IGCSE CHEMISTRY EDEXCEL (9-1) -Mr. EHAB FAROUK 0097455339573

Dynamic equilibrium

Dynamic equilibrium Factors affecting the position of equilibrium: 1. Changing the concentration of substance present 2. Changing the pressure 3. Changing the temperature ☺ Catalysts: have no effect on the position of equilibrium. (catalyst increase the rate of reaction in both directions with the same amount)

Dynamic equilibrium 1- Effect of changing the concentration on the position of equilibrium Increasing the concentration of reactants shifts the position of equilibrium towards the forward direction (formation of products)

Dynamic equilibrium Increasing the concentration of products shifts the position of equilibrium towards the backward direction (formation of reactants)

Dynamic equilibrium 1- Effect of changing the temperature on the position of equilibrium

Dynamic equilibrium Increasing the temperature in exothermic reaction Shifts the position of equilibrium towards the endothermic direction Decreasing the temperature in exothermic reaction Shifts the position of equilibrium toward the exothermic direction

Dynamic equilibrium H2 + I2 + Heat → 2HI Increasing the temperature in Endothermic reaction Shifts the position of equilibrium towards the endothermic direction Decreasing the temperature in Endothermic reaction Shifts the position of equilibrium toward the exothermic direction

Dynamic equilibrium 1- Effect of changing the Pressure on the position of equilibrium Increasing pressure Shifts the equilibrium toward the fewer number of molecules To reduce the effect of increasing pressure.

Dynamic equilibrium Decreasing pressure shifts the equilibrium toward the greater number of molecules To reduce the effect of decreasing pressure If no change in the number of molecules in both reactants and products → no change in the position of equilibrium

Thank you Mr. EHAB FAROUK 0097455339573

CHEMISTRY (9-1) TESTS FOR WATER, CATIONS AND ANIONS PREPARED BY: Mr. EHAB FAROUK 55339573

TESTS FOR WATER

Tests for water

Flame test Explain: dipping the nichrome wire into concentrated hydrochloric acid. to remove any carbonate ions If a new piece of wire is not being used, It is usually cleaned by dipping it into concentrated hydrochloric acid and then holding it in a non-luminous Bunsen flame. Then is repeated until the wire does not give any colour to the flame.

Flame test



Tests for positive ions



Tests for negative ions

Thank you Mr. EHAB FAROUK 0097455339573

CHEMISTRY (9-1) Introduction to Organic Chemistry PREPARED BY: Mr. EHAB FAROUK 55339573

HYDROCARBON Hydrocarbon: Compound that contains carbon and hydrogen only.

Naming the organic compounds

Types of formula

Types of formula Displayed formula Structural formula Molecular formula Empirical formula General formula

Naming the organic compounds Explain : Molecular formulae are used very rarely in organic chemistry. Because they do not give any useful information about the bonding in the molecule.

Naming of Alkanes

Naming of Branched Alkanes Prop But ane ane 2,2-dimethyl 2-methyl 2,2-dimethylpropane 2-methylbutane

Naming of Branched Alkanes Prop but prop ane ane ane 2-methyl 2-methyl 2,2-dimethyl 2-methylpropane 2-methylbutane 2,2-dimethylpropane

Naming of Branched Alkanes Butane

Naming of Branched Alkanes 123 12 34 4 1 23 but but ane Prop ane 2,3-dimethyl ane 2,2-dimethyl Butane 2,3-dimethylbutane 2,2-dimethylpropane

Naming of Alkenes Eth prop ene ene Ethene Propene

Naming of Alkenes 1 23 4 But But 1-ene 2-ene 1 23 4 1-butene But-2-ene But-1-ene

Naming of Branched Alkenes But prop 2-ene 1-ene 2,3-dimethyl 2,2-dimethyl 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene 2,2-dimethylprop-1-ene 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene 2,2-dimethylprop-1-ene

HOMEWORK

Thank you Mr. EHAB FAROUK 0097455339573

CHEMISTRY (9-1) Naming halogenoalkanes alcohols-carboxylic acids- esters PREPARED BY: Mr. EHAB FAROUK 55339573

Functional group Functional group: It is an atom or a group that determine the chemical properties of a compound. Functional group Symbol I Naming Halogens F , Cl , Br , Halogeno Alcohols R-OH ol Carboxylic acid R-COOH oic acid Esters R-COOR oate

Naming the Halogenoalkanes Halogen Naming Chlorine (Cl) Chloro- Fluorine (F) Floro- Bromine (Br) Bromo- Iodine (I) Iodo-

Naming the Halogenoalkanes Eth Eth ane ane bromo 1,2-dibromo Bromoethane 1,2-dibromoethane

Naming the Halogenoalkanes prop prop ane ane 1,2-dibromo 1,2-dichloro 1,2-dibromopropane 1,2-dichloropropane

Naming the alcohols AlkanOL R-OH

Naming the alcohols AlkanOL R-OH Meth Eth prop an an an ol ol 2-ol methanol ethanol 2-propanol Propan-2-ol

Naming the carboxylic acids AlkanOIC acid R-COOH

Naming the carboxylic acids AlkanOIC acid R-COOH eth but an an oic acid oic acid 2-methyl Ethanoic acid 2-methylbutanoic acid Vinegar

Naming the Esters AlkanOATE R-COOR CH3COOCH2CH3 CH3COOCH3 eth eth an an Oate Oate methyl ethyl methyl ethanoate ethyl ethanoate

Naming the Esters AlkanOATE R-COOR eth but an an Oate Oate propyl ethyl propyl ethanoate ethyl butanoate

Thank you Mr. EHAB FAROUK 0097455339573

CHEMISTRY (9-1) Isomerism Alkanes - Alkenes PREPARED BY: Mr. EHAB FAROUK 55339573

Isomerism Structural Isomerism: Are molecules with the same molecular formula, but different in structural formulae. Isomers have the similar in chemical properties but different in physical properties as boiling point. Because of the change in the shape of molecule.