A language and society

A language and society By Maqsood Hasni Translated by His EminencyProf. Sufi Niamat Ali Murtazaee Esq. Presentation Free Abuzar Barqi Kutab’khana July 2017

CONTENTS 1- Present research is attached with the achievement of degree 2-Need changes in educational systems of the delving countries 3- Man does not live in his own land 4- A person is related to the whole universe 5- Where ever a person 6- Linguistic set up is provided by poetry 7- How to resolve problems of native and second language 8- A student must be instigated to do something himself 9- Languages never die till its two speakers

10- A language and society don’t develop in days11- Poet cannot keep himself aloof from the universe

PRESENT RESEARCH IS ATTACHED WITH THE ACHIVEMENT OF A DEGREEThe process of creation is related with man’s service,development, and keeping him in moment. In moderntimes, especially in developing countries, it has beenconnected with the achievement of a degree. Thisirresponsible and non-serious behavior has kept themfor away from the development, prosperity andcomplacency of the advanced countries.Revision is, no doubt linked with modernity but it is notan correct and healthy activity to present the oldmaterial with the change of words only. If the revisionprovides us with new meaning, this process must be keptcontinuous. A researcher, in fact, discovers newmeanings with new references or he testifies or(defines)/ refutes something old. If he fills papers onlyfor the achievement of a degree, nobody can get any

advantage from it.Writing can fill long pieces of papers but nothingworthwhile comes in the forefront. Someone researchedthat earth is round. At it the second researcher saysthat earth is not completely round while the third onesays that earth is round like an egg. This matter isrelated with research. In fact, experience and study of aresearcher are also involved in his presentation. Hiswork will be related to the present thing.It is not necessary that the present thing is the last thingand there is nothing ahead of it. Certainly, there is a lotbeyond it. The new/ next researcher must go aheadtowards the post (the next). The dimensions related withthe discovery of something are not the last ones. And tothinks so is stark foolishness. No explanation is the lastexplanation.In the same way, all the known meaning is not the lastmeaning. They can be rejected or new meanings can be

presented and this thing is the real research. It isnecessary that the backward or developing countries ornations must get rid of this behavior it involves thetheses of the advanced countries that belongs to theoriginal lines. A degree is, no doubt, a means ofdevelopment, but is not a step of development. Thereforethere is no capacity of non-serious and irresponsiblebehavior.

NEED CHANGS IN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS OF THE DEVELPING COUNTRIESThe importance of lecture cannot be denied. Lecture hasbeen part of education for centuries and it has beencreating great men in different fields who haveperformed praise worthy marvels in the life. The trendand behavior of the present time have changed. It needsare totally different from the former ones. Thereforelecture method cannot be totally relied upon as regardseducation. The communication of matter to the studentsis not possible through this method. With respect to thefast increasing needs, changes are necessary in theeducational systems of the developing countries. Withoutthese changes, these countries cannot take part in therace of developing countries. And they will have todepend on the others at every step to pace with presenttime.

The resources of developing countries are limited. Ifthese limited resources are lavishly spent on imports,the burden of loans will be the future of these countries.There is no doubt that the resources of these countries,along with in imports, have attached with otherreference for centuries. And the blood suckers aremarring the dream of prosperity. The irony is that thecapital of these countries has usurped by these bloodsuckers. The rebellion against these suckers is just likesuicide. But the teachers of these poor countries can doa lot remaining within the limits of their resources. Inthis regard, the need not, at all, to demand anything fromany person/countries. Interest, sympathy anddetermination to do something would be the helper.I suggest some points in this regard. If they are joinedwith the lecture, the possibility is there that some waymay be searched out to keep pace with the present raceof awareness:1- TV has been a thing of daily use and even the poor

house can, to a large extent, afford it. The student mustbe molded to pay attention to the relevant programmers.2- The student must be taught the use of library and theteachers must be point out the relevant books.3- There must be quiz programmers regarding theconcerned matter.4- Group study must be introduced.5- Debates must be arranged in the class.6- Promotion test must be divided parts:* The students must be given homework.* Classes test be taken in a month.These two must have 50% marks while the promotiontest should also have50% marks.7- In BA a thesis must be written by the studentsregarding their course and this thesis must be

compulsory for BA. For example, in literature, the thesiscan be divided into three parts:• Essays on course• Fiction• PoetryThe thesis must be supervised by the class teachers.8- Encroach the students to prepare notes underdiscussion lesson.Thus a lot of steps can be taken by the teachers,institutions and the relevant boards/universities.Grammar is not ‘everything’Language is a gift to man from the society where he livesin but the important issue is to convey whatever youhave to others. Expression is better than the horriblesilence. It does not require any grammaticalpropositions. I think that grammar is not ‘everything’ butit is only sources of learning language while not a pillar

for speaking at all. Readers surely understand what thespeaker wants to say without ‘barriers’. What is poor,rich and right writing? Do Chinese, Urdu or Englishspeakers always speak according to grammar? Not, notat all, impossible. The language problem will not arise ifthe readers and listeners understand each other; it willbe a good achievement. Should it not be a matter of pridefor the English that a man, whose native language is notEnglish, write English and tries to convey himself? I loveman and don’t care who he is and from where he is.I want to provide a positive thought to the languageresearchers. I think that man is not different from hisbasic living needs. Atmosphere, change of land andresources may affect his thinking, living standard etc.But why hate, love and revenge are in the same wayeverywhere? In my point of view relation between men toman ever exists and, it is a universal truth. Man loves hisholy ‘Books and Places’ despite language differences. Itmeans that man does not live in his own land only. His

heart, mind and soul have relation with the other landsand people. However, man’s hate, love and soulaffiliations cannot be ignored. I think so many similaritiesmust be happened in the languages. To search thesesimilarities will be a great service for man. In this way,language researchers can unite human beings. If mancomes closer, many baseless complications based onunawareness will be eliminated or reduced at least. Inthe present age, language researchers can do a lot forhuman beings.Thinkers will fail to know human problems if expressionremains unspoken. It is our duty to make things good andeasy for human beings. Let man free putting hisexpression into words than holding thoughts in his heartand mind. If some one writes in foreign language than thenative one is surely a ‘fair game’. This effort is a positiveand healthy sign which will lead to some ‘productivework’ while languages are a communicative tool forexpression.

A PERSON IS RELATED TO THE WHOLE UNIVERSEThere is no doubt that a person learns/adopts somehabits and behavior from his parents and other from hisnear relatives. But this thing is not the completion of hispersonality. There are some other factors that affect aperson’s personality, behavior and trends.While living with parents, a person is related not only tothe members of his family but the whole universe. Anyother person who comes in the house also affects hispersonality. His intention is not presentation the gettingthis influence. Anything told by his parents and relativesenter his unconscious. Or some other thing revolving insociety, any event or any affair, all these things aresaved in his brain and are saved in his unconscious.These things saved in unconscious are brought upthemselves. Or sometimes, the practical forms of thosethings get maturity in his mind. In these things, his own

intention has no info interference.The tragic incident of the sub-continent in 1857 is stillpresent in this mind and its grudge is felt in it. Thisgrudge has been given to the people of this are by thehistory of this region. In other words, the history of anation has its strong hold on personalities. Someincidents of history are present in papers. But in thisregards, the rulers have their influences, and the realforms of society are found in society. Words heard fromparents and forefathers remain wondering in society. Inpractical forms, their witness can be seen. My writinghas no connection with it, even the least, who is right andwho is not right.The German, who are European, cannot keep themselvesaloof from the historical events. It admits that somematters there are the influence of national partiality. Andthis thing has deep relation with man’s personality and

this thing cannot be ignore with respect to theconstruction of personality. But it is a confirmed factthat in building up a personality, not only the inheritedqualities but all events, incidents taking place all aroundhave deep effect. Along with them national partiality hasits own influence. An educated man gets effects frombooks. These affect other people unconsciously.Poetry has worked wonders. It has changed the scenesof wars. It has enlivened the dead bodies with theirpower of rhetorician. These time elements have not apermanent condition.I have ever talked about man who is one with respect toa lot of his natural things. There is one brotherhood inthe entire world. No good work should remain restrictedonly to a region or particular people. But its benefitsshould be availed by the whole humanity. The question iswhether it is possible or not. The selfish elements keepthe fruit limited to them. As a result of which unpleasantthings occur. And its bad effects are faced by the whole

human race.Whenever a personWhenever a person views life with reference to hispersonality or a specific group or a particular point, lifegoes out of the circle of understanding. This thingcreates a lot of complexities that snatch many men’smental peace. In fact, life is link with the whole universe.Similarly, the universe stands meaningless without thepersonal interest of life. The interest of life makes lifebeautiful, charming and colorful. In other words, everylink that is limited and particular dissipates after sometime or loses its meanings.Ghalib, Main Mohammad Bux, Shah Abdul Lateef Bhataee,Goethe, Tagoor, John Keats, Emily Dickinson etc. hasdepths deeper than the deep sea because their thoughtis linked with the Universe. Or the universe in deeprooted in their thought. At this stage, the author himselfis lost because he does not remain a unit rather a lot of

units are inter-related in his thought. To approach theirthought, it is not enough to remain limited to one unitonly. Or we cannot go advance on the basis of only oneunit. Similarly we can’t be restricted to only a fewmeanings. To reach some conclusion, it is necessary tosearch out link of the universe.Man is not only a father; he is maternal uncle, paternaluncle, husband, neighbor, master, slave, son, daughter,sister etc and also a servant to Allah. He has countlessreference in his personality. To deny some relation ofuniverse is to deny one of the aspects of one’s identity.The acceptance of relations not only maintains one’sidentity but save man from division. No religion dividesthis unity into units. Rather strengthens the links ofunities and searches out the new references of theirmutual meaningfulness and this affair is not waked at anystage nor it falls a prey to suspension. Whenever suchsituation takes place, it can’t be related to religion.

All this is done by the selfish elements. Their interestsare linked with the division of any unity. For theachievement of their limited and particular purposes,they open the door of division in a very cruel way. In thesame reference, the theory of “Divide and Rule”flourished. Religion, in its originality, is a universal thing.It connects (man) person with God/Allah and the wholeuniverse and thus develops the relation of mutual loveand brotherhood with full force and pomp.

LINGUISTIC SET UP IS PROVIDED BY THE POETRYLot things have been written with respect to verse andpoetry. Verse is related to consciousness. It is said thata good verse contains wisdom. The language of proseand poetry and their set up are different from eachother. Verse is more effective than prose. But it isincorrect to assert that prose is weak in its importance.With respect to expression, the importance of prose isestablished. It is also correct that usage is related topublic, the English usages given by the users of alanguage have no importance without getting the publicauthenticity. We cannot consider unimportant the usagesof the users of the language. I want to say that for thecorrection of usages, we have to resort to the verses.Poetry is standard in this regard. Some matters aredecided and in spite of being commonly wrong, are used.For example, an Urdu word “Kufli” is used as “Kufi”. AnArabic word “Hoor” is used singularly in Urdu. A Persian

word “Sair” is used for walking. A lot of English wordsare used for the meanings different from the originalmeanings. In spite of that, they are called English words.Similarly, a lot of non-English words are used accordingEnglish set up. This linguistic set up is provided bypoetry. Poet and society remain hand in glove with eachother.The linguistic variation in languages happens withreference to them. In order to whether the usages iswaiting for or waiting to or of , consist of or consist for,etc we have to resort to Emily Dickinson, Longfellow,Keats, Coleridge, etc. In order to get the authenticity ofUrdu usages “karvat laina” or “karvat budalna”, we willhave to resort to Mir Sahib or any other ustad poet.

HOW TO RESOLVE PROBLEMS OF NATIVE AND SECOND LANGUAGEIt has always been a controversial matter to expressoneself in a language other than the native language. Andthe doors of reflection are ever open in this regard. Forit, there are usually three forms:• A person fails to express exactly what he wishes.•The expression gains other meanings.• A person thinks in native language and express in someothers one.No doubt, these three aspects are sensitive and weightywhich cannot be ignored in the matter of expression. Theproblem of expression in the second language can betackled. However, the linguistics will have to directresearch to the new dimensions on the scientific basis.No language is associated only to a particular nation,

culture, region, race, class or group. Every language, infact, is the language of man who speaks it. A languagefollows him and fulfills his needs and requirements.The inter links of languages never come to an end andneither can they be demolished. Because in friendship orenmity man does not remain away from another man.Needs of economic and social interests are attached withone another. There may be enmity or the criticalsituation among nations, civilizations, countries andideologies but languages are never enemies of eachother. Link of friendship and affinity always exists amonglanguages at all levels. It is also interesting thatlanguages get more development in differences andenmity.The real problem is of the alphabets and phonetics thatreally causes disturbance which is solved through‘compound alphabets’. Chinese is the first greatestlanguage which is used by many nations in the region. Onthe other hand, Urdu/Hindi is the second greatest

language of the world which seems to be operativearound hundreds of the nations while English is the rulinglanguage of the world. The people attached to thesethree languages are interlinked one another in one wayor the other. Their economic survival depends on eachother. To work on the common ‘linguistic similarities’ isthe important area of the present era. In this regard, thelinguistics should pin down the following aspects:•Common unique /isolated and compound sounds.•Similar and alternative sounds.•Prefixes and Suffixes Compounds•The grammatical adjustment of the co-figured andco-sounded words.The linguistics of the world is invited to express themwith reference to the above said thesis.

A STUDENT MUST BE INSTIGATED TO DO SOMETHING HIMSELFCramming or prepared notes can be a means of successin examination, but in building a personality and gettingawareness, this thing has no role. In this waybest/highest marks can be achieved and these markscan help in getting highest posts, but their results createbad effects for the whole country or nation.It is necessary that a student must be instigated to dosomething himself. Powers of his conscious must bepolished/refined the distinction of good and bad must beproduced in him. A problem may be presented beforethem and then they must be guided in such a way thatthey may ask about it as much as they like. They mayobserve and restore to libraries not considering itworthless thing. Their efforts may be wrong. Somethingmay be added to it. The points that the student has made

an effort to do something himself. To point out thesources of the achievement of the matter is theresponsibility of the teacher. To create broadmindedness is another duty of the teacher.A student cannot create the habit of study andexperience unless his teacher develops it in him. Alesson must be prepared in such a way as create desirein a student to do something himself. A teacher mustprepare dry, pithy and difficult lessons in a such a waythat they become easy. Curiosity must be developed toknow about them. It is necessary that they know thematter and an unconscious sense may be created todiscover something new. The ability ofsuspense/curiosity may flourish in them.

LANGAGUE NEVER DIE TILL ITS TWO SPEAKERSIt is a fact that a language is related with its speakers.So far as the speakers are alive, the language remainsalive. Dr. Sohail Bukhari asserts: Even if two speakers ofa language are alive, the language remains alive. It cannever be destroyed by an invader language. Smalllanguages are influenced by great or ruler languagerather they affect the ruler language with any attack thecycle of their expression is widened. The sub-continentlanguages have been impressed by Arabic, Persian, andTurkish etc. But the local languages have not come to anend.When a sound or word enters another language, itadopts the temperament, tendency and culture of thelanguage. But if a word or sound does not adopt the locallanguage set up, it remains a refugee or immigrant. Inthis regard, a lot of examples can be presented. Hoor,

Ahwah, Aasami, Okat etc., are such words as are presentin Sindhi, Baloochi, Punjabi, Urdu, Pashto, etc. Dictionaryregards them as foreign ones though now they are notforeign with respect their uses and meanings. An Arabwould never accept them as singular. Similarly a lot ofEnglish words have been used in the sub-continentlanguages in their set up. The words Tenshanain,Advician Taberalat, mint’mar, plas dalna, senti, chibard-chip board etc are not acceptable by any Englishman asof his language. By combining infantine to foreign words,some transitive verbs and idioms have been derived.However it must be realize that so far as the speakers ofa language are alive, the language is alive. The local andforeign languages widen the cycles of expression. Inoppression movement is improved. Therefore, we mustnot be worried in these street circumstances.The condition of peace and limitations are not suitablefor the languages as well as nations. Movement, speedand development born in torture anxiety and oppression.

A LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY DON’T DEVOLP IN DAYSA Language and society don’t develop in days rathercenturies are required in their construction anddevelopment. In other words centuries are not veryimportant in the formation and development of alanguage. Similarly are taken in their decay or extinction.A decaying society can exist for fifty or hundred yearsby connecting itself with a develop society. During thiswhile any revolution can occur and any new conditioncan come into existence in the society, with new moods,can keep pace with the international society.In the present age, the example of Afghanistan and Iraqcan be present. The process of resistance is going on.Social prejudice compels them to résistance. Withrespect new teachings, a change in their mood andbehavior cannot be rejected. However these people willnot totally become like the new comers. With reference

to new change, newness shall come in them and they willexist in the coming times with their own reference. Theirlanguage will also develop with respect to their needs.In one age, different forms are seen in a language. Urdunovels “Odas Naslainn” And “Chandni Begum” are thenovel of same age, but their languages seen different.Difference can see in the languages of Sir Philip Sidneyand Coleridge. Goethe’s language and today language isdifferent. Tagor’s language and today Bengali language isalso different. Why? The basic reason is the socialbehavior and condition as well as writer’s attitude andmood, moreover needs and living style of place will alsobe considered with respect to associated with the 2ndlanguages .Languages develop and expression arewidened with respect to the past.Hatred, jealousy, loves beauty’s effects started in thevery beginning. And this succession is still going on. Andit will never end. The series of expression will nevercome to an end with respect to these senses. This mater

will remain the same but its form can very. Man willremain alive till the Last day. Similarly, expression alsonever dies. Man’s behavior and insists are transferred tothe coming time and it is an endless series that cannotbe changed.Languages of thousands of the years old mixed in theother languages with their own society cutler. I havealready talked with respect to this point in some anotherwriting. The same is true for sounds. The Eastern andwestern languages have many similar sounds. We are tosee the sounds and their references. Re is used foragain, La (Arabic) is used for negative, Na (Urdu) is usedfor infinitive. The English came in the subcontinent andthey brought English language and culture. Before themthe Arabs had come. The languages of the subcontinentwere affected. But it was a good effect on the nativelanguages. They got new sounds, new styles, new essaysand many other references. These things developed thelanguages.

The People of the past died. The echo of their ideas canbe heard even today. The words of this language of theirsounds are present in all the languages of the world.A person adopts a foreign culture and language in aboutten years when he live there. As soon as he finds aperson of his native country, his manners will bechanged and he will start speaking his native language. AArbi speaks English With the English but as soon as hefinds another Arbi, he starts speaking with him in theirparticular tone/accent. It is a separate mater thatEnglish has already affected his speaking.Man’s basic needs remain the same. The same is true forbehaviors. Languages are not separate from men. Man’shabits and needs are transferred to the cominggenerations. Similarly his medium of expression is alsoconveyed to the next generation. Only his features, livingstyle, way of talking as per situation and dress are

changed. Otherwise nothing is changed. By changingplace, the coming generations lose control over somesounds but alternative come forth. In this way this actionof expression is not stopped. Whenever expressionstops, revolutions and many other changes aregenerated. However these things are also not injuriousto a language. These things are also provide languageswith energy. The culture of Texland and Mohingodaro iscenturies old. Some of their persons might havesurvived them who propagated their effects to thecoming generations.To talk about the death of man is, evidently, based onignorance. If man dies, nothing will remain behind.Everything exists with man. Everything is connected manand he will ever propagate these things to the cominggeneration.

POET CAN NOT KEEP HIMSELF ALOOF FROM THE UNIVERSEPoet is not a space or super natural creature. He, fromhis beginning to his end, is related with man. But he ismore sensitive then others in some maters. He startsthe journey of universe from his self. And then returnsto his himself.. Sometimes, in this journey, he becomespart of the universe. There are very few poets whotravel from their self to universe and then return totheir self. In such poets, Ghalab, Tagor, Goitte, Feng SuFeng, Coleridge, Longfellow etc. can be cited for example.The mater, infect, is that poet cannot keep himself alooffrom the universe affairs, incidents and mishaps.Universal charm and some complexities affect him.These two elements stir his mind and they wish to travelin the universe along with the poets expressions. And thepoet cannot check their path with all his determinism.

If he is lost in the universe, he presents what he finds inoriginal form. In this regard, Urdu poet Nazir AkbarAbadi and the English poet Wordsworth can be presentedas an example. This thing may be true in itself.A poet has some or the other ideology and it affects hismaster pieces in one way or the other. However he doesnot get the status of the first water. To determinepurposes or destination is not proper for a poet in anyway. Whatever he experiences or feels from hisexperience, he presents views in the form of words. It isanother matter that the way of feeling changes fromperson to person.Poets cannot be compelled to feel in the same way. Inthis case, the compelled and forced poetry asked bewritten. Necessarily, the point with will forced to usesymbols and allusions. It depends on the reader to getthe meanings and themes from these symbols andallusions. Therefore, forced poetry is only poetry. Yesthe reader and critic can determine the destination of

the poetry. Whatever the reader and the critic say is notthe final thing. Their opinion can be rejected at any stage.Take Ghalib as example whatever he feels regards manand universe he expressed through words. But feelingsignore him and take up the guise of words. He cannotseparate himself from man and universe. It is terrorismor terrorism may be converted into affection. How canthis be made possible? Blood is sacred and not to give itrespect, in no way, proper. For this, it is necessary thatman must be viewed with respect his needs, demandsand psychological references. Doors of awareness andmaterial development his natural weakness.My view is that terrorists must be demolished so thathuman beings may breathe peacefully. There is alsoreality that terrorism must be checked with a greatermust be open everybody regardless of any distinction. Ithink without understanding the collective nature of manand universe, relief and prosperity cannot be broughtabout.