beyond-earth-tagged

Official Name Spacecraft / no. Mass Launch date / time Launch Launch vehicle / no. Nation Design & Operation Objective Out- place / pad1 USA come2 USA S NEW HORIZONS S New Horizons New Horizons 478 kg 01-19-06 / 19:00:00 CC / 41 Atlas V 551 / 010 NASA / APL Pluto flyby STEREO STEREO Ahead, Stereo A, 623 kg 10-26-06 / 00:52:00 CC / 17B Delta 7925-10L (D319) NASA / GSFC / APL solar orbit STEREO Behind Stereo B 658 kg ARTEMIS Artemis P1, THEMIS B, 2 × 126 kg 02-17-07 / 23:01:00 CC / 17B Delta 7925-10C / D323 USA NASA / UC-Berkeley Earth–Moon L1, Earth– S Artemis P2 THEMIS C Moon L2, lunar orbit PHOENIX Phoenix Phoenix Lander 664 kg 08-04-07 / 09:26:34 CC / 17A Delta 7925-9.5 / D325 USA NASA / JPL Mars landing S 1,218 kg 09-27-07 / 11:34:00 USA 1,039 kg 03-07-09 / 03:49:57 DAWN USA 1,850 kg 06-18-09 / 21:32:00 USA Dawn Dawn CC / 17B Delta 7925H / D327 NASA / JPL Vesta, Ceres orbit S KEPLER Kepler Kepler CC / 17B Delta 7925-10L / D339 NASA / ARC / JPL solar orbit S LRO / LCROSS Lunar Reconnaissance LRO CC / 41 Atlas V 401 / 020 NASA / GSFC lunar orbit S Orbiter NASA / GSFC lunar orbit S Lunar Crater Observation LCROSS 621 kg 06-18-09 / 21:32:00 CC / 41 Atlas V 401 / 020 USA and Sensing Satellite JUNO Juno Juno 3,625 kg 08-05-11 / 16:25:00 CC / 41 Atlas V 551 / 29 USA NASA / JPL Jupiter orbit IP USA NASA / JPL lunar orbit S 2 × 202.4 09-10-11 / 13:08:52 GRAIL Ebb, Flow GRAIL-A, kg CC / 17B Delta 7920H-10 / D356 GRAIL-B 3,893 kg 11-26-11 / 15:02:00 Curiosity MSL CC / 41 MSL USA NASA / JPL Mars landing and S Atlas V 541 / 28 surface exploration S LADEE LADEE 383 kg 09-07-13 / 03:27:00 LADEE USA NASA / ARC / GSFC lunar orbit Tables  MARS / 0B Minotaur V / 1 331

332 Official Name Spacecraft / no. Mass Launch date / time Launch Launch vehicle / no. Nation Design & Operation Objective Out- BEYOND EARTH: A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 MAVEN MAVEN 2,454 kg 11-18-13 / 18:28:00 place / pad1 USA come2 DSCOVR Triana 570 kg 02-11-15 / 23:03:02 USA MAVEN S CC / 41 Atlas V 401 / 38 NASA / GSFC / UofC Mars orbit S DSCOVR Out- come CC / 40 Falcon 9 v.1.1 NASA / NOAA / Sun–Earth L1 USAF F F SOVIET UNION / RUSSIA F P Official Name Spacecraft / no. Mass Launch date / time Launch place Launch vehicle / no. Nation Design & Operation Objective S / pad S 09-23-58 / 07:03:23 USSR F 10-11-58 / 21:41:58 LUNA USSR F 12-04-58 / 18:18:44 USSR F [Luna] Ye-1 / 1 c. 360 kg 01-02-59 / 16:41:21 NIIP-5 / 1 Luna / B1-3 USSR OKB-1 lunar impact F Ye-1 / 2 c. 360 kg OKB-1 lunar impact F [Luna] Ye-1 / 3 c. 360 kg NIIP-5 / 1 Luna / B1-4 USSR OKB-1 lunar impact F Ye-1 / 4 361.3 kg OKB-1 lunar impact F [Luna] NIIP-5 / 1 Luna / B1-5 USSR F Ye-1A / 7 390.2 kg OKB-1 lunar impact Soviet Space Rocket NIIP-5 / 1 Luna / B1-6 USSR [Luna 1] Ye-2A / 1 278.5 kg USSR OKB-1 lunar flyby 09-12-59 / 06:39:42 NIIP-5 / 1 Luna / I1-7b USSR Second Soviet Space Ye-3 / 1 ? USSR OKB-1 lunar flyby Rocket [Luna 2] Ye-3 / 2 ? 10-04-59 / 00:43:40 NIIP-5 / 1 Luna / I1-8 USSR OKB-1 lunar flyby Ye-6 / 2 1,420 kg USSR OKB-1 lunar landing Automatic Interplane- Ye-6 / 3 1,420 kg 04-15-60 / 15:06:44 NIIP-5 / 1 Luna / I1-9 USSR OKB-1 lunar landing tary Station [Luna 3] Ye-6 / 4 1,422 kg 04-19-60 / 16:07:43 NIIP-5 / 1 Luna / I1-9a USSR OKB-1 lunar landing Ye-6 / 6 c. 1,420 kg 01-04-63 / 08:48:58 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya / T103-09 OKB-1 lunar landing [Luna] Ye-6 / 5 c. 1,420 kg 02-03-63 / 09:29:14 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya / T103-10 OKB-1 lunar landing Ye-6 / 9 c. 1,470 kg 04-02-63 / 08:16:38 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya / T103-11 OKB-1 lunar landing [Luna] 03-21-64 / 08:14:33 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya / T15000-20 04-20-64 / 08:08:28 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya / T15000-21 [Luna] 03-12-65 / 09:25 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya / G15000-24 [Luna] Luna 4 [Luna] [Luna] Kosmos 60 [Luna]

Official Name Spacecraft / no. Mass Launch date / time Launch place Launch vehicle / no. Nation Design & Operation Objective Out- / pad come [Luna] Ye-6 / 8 c. 1,470 kg 04-10-65 / 08:39 F Luna 5 Ye-6 / 10 1,476 kg 05-09-65 / 07:49:37 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya-M / R103-26 USSR OKB-1 lunar landing F Luna 6 Ye-6 / 7 1,442 kg 06-08-65 / 07:40 OKB-1 lunar landing F Luna 7 Ye-6 / 11 1,506 kg 10-04-65 / 07:56:40 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya-M / U103-30 USSR OKB-1 lunar landing F Luna 8 Ye-6 / 12 1,552 kg 12-03-65 / 10:46:14 OKB-1 lunar landing F Luna 9 Ye-6M / 202 1,583.7 kg 01-31-66 / 11:41:37 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya-M / U103-31 USSR OKB-1 lunar landing S Kosmos 111 [Luna] Ye-6S / 204 c. 1,580 kg 03-01-66 / 11:03:49 Lavochkin lunar landing F Luna 10 Ye-6S / 206 1,583.7 kg 03-31-66 / 10:46:59 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya / U103-27 USSR Lavochkin lunar orbit S Luna 11 Ye-6LF / 101 1,640 kg 08-24-66 / 08:03:21 Lavochkin lunar orbit S Luna 12 Ye-6LF / 102 1,640 kg 10-22-66 / 08:42:26 NIIP-5 / 31 Molniya-M / U103-28 USSR Lavochkin lunar orbit S Luna 13 Ye-6M / 205 1,620 kg 12-21-66 / 10:17:08 Lavochkin lunar orbit S Kosmos 159 [Luna] Ye-6LS / 111 1.640 kg 05-16-67 / 21:43:57 NIIP-5 / 31 Molniya-M / U103-32 USSR Lavochkin lunar landing P [Luna] Ye-6LS / 112 1,640 kg 02-07-68 / 10:43:54 Lavochkin lunar orbit F Luna 14 Ye-6LS / 113 1,640 kg 04-07-68 / 10:09:32 NIIP-5 / 31 Molniya-M / N103-41 USSR Lavochkin lunar orbit S [Luna/Lunokhod] Ye-8 / 201 c. 5,700 kg 02-19-69 / 06:48:48 Lavochkin lunar orbit F [Luna] Ye-8-5 / 402 c. 5,700 kg 06-14-69 / 040:0:48 NIIP-5 / 31 Molniya-M / N103-42 USSR Lavochkin lunar rover F Luna 15 Ye-8-5 / 401 5,667 kg 07-13-69 / 02:54:42 Lavochkin lunar sample F Kosmos 300 [Luna] Ye-8-5 / 403 c. 5,700 kg 09-23-69 / 14:07:37 NIIP-5 / 31 Molniya-M / N103-43 USSR Lavochkin lunar sample F Kosmos 305 [Luna] Ye-8-5 / 404 c. 5,700 kg 10-22-69 / 14:09:59 Lavochkin lunar sample F [Luna] Ye-8-5 / 405 c. 5,700 kg 02-06-70 / 04:16:05 NIIP-5 / 31 Molniya-M / N103-44 USSR Lavochkin lunar sample F Luna 16 Ye-8-5 / 406 5,725 kg 09-12-70 / 13:25:52 Lavochkin lunar sample S Luna 17 Lunokhod 1 Ye-8 / 203 5,700 kg 11-10-70 / 14:44:01 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya-M / N103-45 USSR Lavochkin lunar sample S Luna 18 Ye-8-5 / 407 5,725 kg 09-02-71 / 13:40:40 Lavochkin lunar rover F Luna 19 Ye-8LS / 202 5,330 kg 09-28-71 / 10:00:22 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya-M / Ya716-56 USSR Lavochkin lunar sample P Luna 20 Ye-8-5 / 408 5,725 kg 02-14-72 / 03:27:58 Lavochkin lunar orbit S NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya-M / Ya716-57 USSR Lavochkin lunar sample NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya-M / Ya716-58 USSR NIIP-5 / 81P Proton-K / 239-01 USSR NIIP-5 / 81P Proton-K / 238-01 USSR NIIP-5 / 81P Proton-K / 242-01 USSR NIIP-5 / 81P Proton-K / 244-01 USSR NIIP-5 / 81P Proton-K / 241-01 USSR NIIP-5 / 81 Proton-K / 247-01 USSR NIIP-5 / 81L Proton-K / 248-01 USSR NIIP-5 / 81L Proton-K / 251-01 USSR NIIP-5 / 81P Proton-K / 256-01 USSR NIIP-5 / 81P Proton-K / 257-01 USSR Tables  NIIP-5 / 81P Proton-K / 258-01 USSR 333

334 Official Name Spacecraft / no. Mass Launch date / time Launch place Launch vehicle / no. Nation Design & Operation Objective Out- BEYOND EARTH: A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 / pad come Luna 21 Lunokhod 2 Ye-8 / 204 5,700 kg 01-08-73 / 06:55:38 USSR S Luna 22 Ye-8LS / 206 5,700 kg 05-29-74 / 08:56:51 NIIP-5 / 81L Proton-K / 259-01 USSR Lavochkin lunar rover S Luna 23 Ye-8-5M / 410 5,795 kg 10-28-74 / 14:30:32 USSR Lavochkin lunar orbit F [Luna] Ye-8-5M / 412 5,795 kg 10-16-75 / 04:04:56 NIIP-5 / 81P Proton-K / 282-02 USSR Lavochkin lunar sample F Luna 24 Ye-8-5M / 413 c. 5,800 kg 08-09-76 / 15:04:12 USSR Lavochkin lunar sample S NIIP-5 / 81P Proton-K / 285-01 Lavochkin lunar sample [Mars] 1M / 1 480 kg 10-10-60 / 14:27:49 USSR [Mars] 1M / 2 480 kg 10-14-60 / 13:51:03 NIIP-5 / 81L Proton-K / 287-02 USSR [Mars] 2MV-4 / 3 c. 900 kg 10-24-62 / 17:55:04 USSR Mars 1 2MV-4 / 4 893.5 kg 11-01-62 / 16:14:06 NIIP-5 / 81L Proton-K / 288-02 USSR [Mars] 2MV-3 / 1 ? 11-04-62 / 15:35:15 USSR [Mars] M-69 / 521 c. 4,850 kg 03-27-69 / 10:40:45 MARS USSR [Mars] M-69 / 522 c. 4,850 kg 04-02-69 / 10:33:00 USSR Kosmos 419 [Mars] 3MS / 170 4,549 kg 05-10-71 / 16:58:42 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya / L1-4M USSR OKB-1 Mars flyby F Mars 2 4M / 171 4,625 kg 05-19-71 / 16:22:44 USSR OKB-1 Mars 3 4M / 172 4,625 kg 05-28-71 / 15:26:30 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya / L1-5M USSR OKB-1 Mars flyby F Mars 4 3MS / 52S 4,000 kg 07-21-73 / 19:30:59 USSR OKB-1 Mars 5 3MS / 53S 4,000 kg 07-25-73 / 18:55:48 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya / T103-15 USSR OKB-1 Mars flyby F Mars 6 3MP / 50P 3,880 kg 08-05-73 / 17:45:48 USSR Lavochkin Mars 7 3MP / 51P 3,880 kg 08-09-73 / 17:00:17 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya / T103-16 USSR Lavochkin Mars flyby P Fobos 1 1F / 101 6,220 kg 07-07-88 / 17:38:04 USSR Lavochkin NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya / T103-17 Lavochkin Mars impact F Fobos 2 1F / 102 USSR Lavochkin NIIP-5 / 81L Proton-K / 240-01 Lavochkin Mars orbit F Mars 8 M1 / 520 Russia Lavochkin NIIP-5 / 81P Proton-K / 233-01 Lavochkin Mars orbit F Lavochkin NIIP-5 / 81L Proton-K / 253-01 Lavochkin Mars orbit F NIIP-5 / 81P Proton-K / 255-01 Lavochkin Mars orbit / landing P NIIP-5 / 81L Proton-K / 249-01 Lavochkin Mars orbit / landing P NIIP-5 / 81L Proton-K / 261-01 Mars orbit F NIIP-5 / 81P Proton-K / 262-01 Mars orbit S NIIP-5 / 81L Proton-K / 281-01 Mars landing P NIIP-5 / 81P Proton-K / 281-02 Mars landing F NIIP-5 / 200L Proton-K / 356-02 Mars orbit / Phobos flyby / F landings 6,220 kg 07-12-88 / 17:01:43 NIIP-5 / 200P Proton-K / 356-01 Mars orbit / Phobos flyby / P landings 6,795 kg 11-16-96 / 20:48:53 GIK-5 / 200L Proton-K / 392-02 Mars landing F

Official Name Spacecraft / no. Mass Launch date / time Launch place Launch vehicle / no. Nation Design & Operation Objective Out- / pad Russia come Fobos-Grunt 1VA / 1 13,505 kg 11-08-11 / 20:16:03 Baikonur / 45 Zenit-2SB41.1 Lavochkin / IKI Mars orbit, Phobos flyby, F sample return Heavy Satellite 1VA / 2 c. 645 kg 02-04-61 / 01:18:04 F [Venera] VENERA Automatic Interplane- 2MV-1 / 3 643.5 kg 02-12-61 / 00:34:37 F tary Station [Venera 1] 2MV-1 / 4 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya / L1-7V USSR OKB-1 Venus impact [Venera] 2MV-2 / 1 1,097 kg 08-25-62 / 02:56:06 F [Venera] 3MV-1 / 5 c. 1,100 kg 09-01-62 / 02:12:30 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya / L1-6V USSR OKB-1 Venus impact F [Venera] 3MV-1 / 4 ? 09-12-62 / 00:59:13 F Kosmos 27 [Venera] 3MV-4 / 4 948 kg 03-27-64 / 03:24:43 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya / T103-12 USSR OKB-1 Venus impact F Zond 1 [Venera] 3MV-3 / 1 948 kg 04-02-64 / 02:42:40 NIIP-5 / 1 OKB-1 Venus impact F Venera 2 3MV-4 / 6 963 kg 11-12-65 / 04:46 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya / T103-13 USSR OKB-1 Venus flyby S Venera 3 1V / 310 960 kg 11-16-65 / 04:13 NIIP-5 / 1 OKB-1 Venus impact S Kosmos 96 [Venera] 1V / 311 c. 950 kg 11-23-65 / 03:14 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya / T103-14 USSR OKB-1 Venus impact F Venera 4 2V / 330 1,106 kg 06-12-67 / 02:39:45 NIIP-5 / 31 OKB-1 Venus flyby S Kosmos 167 [Venera] 2V / 331 c. 1,100 kg 06-17-67 / 02:36:38 NIIP-5 / 31 Molniya / T15000-27 USSR OKB-1 Venus impact F Venera 5 3V / 630 1,130 kg 01-05-69 / 06:28:08 NIIP-5 / 31 OKB-1 Venus flyby S Venera 6 1,130 kg 01-10-69 / 05:51:52 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya / T15000-28 USSR Lavochkin Venus impact S Venera 7 3V / 631 1,180 kg 08-17-70 / 05:38:22 NIIP-5 / 1 Lavochkin Venus impact S NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya-M / U103-42 USSR Lavochkin Venus landing Kosmos 359 [Venera] 3V / 670 c. 1,200 kg 08-22-70 / 05:06:08 NIIP-5 / 1 Lavochkin Venus landing F 3V / 671 NIIP-5 / 31 Molniya / U103-31 USSR Lavochkin Venus landing Venera 8 4V-1 / 660 1,184 kg 03-27-72 / 04:15:06 S Kosmos 482 [Venera] 4V-1 / 661 c. 1,180 kg 03-31-72 / 04:02:33 NIIP-5 / 31 Molniya / U103-30 USSR Lavochkin Venus landing F Venera 9 4V-1 / 360 4,936 kg 06-08-75 / 02:38:00 S Venera 10 5,033 kg 06-14-75 / 03:00:31 NIIP-5 / 31 Molniya-M / Ya716-70 USSR Lavochkin Venus landing S Venera 11 4,447.3 kg 09-09-78 / 03:25:39 NIIP-5 / 31 Lavochkin Venus landing S NIIP-5 / 81P Molniya-M / Y7`6-71 USSR Lavochkin Venus orbit / landing NIIP-5 / 81P Lavochkin Venus orbit / landing NIIP-5 / 81L Molniya-M / V716-72 USSR Lavochkin Venus landing Molniya-M / V716-73 USSR Molniya-M / USSR Kh15000-62 Molniya-M / USSR Kh15000-61 Molniya-M / S1500-63 USSR Molniya-M / S1500-64 USSR Proton-K / 286-01 USSR Tables  Proton-K / 285-02 USSR Proton-K / 296-01 USSR 335

336 Official Name Spacecraft / no. Mass Launch date / time Launch place Launch vehicle / no. Nation Design & Operation Objective Out- BEYOND EARTH: A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 / pad come Venera 12 4V-1 / 361 4,457.9 kg USSR Lavochkin Venera 13 4V-1M / 760 4,397.8 kg 09-14-78 / 02:25:13 NIIP-5 / 81P Proton-K / 296-02 USSR Lavochkin Venus landing S Venera 14 4V-1M / 761 4,394.5 kg USSR Lavochkin Venera 15 4V-2 / 860 5,250 kg 10-30-81 / 06:04 NIIP-5 / 200P Proton-K / 311-01 USSR Lavochkin Venus landing S Venera 16 4V-2 / 861 5,300 kg USSR Lavochkin Vega 1 5VK / 901 c. 4,840 kg 11-04-81 / 05:31 NIIP-5 / 200L Proton-K / 311-02 USSR Lavochkin Venus landing S Vega 2 5VK / 902 c. 4,840 kg USSR Lavochkin 06-02-83 / 02:38:39 NIIP-5 / 200L Proton-K / 321-01 Venus orbit S Kosmos 21 [Zond] 3MV-1A / 2 c. 800 kg USSR [Zond] 3MV-1A / 4A c. 800 kg 06-07-83 / 02:32 NIIP-5 / 200P Proton-K / 321-02 USSR Venus orbit S Zond 2 3MV-4A / 2 996 kg USSR Zond 3 3MV-4A / 3 950 kg 12-15-84 / 09:16:24 NIIP-5 / 200L Proton-K / 329-01 USSR Venus landing, Halley flyby S [Zond] 7K-L1 / 4L c. 5,375 kg 12-21-84 / 09:13:52 NIIP-5 / 200P Proton-K / 325-02 USSR Venus landing, Halley flyby S [Zond] 7K-L1 / 5L c. 5,375 kg USSR Zond 4 7K-L1 / 6L c. 5,375 kg OBJECT-PROBE (EARLY ZOND) USSR [Zond] 7K-L1 / 7L c. 5,375 kg USSR Zond 5 7K-L1 / 9L c. 5,375 kg 11-11-63 / 06:23:34 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya / G103-18 USSR OKB-1 deep space and recovery F Zond 6 7K-L1 / 12L c. 5,375 kg USSR OKB-1 Venus flyby F [Zond] 7K-L1 / 13L c. 5,375 kg 02-19-64 / 05:47:40 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya / G15000-26 USSR OKB-1 Mars flyby P Zond 7 7K-L1 / 11 c. 5,375 kg USSR OKB-1 lunar flyby S Zond 8 7K-L1 / 14 c. 5,375 kg 11-30-64 / 13:25 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya / G15000-29 USSR [N1] 7K-L1S / 2 6,900 kg 07-18-65 / 14:32 NIIP-5 / 1 Molniya / U103-32 USSR [N1] 7K-L1S / 5 c. 6,900 kg USSR [N1] 7K-LOK / 6A c. 9,500 kg 09-27-67 / 22:11:54 ZOND (LATER) USSR TsKBEM circumlunar F NIIP-5 / 81L Proton-K / 229-01 TsKBEM circumlunar F TsKBEM deep space P 11-22-67 / 19:07:59 NIIP-5 / 81P Proton-K / 230-01 TsKBEM circumlunar F TsKBEM circumlunar S 03-02-68 / 18:29:23 NIIP-5 / 81L Proton-K / 231-01 TsKBEM circumlunar S TsKBEM circumlunar F 04-22-68 / 23:01:27 NIIP-5 / 81P Proton-K / 232-01 TsKBEM circumlunar S TsKBEM circumlunar S 09-14-68 / 21:42:11 NIIP-5 / 81L Proton-K / 234-01 11-10-68 / 19:11:31 NIIP-5 / 81L Proton-K / 235-01 01-20-69 / 04:14:36 NIIP-5 / 81L Proton-K / 237-01 08-07-69 / 23:48:06 NIIP-5 / 81L Proton-K / 243-01 10-20-70 / 19:55:39 NIIP-5 / 81L Proton-K / 250-01 N1 DEEP SPACE TESTS TsKBEM lunar orbit F 02-21-69 / 09:18:07 NIIP-5 / 110P N1 / 3L TsKBEM lunar orbit F TsKBEM lunar orbit F 07-03-69 / 20:18:32 NIIP-5 / 110P N1 / 15005 11-23-72 / 06:11:55 NIIP-5 / 110L N1 / 15007

GERMANY Official Name Spacecraft / no. Mass Launch date / time Launch place / pad Launch vehicle / no. Nation Design & Operation Objective Out- come Helios 1 Helios-A 370 kg 11-10-74 / 07:11:02 CC / 41 HELIOS FRG DFVLR / NASA solar orbit Helios 2 Helios-B 370 kg 01-15-76 / 05:34:00 CC / 41 Titan IIIE-Centaur / 2 FRG DFVLR / NASA solar orbit S S Titan IIIE-Centaur / 5 JAPAN Spacecraft / no. Mass Launch date / time Launch place / pad Launch vehicle / no. Nation Design & Operation Objective Out- come Official Name MS-T5 138.1 kg 01-07-85 / 19:26 PLANET Japan ISAS Halley flyby S Sakigake Planet-A 139.5 kg 08-18-85 / 23:33 Kagoshima / M1 Mu-3S-II / 1 Japan ISAS Halley flyby S Suisei Planet-B 536 kg 07-03-98 / 18:12 Japan ISAS Mars orbit F Nozomi Kagoshima / M1 Mu-3S-II / 2 MUSES-A / 185 kg / 01-24-90 / 11:46:00 Japan ISAS lunar flyby / orbit S Hiten / Hagoromo Kagoshima / M-5 M-V / 3 Hayabusa MUSES Hayabusa 2 Kagoshima / M1 Mu-3S-II / 5 Kaguya MUSES-A subsat 12 kg Akatsuki MUSES-C, 510 kg 05-09-03 / 04:29:25 Kagoshima / M-V M-V / 5 Japan ISAS / JAXA asteroid sample return P Shin’en MINERVA Shin’en 2 600 kg 12-03-14 / 04:22:04 Tanegashima / Y1 H-IIA / F26 Japan JAXA asteroid rendezvous, IP sample return SELENE 2,900 kg 09-14-07 / 01:31:01 SELENE Japan JAXA lunar orbit S VCO Tanegashima / Y1 H-IIA 2022 / 13 UNITEC 1 517.6 kg 05-20-10 / 21:58:22 Japan JAXA Venus orbit IP VCO 20 kg 05-20-10 / 21:58:22 Tanegashima / Y H-IIA 202 / 17 Japan JAXA Venus flyby P Tables  17 kg 12-03-14 / 04:22:04 Japan JAXA solar orbit F SHIN’EN Tanegashima / Y H-IIA 202 / 17 Tanegashima / Y1 H-IIA / F26 337

338 Official Name Spacecraft / no. Mass Launch date / time Launch place / pad Launch vehicle / no. Nation Design & Operation Objective Out- BEYOND EARTH: A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 come IKAROS IKAROS 310 kg 05-20-10 / 21:58:22 IKAROS Japan JAXA Venus flyby S PROCYON DESPATCH 65 kg 12-03-14 / 04:22:04 Tanegashima / Y H-IIA 202 / 17 Japan JAXA asteroid flyby IP ArtSat-2 30 kg 12-03-14 / 04:22:04 Japan JAXA solar orbit S PROCYON Tanegashima / Y1 H-IIA / F26 DESPATCH Tanegashima / Y1 H-IIA / F26 EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY Official Name Spacecraft / no. Mass Launch date / time Launch place Launch vehicle / no. Nation Design & Objective Out- 07-02-85 / 11:23:16 / pad Operation come Giotto 06-02-03 / 17:45:26 ESA ESA Mars Express GIOTTO Europe ESA SMART-1 Giotto 960 kg CSG / ELA 1 Ariane 1 / V14 Europe ESA Halley flyby S Rosetta, Philae Europe ESA Venus Express MARS EXPRESS Europe ESA Herschel ESA ESA Planck Mars Express, 1,186 kg GIK-5 / 31 Soyuz-FG / E15000-005 ESA ESA Mars orbit, landing P Gaia Beagle 2 ESA ESA LISA Pathfinder ESA ESA SMART SMART-1 367 kg 09-27-03 / 23:14:46 CSG / ELA 3 Ariane 5G / V162 lunar orbit S 03-02-04 / 07:17:44 11-09-04 / 03:33:34 ROSETTA 05-14-09 / 13:12 Rosetta, Philae 3,000 kg 05-14-09 / 13:12 CSG / ELA 3 Ariane 5G+ / V158 comet orbit and landing S 12-19-13 / 09:12:18 12-03-15 / 04:04:00 VENUS EXPRESS VEX 1,270 kg GIK-5 / 31 Soyuz-FG / Zh15000-010 Venus orbit S HERSCHEL / PLANCK Herschel 3,400 kg CSG / ELA 3 Ariane 5ECA / V188 Sun–Earth L2 S Planck 1,950 kg Sun–Earth L2 S CSG / ELA 3 Ariane 5ECA / V188 GAIA Gaia 2,029 kg CSG / ELS Soyuz-ST-B / E15000-004 Sun–Earth L2 S LISA SMART-2 1,910 kg CSG / ELV Vega / VV06 Sun–Earth L1 S

EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY / UNITED STATES Official Name Spacecraft / no. Mass Launch date / time Launch place / pad Launch vehicle / no. Nation Design & Operation Objective Out- come ULYSSES S S Ulysses Ulysses 371 kg 10-06-90 / 11:47:16 KSC / 39B STS-41 / IUS ESA / USA ESA / NASA / JPL solar orbit SOHO SOHO 1,864 kg 12-02-95 / 08:08:01 ESA / USA ESA / NASA Sun–Earth L1 S SOHO Cassini-Huygens 10-15-97 / 08:43 USA / ESA NASA / JPL / ESA Saturn orbit, Titan CC / 36B Atlas Centaur IIAS / landing 121 CASSINI-HYUGENS Cassini / Huygens 5,655 kg CC / 40 Titan 401B-Centaur / 21 JAPAN / UNITED STATES Official Name Spacecraft / no. Mass Launch date / time Launch place / pad Launch vehicle / no. Nation Design & Operation Objective Out- come GEOTAIL Japan / S USA Geotail Geotail 1,009 kg 07-24-92 / 14:26 CC / 17A Delta 6925 / D212 ISAS / NASA high Earth orbit ASIASAT Spacecraft / no. Mass Launch date / time Launch place / pad Launch vehicle / no. Nation Design & Operation Objective Out- come Official Name S ASIASAT Asiasat 3 HGS 1 3,465 kg 12-24-97 / 23:19 GIK-5 / 81L Proton-K / 394-01 Asiasat Asiasat / Hughes circumlunar Tables  339

340 CHINA Spacecraft / no. Mass Launch date / time Launch place Launch vehicle / no. Nation Design & Operation Objective Out- BEYOND EARTH: A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 / pad come Official Name 10-24-07 / 10:05:04 China CNSA Chang’e 1 2,350 kg 10-01-10 / 10:59:57 CHANG’E China CNSA lunar orbit S Chang’e 1 Chang’e 2 2,480 kg Xichang / LC 3 CZ-3A / Y14 S Chang’e 2 lunar orbit, Sun–Earth Xichang / LC2 CZ-3C L2, asteroid flyby F Yinghuo-1 S Chang’e 3, Yutu 113 kg 11-08-11 / 20:16:03 Baikonur / 45 Zenit-2SB41.1 China CNSA Mars orbit S Chang’e 5-T1 3,780 kg 12-01-13 / 17:30 China CNSA Chang’e 3, Yutu 3,300 kg 10-23-14 / 18:00:04 Xichang / LC2 CZ-3B / Y23 China CNSA lunar landing, roving Xichang CZ-3C/G2 circumlunar, Earth– Moon L2, lunar orbit INDIA Spacecraft / no. Mass Launch date / time Launch place Launch vehicle / no. Nation Design & Operation Objective Out- 10-22-08 / 00:42:11 / pad India ISRO come Official Name Chandrayaan-1, 1,380 kg CHANDRYAAN lunar orbit, lunar impact S Chandrayaan-1 MIP SHAR / SLP PSLV-XL / C11 Mangalyaan MOM 1,337 kg 11-05-13 / 09:08 MANGALYAAN India ISRO Mars orbit S SHAR / PSLV PSLV-XL / C11 pad EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY / RUSSIA Official Name Spacecraft / no. Mass Launch date / time Launch place Launch vehicle / no. Nation Design & Operation Objective Out- / pad ESA / Roskosmos come ESA / EXOMARS Russia ExoMars TGO / TGO / EDM 4,332 kg 03-14-16 / 09:31 Baikonur / Proton-M / 93560 Mars orbit and landing S/P Schiaparelli Lander 200L

Tables  341 Table 3. T otal Lunar Spacecraft Attempts by Nation/Agency T1O9T5A8L–2L0U1N6AR SPACECRAFT ATTEMPTS BY NATION/AGENCY 1958–2016 India Total or Partial Success China Total Spacecraft Attempts ESA 10 20 30 40 50 60 Asiasat Japan Soviet Union/ Russia USA 0 United States Soviet Union/ Russia Japan Asiasat ESA China India United States Soviet Union/ Russia Japan Asiasat ESA China India United States Soviet Union/ Russia Japan Asiasat ESA China India 1958 4 3 1978 0 0 1998 1 0 0 0 1959 2 4 1979 0 0 1999 0 0 0 0 1960 2 2 1980 0 0 2000 0 0 0 0 1961 0 0 1981 0 0 2001 0 0 0 0 1962 3 0 1982 0 0 2002 0 0 0 0 1963 0 3 1983 0 0 2003 0 0 0 0 1 1964 2 2 1984 0 0 2004 0 0 0 0 0 1965 2 7 1985 0 0 2005 0 0 0 0 0 1966 5 6 1986 0 0 2006 0 0 0 0 0 1967 8 3 1987 0 0 2007 2 0 1 0 0 1 1968 1 5 1988 0 0 2008 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1969 0 9 1989 0 0 2009 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1970 0 4 1990 0 0 1 2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1971 1 2 1991 0 0 0 2011 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1972 1 2 1992 0 0 0 2012 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1973 1 1 1993 0 0 0 2013 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1974 0 2 1994 1 0 0 2014 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1975 0 1 1995 0 0 0 2015 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1976 0 1 1996 0 0 0 2016 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1977 0 0 1997 0 0 0 1 Total Spacecraft 41 57 21141 Attempts 31 22 21141 Total or Partial Success

342 BEYOND EARTH: A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 Table 4. T otal Mars Spacecraft Attempts by Nation/Agency 1T9O5T8A–L20M1A6RS SPACECRAFT ATTEMPTS BY NATION/AGENCY 1958–2016 ESA/Russia Total or Partial Success India Total Spacecraft Attempts China ESA 5 10 15 20 25 Japan USA Soviet Union/ Russia 0 Soviet Union/ Russia United States Japan ESA China India ESA/Russia Soviet Union/ Russia United States Japan ESA China India ESA/Russia Soviet Union/ Russia United States Japan ESA China India ESA/Russia 1958 2 1978 0 0 1998 0 11 1959 0 1979 0 0 1999 0 10 1960 2 0 1980 0 0 2000 0 00 1961 0 0 1981 0 0 2001 0 10 1962 3 0 1982 0 0 2002 0 00 1963 0 2 1983 0 0 2003 0 2 01 1964 0 0 1984 0 0 2004 0 0 00 1965 0 2 1985 0 0 2005 0 1 00 1966 0 0 1986 0 0 2006 0 0 00 1967 0 0 1987 0 0 2007 0 1 00 1968 0 0 1988 2 0 2008 0 0 00 1969 2 2 1989 0 0 2009 0 0 00 1970 0 0 1990 0 0 2010 0 0 00 1971 3 0 1991 0 0 2011 1 1 001 1972 0 1992 0 1 2012 0 0 000 1973 4 1993 0 0 2013 0 1 0001 1974 0 1994 0 0 2014 0 0 0000 1975 0 1995 0 0 2015 0 0 0000 1976 0 1996 1 2 2016 0 0 00001 1977 0 1997 0 0 Total Spacecraft 18 20 1 1 1 1 1 Attempts Total or Partial 7 15 0 1 0 1 1 Success

Tables  343 Table 5. Total Venus Spacecraft Attempts by Nation/Agency T1O9T5A8L–2V0E1N6US SPACECRAFT ATTEMPTS BY NATION/AGENCY 1958–2016 ESA Japan Total or Partial Success Total Spacecraft Attempts USA Soviet Union/ 5 10 15 20 25 30 Russia 0 Soviet Union/ Russia United States ESA Japan Soviet Union/ Russia United States ESA Japan Soviet Union/ Russia United States ESA Japan 1958 1978 2 2 1998 0 0 1959 1979 0 0 1960 1980 0 0 1999 0 0 1961 2 1981 2 0 1962 3 1982 0 0 2000 0 0 1963 0 1983 2 0 1964 3 1984 2 0 2001 0 0 1965 3 1985 0 0 1966 0 2 1986 0 0 2002 0 0 1967 2 0 1987 0 0 1968 0 0 1988 0 0 2003 0 0 1969 2 0 1989 0 1 1970 2 0 1990 0 0 2004 0 0 1 1971 0 1 1991 0 0 1972 2 0 1992 0 0 2005 0 0 0 1973 0 0 1993 0 0 1974 0 0 1994 0 0 2006 0 0 0 1975 2 0 1995 0 0 1976 0 0 1996 0 0 2007 0 0 0 1977 0 0 1997 0 0 0 2008 0 0 0 0 0 2009 0 0 0 0 2010 0 0 0 3 2011 0 0 0 0 2012 0 0 0 0 2013 0 0 0 0 2014 0 0 0 0 2015 0 0 0 0 2016 0 0 0 0 Total Spacecraft 29 6 1 3 Attempts Total or Partial 17 5 1 3 Success



Abbreviations ABMA Army Ballistic Missile Agency EPOCh Extrasolar Planet Observations ACE Advanced Composition Explorer ESA European Space Agency AFBMD Air Force Ballistic Missile Division ESC Cryogenic Upper Stage AIMP Advanced International Monitoring ESMD Exploration Systems Mission Platform Directorate ALS Automatic Lunar Station ESOC European Space Operations Center AMS Automatic Interplanetary Station EVA Extra-Vehicular Activity APL Applied Physics Laboratory GEM Galileo Europa Mission ARC Ames Research Center GIK State Testing Cosmodrome ARPA Advanced Projects Research Agency GOODS Great Observatories Origins Deep ARTEMIS Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbu- Survey lence and Electrodynamics of the GRAIL Gravity Recovery and Interior AU Moon’s Interaction with the Sun Laboratory BMDO astronomical unit GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center CIA Ballistic Missile Defense Organization GSMZ State Union Machine Building Factory CMB Central Intelligence Agency IASTP International Solar-Terrestrial Physics CNSA Cosmic Microwave Background ICE International Cometary Explorer Chinese National Space IGY International Geophysical Year COBE Administration IKAROS Interplanetary Kite-Craft Accelerated CONTOUR Cosmic Background Explorer by Radiation of the Sun CTA Comet Nucleus Tour IKI Institute of Space Research DAS Cryogenic Telescope Assembly IMP Interplanetary Monitoring Platform DESPATCH Long-Term Autonomous Station ISAS Institute of Space and Astronautical Deep Space Amateur Troubadour’s Sciences DFVLR Challenge ISEE International Sun-Earth Explorers German Test and Research Institute ISRO Indian Space Research Organization DIXI for Aviation and Space Flight ISTP International Solar Terrestrial Physics DLR Deep Impact Extended Investigation IUS Inertial Upper Stage DOK German Aerospace Center JAXA Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency DRK Engine Orientation Complex JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory DSCOVR Long-Range Radio Complex LADEE Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environ- DSN Deep Space Climate Observatory ment Explorer DSPSE Deep Space Network LaRC Langley Research Center Deep Space Program Science LC Launch Complex EDM Experiment LCROSS Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Entry, Descent and Landing Demon- Satellite ELA strator Module LK Lunar Ship Launch Assembly LOK Lunar Orbital Ship 345

346 BEYOND EARTH: A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 LRO Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter RIFMA X-Ray Isotopic Fluorescence Analysis Method MAP Microwave Anisotropy Probe RTG radioisotope thermal generator SAR synthetic aperture radar MASCOT Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout SDI Strategic Defense Initiative SELENE Selenological and Engineering MAVEN Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Explorer SETI Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Evolution SIM Spectral Imaging Module SIRTF Space Infrared Telescope Facility MCO Mars Climate Orbiter SLC Space Launch Complex SMART Small Missions for Advanced MDU Main Propulsion Unit Research in Technology SMD Science Mission Directorate MER Mars Exploration Rover SOHO Solar and Heliospheric Observatory STEREO Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory MESSENGER Mercury Surface, Space Environment, STL Space Technology Laboratories STSP Solar Terrestrial Science Program Geochemistry, and Ranging TETR Test and Training Satellite TCM trajectory correction maneuver MGS Mars Global Surveyor TGO Trace Gas Orbiter THEMIS Time History of Events and Macro- MINERVA Micro/Nano Experimental Robot scale Interactions during Substorms TsKBEM Central Design Bureau of Experimen- Vehicle for Asteroid tal Machine Building TsKBM Central Design Bureau of Machine MIP Moon Impact Probe Building UCLA University of California Los Angeles MOM Mars Orbiter Mission UMVL Unified Mars Venus Moon UNISEC University Space Engineering MPL Mars Polar Lander Consortium UNITEC UNISEC Technology Experiment MRO Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Carrier USAF United States Air Force MSC Manned Spacecraft Center USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics UT Universal Time MSL Mars Science Laboratory VCO Venus Climate Orbiter VIM Voyager Interstellar Mission MUSES Mu Space Engineering Spacecraft WMAP Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NEAR Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous NExT New Exploration of Tempel NGSLR Next Generation Satellite Laser Ranging NIIP Scientific-Research and Testing Range NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NPO Scientific-Production Association NRO National Reconnaissance Office OKB Experimental-Design Bureau OSIRIS-REx Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security, Regolith Explorer PAM Payload Assist Module PROCYON Proximate Object Close Flyby with Optical Navigation PrOP Device to Evaluate Mobility RAE Radio Astronomy Explorer RAN Russian Academy of Sciences

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About the Author Asif A. Siddiqi is a Professor of History at Ford- 19th and early 20th centuries that led to the launch ham University in New York. He specializes in of Sputnik. His earlier book, Challenge to Apollo: the history of science and technology and modern The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945–1974 Russian history, having received his Ph.D. from (NASA SP-2000-4408, 2000) was the first major Carnegie Mellon University in 2004. He has writ- scholarly work on Cold War–era Soviet space ten extensively on a variety of topics related to the achievements. He is currently working on several history of science and technology, especially on the book projects including one on the Stalinist Gulag social and cultural dimensions of the Russian fasci- and another on the early history of the Indian space nation with the cosmos. His most recent book was program. In 2016, he received the Guggenheim The Rockets’ Red Glare: Spaceflight and the Soviet Fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Imagination, 1857–1957 (Cambridge University Memorial Foundation for a projected work on a Press, 2010), exploring the co-production of tech- global history of space exploration entitled “Depar- nology and culture in Russian society in the late ture Gates: Histories of Spaceflight on Earth.” 351



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The NASA History Series 355 Glennan, T. Keith. The Birth of NASA: The Diary Project Histories, NASA SP-4200 of T. Keith Glennan. Edited by J. D. Hunley. NASA SP-4105, 1993. Swenson, Loyd S., Jr., James M. Grimwood, and Charles C. Alexander. This New Ocean: A His- Seamans, Robert C. Aiming at Targets: The tory of Project Mercury. NASA SP-4201, 1966; Autobiography of Robert C. Seamans. NASA rep. ed. 1999. SP-4106, 1996. Green, Constance McLaughlin, and Milton Garber, Stephen J., ed. Looking Backward, Look- Lomask. Vanguard: A History. NASA SP-4202, ing Forward: Forty Years of Human Spaceflight 1970; rep. ed. Smithsonian Institution Press, Symposium. NASA SP-2002-4107, 2002. 1971. Mallick, Donald L., with Peter W. Merlin. The Hacker, Barton C., and James M. Grimwood. On Smell of Kerosene: A Test Pilot’s Odyssey. NASA the Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project SP-4108, 2003. Gemini. NASA SP-4203, 1977; rep. ed. 2002. Iliff, Kenneth W., and Curtis L. Peebles. From Benson, Charles D., and William Barnaby Faherty. Runway to Orbit: Reflections of a NASA Engi- Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities neer. NASA SP-2004-4109, 2004. and Operations. NASA SP-4204, 1978. Chertok, Boris. Rockets and People, Volume I. Brooks, Courtney G., James M. Grimwood, and NASA SP-2005-4110, 2005. Loyd S. Swenson, Jr. Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft. NASA Chertok, Boris. Rockets and People: Creating a SP-4205, 1979. Rocket Industry, Volume II. NASA SP-2006- 4110, 2006. Bilstein, Roger E. Stages to Saturn: A Technologi- cal History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehi- Chertok, Boris. Rockets and People: Hot Days of cles. NASA SP-4206, 1980 and 1996. the Cold War, Volume III. NASA SP-2009- 4110, 2009. No SP-4207. Compton, W. David, and Charles D. Benson. Chertok, Boris. Rockets and People: The Moon Race, Volume IV. NASA SP-2011-4110, 2011. Living and Working in Space: A History of Skylab. NASA SP-4208, 1983. Laufer, Alexander, Todd Post, and Edward Hoff- Ezell, Edward Clinton, and Linda Neuman Ezell. man. Shared Voyage: Learning and Unlearning The Partnership: A History of the Apollo-Soyuz from Remarkable Projects. NASA SP-2005- Test Project. NASA SP-4209, 1978. 4111, 2005. Hall, R. Cargill. Lunar Impact: A History of Project Ranger. NASA SP-4210, 1977. Dawson, Virginia P., and Mark D. Bowles. Realiz- Newell, Homer E. Beyond the Atmosphere: Early ing the Dream of Flight: Biographical Essays in Years of Space Science. NASA SP-4211, 1980. Honor of the Centennial of Flight, 1903–2003. Ezell, Edward Clinton, and Linda Neuman NASA SP-2005-4112, 2005. Ezell. On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet, 1958–1978. NASA SP-4212, 1984. Mudgway, Douglas J. William H. Pickering: Amer- Pitts, John A. The Human Factor: Biomedicine ica’s Deep Space Pioneer. NASA SP-2008-4113, in the Manned Space Program to 1980. NASA 2008. SP-4213, 1985. Compton, W. David. Where No Man Has Gone Wright, Rebecca, Sandra Johnson, and Steven Before: A History of Apollo Lunar Exploration J. Dick. NASA at 50: Interviews with NASA’s Missions. NASA SP-4214, 1989. Senior Leadership. NASA SP-2012-4114, 2012.

356 BEYOND EARTH: A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 Naugle, John E. First Among Equals: The Selection Meltzer, Michael. Mission to Jupiter: A History of of NASA Space Science Experiments. NASA the Galileo Project. NASA SP-2007-4231, 2007. SP-4215, 1991. Heppenheimer, T. A. Facing the Heat Barrier: A Wallace, Lane E. Airborne Trailblazer: Two History of Hypersonics. NASA SP-2007-4232, Decades with NASA Langley’s 737 Flying Labo- 2007. ratory. NASA SP-4216, 1994. Tsiao, Sunny. “Read You Loud and Clear!” The Butrica, Andrew J., ed. Beyond the Ionosphere: Story of NASA’s Spaceflight Tracking and Data Fifty Years of Satellite Communications. NASA Network. NASA SP-2007-4233, 2007. SP-4217, 1997. Meltzer, Michael. When Biospheres Collide: A His- Butrica, Andrew J. To See the Unseen: A History tory of NASA’s Planetary Protection Programs. of Planetary Radar Astronomy. NASA SP-4218, NASA SP-2011-4234, 2011. 1996. Center Histories, NASA SP-4300 Mack, Pamela E., ed. From Engineering Science to Big Science: The NACA and NASA Col- Rosenthal, Alfred. Venture into Space: Early lier Trophy Research Project Winners. NASA Years of Goddard Space Flight Center. NASA SP-4219, 1998. SP-4301, 1985. Reed, R. Dale. Wingless Flight: The Lifting Body Hartman, Edwin P. Adventures in Research: A Story. NASA SP-4220, 1998. History of Ames Research Center, 1940–1965. NASA SP-4302, 1970. Heppenheimer, T. A. The Space Shuttle Decision: NASA’s Search for a Reusable Space Vehicle. Hallion, Richard P. On the Frontier: Flight NASA SP-4221, 1999. Research at Dryden, 1946–1981. NASA SP-4303, 1984. Hunley, J. D., ed. Toward Mach 2: The Douglas D-558 Program. NASA SP-4222, 1999. Muenger, Elizabeth A. Searching the Horizon: A History of Ames Research Center, 1940–1976. Swanson, Glen E., ed. “Before This Decade Is NASA SP-4304, 1985. Out…” Personal Reflections on the Apollo Pro- gram. NASA SP-4223, 1999. Hansen, James R. Engineer in Charge: A History of the Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, 1917– Tomayko, James E. Computers Take Flight: A His- 1958. NASA SP-4305, 1987. tory of NASA’s Pioneering Digital Fly-By-Wire Project. NASA SP-4224, 2000. Dawson, Virginia P. Engines and Innovation: Lewis Laboratory and American Propulsion Technol- Morgan, Clay. Shuttle-Mir: The United States and ogy. NASA SP-4306, 1991. Russia Share History’s Highest Stage. NASA SP-2001-4225, 2001. Dethloff, Henry C. “Suddenly Tomorrow Came…”: A History of the Johnson Space Center, 1957– Leary, William M. “We Freeze to Please”: A History 1990. NASA SP-4307, 1993. of NASA’s Icing Research Tunnel and the Quest for Safety. NASA SP-2002-4226, 2002. Hansen, James R. Spaceflight Revolution: NASA Langley Research Center from Sputnik to Mudgway, Douglas J. Uplink-Downlink: A History Apollo. NASA SP-4308, 1995. of the Deep Space Network, 1957–1997. NASA SP-2001-4227, 2001. Wallace, Lane E. Flights of Discovery: An Illus- trated History of the Dryden Flight Research No SP-4228 or SP-4229. Center. NASA SP-4309, 1996. Dawson, Virginia P., and Mark D. Bowles. Taming Herring, Mack R. Way Station to Space: A History Liquid Hydrogen: The Centaur Upper Stage of the John C. Stennis Space Center. NASA Rocket, 1958–2002. NASA SP-2004-4230, SP-4310, 1997. 2004.

The NASA History Series 357 Wallace, Harold D., Jr. Wallops Station and the Anderson, Frank W., Jr. Orders of Magnitude: Creation of an American Space Program. NASA A History of NACA and NASA, 1915–1980. SP-4311, 1997. NASA SP-4403, 1981. Wallace, Lane E. Dreams, Hopes, Realities. NASA’s Sloop, John L. Liquid Hydrogen as a Propulsion Goddard Space Flight Center: The First Forty Fuel, 1945–1959. NASA SP-4404, 1978. Years. NASA SP-4312, 1999. Roland, Alex. A Spacefaring People: Perspectives on Dunar, Andrew J., and Stephen P. Waring. Power Early Spaceflight. NASA SP-4405, 1985. to Explore: A History of Marshall Space Flight Center, 1960–1990. NASA SP-4313, 1999. Bilstein, Roger E. Orders of Magnitude: A History of the NACA and NASA, 1915–1990. NASA Bugos, Glenn E. Atmosphere of Freedom: Sixty SP-4406, 1989. Years at the NASA Ames Research Center. NASA SP-2000-4314, 2000. Logsdon, John M., ed., with Linda J. Lear, Jannelle Warren Findley, Ray A. Williamson, Bugos, Glenn E. Atmosphere of Freedom: Seventy and Dwayne A. Day. Exploring the Unknown: Years at the NASA Ames Research Center. Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. NASA SP-2010-4314, 2010. Revised version of Civil Space Program, Volume I: Organizing for NASA SP-2000-4314. Exploration. NASA SP-4407, 1995. Bugos, Glenn E. Atmosphere of Freedom: Seventy Logsdon, John M., ed., with Dwayne A. Day and Five Years at the NASA Ames Research Center. Roger D. Launius. Exploring the Unknown: NASA SP-2014-4314, 2014. Revised version of Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. NASA SP-2000-4314. Civil Space Program, Volume II: External Rela- tionships. NASA SP-4407, 1996. No SP-4315. Schultz, James. Crafting Flight: Aircraft Pioneers Logsdon, John M., ed., with Roger D. Launius, David H. Onkst, and Stephen J. Garber. and the Contributions of the Men and Women Exploring the Unknown: Selected Documents of NASA Langley Research Center. NASA in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program, SP-2003-4316, 2003. Volume III: Using Space. NASA SP-4407, 1998. Bowles, Mark D. Science in Flux: NASA’s Nuclear Program at Plum Brook Station, 1955–2005. Logsdon, John M., ed., with Ray A. Williamson, NASA SP-2006-4317, 2006. Roger D. Launius, Russell J. Acker, Stephen J. Wallace, Lane E. Flights of Discovery: An Illus- Garber, and Jonathan L. Friedman. Exploring trated History of the Dryden Flight Research the Unknown: Selected Documents in the His- Center. NASA SP-2007-4318, 2007. Revised tory of the U.S. Civil Space Program, Volume version of NASA SP-4309. IV: Accessing Space. NASA SP-4407, 1999. Arrighi, Robert S. Revolutionary Atmosphere: The Story of the Altitude Wind Tunnel and the Logsdon, John M., ed., with Amy Paige Snyder, Space Power Chambers. NASA SP-2010-4319, Roger D. Launius, Stephen J. Garber, and 2010. Regan Anne Newport. Exploring the Unknown: Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. General Histories, NASA SP-4400 Civil Space Program, Volume V: Exploring the Cosmos. NASA SP-2001-4407, 2001. Corliss, William R. NASA Sounding Rockets, 1958–1968: A Historical Summary. NASA Logsdon, John M., ed., with Stephen J. Garber, SP-4401, 1971. Roger D. Launius, and Ray A. Williamson. Exploring the Unknown: Selected Documents Wells, Helen T., Susan H. Whiteley, and Carrie in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program, Karegeannes. Origins of NASA Names. NASA Volume VI: Space and Earth Science. NASA SP-4402, 1976. SP-2004-4407, 2004.

358 BEYOND EARTH: A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 Logsdon, John M., ed., with Roger D. Launius. Hansen, James R. Enchanted Rendezvous: John Exploring the Unknown: Selected Documents C. Houbolt and the Genesis of the Lunar-Orbit in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program, Rendezvous Concept. Monographs in Aero- Volume VII: Human Spaceflight: Projects space History, No. 4, 1995. Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo. NASA SP-2008- 4407, 2008. Gorn, Michael H. Hugh L. Dryden’s Career in Aviation and Space. Monographs in Aerospace Siddiqi, Asif A., Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet History, No. 5, 1996. Union and the Space Race, 1945–1974. NASA SP-2000-4408, 2000. Powers, Sheryll Goecke. Women in Flight Research at NASA Dryden Flight Research Center from Hansen, James R., ed. The Wind and Beyond: 1946 to 1995. Monographs in Aerospace His- Journey into the History of Aerodynamics in tory, No. 6, 1997. America, Volume 1: The Ascent of the Airplane. NASA SP-2003-4409, 2003. Portree, David S. F., and Robert C. Trevino. Walk- ing to Olympus: An EVA Chronology. Mono- Hansen, James R., ed. The Wind and Beyond: graphs in Aerospace History, No. 7, 1997. Journey into the History of Aerodynamics in America, Volume 2: Reinventing the Airplane. Logsdon, John M., moderator. Legislative Origins of NASA SP-2007-4409, 2007. the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958: Proceedings of an Oral History Workshop. Mono- Hogan, Thor. Mars Wars: The Rise and Fall of the graphs in Aerospace History, No. 8, 1998. Space Exploration Initiative. NASA SP-2007- 4410, 2007. Rumerman, Judy A., comp. U.S. Human Space- flight: A Record of Achievement, 1961–1998. Vakoch, Douglas A., ed. Psychology of Space Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 9, 1998. Exploration: Contemporary Research in Histori- cal Perspective. NASA SP-2011-4411, 2011. Portree, David S. F. NASA’s Origins and the Dawn of the Space Age. Monographs in Aerospace Ferguson, Robert G., NASA’s First A: Aeronau- History, No. 10, 1998. tics from 1958 to 2008. NASA SP-2012-4412, 2013. Logsdon, John M. Together in Orbit: The Ori- gins of International Cooperation in the Space Vakoch, Douglas A., ed. Archaeology, Anthropol- Station. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. ogy, and Interstellar Communication. NASA 11, 1998. SP-2013-4413, 2014. Phillips, W. Hewitt. Journey in Aeronautical Monographs in Aerospace History, Research: A Career at NASA Langley Research NASA SP-4500 Center. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 12, 1998. Launius, Roger D., and Aaron K. Gillette, comps. Toward a History of the Space Shuttle: An Braslow, Albert L. A History of Suction-Type Annotated Bibliography. Monographs in Aero- Laminar-Flow Control with Emphasis on Flight space History, No. 1, 1992. Research. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 13, 1999. Launius, Roger D., and J. D. Hunley, comps. An Annotated Bibliography of the Apollo Program. Logsdon, John M., moderator. Managing the Moon Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 2, Program: Lessons Learned from Apollo. Mono- 1994. graphs in Aerospace History, No. 14, 1999. Launius, Roger D. Apollo: A Retrospective Analy- Perminov, V. G. The Difficult Road to Mars: A sis. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 3, Brief History of Mars Exploration in the Soviet 1994. Union. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 15, 1999.

The NASA History Series 359 Tucker, Tom. Touchdown: The Development 1940–1970. Monographs in Aerospace History, of Propulsion Controlled Aircraft at NASA No. 26, 2002. NASA SP-2002-4526. Dryden. Monographs in Aerospace History, Renstrom, Arthur G. Wilbur and Orville Wright: No. 16, 1999. A Bibliography Commemorating the One-Hun- dredth Anniversary of the First Powered Maisel, Martin, Demo J. Giulanetti, and Daniel Flight on December 17, 1903. Monographs C. Dugan. The History of the XV-15 Tilt Rotor in Aerospace History, No. 27, 2002. NASA Research Aircraft: From Concept to Flight. SP-2002-4527. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 17, No monograph 28. 2000. NASA SP-2000-4517. Chambers, Joseph R. Concept to Reality: Contri- butions of the NASA Langley Research Center Jenkins, Dennis R. Hypersonics Before the Shuttle: to U.S. Civil Aircraft of the 1990s. Monographs A Concise History of the X-15 Research Air- in Aerospace History, No. 29, 2003. NASA plane. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. SP-2003-4529. 18, 2000. NASA SP-2000-4518. Peebles, Curtis, ed. The Spoken Word: Recollec- tions of Dryden History, The Early Years. Mono- Chambers, Joseph R. Partners in Freedom: Con- graphs in Aerospace History, No. 30, 2003. tributions of the Langley Research Center to NASA SP-2003-4530. U.S. Military Aircraft of the 1990s. Monographs Jenkins, Dennis R., Tony Landis, and Jay Miller. in Aerospace History, No. 19, 2000. NASA American X-Vehicles: An Inventory — X-1 to SP-2000-4519. X-50. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 31, 2003. NASA SP-2003-4531. Waltman, Gene L. Black Magic and Gremlins: Renstrom, Arthur G. Wilbur and Orville Wright: Analog Flight Simulations at NASA’s Flight A Chronology Commemorating the One-Hun- Research Center. Monographs in Aerospace dredth Anniversary of the First Powered History, No. 20, 2000. NASA SP-2000-4520. Flight on December 17, 1903. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 32, 2003. NASA Portree, David S. F. Humans to Mars: Fifty Years SP-2003-4532. of Mission Planning, 1950–2000. Monographs Bowles, Mark D., and Robert S. Arrighi. NASA’s in Aerospace History, No. 21, 2001. NASA Nuclear Frontier: The Plum Brook Research SP-2001-4521. Reactor. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 33, 2004. NASA SP-2004-4533. Thompson, Milton O., with J. D. Hunley. Wallace, Lane, and Christian Gelzer. Nose Up: Flight Research: Problems Encountered and High Angle-of-Attack and Thrust Vectoring What They Should Teach Us. Monographs Research at NASA Dryden, 1979–2001. Mono- in Aerospace History, No. 22, 2001. NASA graphs in Aerospace History, No. 34, 2009. SP-2001-4522. NASA SP-2009-4534. Matranga, Gene J., C. Wayne Ottinger, Calvin Tucker, Tom. The Eclipse Project. Monographs R. Jarvis, and D. Christian Gelzer. Unconven- in Aerospace History, No. 23, 2001. NASA tional, Contrary, and Ugly: The Lunar Landing SP-2001-4523. Research Vehicle. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 35, 2006. NASA SP-2004-4535. Siddiqi, Asif A. Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronol- McCurdy, Howard E. Low-Cost Innovation in ogy of Deep Space and Planetary Probes, Spaceflight: The History of the Near Earth 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24, 2002. NASA SP-2002-4524. Merlin, Peter W. Mach 3+: NASA/USAF YF-12 Flight Research, 1969–1979. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 25, 2001. NASA SP-2001-4525. Anderson, Seth B. Memoirs of an Aeronautical Engineer: Flight Tests at Ames Research Center:

360 BEYOND EARTH: A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) Mission. Mono- Center. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. graphs in Aerospace History, No. 36, 2005. 46, 2011. NASA SP-2011-4546. NASA SP-2005-4536. Arrighi, Robert. Pursuit of Power: NASA’s Propul- Seamans, Robert C., Jr. Project Apollo: The Tough sion Systems Laboratory No. 1 and 2. Mono- Decisions. Monographs in Aerospace History, graphs in Aerospace History, No. 48, 2012. No. 37, 2005. NASA SP-2005-4537. NASA SP-2012-4548. Lambright, W. Henry. NASA and the Environ- Renee M. Rottner. Making the Invisible Visible: A ment: The Case of Ozone Depletion. Mono- History of the Spitzer Infrared Telescope Facility graphs in Aerospace History, No. 38, 2005. (1971–2003). Monographs in Aerospace His- NASA SP-2005-4538. tory, No. 47, 2017. NASA SP-2017-4547. Chambers, Joseph R. Innovation in Flight: Goodrich, Malinda K., Alice R. Buchalter, and Research of the NASA Langley Research Center Patrick M. Miller, comps. Toward a History of on Revolutionary Advanced Concepts for Aero- the Space Shuttle: An Annotated Bibliography, nautics. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. Part 2 (1992–2011). Monographs in Aerospace 39, 2005. NASA SP-2005-4539. History, No. 49, 2012. NASA SP-2012-4549. Phillips, W. Hewitt. Journey into Space Research: Ta, Julie B., and Robert C. Treviño. Walking to Continuation of a Career at NASA Langley Olympus: An EVA Chronology, 1997–2011, Research Center. Monographs in Aerospace Vol. 2. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. History, No. 40, 2005. NASA SP-2005-4540. 50, 2016. NASA SP-2016-4550. Rumerman, Judy A., Chris Gamble, and Gabriel Gelzer, Christian. The Spoken Word III: Recol- Okolski, comps. U.S. Human Spaceflight: A lections of Dryden History; The Shuttle Years. Record of Achievement, 1961–2006. Mono- Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 52, graphs in Aerospace History, No. 41, 2007. 2013. NASA SP-2013-4552. NASA SP-2007-4541. Ross, James C. NASA Photo One. Monographs Peebles, Curtis. The Spoken Word: Recollections in Aerospace History, No. 53, 2013. NASA of Dryden History Beyond the Sky. Monographs SP-2013-4553. in Aerospace History, No. 42, 2011. NASA Launius, Roger D. Historical Analogs for the SP-2011-4542. Stimulation of Space Commerce. Monographs Dick, Steven J., Stephen J. Garber, and Jane H. in Aerospace History, No 54, 2014. NASA Odom. Research in NASA History. Monographs SP-2014-4554. in Aerospace History, No. 43, 2009. NASA Buchalter, Alice R., and Patrick M. Miller, comps. SP-2009-4543. The National Advisory Committee for Aeronau- Merlin, Peter W. Ikhana: Unmanned Aircraft tics: An Annotated Bibliography. Monographs System Western States Fire Missions. Mono- in Aerospace History, No. 55, 2014. NASA graphs in Aerospace History, No. 44, 2009. SP-2014-4555. NASA SP-2009-4544. Chambers, Joseph R., and Mark A. Chambers. Fisher, Steven C., and Shamim A. Rahman. Emblems of Exploration: Logos of the NACA Remembering the Giants: Apollo Rocket Propul- and NASA. Monographs in Aerospace History, sion Development. Monographs in Aerospace No. 56, 2015. NASA SP-2015-4556. History, No. 45, 2009. NASA SP-2009-4545. Alexander, Joseph K. Science Advice to NASA: Gelzer, Christian. Fairing Well: From Shoebox Conflict, Consensus, Partnership, Leadership. to Bat Truck and Beyond, Aerodynamic Truck Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 57, Research at NASA’s Dryden Flight Research 2017. NASA SP-2017-4557.

The NASA History Series 361 Electronic Media, NASA SP-4600 Conference Proceedings, NASA SP-4700 Remembering Apollo 11: The 30th Anniversary Data Archive CD-ROM. NASA SP-4601, 1999. Dick, Steven J., and Keith Cowing, eds. Risk and Exploration: Earth, Sea and the Stars. NASA Remembering Apollo 11: The 35th Anniversary SP-2005-4701, 2005. Data Archive CD-ROM. NASA SP-2004-4601, 2004. This is an update of the 1999 edition. Dick, Steven J., and Roger D. Launius. Critical Issues in the History of Spaceflight. NASA The Mission Transcript Collection: U.S. Human SP-2006-4702, 2006. Spaceflight Missions from Mercury Redstone 3 to Apollo 17. NASA SP-2000-4602, 2001. Dick, Steven J., ed. Remembering the Space Age: Proceedings of the 50th Anniversary Conference. Shuttle-Mir: The United States and Russia Share NASA SP-2008-4703, 2008. History’s Highest Stage. NASA SP-2001-4603, 2002. Dick, Steven J., ed. NASA’s First 50 Years: Histori- cal Perspectives. NASA SP-2010-4704, 2010. U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission Presents Born of Dreams — Inspired by Freedom. NASA Societal Impact, NASA SP-4800 SP-2004-4604, 2004. Dick, Steven J., and Roger D. Launius. Societal Of Ashes and Atoms: A Documentary on the NASA Impact of Spaceflight. NASA SP-2007-4801, Plum Brook Reactor Facility. NASA SP-2005- 2007. 4605, 2005. Dick, Steven J., and Mark L. Lupisella. Cosmos Taming Liquid Hydrogen: The Centaur Upper and Culture: Cultural Evolution in a Cosmic Stage Rocket Interactive CD-ROM. NASA Context. NASA SP-2009-4802, 2009. SP-2004-4606, 2004. Dick, Steven J. Historical Studies in the Societal Fueling Space Exploration: The History of NASA’s Impact of Spaceflight. NASA SP-2015-4803, Rocket Engine Test Facility DVD. NASA 2015. SP-2005-4607, 2005. Altitude Wind Tunnel at NASA Glenn Research Center: An Interactive History CD-ROM. NASA SP-2008-4608, 2008. A Tunnel Through Time: The History of NASA’s Altitude Wind Tunnel. NASA SP-2010-4609, 2010.



Index A simulated trajectory, 65 surface experiment, 288 Able 1, 5 Apollo VIII, 84, 96 Able 2, 6–7 Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), xiv, 245 Able 3, 7–8 Armstrong, Neil A., 90 Able 6, 17 Army, U.S., 5, 9 Able IVB, 16, 18 ARTEMIS (Acceleration, Reconnections, Turbulence and Able VA (Pioneer), 18 Able VB (Pioneer), 20 Electrodynamics of the Moon’s Interaction with the “abyss,” 271 Sun), 249–250 Academy of Sciences (USSR), 27, 57, 119, 157 ArtSat-2, 300–301 ACE (Advanced Composition Explorer), xiii, xiv, 186–187, artwork, 266, 301 Asiasat 3, 203 189, 197, 303 asteroid belt, 109, 114–115, 138, 143, 232, 243, 253, 275 AIMP (Anchored Interplanetary Monitoring Platform), 59, asteroids, 175, 177, 185, 238, 273, 295, 298, 298–300, 299 Adeona, 256 71–72. See also Explorer XXXIII; Explorer XXXV Annefrank, 210–211 Air Force, U.S., 5, 6–8, 40, 211, 303, 310 Bennu, 309–310 Akatsuki, 269–271 Braille, 207 Akim, Efraim, 57 Eros, 191–192 Aldebaran, 110 Itokawa, 219–220 Aldrin, Edwin E. “Buzz,” 90 Masursky, 198, 200 American Lunar Orbiter project, 57 with moons, 300 Ames Research Center, 20, 69, 116 Toutatis, 273 Amundsen (probe), 209 Vesta, 253–256, 283 Annefrank (minor planet), 210–211 Atlantis (Space Shuttle), 173, 175 Apollo 11, 65, 90 Atlas Centaur 5, 45–46, 45 Apollo 12, 65–66, 66, 96, 266 Austria, 161, 169 Apollo 13, 266 Automatic Interplanetary Stations (AMS), 13–16, 21–22, 49 Apollo 14, 266 Automatic Lunar Stations (ALS), 33, 52, 55, 56 Apollo 15, 107, 265, 266 Apollo 15 Particle and Fields Satellite, 104, 104 B Apollo 16, 107, 215, 267 Apollo 16 Particles and Fields Subsatellite, 111–112 Bach, Johann Sebastian, 145 Apollo 17, 113–114, 226, 266 Beagle 2, 220–222, 241 Bean, Alan L., 66, 66 Lunar Roving Vehicle, 226 Belbruno, Edward, 180 Apollo Lunar Module, 66 Belgium, 307–308 Apollo program, 37, 77, 113, 252, 265–266. See also indi- Berry, Chuck, 145 Beyond (mission), 229 vidual missions Biden, Joe, 283 anniversary, 249 Big Bang, 215, 263–265 communication systems, 81 Block I Rangers, 22, 23, 26. See also Mariner R series feasibility of crewed landing, 41 Block II Rangers, 25, 30, 30, 37 ground tracking network, 92 Block III Rangers, 37, 41, 47 landing data, 58 Blok L launch vehicle, 46 landing sites, 45, 47, 59–60, 63, 65. See also Moon Boynton, William, 251 Bradbury, Ray, 282 landing sites Bulgaria, 161, 169, 259 landing sites photographed, 266 Manned Space Flight Network, 72 Moon landing, 249 Moon mapping, 72 Moon samples, 260 363

364 BEYOND EARTH: A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 C Tempel 1, 211, 237–238 Tempel-Tuttle, 167 Canada, 206 water vapor, 233 Carter, Jimmy, 145 West, 135 Cassini, Giovanni, 202 Wild 2, 210–211 Cassini-Huygens, xi, 176, 197–202, 198, 243, 260 Wilson-Harrington, 207 Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, 228 Cassini spacecraft, 198 Compton scattering, 264 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 15 Conrad, Charles, Jr., 66 Centro de Astrobiologia (CAB), 284 Constellation, 267–268 Ceres, 253–256, 264, 283 CONTOUR (Comet Nucleus Tour), 217, 243 Cornell University, 130, 144 Ahuna Mons, 254 Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), 214, 264–265 Kupalo crater, 253 cosmic rays, 22, 39, 54, 75, 81, 124, 135 Challenger accident (Space Shuttle), 141, 173, 180, 225 noise, 256 Chandra (spacecraft), 263 photons, 6 Chandra X-Ray Observatory, 228–229 solar versus galactic, 60 Chandrayaan-1, 259–260, 288 cosmonauts, 73–74, 97, 112 Chang’e 1 (CE-1), 256–257 Crimea, 98 Chang’e 2 (CE-2), 272–273 Cryogenic Telescope Assembly (CTA), 228 Chang’e 3 (CE-3), 266, 273, 287, 291–294 Curiosity rover, 103, 214, 222, 240–241, 280–286, 282, 284 Chang’e 3 rover, 266, 291–294 plaque, 283 Chang’e 5-T1 (CE-5 T1), 297–298, 297 Czech Republic, 186 Chelomey, Vladimir, 73, 93 Czechoslovakia, 107, 161, 169 Cherenkov Effect, 8 China, 221, 256–257, 272–273, 278, 280, 291–294, D 297–298 Darwin, Charles, 221 China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation Dawn, 253–256, 264 “dawn,” 270 (CASC), 298 Deep Impact, 211, 237–238, 260, 303 Clementine, 116, 185–186, 230, 252, 257 Deep Space 1 (DS1), 207–208 Cluster, 183, 186–187, 189 Deep Space 2, 209–210 Cluster II, 231 Deep Space Amateur Troubadour’s Challenge, 301 COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer), 214 Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR), 303–304 Columbia accident (Space Shuttle), 224, 303 Deep Space Network (DSN), 10, 75, 115, 144, 169, 180, “comet,” 166 comets, xiii, 135, 153, 165–167, 175–176, 177, 181, 190, 224, 245, 247 Station 63, 115 210–211, 231–233, 264 Deep Space Program Science Experiment (DSPSE), amino acids, 233 artificial, 6 185–186 Boethin, 238 Department of Defense, U.S., 5, 7, 185 Borrelly, 207–208 di Bondone, Giotto, 166 Bradfield, 135, 153 Discovery program, 186, 268, 290 Churyumov-Gerasimenko, 231–233 composition of, 150, 237–238 CONTOUR, 217 d’Arrest, 217 Dawn, 253 Encke, 217, 235 Deep Impact, 237 Garradd, 238 Genesis (mission), 215 Giacobini-Zinner, 149–150, 165, 167 GRAIL, 277 Grigg-Skjellerup, 166 Kepler (mission), 261 Halley, 61, 150, 156–157, 161–163, 165–167 Lunar Prospector, 205 Hartley 2, 238, 263 Mars Pathfinder, 195 Hyakutake, 181 MAVEN, 250, 290 ISON, 235, 238–240 MESSENGER, 234 Kohoutek, 54, 122 NEAR, 191 McNaught-Hartley, 181 Stardust, 210 Meier, 135 DIXI (Deep Impact Extended Investigation), 238 possibility of life, 232–233 Dolgopolov, Vladimir, 89 Schwassmann-Wachmann-3, 217 Dovgan’, V.G., 97 “Send Your Name to a Comet” mini-CD, 237 Shoemaker-Levy, 175–176, 263 Siding Spring, 222, 240, 289–291

Index 365 E Fuchs, Manfred, 298 Fuji-Oscar 81, 300–301 Earth, 13, 35, 283 magnetic field, 51, 183, 249 G magnetic tail, 59–60, 75, 104, 150, 249, 273 meteorites, 255 Gaia (mission), 264, 294–295, 295 “pale blue dot,” 144 galaxies, 228, 263. See also Local Group; Milky Way galaxy Galilei, Galileo, 175, 277 Eastman Kodak, 59–60 Galileo, 173, 175–177, 180, 198, 243–244 Ebb, 277–278 gamma rays, 25, 57, 256 8K78 launch vehicle, 19 Genesis (spacecraft), 210–211, 215–217, 220 Einstein’s general theory of relativity, 200 Geophysical Research Letters, 289, 291 EPOXI, 238, 260 Geotail, xiii, 179, 183, 186–187 European Space Agency (ESA), 149, 165–166, 169, Gerald Soffen Memorial Station, 134 Germany, 165, 179, 206, 253, 298 180–181, 186 asteroid flyby, 273 Democratic Republic (“East Germany”), 96, 159–161, Cassini-Huygens, 198 169 Director David Southwood, 265 European Space Operations Centre (ESOC), 230 European Space Operations Centre (ESOC), 230 first planetary mission, 220–222 Federal Republic (“West Germany”), 124–125, 135, Herschel, 262–264 international missions, 278–279, 304 161, 169 ISEE-3 mission, 149–150 Hayabusa 2, 299 Planck, 264–265 international missions, 259, 304 Rosetta/Philae, 231–233 Giotto, 165–166, 237 supernova discovered, 295 Glennan, T. Keith, 8 Evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (eLISA), 304 Global Geospace Science (CGS) vehicles, 186 ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO), 307–308 Goddard Space Flight Center, 59, 149, 266, 289 exoplanets, 11, 261–262 GOES-16, 304 Explorer 35, 104 Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex, 10, 41, Explorer 46, 214 Explorer 47, 125 88, 140 Explorer 49, 116–117, 116, 185 GOODS (Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey), 263 Explorer 50, 125 Gore, Albert A., Jr., 303 Explorer VI, 16–17 GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment), 277 Explorer XXXIII, 59, 71. See also AIMP (Anchored GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory), Interplanetary Monitoring Platform) 277–278 Explorer XXXV, 71–72, 104. See also AIMP (Anchored “Grand Tour” of outer planets, 137, 141 Great Britain, 107, 221 Interplanetary Monitoring Platform) Extrasolar Planet Observations (EPOCh), 238 H F Hagoromo, 179 Hall, Charlie, 148 Farquhar, Robert, 150 Halley’s Comet, 61, 150, 156–157, 161–163, 165–167 Federal Aviation Agency (FAA), 54 Hayabusa, 219–220 Fedorov, I.L., 97 Hayabusa 1, 298–300 Finland, 169, 308 Hayabusa 2, 298–301, 299 Fleck, Bernhard, 190 Heavy Satellite, 21 Fletcher, James C., 137–138 Helios 1/2, 124–125, 135, 135, 165 Flow, 277–278 Herschel, 262–264, 307 Fobos 1, 169–171 Herschel, Caroline, 264 Fobos 2, 169–171 Herschel, William, 264 Fobos-Grunt, 278–280, 279 High Efficiency Antenna, 140 France, 96, 98, 99–101, 102, 107, 114, 229 HiRISE camera/reflecting telescope, 238–241, 251, 284 Hiten, 136, 179–180 deceived by Soviets, 100–101 HMS Beagle, 221 gamma rays, 151, 153 Honeybee Robotics, 226 Hayabusa 2, 299 Horizon 2000 program, 231 international missions, 161, 169, 186, 304, 308 Hubble constant, 229 Mars Observer, 192 Hubble Space Telescope, 228–229, 238, 263 Starsem, 241

366 BEYOND EARTH: A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 Hughes Aircraft Company, 58, 73, 148 Surveyor, 58 Charlie Hall, 148 Voyager 2, 141 Jiabao, Wen, 257 Hughes Global Systems (HGS) 1, 203 Johns Hopkins University, 243, 245 Hungary, 161, 169 Johnson, Willie, 145 Huygens, Christiaan, 198 Juno, 243, 275–277, 309 Huygens probe, 197–202, 200 Juno (goddess), 277 Jupiter, xiii, 276 I Amalthea (moon), 138, 143, 176 atmosphere, 116, 177, 275 ICE (International Cometary Explorer), 150 Callisto (moon), 109, 138–139, 143, 176–177 iC-Malaga, 298 Comet Shoemaker-Levy impact, 263 IKAROS (Interplanetary Kite-craft Accelerated by Europa (moon), 109, 138, 143, 176–177, 244 Ganymede (moon), 109, 138–139, 143, 176–177, 244 Radiation of the Sun), 270–272 Great Red Spot, 109, 115, 139, 142, 277 Image, 187 Io (moon), 109, 138, 143, 143, 176–177, 244 India, 107, 222, 259–260, 288–289 magnetic field, 177, 275 Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), 288–289 magnetic tail, 109 InSight Mars lander, 241 Metis (moon), 143 Institute of Space and Astronautical Sciences (ISAS), moons, 109, 115, 138, 143, 175–177, 243–244, 287. 165–167, 179, 183, 205, 219 See also individual Institute of Space Research (USSR), 157, 171 photographed, 142, 200 INTEGRAL (International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics polar regions, 114 possibility of water, 275 Laboratory), 231 radiation belts, 115, 176 Interplanetary Monitoring Platform (IMP), 125, 195 ring, 109 Intrepid, 66, 66 “string of pearls,” 276 Iraq, 96 Thebe (moon), 143 Ireland, 169 Jupiter (god), 277 Irwin, James B., 104 ISEE (International Sun-Earth Explorers)-3, 149–150 K ISPM (International Solar Polar Mission), 180 ISTP (International Solar Terrestrial Physics), 183, Kaguya, 252–253 Karachevtseva, Irina, 114 186–187, 189 Kennedy, John F., 28, 85 Italian Space Agency (ASI), 198, 277 Kennedy Space Center, 7, 198, 290 Italy, 253, 304, 307–308 Kepler (mission), 261–262 Kepler, Johannes, 262 J Kitt Peak National Observatory, 70 Klein, John, 282 “Jade Rabbit,” 291 Kohoutek (comet), 54, 122 Japan, 136, 165–167, 179–180, 183, 252–253, 288, 301 Korolev, Sergey, 69 Kosmos 21, xv, 34–35, 37, 44 asteroids, 273, 298–300 Kosmos 27, 38–39 first minor planet sample return, 219–220 Kosmos 60, 46 international missions, 186, 205–206, 221 Kosmos 96, 51–52 Mars mission, 205–206 Kosmos 111, 56–57 Shin’en, 271 Kosmos 159, 67–68, 79 Venus Climate Orbiter (VCO), 269–272 Kosmos 167, 70–71 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 183, Kosmos 300, 92 Kosmos 305, 92 219–220, 252, 269–272, 298–300 Kosmos 359, 94 Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), 41, 42, 53, 72–73, 180, Kosmos 482, 111 Kosmos numbers, xv, 35 192–193 Kryukov, Sergey, 106, 110 Beyond (mission), 229 Ksanformaliti, Leonid, 157 Block I Rangers, 26 Kuiper Belt, 243–244, 246 Cassini-Huygens, 202 Kuykendall, Wesley, 223 Curiosity rover, 285 Director William H. Pickering, 28 Mission Director Marc Rayman, 256 mission websites, xiv Opportunity rover, 225–226 personnel, 42, 223 Project Manager Earl Maize, 202 Spirit rover, 225

Index 367 L Luna 23, 123–124, 134, 136, 266 Luna 24, 136, 179, 266, 292, 292–293 LADEE (Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Luna Ye-3, 17–18 Explorer), 287–288 Lunar Exploration Program (China), 257, 273, 291, 298 Lunar Orbiter I, 59–60 Lagrange Points, 186–187 Lunar Orbiter II, 62–65, 63 ACE, 197 Lunar Orbiter III, 65 ARTEMIS, 249–250 Lunar Orbiter IV, 67 Chang’e 3, 273 Lunar Orbiter V, 67, 72 Chang’e 5-TI, 298 Lunar Orbiters, 57, 60, 77 DSCOVR, 303 Lunar Precursor Robotic Program, 265, 267 Genesis, 215–216 Lunar Prospector, 54, 205, 210, 217 GRAIL, 277 Lunar Quest program, 287 Hiten, 179 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), 265–267, 273, ISEE-3, 149 L-1, 305 287–288 LISA Pathfinder, 304 Luna 16, 96 MAP, 214 Luna 17, 98 Planck, 264 Luna 20, 107 SMART-1, 230 Luna 21, 114 SOHO, 189 Luna 23, 124 Luna 24, 136 Langley Research Center, 131 Lunar Roving Vehicle, 226 Latypov, G.G., 97 Lunokhod, 105 Lavochkin design bureau, 55, 69, 87, 89, 97, 102 Lunokhod 1, 97–98, 113–114 Lunokhod 2, 113–114, 123, 226–227 Chief Designer Sergey Korolev, 106 LuxSpace, 298 Chief Designer Sergey Kryukov, 106 mission failures, 171 M mission websites, xiv LCROSS (Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Ma, Clara, 281 MACH-11 (Measurements of 11 Asteroids and Comets Satellite), 265, 267–268 LEGO group, 277 Using Herschel), 264 Lewis and Clark Expedition, 227 Magellan, 173–174 libration points. See Lagrange Points Magellan, Ferdinand, 173 LISA Pathfinder, 304–305, 305 magnetic fields Local Group, 294. See also galaxies; Milky Way galaxy Lovell, Bernard, 56 Earth, 32, 59 Luna 1, 11–12 interplanetary, 17, 22, 59, 71, 75 Luna 2, 12–13, 48, 114 Moon, 6, 13, 20, 57, 59 Luna 3, 13–17, 13, 14, 15, 48, 183, 203 Venus, 28 Maize, Earl, 202 Automatic Interplanetary Station (AIS), 49 Manfred Memorial Moon Mission, 298 TV imaging system, 19 Mangalyaan, 288–289 Luna 4, 34 Manned Space Flight Network, 72 Luna 5, 47–48 Marie Curie rover, 223 Luna 6, 48 Mariner, 86, 125, 130, 137 Luna 7, 49–50 mission designations, xv Luna 8, 52–53 Mariner 8, 99, 103 Luna 9, 55–56, 64 Mariner 9, xv, 103, 119, 132, 173 Luna 10, 57, 61 Mariner 10, xv, 115, 121–122, 234 Luna 11, 61–62, 67 Mariner I, 26, 28 Luna 12, 62, 64 Mariner II, 17, 27–28, 27, 28, 70 Luna 13, 64 Mariner III, 28, 41 Luna 14, 79 Mariner IV, xv, 41–43, 42, 70 Luna 15, 90–91 Mariner R series, 26–28, 28. See also Block I Rangers Luna 16, 94–97, 95, 105, 107, 266 Mariner V, xv, 43, 69, 70 flux, 124 Mariner VI, 86–88, 86 Luna 17, 97–98, 266 Mariner VII, 86, 87–88 Luna 18, 104–105, 107 Mars (planet), 26, 42, 50, 117, 118, 119, 281 Luna 19, 105–106, 123 atmospheric composition, 70, 102, 120, 221–222, 241 Luna 20, 107, 124, 266 Luna 21, 113–114 Luna 22, 123

368 BEYOND EARTH: A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 climate, 208, 278 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), 213–214, 240, 280–281 comet Siding Spring, xv Mars Scout Program, 250, 289–290 Curiosity rover, 282, 283, 284 Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander, 250 Deimos (moon), 103, 134 Mars Surveyor program, 192, 208–209 evolution of, 99 Mars Webcam, 222 exploration of, 21 Mars1960A, xv features of, 43 Marsnik 1, xv first Mars mission, 18–19 Martian Chronicles, The, 282 Hellas crater, 88 mascons, 57, 61, 72, 106 landscape, 103 MASCOT (Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout), 298–299 Martian year, 281 MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution), 222, moons, 132. See also individual Olympus Mons, 239 250, 289–291, 290 orbit attempts, 20 McDowell, Jonathan, xiv panorama, 130, 132, 251 Mengfeil, Yang, 298 passenger payload, 280 MER (Mars Exploration Rover Mission), 223–225, 281 Phobos (moon), 88, 103, 169–171, 222, 278–279, 291 Mercury, xiii, 121–122, 144, 233–235, 234, 262, 287 polar regions, 209 possibility of life, 134, 250, 280–286 magnetic field, 122 possibility of water, 193, 213, 221, 240, 251, 282, 285 MESSENGER (Mercury Surface, Space Environment, rovers, 100–101, 100, 103 soil composition, 131, 213–214, 251, 285 Geochemistry, and Ranging), 233–235 Sojourner, 195 Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP), xiv, 214–215 solar wind, 291 Milky Way galaxy, 141, 197, 261–263, 265, 294–295. See source of meteorites, 255 topographical map, 222 also galaxies; Local Group Utopia Planitia, 133 MINERVA (Micro/Nano Experimental Robot Vehicle for Viking 2, 132, 133 Mars (probes), 18–20, 30–31 Asteroid), 219, 299 Mars 1, 31–32, 31, 34 Mishin, Vasiliy, 73 Mars 2, 100–102, 106, 120 Mitchell, Don, xiv, 127 Mars 3, 101–103, 106, 120 Mona Lisa, 266 Mars 4, 117–118, 121 Moon, 13, 23, 25, 40, 45–50, 116, 265, 309 Mars 5, 118–119 Mars 6, 119–121, 119, 226 Alphonsus crater, 47 Mars 7, 119–121 Aristarchus crater, 62 Mars 8, 193–195, 221, 278 Autolycus crater, 13 Mars 94, 194 Cabeus crater, 267–268 Mars 96, 192–195 Chang’e 5-TI, 297 Mars 98, 194 Copernicus crater, 62–63, 63 Mars 1960A, xv cosmonauts, 73–74 Mars Climate Orbiter (MCO), 184, 208–209 crewed missions, 267 Mars Exploration Program, 192–193, 213, 222–223, 225, distance from Earth, 98 dust cloud, 288 280 evolution of, 16, 252 Mars Exploration Rover Project test rover, 223 full map, 273 Mars Express, 193, 220–222, 240–241, 251 Gill crater, 253 Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), 184, 192–193, 195, 208, gravitational field, 57, 59, 64, 65, 71, 106 gravitational map, 205, 278 210, 224, 239–240 ionosphere, 71 Mars Observer, 184, 192 Kepler crater, 50, 53 Mars Odyssey, 184, 193, 213–214, 221–222, 224, Krafft crater, 64 Lake of Excellence (Lacus Excellentiaie), 230 240–241, 251, 281 landing sites, 72. See also Apollo program landing sites Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), 222, 288–289 LeMonnier crater, 113 Mars Pathfinder, 195–196, 209–210, 217, 223–224, 281 lunar samples, 94–96 Mars Polar Lander (MPL), 208–210, 250 lunar transit, 295 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), 184, 196, 221–222, magnetic field, 6, 13, 20, 57, 205, 250 Marius crater, 56 238–241, 251, 277, 281 Ocean of Storms (Oceanus Procellarum), 56, 58, 64–66 Curiosity rover, 284 plasma wake, 249 Mars 3, 103 polar regions, 185, 267–268 Schiaparelli crash site, 308 possibility of water, 185–186, 205, 260, 267–268 radiation, 65, 71–72, 79 radiation belts (lack of), 13, 57

Index 369 Reiner crater, 56 online photography voting, 276 robotic circumlunar program, 80, 84–85 partnership with Germany, 124–125, 165 rovers, 85, 97, 113–114, 291–294, 292, 293 partnership with Japan, 183, 219, 300 Sea of Clouds (Mare Nubium), 41, 48 personnel, 9, 131, 135, 198, 290 Sea of Crisis (Mare Crisium), 91, 107, 124, 136 Pioneer Venus Orbiter, 156 Sea of Fertility (Mare Fecunditatis), 96, 105, 107 Pioneer VI mission, 53 Sea of Rains (Mare Imbrium), 62, 97, 293 Pioneer VII mission, 61 Sea of Serenity (Mare Serenitatis), 13, 113 Science Mission Directorate (SMD), 266 Sea of Tranquility (Mare Tranquilitatis), 45, 65, 73 soft-landing vehicles, 58–59, 73 Seleucus crater, 64 spacecraft tracking, 65 Shackleton crater, 252, 259 three-axis stabilized spacecraft, 59 Shoemaker crater, 205 Venus missions, 26, 70 Sinus Iridum (Bay of Rainbows), 273, 293 “Visions of Harmony,” 277 Sinus Medii (Central Bay), 62, 71, 74 Voyager Interstellar Mission (VIM), 141, 144 soil composition, 64, 66, 74, 77, 107, 123, 136, 268 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration solar wind, 104 source of meteorites, 255 (NOAA), 303 Sundman V crater, 288 National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), 60 surface photographs, 61 Nature Geoscience, 241, 271 surveys of, 67 NEAR (Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous) Shoemaker, topographical map, 266 Tycho crater, 77, 266 191–192, 210 Webb crater, 96 Neptune, xiii, 109, 116, 139, 234 Yutu, 292, 293 Moon Impact Probe (MIP), 259–260 exoplanet comparison, 261 “Moon Princess,” 252–253 Kuiper Belt comparison, 243 Moscow State University, 114 moons, 141 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 145 Voyager 1, 144 Muller, Paul M., 57, 72 Voyager 2, 137–141 MUSES-C, 219 Netherlands, the, 304, 308 music, 145, 277 New Exploration of Tempel 1 (NExT), 211 “musical angel,” 179 New Frontiers, 243, 275, 309 Mutch, Thomas A., 131–132 New Horizons, 198, 243–246, 255, 275, 309 New Millennium program, 207 Next Generation Satellite Laser Ranging (NGSLR), 266 Nozomi, 205–206, 270 N O National Academy of Sciences, 27, 284 Obama, Barack, 283 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), “Object-Probes” (Soviet), 34–35, 37–39, 43 Odin (satellite), 263 6, 18, 46, 116 OHB Systems, 298 Administrator James Fletcher, 137–138 OKB Fakel, 229 Administrator James Webb, 28, 69 Opportunity rover, 213, 223–227, 240 Administrator T. Keith Glennan, 8 Orion constellation, 263 Callisto (moon), 176–177 OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource “data releases,” 215 European Space Agency (ESA), 149–150, 198 Identification, Security, Regolith Explorer), 243, Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD), 266 308–310, 309 Explorer 49 contact, 117 “Faster, Better, Cheaper,” 186, 210, 213 P Galileo Europa Mission (GEM), 176 Galileo Millennium Mission, 176 PanAmSat, 203 government shut down, 287 PAS 22, 203 “Grand Finale,” 202 “pathfinder,” 165 “Great Observatories,” 228–229, 263 “Peregrine falcon,” 219 international missions, 149–150, 169–170, 180–181, Philae, 231–233 Phoenix, 210, 213, 222, 250–251, 290 183, 189–190, 262–265, 304–305 Pickering, William H., 9, 28 Mariner II contact, 28 Pioneer, 16–18, 20, 91–92, 125, 138, 180, 273 Mariner-Mars project, 41–43 Pioneer 0, 5 mission planners, 27

370 BEYOND EARTH: A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 Pioneer 10, 108–110, 114–116, 125, 137–138, 141, Robinson, Matt, 223 143–144 Robot Hall of Fame, 196 Rosetta, 231–233, 238, 264, 275 overtaken by Voyager 1, 144 Roskosmos, 307–308 plaque, 108, 116, 144 Ross, Atticus, 277 trajectory, 143 Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS), 284 Pioneer 11, 110, 114–116, 125, 137, 141, 143–144 rovers, 61, 213, 222–225, 223, 240, 283, 299, 307. See plaque, 108, 116, 144 trajectory, 143 also individual Pioneer I, 6–7, 7 Mars, 103, 213–214, 222–227, 240–241, 280–286 Pioneer II, 7–8 Moon, 85, 97, 113–114, 226, 266, 291–294, 292, 293 Pioneer III, 8–9, 9, 11–12 Rubin, Vera Florence Cooper, 285 Pioneer IV, 10–12 Pioneer IX, 54, 80–81, 109 S Pioneer V, 17 Pioneer Venus 1, 147–148 Sagan, Carl, 130, 144, 196 Pioneer Venus 2, 148–149, 148, 176 Sagan Memorial Station, 196 Pioneer Venus Orbiter, 156, 159 Sagdeev, Roald, 171 Pioneer VI, 53–54, 53, 60, 75 Sagittarius constellation, 116, 246 Pioneer VII, 54, 60–61, 75 Sakigake, 165 Pioneer VIII, 54, 61, 75, 88 Saliga, Stephen A., 7 Planck, 263–265, 307 Sally Ride Science foundation, 278 Planck, Max, 264 Samos E-1 spy satellite, 60 Planet-A, 166–167 Saturn, 109, 114, 139, 176 Pluto, xiii, 243–246, 244, 255 Charon (moon), 245–246, 245 Anthe (moon), 201 moons (other), 245–246 atmosphere, 116 Poland, 161, 169, 221 Calypso (moon), 140 Polar (ISTP), 183, 186–187 Daphnis (moon), 201 Potts, John, 227 Dione (moon), 144, 201–202 Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 284 Enceladus (moon), 140, 144, 199, 201–202 PROCYON (Proximate Object Close Flyby with Optical evolution of, 202 Helene (moon), 140, 201 Navigation), 299–301 Hyperion (moon), 140, 201–202 Project Apollo. See Apollo program Iapetus (moon), 139, 201 Project Genetrix, 15–16 magnetic field, 115 PrOP-FP, 171 Mimas (moon), 144 PrOP-M mobile device, 100, 101 moons, 144, 198–201. See also individual PrOP-V penetrometer, 155, 157 Phoebe (moon), 140, 200, 228 Pulsar Scientific-Research Institute, 118 Rhea (moon), 144, 201–202, 255 rings, 140, 202, 228 R Telesto (moon), 140 Tethys (moon), 140, 144, 201 Radio Astronomy Explorer (RAE) program, 116–117 Titan (moon), 116, 144, 197–202, 200 Ranger Block I, 22, 23, 26 Schiaparelli, 222, 241, 307–308 Ranger Block II, 25, 30, 37 Science, 291 Ranger Block III, 37, 41, 47 Scott, David R., 104 Ranger I, 22–23, 22 Scott, (probe), 209 Ranger II, 22, 23 Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), 81 Ranger III, 25–26 Second Solar Orbit, 180–181 Ranger IV, 25–26 Second Soviet Space Rocket, 12–13 Ranger IX, 46–47 SELENE (Selenological and Engineering Explorer), Ranger missions, 77 Ranger V, 30 252–253 Ranger VI, 37, 266 “Send Your Name to Mars” CD-ROM, 210 Ranger VII, 40–41, 47, 266 “Send Your Name to the Asteroid Belt,” 256 Ranger VIII, 45, 47, 63, 266 September 11 Terrorist Attacks, 226 Rayman, Marc, 256 Shakespeare, William, 145 Reznor, Trent, 277 Shin’en, 271 Ride, Sally K., 278 Shin’en 2, 300–301 Shoemaker, Eugene M., 192, 205

Index 371 Simpson, John A., 161 Squyres, Steve, 226–227 SIRTF, xiv, 227–229, 228, 238, 263 Star Wars, 262 Sjogren, William L., 57, 72 Stardust, 6, 210–211, 217, 237 Small Explorer Program (SMEX-Lite), 303 SMART (Small Missions for Advanced Research in Stardust/NExT, 211 Starsem, 241 Technology), 229–230, 304 STEREO (Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory), 246–247 Soffen, Gerald, 134 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 185 SOHO (Solar & Heliospheric Observatory), 183, 186–187, Suisei, 166–167 Sun, 60–61. See also solar wind 189–190, 231, 247 Sojourner, 195–196, 195, 223 atmosphere, 54, 170, 189 solar plasma, 22 composition of, 32 solar sailing, 272 corona, 53 solar system, 108, 117, 141, 143, 229, 234, 246 coronal mass ejections (CME), 247 farside, 53–54 asteroids, 253, 273, 295 first heliocentric orbit of, 11 composition of, 263 flares, 12 dust particles, 181, 211 magnetic fields, 181, 190, 247 escape from, 108–110, 115–116, 125, 141–144 plasma, 22 Ganymede (moon), 176 radiation, 102–103, 123, 273 “Grand Tour” of outer planets, 141 stereoscopic images, 247 origin of, 211, 243, 253, 255 storms, 54, 109, 303 outer, 243 sunspots, 190 photographed, 234 x-rays, 157 possibility of water, 144 Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, 264 Solar Terrestrial Probes (STP) program, 246 Surveyor, xiii, 72, 77, 109, 130 Solar Terrestrial Science Programme (STSP), 189 Surveyor I, 58–59, 66, 77 solar wind, 51, 54, 81, 106, 124, 135, 147, 150, 189, 249, Surveyor II, 61–62, 65–66 Surveyor III, 65–66, 66, 77, 266 257. See also Sun Surveyor IV, 71, 73 composition of, 216 Surveyor lunar lander, 46, 109, 130 coronal mass ejections (CME), 247 Surveyor Model 1, 45, 49, 78 Earth approach, 149, 186, 249 Surveyor Model 2, 58, 78 interaction with cometary tail, 60–61 Surveyor probes, 72 interaction with Martian atmosphere, 291 Surveyor program, 209 interplanetary, 70–72, 104, 115, 176, 206, 221, 250, Surveyor V, 72–73, 77 Surveyor VI, 74, 77 289, 291 Surveyor VII, 77 magnetosphere, 183, 186 Sweden, 169, 206, 259, 263 near-real-time measurements, 197 Swift x-ray telescope, 229, 238 origin of, 190 Switzerland, 169, 304, 307 samples, 215 variations, 109, 141, 180, 186, 303 T weakening of, 116, 181 South Africa, 18, 27, 88 Tama Art University, 301 Southwood, David, 265 Tatooine (fictional planet), 262 Soviet Space Rocket, 11–13 Taurus constellation, 110 Soyuz, 73, 112, 241, 294 Telebit, 17 space race, 85, 96, 99–100, 118, 192 Telescopium constellation, 142 Moon race, 90 Terek solar telescope, 170 Space Sciences Laboratories, 249 TETR C, 92 Space Shuttle, 141, 173, 175, 180, 225, 303. See also Tetr I (Test and Training Satellite I), 75 Tetr II (TETR-B), 81 individual THEMIS (Time History of Events and Macroscale Space Technology 7, 304 Space Technology Laboratories (STL), 5–6, 8, 16 Interactions during Substorms), 214, 249 Spain, 88, 284, 298, 304, 308 3MV-4 spacecraft, 48 Spirit rover, 213, 222–227 TIMED (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Spitzer, Lyman S., Jr., 228 Spitzer Space Telescope, 227–229, 228, 238, 263 Energetics and Dynamics), 243 Spitzer Warm Mission, 228 Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO), 291, 307 Sputnik, xv, 6 2001 Mars Odyssey. See Mars Odyssey “Sputnik 27,” xv

372 BEYOND EARTH: A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 U surface conditions, 83–84, 94, 111, 127, 151 surveys of, 175 Ulamec, Stephan, 233 tectonic activity, 173 Ulysses, 173, 180–181, 198 topographical map, 147 Unified Lunar Control Network, 252 volcanism, 173–174 UNISEC Technology Experiment Carrier 1 (UNITEC 1), Venus Climate Orbiter (VCO), 269–272, 269 Venus Express, 234, 241–242, 270 252, 270–271 Viking, 99, 118, 130, 131, 184, 251, 281 United Kingdom, 259, 304 Viking 1, 129–134, 226 University College, London, 221 Viking 2, 131–134, 133, 251 University of Arizona, 250–251, 309 VNII Transmash, 97 University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 53 Voyager, 110, 173, 177, 180 University of California–Berkeley, 249 Golden Records, 137, 144–145 University of California–San Diego, 278 Voyager 1, 109–110, 116, 137–145, 234 University of Tokyo, 300 trajectory, 143 University Space Engineering Consortium (UNISEC), 271 Voyager 2, 116, 137–144, 144 Uranus, xiii, 137–141, 261 trajectory, 143 Miranda (moon), 138, 141 W “Uranus Antenna,” 140 U.S. Lunar Rover, 61 Waldheim, Kurt, 145 USSR Academy of Sciences, 27, 57, 119, 157 WAVES, 186 USSR Institute of Space Research, 157, 171 Webb, James E., 28, 69 Ustinov, Dmitriy, 56 Wilkinson, David Todd, 215 Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), 215, 264 V Wind, xiv, 183, 186–187, 189 Worden, Alfred M., 104 Van Allen belts, 6, 9, 12, 32 World Trade Center Towers, 226 Vasavada, Ashwin, 285 Vasil’yev, Yu. F., 97 X Vega, 95, 117, 156–157, 237, 304 Vega 1, 160–163, 166 XMM-Newton, 231, 238 Vega 2, 162–163, 166 Venera, 26–27, 29, 33, 38, 51, 111, 161, 163 Y Venera 1, 21–22, 29 “Venera 2,” 39 Ye-6 lunar lander, 55, 57 Venera 2, 50–51 Ye-6 program, 33, 38–39, 47, 50. See also individual Luna Venera 3, 51 Venera 4, 29, 68–69, 68, 70–71, 83–84, 93 missions Venera 5, 69, 83–84, 93 Ye-6 spacecraft, 52 Venera 6, 83–84, 93 Ye-8 lunar rover, 61 Venera 7, 93–94, 106, 110–111 Yenisey unit, 14–16, 15 Venera 8, 106, 110–111, 129 Yeremenko, N.M., 97 Venera 9, 127–129, 152, 156–157, 157 Yinghuo-1, 278, 280, 288 Venera 10, 128–129, 152, 156–157 Yutu, 291–294, 292, 293 Venera 11, 150–153, 156 Venera 12, 151–153, 156 Yutu rover, 292–294, 292, 293 Venera 13, 155–157, 174 Venera 14, 155–157, 160, 174 Z Venera 15, 159–160, 174 Venera 16, 159–160, 174 Ziyuan, Ouyang, 273 Venus, 16–17, 26–29, 43, 52, 121, 174 “Zond 1,” 34–35 Zond 1, 39 Atlas of Venus (Atlasa venery), 160–163 Zond 2, 43–44, 51 atmosphere, 69, 84, 149, 242, 270–271 Zond 3, 48–49, 48, 61 impact attempts, 21–22 Zond 4, xiii, 78 lightning on, 242 Zond 5, 79–80 magnetic field (lack of), 69–70 Zond 6, 80–82 panorama, 127 Zond 7, 91 possibility of life, 157 Zond 8, 96–97, 297 radiation belts (lack of), 69 Zond program, xiii, 37, 39, 73–74, 79, 84, 100 soil composition, 129, 173–174 surface color photographs, 156

National Aeronautics and Space Administration ISBN 978-1-62683-042-4 Office of Communications NASA History Division 90000 Washington, DC 20546 9 781626 830424 www.nasa.gov NASA SP-2018-4041