 309, 360, 204, 350, 355, 370, 380-381, 399, 421, Colors, 42-44, 53, 69, 105, 173, 190, 244, 377, 380, 477-478, 500 396 403-405, 414, 422, 426, 431, 473 of colors, 190 color blindness, 53 Control strategies, 538 Categorization, 348, 392, 404, 546 Commitment, 477, 532 Controlled observations, 8 Causal factors, 336-337, 352 Communication, 2, 20, 36-37, 343, 407, 436, 476-484, Controlled processing, 524 psychological, 336-337 514, 525, 532, 539, 559, 568 Conventions, 378, 392 types of, 352 body language, 482 cooperation, 253, 408, 477 Causality, 509 Community, 173, 444, 457, 464, 502 Coping, 508, 537, 559 Causation, 503 comparison, 37, 69, 176, 187, 193, 206, 417, 495-496, Core knowledge, 2 CD, 16, 195, 436, 519 511, 522, 529, 548, 570 Correctness, 117 Cell, The, 436, 493-494 of performance, 206, 570 Correlation, 200-201, 235, 407, 449, 503 Cells, 5, 47, 63-64, 74-75, 138, 160, 252, 278, Comparisons, 37, 112, 225, 543 280-282, 393 Competence, 451 negative, 201, 503 resting state of, 47 Competition, 419, 421-424, 440, 462, 566 positive, 200-201, 503 Central executive, 109 Competition for resources, 419, 440 value of, 503 Central nervous system, 252, 270, 321 complementarity, 88 Correlation coefficient, 449, 503 Central tendency, 226 Compliance, 38, 77, 357-362, 432, 434, 451, 518-520, Correlational analysis, 502 Challenge, 31, 118, 125, 159-160, 188, 210, 309-310, 534, 543, 568 Counterbalancing, 497 370, 377, 396, 414-415, 418, 432, 507, 520 Computers, 157-158, 160, 209, 323, 364-365, 377, Crack, 62 Challenger, 323, 550 380, 383-384, 389-391, 395-397, 402, 413, Creativity, 311, 324, 384, 556 Change, 4, 12, 19, 25, 41, 47, 55, 57, 65, 68-69, 92, 416, 445, 467, 480, 485, 517-518, 535, tests, 311 127, 131, 156-157, 176-178, 183, 187, 194, 537-538, 552, 559, 569 Crime, 119-122 205, 210, 212-213, 215-219, 241, 245, 269, in decision making, 157 Crimes, 120 290, 293-294, 302, 305, 341, 357, 380, 396, Concept, 2, 17, 49, 83, 119, 123-125, 129-130, 132, Crisis, 117, 134, 444, 513, 558 403, 444, 489-490, 497, 545, 552 138-139, 141, 165-166, 173, 175, 177, 190, Criterion-related validity, 449 Change blindness, 103 200, 215, 218-219, 239, 241, 247, 304, 314, Cues, 55-57, 62, 93, 99, 104, 106-107, 126, 137, Chat rooms, 376 393-394, 396-397, 404, 445, 466, 469, 475, Childhood, 225 541, 550, 569 142-147, 151-156, 160-162, 193, 217, 378, Children, 354, 465 Concepts, 24-25, 44, 83, 105, 116, 118, 129, 140, 409, 482 China, 545 162-163, 218, 224, 353, 365-366, 376-377, auditory, 62, 93, 99, 104, 107, 409 Chunk, 109-114, 126, 130, 331, 390 460-462, 467, 469, 473-475, 485, 509, 516, binocular, 55 Chunking, 110, 112-113, 459-460 531, 545, 551, 553, 555, 559 interposition, 56, 193 Chunks, 109-113, 115, 132, 316-317, 390-391 concrete, 118 nonverbal, 482 Ciliary muscles, 46, 55 formation of, 460 reading, 93, 104, 106, 152, 193 Circadian rhythm, 326-327, 329, 529 learning, 162, 365, 460-462, 467, 469, 516, 553 Culture, 347-348, 367, 484, 551 Circadian rhythms, 323-327, 427, 438, 531 semantic networks, 116 context, 484 Claims, 334-335, 340, 355 Conclusion, 40, 61, 69, 108, 122, 134, 140, 157, 163, differences, 484 Classification, 210, 346, 450, 457 197, 211, 248, 362, 374, 412, 415, 445, 452, levels of, 367 Classroom, 117, 224, 453-454, 460, 467, 517 465, 489, 504 organizational, 484, 551 Classroom instruction, 453-454 Conditioning, 273, 299, 436 Cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs), 269 Closure, 426, 433, 435 Cones, 46-49, 51 Cochlea, 74 differences between rods and, 49 D Cocktail party effect, 104 Confidence interval, 178 Cocktail party phenomenon, 568 Confirmation bias, 126, 147-148, 561 Data, 13, 15-16, 19-22, 24-26, 28-29, 33, 40, 58, 60, Code of Federal Regulations, 504, 519 Conflict, 1, 65, 84, 99, 118, 125, 162, 172, 244, 420, 64-65, 83, 92, 111, 155-156, 158-162, Coding, 69, 160, 171, 173, 189-190, 194, 378, 380, 547 192-195, 197, 205, 208-209, 211, 224-228, 422, 570 task, 118, 420 230-233, 235-240, 244-245, 253, 293, 309, Coding scheme, 69 views of, 420 340, 345, 349-351, 357-359, 385, 387-389, Cognition, 5, 100-134, 166, 188, 197, 324, 339, 399, Conflicts, 32, 128, 180 392, 394, 478, 487, 489-491, 493-494, 404, 515-516, 518-519, 521, 526, 529-530, Confounding variable, 496 497-505, 515, 525, 533-534, 543-544, 546, 532, 542, 549, 560, 569 Congruence, 114 554, 556, 558, 560, 566, 569 and creativity, 324 Connective tissue, 250, 252 and leisure, 521 Conscientiousness, 451 raw, 83, 161-162, 239 artificial intelligence, 526 Consciousness, 101 raw data, 83, 161-162, 239 concepts and, 118 Consensus, 431, 476, 540, 544 Data analysis, 497, 502, 512 elements of, 109 Consent form, 505 Data collection methods, 22, 497 judgment and decision making, 521, 560 Conservation, 547 dB, 72-73, 75-79, 86, 90-92, 94-96 need for, 125, 127, 396 Consistency, 155, 158, 160, 162, 171, 180, 244, 317, Deafness, 74, 91, 306 speed of, 133 375, 377-378, 380, 413, 508, 546 Death, 95, 100, 144, 148, 309, 331-335, 340-341, 345, Cognitive ability, 450, 461 Consistency principle, 244 Cognitive appraisal, 309 Consonant sounds, 86 350, 357, 360-361, 365, 417, 427, 503 Cognitive factors, 156, 538 Consonants, 86, 543 understanding of, 309 Cognitive heuristics, 142 Constraint, 204, 507 Deaths, 157, 313, 332-333, 345-346, 428 alcohol-related, 428 Decay, 111, 115, 458 Decibel, 73, 75, 94 Decibels, 72-73, 94 Decibels (dB), 72 Decision aids, 138, 150, 157-158, 160-161, 393, 406, 574

446, 480-481, 544, 561 429-432, 436, 438, 445, 495, 525, 559 arthritis, 272 Decision making, 7-8, 20, 25, 29, 99, 101-102, 122, Driver education, 430, 541 Expectancy theory, 519 Drives, 41 Expectations, 55, 57, 84, 105, 154, 168, 174, 371, 129, 136-138, 140-146, 148-158, 160-163, Drugs, 329, 338, 340, 343, 560 164, 166, 185, 197, 323-324, 397, 399, 411, 483-484, 540, 561 414-415, 474-475, 480, 502, 512, 521-522, E Experience, 18, 44-45, 48-49, 54, 56, 61-62, 64, 66, 524, 527-529, 532, 535-536, 539-540, 542-543, 547, 549, 551, 553-557, 559-563, Ear canal, 74 74-76, 92, 99, 104-105, 110, 115-117, 119, 566, 569, 571 Eardrum, 74 150, 152-154, 163, 297, 304-305, 334, 368, availability heuristic, 146, 148 Eating, 96, 420 370, 381-383, 395, 452, 458-459, 486, 497, compensatory, 561 Echo, 112, 171 502, 567 complex, 7, 20, 25, 29, 129, 136, 141, 150, 153, Echoic memory, 89 timing of, 462 Ecological approach, 525, 535 Experiment, 37, 388, 487, 489-492, 495-499, 504-505, 158, 160, 163, 397, 411, 474, 502, 540, Economic issues, 445 529 547, 549, 553, 562, 566 Edison, Thomas, 10 control, 388, 489, 491-492, 496-497, 499 creativity, 324, 556 Educated guess, 93 designing, 37, 497 framing, 149, 562 Education, 1, 17, 272, 430, 509, 541, 568 manipulation, 497-498 group decision making, 536 Experimental conditions, 491, 493, 495-496, 499 heuristics, 129, 137, 141-142, 144-146, 148, 150, exercise, 272 Experimental groups, 497 156, 161, 163, 359, 512, 562 health, 71, 272, 509, 541 Experimental method, 489 representativeness heuristic, 146, 153, 162 Effortful processing, 104 dependent variables, 489 signal detection theory and, 527, 560 Ego, 191 Experimental methods, 40 Decision process, 141, 143-144, 153-154, 157, 160, Elderly, 1, 6, 95, 272, 338, 430, 495-496, 510, 536 Experimental psychology, 7, 507-509, 515, 523-524, 358-359, 480 Elderly people, 272, 495 528-529, 531-532, 538, 543, 549-551, 555, Decisions, 6, 22, 31, 136-138, 140-142, 145, 149-151, Electromagnetic energy, 42, 46 557, 559, 561-562, 564-566, 569 153-163, 193, 199-200, 317, 330, 337, 348, Email, 21, 106, 371-372, 424, 436 Experimental research, 490 359-360, 396, 400, 414, 427, 450, 456, e-mail, 537 Experimental research methods, 490 480-481, 535, 539, 562 Emergencies, 61, 312, 345, 479, 553, 559 experimentation, 140, 500 individual, 6, 140, 142, 149, 359-360, 456, 480, 562 Emergency situations, 294 Experiments, 8, 260, 388, 489, 495, 499, 504 Declarative knowledge, 119, 454, 457-458 Emotion, 396 experimental conditions, 495, 499 Deep processing, 465 Emotional state, 396 independent variables, 489, 495 Defense, 16, 344, 350, 507, 519, 562, 570 Emotions, 451 Expert, 12, 30, 110, 122, 150, 152-154, 157-158, Deficiency, 343, 429, 437, 446 Employees, 14, 36-37, 338-340, 342-343, 355-357, 160-161, 244, 309, 316, 347, 368-370, 393, Dementia, 540 399, 401, 411, 526-527, 531, 538, 544, Dependence, 205, 400, 499, 565 414, 447, 453, 456, 468, 484, 501, 504 553-554, 559-560, 564 Dependent variable, 490-491, 493, 495-497 hiring, 447 Expert systems, 157-158, 160-161, 399, 401, 526-527, Depression, 208, 340, 433, 451 training, 36, 335, 338-339, 343, 355, 447, 453, 456, 544, 564 clinical, 451 Expertise, 31, 151-152, 367, 370, 457, 459-462, 474, rate of, 208, 433 468 478, 516, 526, 547, 549 Deprivation, 322-325, 328-329, 509, 515, 529, 531 Employment, 334, 448, 450, 555 Exposure, 91-92, 157, 300, 306, 308-309, 326, 332, human, 323, 325, 329, 509, 515, 529, 531 Encoding, 102, 120, 339, 552 335, 339, 341, 343-344, 359, 519, 533, 547 Depth, 55-57, 104, 185-186, 193, 195, 220, 229, 231, External forces, 254 247, 280, 381, 518, 540, 552 long-term, 102 Extraneous variables, 496-497, 499 convergence, 55 selective, 102 Extroversion, 451 Depth perception, 55, 57, 220 Engineering anthropometry, 29, 223-227, 229-235, Eye, 42, 45-47, 50-51, 58-59, 83, 131, 133, 184, 231, Descriptive methods, 489, 500 237, 242, 307, 355, 359, 361, 421-422, 482, observational studies, 500 237-248, 364, 530, 552 523, 528, 536, 543-544, 551 Descriptive statistics, 497 Engineering psychologists, 199 ciliary muscles, 46 Design stage, 17, 30 Engineering psychology, 6-7, 9, 56, 87, 143, 526, 558, cones, 46-47, 51 Desynchronization, 326-327 cornea, 46, 51 Development, 2, 13-14, 29-31, 33, 35, 62, 67, 118-119, 564-566, 570 fovea, 46-47, 59 140, 154, 297, 345, 390, 393, 435, 457-460, Environment, 2-6, 8, 18, 31, 44, 53, 57, 64, 78-82, optic nerve, 46-47 468-469, 477-479, 488, 491, 498, 509-511, retina, 46-47 515-519, 523, 528-529, 538, 541-542, 546, 92-95, 97-98, 100-101, 109, 116-118, 125, rods, 46-47 548-549, 555, 567 129, 133-134, 142, 154, 168, 183-184, Eyeball, 42, 44, 46-48, 55, 59, 183 adult, 509 189-191, 197, 206-211, 220, 222, 236, 249, Eyewitness identification, 564 biological, 548-549 272-273, 278, 282, 285-286, 288, 298-300, Eyewitness testimony, 119, 564, 569 brain, 2, 518 314, 322-323, 336-338, 340-341, 345-346, retrieval, 119 complexity of, 367, 517 357, 367-368, 390, 393, 395, 397, 414-415, storage, 119 Deviations, 137, 142, 227, 421, 440, 494-495, 497 418, 438-439, 461, 464-466, 483-484, Eyewitnesses, 129, 134 Diagnosis, 2, 8, 20, 127-128, 143-145, 153, 155, 488-489, 500, 505, 538-539, 543, 549, 559 160-161, 164, 188, 316, 358, 401, 411, 414, shared, 401, 412, 479, 559 F 509, 522, 549, 551, 556, 570 Environmental factors, 16, 108, 336 assessment and, 144 Environmental stressors, 305-306, 309 Face validity, 319 clinical, 509, 522 Environment(s), 31 Faces, 367, 541 Difference thresholds, 68 Episodic memories, 119 Facial expressions, 482, 546 Digestive system, 285-286 Episodic memory, 119-123 Factor analysis, 377 Direct observation, 483 Ergonomic design, 230, 233-234, 240, 249, 515, 521, Failure, 67, 71, 83, 102-103, 105-106, 108, 114-115, Disabilities, 17, 399, 456-457 541 Discipline, 5-6, 224, 451 Error, 2, 10, 29, 34, 39, 106, 111, 113, 125, 127, 151, 129, 156, 185, 188, 202, 311, 314, 323, 333, Discrimination, 67-69, 448 156-157, 159, 190, 200, 202, 211-214, 345, 347-348, 351-352, 404-406, 413, of stimulus, 69 217-219, 245, 322-323, 341, 346-349, 424-425, 434, 473, 512, 565 Disease, 83, 297, 332, 390, 392, 437, 456, 540 364-365, 369-370, 424, 458, 460, 464, Fallacies, 555 Dismantling, 14 498-499, 501-502, 515-517, 524, 540, 548, False alarm, 63-64, 67, 82, 121, 322, 404, 448-449 Disorders, 13, 250, 256, 263, 267, 269, 277, 301, 551, 553, 556, 567, 569 Family, 313, 327 306-307, 427, 451, 501, 509, 511-512, 523, measurement, 501, 567 Fat, 149, 281 540 sampling, 214, 501 body, 281 psychological, 306, 540 Errors, 2, 13, 23, 39, 64, 107-108, 111, 133, 142, 148, Fats, 344 Dispersion, 227 159-160, 200-202, 206, 212, 321, 325, Fatty acids, 281 Dissociation, 320, 465, 570 346-349, 351, 365-366, 378-379, 388, 403, Fear, 305, 452, 504-505 distinctiveness, 168 407, 423, 443, 463-464, 490, 496, 498-499, Feedback, 30, 68, 97-98, 102, 112, 142-143, 155-156, Distribution, 204, 226-227, 284-286, 402, 532, 538, 502, 504, 526-527, 533, 544, 547-548, 552, 161, 198-202, 204-206, 208-210, 212, 549, 555 557, 567, 569 220-221, 317, 346, 349, 357, 370, 377-378, Distributions, 227, 345 Ethical issues, 310, 504, 543 387, 406, 425, 427, 433, 450, 461-462, normal, 227 Europe, 5-6, 67, 269, 326 464-466, 473, 477, 523, 550, 557, 562 Disuse, 548 Evaluation, 10-40, 124, 128, 146, 183, 186, 226, 238, Feedback loop, 102, 198 Diversity, 487 262, 294, 357, 366-368, 370-373, 377, 384, Feelings, 451 Divided attention, 129-130, 169-170, 183, 512, 514 386, 397, 452, 468-470, 487, 498, 504, 512, Females, 90, 225, 231-232, 298, 300, 341, 428 Divorce, 340 515, 519-522, 528-530, 536-537, 540-542, Fertilization, 136 DOT, 196, 307, 533 546, 551, 554-557, 560, 563, 568-569 in vitro, 136 Drive, 96, 124, 130, 177, 214, 244, 342, 416-418, 426, of self, 128, 537 Fiber, 252, 278-279 Evidence, 26, 56, 83, 99, 108, 122, 126, 145, 147, Fidelity, 89, 366, 387, 466-467, 495, 499, 538 154, 168, 183-184, 205, 269, 301, 317, 327, Field research, 505 358, 404, 430, 448, 482, 486-487, 555, 557, 569 Exceptions, 338 Exercise, 272, 333, 394, 528, 539 575

Field studies, 340, 482, 488-489 Headphones, 95 Implicit memory, 551 Filtering, 89, 103, 190, 570 Health, 5, 13-14, 67, 71, 90-92, 95-96, 185, 224, 230, Imprint, 316 First impressions, 145 In vitro fertilization, 136 Fitness, 267, 285, 293, 297, 430, 432-433, 450, 517 239, 259, 272, 285, 297, 299, 305-308, 329, Incentives, 66, 338, 346, 357, 484, 543 Fixation, 59, 83, 147, 156, 390, 569 343, 504, 509, 519-520, 522, 526, 536, 541, Incidence, 260, 267-268, 428 Fixations, 61, 320, 551 545, 547, 549, 554-555, 565 Independent variable, 489-493, 495-498, 504 Flexibility, 35, 47, 158, 180, 193, 273, 378-379, 412, mental, 504, 536, 547 India, 434 prevention, 272, 332-335, 343, 353, 356, 541, 554 Individual differences, 4-6, 288, 295, 422, 456-457, 450, 473-474 Health care, 5, 549, 554-555 Fluid, 198, 246, 270, 344 Hearing, 71-76, 78-79, 85, 89-92, 95-96, 174, 461, 526, 538, 562 Focus groups, 22-24 456-457, 516, 540, 547, 561, 570 Industrial psychology, 7, 484 Forgetting, 108-109, 112, 114-115, 119, 123, 133, 208, aid, 456, 570 Infancy, 483 auditory nerve, 74 inferences, 143, 178, 388 347, 400, 406, 459-460, 569 basilar membrane, 74-75 experience and, 108 cochlea, 74 making, 143, 178 Form perception, 550 ear, 73-75, 92, 95 Inferential statistics, 490, 497-498 Fovea, 46-48, 59 eardrum, 74 Information, 1-3, 5-7, 13, 16, 18-25, 27-31, 35-37, 40, Fractures, 251 inner ear, 74 Framing, 149, 358, 360, 538, 562 loss, 75, 89-92, 540 51, 53-56, 59, 62, 64, 69, 71, 82, 84, 86, Framing of decisions, 562 loudness, 72, 75-76, 95 89-90, 97-99, 100-104, 108-110, 112-120, Frequency, 21, 24, 28, 50-53, 57, 71-73, 75-81, 85-87, middle ear, 74 122, 124-125, 128-129, 131-134, 136-137, sound and, 74, 79 141-148, 150-154, 157-158, 168-173, 89-90, 93-94, 96, 105, 114-115, 146, 148, sound localization, 75 179-181, 183-186, 188-195, 197, 202-203, 177, 179-180, 202, 209-210, 219, 243, 245, sound waves, 74 206-209, 217, 227, 230, 235, 310-312, 251, 261-263, 306-307, 319, 355, 357, timbre, 75 316-318, 339, 354-355, 357-361, 364-365, 359-360, 381-383, 423, 489, 508 Hearing loss, 75, 89-92 377-382, 384-387, 390-397, 400-404, of consequences, 359 noise and, 89 408-411, 418-420, 433-434, 436, 442-443, Friends, 429 Heart, 95, 100, 251, 278, 282-286, 291-295, 297, 453-457, 467-469, 475-476, 479-482, 487, Full license, 430 309-310, 319, 341, 412, 437-438, 560 491, 500, 502-503, 518-520, 527-528, Functional fixedness, 147 disease, 297, 437 530-543, 546, 548, 550-552, 556, 558, 561, Functionality, 37, 147, 336, 354, 364, 367-368, 373, Heart attacks, 95, 297 564-566, 569 375, 380, 387, 481, 528 Heart disease, 437 overload, 125, 134, 316-317, 422, 462, 479, 540 Fundamental frequency, 75, 210 Hertz, 72, 341 processing, 2, 25, 53-55, 62, 71, 84, 89, 99, future, 83, 123, 125-127, 137, 171-172, 178, 191, 213, Heuristics, 129, 137, 141-142, 144-146, 148, 150, 156, 217, 265, 313, 396, 409, 433, 442-443, 468, 161, 163, 359, 378, 386, 512, 523, 525, 533, 100-102, 104, 108-109, 114, 125, 129, 504, 515, 528, 539, 542, 548, 566, 571 546, 562 131-134, 142-143, 145, 150-154, anchoring heuristic, 145 169-171, 180, 208, 304-305, 310, 339, G association, 378, 525, 533, 546 380, 400-401, 419-420, 443, 457, for decision making, 161 461-463, 527, 530, 540, 542, 546, 548, Gender, 17, 86, 210, 285, 288, 293, 295, 448 hindsight bias, 148 551, 561, 564-566 and work, 288, 293 in action, 148 sources of, 16, 31, 69, 71, 74, 119, 129, 169, 184, cognitive abilities, 338 representation, 161 224, 317, 408, 533 college, 448 representative, 146 Information processing, 25, 101-102, 109, 129, 131, differences, 210, 288, 293, 295 satisficing, 141, 150, 161, 359 134, 137, 142, 153, 166, 198, 308, 339, 428, simulation, 163 530, 540, 551, 561, 565 Generalizable, 7, 488, 491, 495, 500 value, 137, 150 model, 25, 101-102, 109, 137, 142, 153, 166, 198, Generalization, 8 Hierarchical organization, 25 511, 530 Generalizations, 409 Hierarchy, 377, 382, 393, 514, 524 top-down, 101 Genetic factors, 295 status, 377, 514 Information retrieval, 142, 391, 511 Germany, 296 High school, 448 Informativeness, 79-80 Gerontology, 428, 522 Hindsight bias, 148 Informed consent, 505 Girls, 225 History, 39, 321, 333, 382, 402, 436, 557 Injuries, 13, 36, 250, 256, 259-260, 269, 272, 301-302, Glamour, 428 of psychology, 557 306, 332-335, 337, 345, 424, 428, 434, 437, Glaucoma, 361 Honesty, 451 511 Glycogen, 281 Hospitals, 83, 150, 321, 328 Inner ear, 74, 98 Goal setting, 478 Hue, 42-44, 167 Insight, 22, 223, 387, 449 Goals, 2, 18-19, 22-26, 29, 31-33, 80, 100, 141-142, Hues, 42, 48, 53, 167 instant messaging, 518 Human factors, 1-9, 10-16, 18, 22-23, 29-40, 41-42, Insurance, 138, 250, 256, 333-334, 382, 559 151-152, 154-155, 160, 166, 216, 220, 243, 45-46, 52-53, 57-58, 60, 62, 66-67, 71, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 559 334, 367-368, 370-373, 375, 377-378, 380, 85-86, 88-90, 95, 106, 124-125, 133, 143, Integration, 8-9, 142, 153, 155-156, 161, 164, 184, 388, 391, 393, 411, 417-418, 475-477, 151, 156, 164-166, 173, 182, 186, 194-195, 186-187, 216, 401, 409, 465, 530, 534, 541, 482-484, 555 202, 217-219, 248, 272, 287, 321, 335-337, 550, 553-554, 564 and values, 155, 468 345, 348-349, 358, 360-362, 390-392, 395, Intelligence, 7, 450, 455, 526, 537 Graphs, 23, 25, 29, 185, 193, 195-197, 516-517, 564 397, 410, 412-415, 416-445, 457, 467-469, analytical, 450 Grasping, 29, 272 474-475, 486-489, 491-492, 498-500, 502, measures of, 450 Grip strength, 274-275 504-505, 507-570 measuring, 450 Group, 5, 19, 23, 31, 33, 38, 136, 181, 225-227, 252, Human factors research, 388, 433, 487, 489, 492, tests, 450 302, 357, 364, 397, 414, 431, 466, 470, 500, 504, 534, 538, 545, 566 thinking and, 7 479-482, 491-492, 495-499, 515, 517, 519, Human resources, 564 verbal, 450 521, 526-527, 529, 535-536, 549, 552, 554, Hypotheses, 126, 137, 143-147, 153, 155-156, Internal model, 532 559-561, 564, 569-570 160-161, 490-491, 497, 504 Internet, 367, 376, 390-391, 393, 396-397, 424, experimental, 470, 491-492, 495-499, 511, 515, causal, 155, 490 436-437 testing, 126, 144, 504 Interpersonal relations, 478 529, 549, 552, 559, 561, 564, 569 Hypothesis, 126, 143-144, 146-148, 154, 156, 311, Interposition, 56, 193 Group decision making, 536 396, 491, 542 Interpretations, 161 Group decision-making, 559 Interventions, 2, 66-67, 428, 435, 437, 472, 483, 485, Group dynamics, 476, 482, 529, 535 I 557, 562 Group processes, 474 Interviews, 17, 22-24, 355, 447, 452, 468, 502 Groups, 11, 15, 20, 22-24, 117, 225, 235, 244, 253, IBM, 546, 558 assessment, 355, 447, 452 Icon, 174, 360-361, 375, 383 motivational, 452 260, 292, 302, 369, 381-383, 473-476, Identification, 3, 34, 79-80, 316, 349-350, 352, 564 Intestines, 278 480-481, 485, 490-493, 496-500, 529, 536, Identifications, 519 Intoxication, 425 559 Identity, 107, 110, 125, 173, 175, 192, 202, 206 Inverted U function, 310 coordination, 450, 475 Illinois, 57, 85, 531, 551, 566 Ions, 454 decision making, 20, 474-475, 480, 529, 536, 559 Illness, 6, 36, 333 Iowa, 539, 547 performance of, 480, 490-491 Illusion, 98, 522 Isolation, 38, 352, 462-463 Groupthink, 476 Illusions, 55, 98, 107, 512 characteristics, 476 J factors in, 476 shape, 55 Growth, 5, 57, 225-226, 528, 552 Imagery, 109, 119, 183-185, 220, 424, 551 Japan, 434, 510 Images, 46, 50, 116, 170, 184, 221, 307, 395, 423 Japanese, 225, 570 H Immediate context, 168 Jet lag, 323, 326 JND, 68-69 habit formation, 570 Job, 4, 7, 11, 15, 36-37, 64, 66, 71, 114, 118, 162, 175, Habituation, 558 Hair, 63, 74-75 measurement of, 75 576

225, 238, 256, 259, 263-267, 272-273, 155-156, 164, 168, 171, 312-313, 369, 457, Memory capacity, 109, 111, 156, 450 277-278, 285, 291-292, 294, 296-298, 462, 465 Memory loss, 311 308-309, 313-314, 316, 324, 333-334, capacity of, 109-110 Memory store, 109, 111 337-340, 356-358, 408-410, 446-461, recall and, 119 men, 224-225, 230, 247, 274-275, 331, 333 464-468, 470-471, 476, 501-503, 505, 538, representations in, 457 Menopause, 272 546, 553, 557-558, 560 retrieval and, 114 Mental illness, 451 analysis, 11, 15, 36-37, 64, 259, 265, 273, 294, semantic memory, 114 Mental map, 109 Long-term memory storage, 457 Mental models, 116-119, 126, 145, 154-157, 160, 177, 302, 316, 339-340, 408-409, 448-450, Loss, 51, 53-54, 67, 75, 84, 89-92, 98-99, 122-125, 452, 468, 476, 501-502, 510, 531-532, 142, 149-150, 164, 186, 188, 201, 267, 306, 367, 375-376, 479, 510, 525, 537, 539, 547, 553, 558, 560 308-311, 321-325, 342, 345, 350, 356, 358, 553, 568 Job analysis, 265, 302, 448, 452 405-408, 414, 424-425, 433, 540, 568 Mental operations, 450 Job dissatisfaction, 340 Loudness, 69, 72, 75-77, 83, 95, 104, 167 Mental resources, 89, 130-131, 171, 217, 407 Job rotation, 37 Mental rotation, 109, 117, 130, 132, 190, 317 Job satisfaction, 272, 297, 408, 415 M Metacognition, 124, 128, 133, 153-154, 156, 162, 476, Job stress, 313 551 Judgment, 56, 69, 79, 120-122, 146, 149, 167, 190, Magical number seven, 542 Metaphor, 375-377, 391, 569 220, 336, 409, 423-424, 521-523, 550, 556, Maintenance rehearsal, 110 Methods, 10-40, 153, 161-162, 214, 224, 228, 230, 560, 562, 566 Males, 90, 225, 227, 231-232, 298, 300, 338, 341, 235, 244-245, 253-254, 272, 276, 277, 292, on creativity, 556 297, 301-302, 341, 345-346, 349-357, Judgment and decision making, 521, 556, 560, 566 428-429 372-373, 377, 379-380, 382, 384, 387, 392, Judgments, 57, 68-69, 80, 244, 259, 410, 443 Management, 4, 6-7, 12, 129, 132-134, 162, 188, 249, 450, 452-453, 467-469, 474, 486-505, 516, visual, 57, 68-69, 426 522-524, 535-537, 542, 546-548, 551-553 JUMPSTART, 571 272-273, 313-314, 317-318, 328-329, Metzger, 445, 542 Just noticeable difference, 68 337-338, 346, 348, 355-357, 397, 407, Microsleep, 324 413-415, 432, 438, 444, 451, 468-470, Middle ear, 74 K 472-474, 478, 484-485, 507-508, 511, 514, Military, 4, 16, 134, 230, 235, 321, 324, 328, 350, 414, 519, 527-530, 532-533, 540, 542-544, 547, 500, 511, 529, 547, 561-562 Kinesthesis, 96-98 549, 551-552, 556, 558-559, 562, 567, 569 Mindset, 174 Knowledge, 2, 7, 20, 27, 31, 54, 56, 61-62, 65-66, Mapping, 6, 165-166, 200, 312, 372, 458-459, 524 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Martin, G., 541 451 87-88, 97, 103, 114, 116, 118-119, 123, 125, Matrix, 5-6, 24, 28, 32-33, 63-65, 138, 144, 158, 350, Mistrust, 404, 406 128-129, 151-156, 160-163, 164, 171-173, 393, 434-435, 469 Modalities, 132, 165, 565-566 202, 312, 351, 359, 362, 368-369, 372, Matrix, The, 5-6, 32-33, 430 Model, 25, 27, 59-61, 101-102, 109, 119, 127, 133, 375-377, 393, 397, 443, 447-448, 450-454, Maximizing, 527 137-143, 149, 153-156, 160, 168-169, 171, 457-462, 465, 468-470, 479, 484, 551, 553 Mean, 15, 28, 81, 131, 137, 143, 145, 214, 226-227, 176-178, 198, 200, 219-221, 254-257, 259, aspects of, 7, 62, 116, 128-129, 171, 188, 250, 238, 248, 300, 325, 365, 410, 422-423, 454, 265, 316-317, 336-337, 359, 372-377, 490, 497, 499 382-383, 395, 427, 467-468, 476, 491, 498, 458-459, 465, 516 Meanings, 44, 169, 194, 208-209 503-504, 514-515, 521, 529-530, 532, declarative, 119, 443, 447, 454, 457-459 Measure of central tendency, 226 537-538, 545, 548, 559, 562, 566-567, 570 primed, 153 Measurement, 15, 44, 48, 50, 65, 75, 93, 224, Modeling, 29, 33, 162, 253-254, 374, 503, 529, 535, procedural knowledge, 443, 447, 457-459 226-232, 291-294, 302, 318, 501, 525, 534, 537, 549 543-544, 550, 558, 565, 567 Mood, 482 L of central tendency, 226 Mothers, 428 scales of, 294 Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), 428 Labeling, 16, 202, 343, 385 Measurements, 224-228, 230, 232-233, 237, 239, 260, Motion, 3, 48, 52, 57, 61, 96-99, 177, 193, 216, 221, Labor, 230, 269, 313, 335, 356, 519 268, 285, 294, 302, 387, 425, 498, 533, 539, 232, 235, 253-254, 306-307, 309, 395, 440, Laboratory research, 8, 310, 486, 489 544, 547 464-465, 486, 510, 528, 547-548, 551-552, Language, 81, 104, 107, 112, 115, 350, 362, 373-374, Media, 459-460, 464-465, 467-468, 546, 552, 558, 563, 566 564 Motion parallax, 57 380-384, 392, 457, 469 Medical history, 382 Motion sickness, 98-99, 184, 306-307, 547, 551 phonemes, 104 Medicine, 1, 3, 67, 361, 508, 510-513, 515, 517, 520, Motivation, 253, 294, 297, 313, 338-339, 381-383, syntax, 378, 381, 383 524, 542, 549, 551, 555, 557-558, 561, 567 391, 446, 454, 469, 475 vocabulary, 107 memories, 115, 119, 145, 457 and goals, 475 Law, 68-69, 199, 203-205, 310-311, 333-334, 428, Memory, 23, 31, 89, 100-102, 104-105, 107-124, of employees, 339 126-129, 131-134, 142-149, 153, 155-158, Motives, 432 521, 537, 539, 545, 552, 564 160, 164, 166, 168, 170-171, 180-181, Motor nerves, 270 eyewitness testimony, 564 311-314, 316-317, 319, 339, 359, 369, 373, Motor skills, 339, 457, 526, 533, 545, 568 Leadership, 444, 476-477, 511 383, 400-401, 410, 443, 453, 457, 460, Movement, 34, 57-58, 74, 93, 99, 104, 177, 200, Learning, 69, 101, 114-115, 152, 156-157, 162, 166, 464-465, 502, 539, 545, 549, 551, 555, 557, 202-208, 210-214, 218, 221, 240, 242, 564, 568-569 245-247, 250-252, 254, 270, 272-273, 278, 220, 324, 368-370, 374, 384, 431, 453, attention and, 111, 119, 126, 129, 145, 524, 564, 307-308, 422, 537, 555 457-467, 469, 496, 512, 515-518, 520-521, of eye, 58 524-526, 538, 540, 549-550, 552-553, 557, 568 Multiple sclerosis, 456 560, 569 chunking, 110, 112-113, 460 Multitasking, 400, 460 active, 115, 460-461, 464-465 chunking in, 460 Muscle, 97, 252-253, 258-260, 269, 278-282, 285, associative, 115 conceptual, 31, 378, 509, 569 287, 292, 300-303, 342, 450, 508-509, 539 in future, 526 cues and, 126, 153 Muscle fiber, 279 observational, 560 echoic, 89 Music, 10, 95-96, 322, 456, 462 rote, 115 encoding of, 120 MYCIN, 557 Learning curve, 458 explicit, 112, 118, 134, 347, 378, 528 Leveling, 226, 358 eyewitness, 119, 121-122, 128, 564, 569 N Liaisons, 509 field, 119, 129, 457, 510 Life stress, 313 illusions, 107 Nanometers, 42 Lifestyle, 512 implicit, 134, 528, 551 Napping, 326, 328 Light, 19, 41-52, 54, 56, 59, 69, 105-106, 108, 120, information-processing model, 142-143 Naps, 328, 544 123, 126, 137, 167-168, 183, 198, 200-202, knowledge, 31, 101, 114, 116, 118-119, 123, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 430, 237, 247, 281, 288, 299-300, 307, 316, 326, 343-344, 380, 400, 492-495 128-129, 153, 155-156, 160, 164, 171, 533, 545 brightness of, 45, 69 312, 317, 359, 369, 443, 450, 457, 465, Needs analysis, 469 visible, 42, 54, 106, 201, 205-206, 434 551 Negative afterimage, 53 visible spectrum of, 42 prospective, 23, 123, 127, 133, 171, 314, 347 Negative correlation, 201, 503 wavelengths of, 42, 48 recall, 111, 114-116, 118-122, 153, 369 Neglect, 10, 156, 314 Linear perspective, 56 recognition and, 339 Nelson, C., 516 Lineups, 564 recognition tests, 121-122 Nerve fibers, 252, 278 Links, 110, 116, 126, 170, 245, 253, 285, 393, 540, rehearsal, 110-111, 113, 316, 564 Nerves, 252, 270-272 558 retrieval of, 109, 114, 119, 122, 148 Nervous system, 252, 270, 321, 341 Listening, 89, 95, 111-112, 122, 132, 168, 543, 568 retrospective, 23 Location of sounds, 83 sensory register, 102 components, 341 Locomotion, 242 seven sins of, 555 Neural pathways, 42 Locus, 43 short-term, 510, 518, 539, 564 Neural signals, 75 Logic, 237, 352, 392, 401, 403, 408, 493 storage of, 109, 457 New England Journal of Medicine, 524, 542, 551 Logical thinking, 510 structural, 131-133, 518 Night shifts, 490 Long-term consequences, 308, 406 Memory aids, 118 Long-term memory, 101-102, 104-105, 107-110, 112, 114-119, 121, 124, 142-143, 146, 153, 577

Night vision, 49, 53-54, 562 Performance skills, 555 375-377, 388-390, 402-403, 406-408, Nodding, 324 Performance tests, 431 432-433, 443-444, 472-474, 481-484, 488, Noise, 4, 59, 63-66, 71, 73, 78-81, 84, 86-96, 105, Peripheral vision, 48, 59, 495 497, 501-502, 567, 570 Person, 12, 17-20, 22, 32, 34-35, 38, 59, 96, 119, 121, Procedural knowledge, 443, 447, 457-459 168, 175, 210, 303, 304-306, 332, 338, 436, Processing, 2, 14, 25, 47, 49, 52-55, 57, 60, 62, 65, 480, 522-523, 547, 550, 560-561 137, 139-140, 143-144, 149, 151-152, 71, 84, 86-89, 93, 99, 100-102, 104-109, Noise-induced hearing loss, 91 155-158, 223, 225-226, 228, 237-239, 114, 118, 125-126, 129, 131-134, 142-143, Nonsense syllables, 88 252-254, 257-260, 263, 267-269, 272, 276, 145, 150-154, 159, 164-167, 169-171, 208, Nonverbal communication, 514 280, 287-288, 294-295, 312, 325-327, 341, 304-305, 321-322, 367-368, 380, 400-401, Normal curve, 226-227 348, 351, 354-355, 361, 367, 404, 436-437, 419-420, 428-430, 443, 457, 460-463, 488, Norman, Donald, 16 446-448, 495, 502, 569 516-518, 527, 540, 542, 545-546, 548, 551, Norming, 428 described, 17-18, 20, 119, 143, 158, 235, 238, 254, 561, 564-566 Norms, 337-338, 346, 437, 477 acoustic, 71, 89 North Carolina, 434, 515, 552 415, 436, 457, 467, 495 bottom-up, 54-55, 60, 62, 84, 86-88, 104-108, 126, Nursing homes, 89 Persona, 17-18 Nutrition, 193, 226, 267, 270 Personality, 7, 339-340, 396, 444, 446-447, 451, 510, 164 breadth of, 310 O 516, 522, 531 Projection, 123-124, 241 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, 451 Proprioception, 96-98 Objective tests, 452 studies of, 516 Prospective memory, 123, 127, 133, 171, 314, 347 Observation, 8, 22, 133, 154, 387, 468, 483, 500, 502, traits, 446-447, 451 Protanopia, 53 types, 451, 510 Prototype, 12, 24, 30, 38-39, 81, 207, 387, 390, 469 509 Personality assessment, 451 Proximity, 82, 169-170, 180-181, 184-186, 190, direct, 483 Personality psychology, 7, 531 Observational study, 556 Personality tests, 451 196-197, 202, 356, 393, 453-454, 462, 565 Occupational Safety and Health Act, 334 Personality traits, 446-447 Psychological Bulletin, 522, 531-532, 549, 553, 562, Occupational Safety and Health Administration Personnel selection, 447, 513, 539, 547 Perspective, 21, 36, 38, 56, 117, 158, 192-193, 195, 568 (OSHA), 71 Psychological factors, 297, 305, 336 OCEAN, 221, 398 388, 417, 419, 443, 483-485, 541, 557, 559 Psychological research, 310, 525, 564 Octave, 94 Perspectives, 142, 153, 259, 473, 476, 519, 536, 546, Psychological stressors, 306, 309-310 Older workers, 338, 491 Psychologists, 60, 116, 122, 128, 199, 362, 392, 454, One-year prevalence, 263 555, 562, 565, 569 Operational definitions, 350 Phonemes, 104 457, 474 Optic nerve, 46-47 Phonological loop, 109 engineering, 199, 392 Optimism, 477 Photometer, 45 rehabilitation, 508 Optimization, 244-245, 524 Phrases, 15 school, 457 Organization, 4-5, 11, 25, 36-37, 39, 62, 134, 181, Physical appearance, 120 types of, 392, 538 Physical disabilities, 17 Psychology, 6-7, 9, 56, 74, 87, 101, 119, 122, 124, 313, 317, 335, 385, 393, 396, 428, 449, 470, Physical fitness, 267, 517 472, 474, 477, 483, 502, 505, 511-512, 521, Physiology, 6, 260, 277-303, 305, 308, 488, 513-514, 134, 143, 396, 425, 484, 488, 507-518, 520, 527-528, 532, 534, 539, 553, 556 522-526, 528-533, 536, 538-539, 542-562, Organizational analysis, 468-469 528, 539, 555, 557 564-566, 568-570 Organizational climate, 4 of stress, 303, 305 applications of, 549 Organizational culture, 484 Pictorial cues, 56 applied, 101, 488, 507, 511, 514, 516, 518, 526, Organizational psychology, 511 Plague, 321 Orientation, 25, 59, 97-98, 117, 176-177, 184, Platelets, 282 528-530, 533, 538-539, 542, 549-551, 190-193, 200, 274, 357, 399, 511, 570 Play, 20, 98, 175, 192, 211, 254, 434, 472, 478, 514, 559, 561-562, 564-566, 568-569 Oval window, 74 clinical, 509, 516, 518, 522, 532, 558 Overlearning, 460 541 consumer, 568 compatibility, 175 experimental, 7, 507-509, 511, 515, 523-524, P Popularity, 159 528-529, 531-532, 538, 543-544, Population, 17-18, 53-54, 117, 224-227, 230-232, 549-552, 555, 557, 559, 561-562, Pain, 1, 77, 144, 250-251, 256, 259-260, 263, 564-566, 568-569 267-270, 272-273, 276, 281, 301, 343, 525, 235-238, 256, 259-260, 327, 397, 417, 438, field of, 119, 510 529, 550 489, 495 intuitive, 529 Positive correlation, 200, 503 military, 134, 511, 529, 547, 561-562 management, 272-273, 508, 529 Power, 5, 24, 68, 72, 78, 86-87, 123, 125, 180, overview of, 525, 552 sense of, 267 185-187, 222, 223-224, 244, 306, 323, psychological research, 525, 564 Panic, 304, 345, 365 341-342, 347-348, 351, 361, 363, 369, 378, research in, 447, 488, 560 Parallel processing, 133, 169, 465 389-390, 410, 421, 483, 498-499, 544, 546, research methods in, 522 Parents, 331 551, 553, 556, 560, 569, 571 traditional, 468 Pathogens, 348 interacting with, 569 Psychophysics, 68, 260, 527 Pattern recognition, 162 Practical significance, 499-500 Punctuation, 383 Peer, 469 Practice, 4-6, 8, 15, 114, 134, 162-163, 407, 457-460, Punishment, 349 peers, 41, 346 463, 466-467, 469, 488, 496, 501, 510, 513, Pursuit movements, 58 Perception, 5, 16, 44, 53-55, 57-58, 66, 72, 80, 84, 87, 515, 523, 529, 531, 540, 542, 545, 548, 554-555, 561, 563, 565, 567, 569-570 Q 93, 99, 101-108, 110, 114, 118-119, 123, Predictors of job performance, 450, 532 126, 132, 143, 164-166, 170-171, 193-194, Pregnancy, 272 Qualitative data, 501 322, 339, 392, 427, 491, 503, 508-509, Presbycusis, 90, 536 Quantification, 294 518-519, 523-525, 527-528, 531, 537-539, Presbyopia, 47 Quantitative data, 224, 387, 501, 525 543, 547-548, 550, 552, 555, 561, 564-566, Pressure, 72, 97-98, 150, 153-154, 188, 204, 221, Questionnaires, 15, 22, 24, 468, 501-502 569 257, 267-268, 270-273, 284, 287-288, alterations in, 322 293-294, 303, 304, 317, 342-343, 352, 400, R body size, 509, 564 432, 436-437, 443, 445, 476, 544, 555-556, change and, 166 560, 566, 571 Race, 235, 431, 568 cocktail party effect, 104 sound, 72 Radiation therapy, 363, 365 distance, 44, 55, 57, 425 Pretrial publicity, 519 Random assignment, 496 illusions, 55, 107 Prevalence, 153, 159, 250, 500 Rare events, 400 interposition and, 193 Prevention, 148, 272, 331-362, 378-379, 430, 464, Rationalization, 476 limited capacity of, 126 502, 537, 541-543, 551, 554, 561, 563, 568 Reading, 17, 50-52, 59, 93, 104-106, 114, 132, 152, meaning from, 104 Primacy, 145, 147 motion perception, 57 Primary colors, 43-44 166, 176-177, 192-193, 247-248, 422, 424, of color, 44, 53 Primary control, 420 456-457, 512, 516-517, 538, 546, 556 of depth, 55, 57, 193 Priming, 514 interactive, 516, 538 of motion, 99, 395 Princeton University, 547 Realistic period, 470 of risk, 359, 427, 555 Prioritization, 316, 356 Reality, 146, 160, 184-185, 219-221, 227, 333, 368, of time, 110, 123, 433, 523 Problem solving, 20, 101, 125-127, 142, 161, 188, 370, 395, 465, 521, 549, 556, 565, 570 pain, 508-509, 525, 550 397, 409, 461, 465, 475, 480-481, 484, 512, Real-life context, 163 Percepts, 516 557 Reasoning, 20, 312, 409, 411, 450, 522, 570 Perceptual interpretation, 69 and decision making, 397 ability, 409, 411, 450, 570 Perceptual processing, 104-105 context, 137, 461, 484 abstract, 411 Perceptual speed, 450 skills, 20, 125, 461, 465, 475 numerical, 450 Performance appraisal, 448 Problems, 2-4, 8, 11, 16, 38, 80, 92, 114, 118, 158, Recency, 114-115, 118, 148 Performance goals, 477 184, 193, 197, 202, 206, 208, 211, 214, 238, Receptor cells, 47 272, 276, 277, 307, 321, 328, 331-332, Receptors, 46, 55, 97-98, 305 578

Recognition, 50, 53, 64, 89, 116, 118-122, 128, 151, Saccadic eye movements, 58 321-322, 324, 347, 405-408, 411-412, 422, 153-154, 162, 209-211, 337, 339, 378-379, Safety, 1-2, 4, 11-13, 16, 29, 31, 34-36, 38, 40, 82, 429, 434, 440, 443, 521-522, 559, 561, 565 423-424, 508-509, 514, 543 and time pressure, 162 94-96, 148, 163, 185-186, 188, 238-239, Situational cues, 142, 160, 162 process, 119, 153-154, 543 246, 250, 259, 267, 306, 313-314, 318, 329, situations, 2, 17, 92, 97-98, 134, 142, 150-154, 156, Recognition tests, 121-122 331-337, 339-362, 365-366, 397, 414-415, 158-163, 209, 236-237, 239, 253-254, 273, Recollection, 121, 123 416-418, 420, 424-426, 430-439, 443-445, 285-286, 294, 299, 322, 371, 375, 386, 396, Reconciliation, 570 461, 466-467, 483-484, 486, 493, 499-500, 399-400, 403-404, 411-413, 425, 476, 488, Reconstruction, 121, 136 502, 514-515, 517-520, 525-528, 536-540, 500, 505, 536, 567 Recovery, 34, 156, 188-190, 251, 290-293, 378-379, 543-545, 547, 549-557, 559, 561, 563, Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, 516 568-569 Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), 516 388, 529 Sample, 17, 133, 214, 226-227, 273, 289, 376, 388, Size, 2, 17, 30, 47, 52-53, 56-57, 104, 112, 167, 169, Reference points, 235 451, 487, 489, 495-501, 503 189, 206-207, 223-227, 236-237, 239, 251, Reflective, 45, 62 standardized, 451 272, 361, 396, 430, 496, 498-499, 501-503, Reflex, 74 Sample size, 226-227, 498-499, 501, 503 536, 542, 552, 564, 570 Regulators, 125, 358 Samples, 214, 447, 451-452, 500 judgments, 57, 259 Rehearsal, 110-111, 113, 316, 564 Sampling, 214, 451, 500-501, 535 Sketchpad, 109 Satisficing, 141, 149-150, 161, 359 skill acquisition, 470, 524, 545 maintenance, 110 Saturation, 43, 189 Skin, 97, 285-286, 301, 304, 342 maintenance rehearsal, 110 Schema, 116, 119-121 Skull, 251 Relationships, 20, 23, 141, 154-156, 244, 251, 383, Schemas, 116-119 Sleep, 306, 320-325, 327-330, 348, 416, 427, 429, School, 409, 431, 448, 534 432-433, 439, 491, 513, 515-516, 529, 531, 409, 414, 454, 488-492, 502-503, 570 Schools, 456 539, 544, 568 close, 244, 454 Science, 6-9, 35, 226, 238, 325, 455, 487, 518-519, cycle, 324-325, 327 Relative motion, 57 521, 527, 535, 537, 539, 541-542, 555-557, rhythms, 323-325, 327, 427, 491, 531, 544 Relative size, 56-57 559, 561-562, 565, 568-570 rhythms of, 327 Relaxation, 280, 284, 292, 294 confirmation bias in, 561 why we sleep, 531 Reliability, 20, 105, 185, 348, 403-406, 436, 507, 520, Science News, 542 Sleep cycles, 325 Scientific American, 283, 530, 551 Sleep debt, 324-325 530, 533, 552, 560, 566, 570 Scripts, 116-117, 119, 555 Sleep deprivation, 322-324, 328-329, 509, 515, 529, Remembering, 108, 170, 368, 511-512, 521, 529, 545 Seat belt use, 430 531 repeated exposure, 270 Second Step, 386 inertia, 328 Representations, 28, 66, 72, 107, 117, 127, 188, 193, Secular, 226, 528 Sleep disorders, 427 Selection procedures, 448-449, 552 Sleep patterns, 427, 429 457, 563 Self, 121, 124, 128, 226, 272, 324, 349, 406, 451, 479, Sleep studies, 516 visual representations, 127 482, 505, 523, 537-538, 549-550, 561, 570 Smell, 96 Representative samples, 500 Self-esteem, 272 Smell and taste, 96 Representativeness, 146, 150, 153, 156, 162 Semantic categories, 381 Smith, D., 534 Representativeness heuristic, 146, 153, 162 Semantic memory, 114 Smoking, 428 Research, 8, 11, 16, 37, 40, 61, 102, 116, 119-122, Semantic network, 116 mothers, 428 Semantic networks, 116 Social, 7, 37, 110, 272, 336-338, 340, 345-346, 131, 146, 182, 188, 245, 291-292, 321, 335, Semantics, 520, 524, 530 396-397, 437, 439-440, 444, 472-485, 487, 337-338, 340, 345, 357-358, 364-365, 388, Semicircular canals, 74, 98 498, 501, 507, 511, 529, 531, 533, 536, 540, 431, 437-438, 444, 451, 454-455, 486-502, Sensation, 5, 53, 97, 102, 132 543, 552-553, 558, 563, 568, 570-571 504-505, 507-508, 515, 517-518, 520, kinesthetic, 97 Social influence, 568 522-523, 525-529, 531-532, 534-536, senses, 97 compliance, 568 538-539, 541, 543, 545, 548-549, 552-558, touch, 97 Social interaction, 529 560, 562-564, 566, 568-569 vestibular, 97 Social norms, 337-338, 346, 437 applied cognitive, 569 vision, 53 approach, 346, 437 basic research, 487-489, 494 Sensation and perception, 102 Social psychologists, 474 between-subjects designs, 494, 496 Sensations, 53, 68, 97, 99, 221, 270 Social psychology, 7, 396 correlational, 338, 502 Senses, 54, 64, 71, 96-99, 101, 104, 109, 197, 538 Social Readjustment Rating Scale, 531 designs for, 491 cold, 97 Social support, 501, 558 experimental methods, 40 kinesthesis, 96-98 Sound, 10-11, 36, 41, 62, 69, 71-76, 78-86, 92-96, on memory, 568 Sensitivity, 48-54, 59, 63-64, 66, 82-83, 91, 97, 121, 104-105, 109, 113, 115-116, 123, 138-139, participants in psychological, 310 174, 176, 194, 401, 422 175, 210, 377, 408, 465, 522, 525, 546 strategy selection, 549 Sensory processing, 47, 49, 53 loudness of, 69, 75-76, 95 techniques for, 447, 497 Sensory receptors, 46, 55, 97 pitch of, 75-76, 104 Research design, 37 Sensory register, 102 timbre of, 75, 80 Research designs, 489, 492 Sensory system, 42, 55, 426 Sound intensity, 72-73, 75-76 descriptive, 489 Sentences, 88, 106-107, 113, 517 Sound localization, 75, 83 experiments, 489 meaning, 107, 113 Sound pressure, 72 Research methods, 245, 486-502, 505, 522 Separation, 57, 80, 110, 113, 170, 193, 206, 244, 430, Sound waves, 74, 84 Resistance, 12, 30, 39, 201, 204, 221, 253, 270, 433-434, 531 Sounds, 69, 73-78, 80-83, 86, 89, 93, 96, 104, 106, 284-285, 291, 293, 329, 398, 433 September 11, 2001, 345, 444 109, 111, 116, 164, 549 Respiratory system, 282, 286-287 Serendipity, 125 Source, 13-14, 26, 35, 42, 49, 51, 56, 60, 64, 77-78, Response, 1, 4, 15, 58, 63-67, 82-83, 100-102, Set, 18, 21, 24, 29, 31, 33-35, 46, 58, 65, 67, 72-73, 85, 87-88, 90-94, 111, 126, 128, 133, 182, 119-121, 124-125, 131-132, 150, 157-158, 80-82, 91, 109, 112, 116-117, 137, 143, 146, 186, 195, 206-207, 213-214, 217-218, 175, 188, 198-201, 205, 212-213, 217-218, 177, 193, 214, 216, 237-238, 246, 299, 302, 232-234, 240, 247-248, 255, 262, 274-275, 220, 244, 305, 312, 322, 330, 372, 382, 388, 304, 310-311, 334-335, 366, 374-375, 394, 281, 285-287, 289-291, 295-296, 301, 313, 392, 396, 423-426, 429, 501, 527, 538, 560 401-403, 413, 418, 442-444, 453-454, 490, 316, 325-326, 344-345, 352-354, 361, 436, Response bias, 63-66, 83 496-499, 558 489, 509, 544 Response selection, 102, 199 Seven sins of memory, 555 Spatial ability, 450, 461 Resting state, 47, 291 Sex, 225, 260, 272, 514 Spatial memory, 528 Retention, 110, 166, 454, 459-460, 524 Shading, 56, 78, 551 Spatial orientation, 570 interval, 110 Shift work, 323, 326-327, 329, 438, 518, 544 Specification, 29, 33, 38, 43-44, 371 Retina, 46-47, 55, 57 Short-term memory, 510, 518, 539, 564 Speech, 71-72, 75, 77, 79, 81, 84-89, 92-93, 95, 105, receptor cells, 47 Sight, 57, 98, 241-243, 422 132, 210-211, 423-424, 462, 530, 536-537, Retinal detachment, 361 Signal detection theory, 63, 65-66, 83, 448, 512, 527, 541, 543, 550, 557, 559-560 Retirement, 456 560, 567 impairment, 536 Retrieval, 101, 109, 114-116, 118-122, 134, 142-143, Signal detection theory (SDT), 63 inner, 550 148-149, 390-394, 403, 511-512, 537 Signal-to-noise ratio, 86, 92, 95 Speech perception, 72, 87 ease of, 114 Significant differences, 225, 230, 300, 389, 490, 495, Stability, 157, 191, 218, 286, 308, 395, 543 Retrieval of information, 114, 122, 481 498 Stamina, 450 Reward, 12, 36, 346, 472, 477, 484, 496 Similarity, 62, 67, 107, 111, 129, 131-133, 167-168, Standard deviation, 28, 226-227, 260, 498 Reward systems, 484 393, 396, 525, 562 Standardization, 44, 93, 106, 118, 244, 433-434 Rewards, 322, 461, 533 Sins of memory, 555 Statistics, 3, 7, 148, 224-225, 230, 250, 269, 335, 429, Risk factors, 517, 523 Situation, 2, 6, 17, 20, 22, 29, 41, 67, 123-124, 128, 437, 486, 489-490, 497-498, 564 Robotics, 413-414, 566 136-137, 139, 143-144, 150-158, 187-189, analyzing data, 364 Robots, 401-402, 409, 413-414 219-220, 244, 253, 258, 260, 312, 318, role differentiation, 475, 478-479, 485 Roles, 18, 20-21, 37, 250, 412, 459, 475, 478-479, 482 Rush Hour, 438 S 579

graphs, 564 560, 563, 567-568 Victims, 334, 417, 437, 551 standard deviation, 498 stage, 372, 375 Virtual environments, 97-99, 218, 510, 533, 565 Status, 105, 123, 143, 175, 223, 377-378, 400, 411, Therapies, 542 Visible spectrum, 42 Therapy, 363, 365 Visible spectrum of electromagnetic energy, 42 434, 440, 481-482, 484, 500, 552, 559 Thinking, 7, 20, 67, 98, 101, 115, 313, 366, 472, 476, Vision, 46, 48-49, 51-54, 59, 96, 99, 194, 198, 201, Stereopsis, 55, 566 Stereotypes, 177 547 424, 431, 457, 495, 509, 561-562, 567 Sternberg, R., 555 concepts, 366 eye, 46, 51, 59 Stimulants, 322 prototypes, 366 eye movements, 59 Stimuli, 42-43, 47, 67, 103, 105, 214, 339, 409, 561 thinking about, 20, 101, 115, 313 eyes, 48, 59, 535 Stimulus, 42-45, 51, 54, 59, 69, 71-73, 75-76, Thomas, T., 519 impaired, 431 Thought, 10, 29, 59, 102, 106, 110, 130, 132, 147, lens, 46 103-105, 126, 175, 181, 199-200, 244, 516, light, 46, 48-49, 51-52, 54, 59, 198, 201, 495 532, 570 173, 347, 354, 384, 418-419, 447, 480 night, 48-49, 52-54, 96, 419, 431, 562, 567 Stirrup, 74 critical, 29, 173, 418, 447 pupil, 46 STM, 187 Three Mile Island, 123, 147, 150, 311, 410, 414, 473, visual acuity, 48, 59, 431 Storage, 10, 108-110, 114, 119-121, 280-281, 457 visual system, 54, 99 Storage of information, 109 554 Visual accommodation, 51-52 Stress, 5-8, 92, 108, 122, 141-142, 146-147, 149-150, Threshold, 48-50, 73, 75-78, 91 Visual acuity, 48, 50, 59, 431 178, 193, 208, 210, 224, 249, 253-254, Thresholds, 68, 536 Visual area, 178 259-261, 268-269, 276, 282, 288, 294, 300, Visual code, 196 302-303, 304-315, 317-323, 338, 340, 402, absolute, 68 Visual cues, 57, 382 440, 478-479, 501, 523, 525, 531-534, 537, difference, 68 Visual field, 57-60, 129, 200, 457, 554 547, 552, 556-560, 564, 566 Timbre, 75, 80 Visual imagery, 109, 119 appraisal of, 309 Time, 2, 8, 12-14, 19-21, 24, 27-29, 31, 34, 37-38, Visual perception, 132, 525 choices and, 141 Visual processing, 52, 548 coping with, 559 47-48, 79, 81-86, 89, 101-102, 109-112, 115, Visual recognition, 116 extreme, 150, 440 118-120, 122-124, 126-131, 133-134, 136, Visual search, 58-62, 103, 196, 317, 422, 446, illness and, 6 140-142, 144-146, 153-154, 156, 161-163, job, 7, 254, 259, 276, 285, 294, 298, 302, 304, 306, 168-171, 173, 175-176, 178-179, 183-185, 513-514, 543, 558, 561, 570 188-190, 198-204, 207-208, 210-212, Visual system, 54, 69, 83 308-309, 313-314, 338, 340, 457, 501, 214-218, 220-221, 244-246, 251, 259, Visuospatial sketchpad, 109 531-532, 557-558, 560 280-281, 289-294, 296, 300-303, 304-305, Vital capacity, 287 mortality, 149 308, 314-322, 324-327, 329, 343-344, 362, Voice, 1, 4, 76, 80-82, 85-86, 88-89, 93, 95, 112, 123, response, 150, 305, 312, 322, 330, 440, 501, 560 368-369, 373-374, 386, 392-395, 397, responses, 310 402-403, 406-407, 411-413, 418-421, 129, 131-132, 134, 168, 173, 189, 205-211, work-related, 557 423-429, 431-433, 435-436, 443, 453-454, 380, 384, 408, 423, 454, 462, 465, 492, 533, Stress management, 313-314, 478, 517, 519 463, 489, 495-502, 504-505, 512, 523, 535, 548, 567-568 Stressful life events, 313 537, 542, 554-556, 558, 560-561, 566, 569, Voice quality, 89, 210 Stressors, 304-306, 309-310, 313, 513 571 Voice recognition, 209-211 Structured interview, 23 Tolerance, 113, 272, 349, 440 Vowel sounds, 86 Structured interviews, 23, 452 Touch, 96-97, 202, 204-207, 211, 221, 307, 369, 410, students, 149, 329, 416, 427, 448, 504 463, 571 W Studying, 128, 224, 482, 488, 491, 495, 498 Training, 3-7, 11, 13, 20, 35-36, 66, 95, 99, 104, subjective scales, 294 114-115, 134, 136-137, 157, 159, 161-163, Wavelength, 42-44, 49 Substance use, 531, 538 210, 295, 313-314, 317-318, 338-339, 346, Wavelengths, 42-44, 47-49, 53 Surgery, 141, 144, 478, 534, 543-544, 558 348, 354-355, 357-358, 369, 418, 429-431, Wavelengths of light, 48 Surprise, 120 446-471, 477-479, 494, 499, 502, 507, Weight, 30-31, 33, 87, 145-146, 225-226, 230, 232, Survey, 5, 230, 427, 455, 486, 501, 504, 528, 539, 510-511, 514, 517-518, 524-527, 529-533, 554, 564, 569 540-544, 553-555, 557-561, 563-564, 236-237, 249, 251, 254-261, 264-265, web-based, 569 567-568, 571 267-269, 273, 278, 282, 288, 317 Surveys, 22, 24, 225, 230, 501-502, 504, 536 methods for, 11, 161, 355, 450, 452, 460, 502 basal metabolism, 288 Survival, 331, 434-435, 558 Traits, 446-447, 451 Well-being, 417 psychology of, 558 Transduction, 74 Within-subjects design, 495-496 Symbols, 27, 52, 104, 107, 118, 132, 151-152, 174, Transformation, 19, 568 Women, 224-225, 230, 247, 272, 275, 333, 517, 547 190, 353, 551, 568 Transition, 188, 321, 339 Words, 30, 53, 59, 84-85, 88-89, 93, 104, 106-110, Symptoms, 115, 145-146, 160, 297, 329, 411, 427, Trauma, 13, 37, 136, 250, 269 113, 174, 189, 210-211, 237, 273, 307, 361, 509 early, 37, 269 378-379, 390, 454-455, 513, 538, 556, 568 Synchrony, 326 Treatment, 9, 40, 55, 58, 149, 159, 207, 269, 323, 363, Work, 1-6, 14-18, 21-22, 24, 29-31, 36, 39, 47, 78, 92, Syntax, 378, 381, 383, 524 365, 401, 491, 496-497, 501, 504 115, 117, 149, 152, 158, 161, 166, 196, 206, and semantics, 524 T-test, 498 223-224, 233-235, 237-240, 246-248, Tympanic membrane, 74 249-276, 277-303, 306-308, 323, 326-327, T 332-333, 335-340, 368, 386-387, 397, 427, U 436-438, 451-452, 461-462, 469, 472-480, Tactile sense, 97-98, 425 482-483, 487, 490, 496, 498, 514-515, Task analysis, 3, 5-6, 18-27, 29-30, 32, 77, 79-80, 96, Underload, 306, 329, 440 535-537, 539-540, 544-546, 549-550, 552, Unexpected event, 124-125 557-558, 560, 562, 568, 571 119, 177, 314, 339, 351, 366, 368, 377, United Kingdom, 9 choice of, 78, 307-308, 477 391-392, 397, 417-418, 468-469, 533, 535, United States, 9, 92, 230, 250, 269, 332-333, 423-424, job training, 452, 557 553, 555 older workers, 338 Task performance, 15, 20, 22-23, 29, 36, 96, 112, 118, 432, 495, 511, 556 working conditions, 286, 333 131-132, 134, 205, 273, 319-320, 364, 372, Unstructured interview, 23 Work samples, 447, 451-452 377-378, 384, 387-388, 448, 450, 462-463, Useful field of view (UFOV), 58 Work teams, 474-475, 533, 560 468, 475, 479-481, 507, 518, 527, 536, 554, Workforce, 224, 296, 445, 446, 456 558, 566 V Working memory, 101-102, 107-117, 124, 126-127, Taste, 10, 96 131-132, 134, 142-148, 153, 155, 157, 164, Taxonomies, 349 Valid tests, 471 168, 170-171, 311-312, 316, 400-401, 457, Team training, 473, 477-478 Validity, 124, 449, 452, 501, 507, 511, 532, 534, 552 460, 462, 464, 509, 515, 539 Teamwork, 474-477, 482, 485, 511, 536, 568 index, 116, 539 Teenage drivers, 541, 568 content, 501 model of, 101-102, 109, 112, 117, 127, 143, 168 Television, 12, 363, 552 criterion-related, 449 Workplace, 4-5, 7, 71, 84, 90-93, 95, 103, 117, 119, Test anxiety, 568 illusion of, 522 235-242, 244-246, 263-268, 272-274, 291, Test scores, 449 Variable, 33, 52, 69, 83, 88, 161, 167-168, 177-178, 293-294, 297-298, 300, 302, 305, 308, Tests, 29, 121-122, 125-126, 144, 147, 311, 366-367, 332-333, 340, 348-349, 361, 410, 437, 386, 389-390, 431, 446-447, 449-452, 468, 185, 205, 217, 253, 306, 361, 466, 489-493, 456-457, 480, 509, 560 470-471, 488, 498, 503, 553 495-498, 500, 503-504, 520 ergonomics, 5, 7, 265, 274, 484, 509, 516, 560 group, 431, 470, 498 independent, 33, 489-493, 495-498, 504 stress in the, 92 of creativity, 311 Variables, 13, 33, 39-40, 52, 59, 61, 65, 77, 86, 119, World, 1, 21, 34, 54-55, 57, 63-64, 99, 100-103, 118, personality, 446-447, 451 145, 164-165, 176, 178, 180, 185-187, 194, 123, 127-129, 141, 145-146, 163, 171-173, Theories, 336, 370, 375-376, 386, 388, 390, 397, 498, 199-200, 205, 245, 308, 341, 359, 371, 472, 184-185, 208, 211, 217, 230, 312, 325, 529, 552, 555 488-503, 569 375-378, 395-396, 447, 463, 466, 487-489, Theory, 7, 63, 65-66, 83, 130, 137-140, 149, 163, 199, confounding, 488, 496, 499 492, 495, 498, 500, 542 359, 370, 372, 389, 461, 488, 510, 512-513, Variations, 269, 413, 495-496 Worry, 54, 277, 366 521-523, 526-527, 542-543, 550, 555, 557, Vestibular sacs, 98 Vestibular senses, 97-99 motion sickness, 98-99 semicircular canals, 98 Vestibular system, 71-84, 86-99 580

X X-rays, 344, 409 Y Yerkes-Dodson law, 310-311 581

582